Co 

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Chemical 
Dlfcti.br 


The  Condensed 

CHEMICAL 
DICTIONARY 


A  reference  volume  for  all  requiring  quick  access  to  a  large 
amount  of  essential  data  regarding  chemicals,  and  other  sub- 
stances used  in  manufacturing  and  laboratory  work 


Compiled  and  Edited  by 

The  Editorial  Staff 

of  the 

Chemical  Engineering  Catalog 

F.  M.  TURNER,  JR.,  Technical  Editor 
Assistant  Editors 


D.  D.  BEROLZHEIMER 
W.  P.  CUTTER 
JOHN  HELFRICH 


Published  by 

The  CHEMICAL  CATALOG  COMPANY,  Inc. 

One  Madison  Avenue,  New  York 
First  Edition,  1919 


CL5 


COPYRIGHT,  1919,  BY 

The  CHEMICAL  CATALOG  COMPANY,  Inc. 
All  Rights  Reserved 


Press  of  J.  J.  Little  &  Ives  Co.,  New  York 


Table  of  Contents 

PAGE 

Preface 3 

Acknowledgments : 5 

References  Consulted 5 

Explanation  of  the  Arrangement,  Terms  and  Symbols  used  in  this 

Volume 6 

Dictionary  Proper 9 

Combining  (Atomic)  Weights .      .      .      .  503 

Domestic  Weights  and  Measures 504 

Metric  Equivalents 505 

Temperature  Conversion  Tables:     Centigrade-Fahrenheit     .      .      .  506 

Relation  of  Degrees  Baume'  to  Specific  Gravities  for  liquids  heavier 

than  water 515 

Relation  of  Degrees  Baume'  to  Specific  Gravities  for  liquids  lighter 

than  water 516 

Definitions  of  Units 517 

Extracts  from  Regulations  for  the  Transportation  of  Explosives  and 

other  Dangerous  Articles  by  Freight  and  Express       .      .      .      .  521 


Preface 

The  increased  importance  of  the  chemical  industries  has  brought 
into  contact  with  these  industries  a  large  number  of  people  not  educated 
along  chemical  lines.  Exporters  and  importers,  brokers  and  jobbers, 
financial  houses,  lawyers,  librarians,  purchasing  agents,  insurance  com- 
panies and  many  other  classes  of  firms  and  individuals  have  frequent 
need  for  detailed  information  regarding  chemicals  and  chemical  products. 

The  large  and  constantly  increasing  volume  of  such  inquiries  re- 
ceived by  the  Information  Bureau  of  The  Chemical  Catalog  Company, 
Inc.,  as  well  as  by  the  public  and  technical  libraries,  has  made  obvious 
the  demand  existing  for  some  one  book  that  would  supply  the  outstand- 
ing facts  regarding  the  various  chemicals  and  chemical  materials  ordina- 
rily met  with  in  commerce. 

Professional  chemists  and  chemical  engineers  may  find  it  hard  to 
appreciate  that  there  are  large  numbers  of  people  in  various  branches 
of  trade  who  have  to  use  or  buy  or  sell  chemical  products  (or  who  have 
professional  or  financial  relations  with  firms  doing  so),  who  have  hot 
the  least  idea  how  to  secure  information  on  the  most  elemental  points. 

The  fact  that  the  Information  Bureau  of  The  Chemical  Catalog  Com- 
pany, Inc.,  is  called  on  almost  daily  to  answer  such  questions  as  "Is  ace- 
tone a  solid  or  a  liquid",  "Is  sulf uric  acid  explosive  ?",  "What  is  alum  used 
for?",  "What  is  the  boiling  point  of  toluol?",  "Where  does  perilla  oil 
come  from?",  etc.,  shows  that  the  sources  of  such  information  are  none 
too  available  to  non-professionals. 

Moreover,  after  asking  a  number  of  such  questions,  the  inquirers 
would  freqentuly  ask,  "Is  there  no  book  where  we  can  look  up  things 
like  this  for  ourselves?  We  often  need  information  like  this  in  our 
business." 

A  thorough  search  of  chemical  literature  revealed  no  publication  that 
would  meet  exactly  the  requirements  of  these  people.  Undoubtedly  a 
collection  of  literature  could  be  made  that  would  give  all  the  facts 
commonly  needed,  but  few  business  men  would  be  likely  to  go  to  the 
expense  of  accumulating  such  a  library.  The  excellent  facilities  of  the 
public  technical  libraries  avail  little,  as  business  men  have  not  the  time 
to  visit  them,  and  moreover,  good  technical  libraries  are  not  convenient 
to  all  trade  and  manufacturing  centers.  Finally,  the  books  in  which  the 
information  could  be  obtaitned  would  contain  so  much  more  commer- 


men  unaccustomed  to  the  use  of  large 
scientific  reference  works  would  soon  be  in  difficulties. 

One  of  the  most  frequent  classes  of  inquiries  concerned  the  uses 
of  things.  Importers  and  brokers  would  frequently  find  chemicals,  oils, 
ores,  etc.,  on  their  hands,  the  market  for  which  was  unfamiliar.  In  order 
to  find  whom  to  approach,  it  was  necessary  first  to  know  the  uses  of  the 
substances.  In  the  Condensed  Chemical  Dictionary  an  attempt  has  been 
made  to  collect  a  mass  of  information  on  this  subject  scattered  through 
hundreds  of  textbooks,  periodicals,  government  bulletins,  etc.,  as  well 
as  to  set  down  a  great  deal  that  is  not  known  to  be  anywhere  in  print. 

The  only  solution  of  the  above  problem  seemed  to  be  the  compilation 
of  a  new  reference  book  that  would  meet  the  requirements  we  have 
attempted  to  outline  in  the  previous  paragraphs.  Consequently,  early  in 
1918  the  work  of  compilation  was  begun  by  the  Editorial  Staff  of  The 
Chemical  Catalog  Company,  Inc. 

No  attempt  has  been  made  to  produce  an  exhaustive  work.  In  ad- 
dition to  properties  and  uses  it  was  thought  advisable  to  insert  brief 
notes  as  to  how  things  are  manufactured,  when  they  are  not  natural 
products.  These  notes  have  been  restricted  to  giving  a  very  general 
idea  of  the  process  and  are  not  intended  to  instruct  anyone  in  the  manu- 
facture of  the  substances  in  question. 

The  properties  described  have  been  restricted  to  those  likely  to  be 
of  commercial  importance,  and  many  substances  scientifically  interesting 
have,  in  the  interest  of  brevity,  been  omitted  entirely  when  of  no  com- 
mercial importance. 

While  the  great  value  of  this  Dictionary  to  the  non-technical  user 
is  very  apparent,  it  must  not  be  lost  sight  of  that  to  the  chemist,  even  one 
having  access  to  a  good  library,  the  book  is  invaluable  as  a  time-saver. 

Frequently  a  moment's  reference  to  the  Dictionary  will  answer  a 
question,  whereas  much  more  time  would  be  consumed  in  getting  the 
same  information  from  other  sources.  It  is  believed  by  the  editors  and 
publishers  that  the  Dictionary  will  soon  make  a  place  for  itself  close  to 
the  hand  of  any  chemist. 

Every  precaution  has  been  taken  to  make  the  book  accurate  and 
complete  within  the  limits  set  for  it.  In  all  probability  some  errors  and 
omissions  will  be  noted  and  the  editors  will  be  very  grateful  for  having 
their  attention  drawn  to  such  matters  so  that  corrections  can  be  made  in 
future  editions. 

On  a  subsequent  page,  acknowledgment  is  made  of  the  generous 
assistance  numerous  chemists,  chemical  engineers  and  others  have  given 
in  connection  with  the  compilation  of  the  book. 

THE  EDITORS. 

New  York,  September  ist,  1919. 

4 


Acknowledgments 

The  Editors  wish  to  express  their  appreciation  of  the  assistance  of 
Dr.  John  C.  Olsen,  Polytechnic  Institute,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  who  read 
the  proofs  of  the  entire  manuscript,  offering  many  valuable  suggestions ; 
also,  to  Dr.  B.  T.  Brooks,  Consulting  Chemist,  New  York;  Bureau  of 
Explosives,  American  Railway  Association,  New  York;  Mr.  C.  C 
Dominge,  Great  American  Insurance  Company,  New  York;  Dr.  Chas. 
H.  Herty,  Editor  of  The  Journal  of  Industrial  and  Engineering  Chem- 
istry, New  York;  Dr.  B.  C.  Hesse,  of  the  General  Chemical  Company, 
New  York;  Dr.  J.  Merritt  Matthews,  Consulting  Chemist,  New  York; 
Mr.  H.  A.  Plusch,  Research  Engineer,  Abrasive  Company,  Philadelphia ; 
Dr.  Allen  Rogers,  Pratt  Institute,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.;  Mr.  Donald  R. 
Staddon,  Consulting  Chemist,  New  York;  Dr.  John  E.  Teeple,  Con- 
sulting Chemical  Engineer,  New  York;  Mr.  H.  P.  Trevithick,  Chemist, 
New  York  Produce  Exchange,  New  York,  and  numerous  other  persons 
throughout  the  chemical  profession  and  industry  whose  cooperation  has 
contributed  in  no  small  degree  to  the  work  in  hand. 

References  Consulted 

Abegg:  Handbuch  der  anorganischen  chemie.     1905-1914 

Allen :  Commercial  organic  analysis.     4th  Ed.     1909-1917 

American  Medical  Association:  New  and  nonofficial  remedies.     1916 

Annual  tables  of  constants.    Volumes  i — 3.     1910-1912 

British  pharmacopeia.    1914 

Gulliver :  Metallic  alloys.    2nd  Ed.     1913 

Harris:  Technological  dictionary  of  insurance  chemistry.    1899. 

Lewkowitsch:  Chemical  technology  and  analysis  of  oils,  fats  and  waxes. 

5th  Ed.     1913-1914 
Merck's  index.     1907 

Meyer  &  Jacobson  r  Lehrbuch  der  organischen  chemie.     1893-1915 
Mineral  Industry:  Edited  by  G.  A.  Roush.     1910-1917 
Molinari :  Treatise  on  general  and  industrial  chemistry :  Inorganic,  1912 ; 

Organic,  1913 

Proctor:  The  principles  of  leather  manufacture.     1903 
Rogers :  Industrial  chemistry.    2nd  Ed.    1915 

Roscoe  and  Schorlemmer:  A  treatise  on  chemistry.    4th  Ed.     1911-1913 
Schultz  &  Julius:  Systematic  survey  of  the  organic  coloring  matters. 

English  edition,  1908  and  German  edition,  1914 
Smithsonian  physical  tables.    6th  Ed.  1914 
Thorp:    Outlines  of  industrial  chemistry.    3rd  Ed.  1917 
Thorpe:    Dictionary  of  applied  chemistry.    5th  Ed.  1912-1913 
U.  S.  dispensatory.     2oth  Ed.    1918 
U.  S.  pharmacopeia.    9th  Ed.   1915 

Van  Nostrand's  chemical  annual.    4th  Ed.  1918.     (J.  C.  Olsen) 

5 


Explanation  of  the  Arrangement,  Terms  and 
Symbols  used  in  this  Volume 

The  Dictionary  is  arranged  in  a  straight  alphabetical  classification. 
Thus,  "Methyl  Alcohol"  is  under  "M",  not  "Alcohol,  Methyl."  The 
only  deviation  from  this  rule  is  in  the  case  of  acids,  all  of  which  are 
grouped  together  under  "A"  with  cross-references  under  the  name  proper, 
thus :  "Sulfuric  Acid.  See  Acid  sulfuric." 

Cross-Indexing: — The  Dictionary  has  been  carefully  cross-indexed 
as  a  further  assistance  toward  ready  location  of  items  sought. 

Organic  Nomenclature : — Organic  derivatives  in  the  names  of  which 
the  prefixed  "meta-",  "ortho-"  "para-",  "alpha-"  and  "beta-"  occur  are 
listed  under  the  main  name.  For  instance,  look  for  "Naphthol,  Beta-" 
under  "N",  not  "Beta-naphthol"  under  "B". 

Spelling: — Spelling  follows  the  rules  of  the  American  Chemical 
Society,  as  used  in  Chemical  Abstracts,  and  where  some  other  spelling 
is  commercially  in  use  and  differs  materially  from  the  A.  C.  S.  standard, 
a  cross-indexing  will  be  found. 

Temperatures: — Temperatures  are  given  in  degrees  Centigrade.  A 
conversion  table  will  be  found  on  page  506  for  those  who  desire  Fahren- 
heit temperatures. 

Densities: — Tables  giving  the  relations  for  Baume  degrees  and 
Specific  Gravities  (Densities)  for  liquids  both  heavier  and  lighter  than 
water  will  be  found  on  pages  515  and  516. 

Formula  (Molecular)  Weights: — Formula  (Molecular)  Weights 
are  not  given,  but  a  table  of  Combining  (Atomic)  weights  is  given  on 
page  503,  and  the  formula  weights  may  be  calculated  from  that  table  and 
the  formulas  given. 

Made  in  America: — An  asterisk  (*)  has  been  used  to  indicate  those 
substances  that,  according  to  the  best  information  available,  are  now 
made  in  America,  many  of  which  were  not  made  here  before  the  Great 
War.  As  some  of  these  were  strictly  war  products,  the  manufacture 
of  which  in  this  country  may  have  been  discontinued,  the  editors  will 
appreciate  corrections  and  additions. 

Proprietary  Names: — Important  trade  and  proprietary  names  have 
been  included,  as  it  is  frequently  not  recognized  in  trade  that  those  names 
are  of  a  proprietary  nature.  Where  a  proprietary  name  is  given  it  is 
generally  stated  that  it  is  such. 

Dyestuffs: — No  attempt  has  been  made  to  complete  the  information 

6 


given  regarding  synthetic  dyestuffs,  as  excellent  reference  works  exist 
on  that  subject,  and  the  inclusion  of  the  complete  information  would 
unnecessarily  expand  the  Dictionary.  It  has,  however,  been  deemed 
advisable  to  include  those  dyestuffs,  the  names  of  which  do  not  indicate 
that  they  are  dyestuffs,  for  the  reason  that  inquiries  are  frequently 
made  in  commerce  with  regard  to  these  substances,  and  the  people  to 
whom  the  inquiries  are  addressed  do  not  know  whether  they  are  dye- 
stuffs  or  drugs  or  what  not. 

Containers : — In  addition  to  the  containers  mentioned  for  the  various 
chemicals,  glass  bottles  may  always  be  inferred  when  small  amounts 
are  under  consideration. 

Grades:— The  terms  U.  S.  P.  and  B.  P.  used  under  Grades  refer 
respectively  to  the  United  States  Pharmacopeia  and  British  Pharma- 
copeia, and  signify  that  the  substances  are  sold  under  the  mark  "U.  S. 
P."  or  "B.  P."  and  comply  with  the  requirements  of  these  standards  as 
to  quality,  purity,  etc.  The  grade  "C.  P."  is  usually  the  purest  obtain- 
able. The  grade  "Technical"  is  the  ordinary  commercial  product  and 
may  be  crude,  pure  or  "C.  P." 

Railroad  Shipping  Regulations: — The  notes  on  Railroad  Shipping 
Regulations  are  based  on  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission  "Regula- 
tions for  the  Transportation  of  Explosives  and  Other  Dangerous  Ar- 
ticles by  Freight  and  Express"  published  by  the  Bureau  of  Explosives, 
30  Vesey  Street,  New  York.  (A  copy  of  this  pamphlet,  which  is  for 
public  distribution,  should  be  in  the  hands  of  everyone  dealing  in 
chemicals  and  allied  products.)  Certain  extracts  from  this  publication 
defining  the  terms  "Red  label,"  "Yellow  label,"  etc.,  and  giving  other 
information  of  value  to  shippers  will  be  found  on  page  521. 

Fire  Hazards: — The  notes  on  Fire  Hazards  are  based  on  the  prac- 
tice of  the  inspectors  of  the  New  York  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters. 
Ordinarily,  we  have  classed  as  "dangerous"  all  substances  which  are 
obviously  so  when  stored  or  transported  in  quantity.  It  is  obvious  that 
a  great  number  of  circumstances  must  be  considered  in  deciding  whether 
a  substance  is  hazardous  or  not.  A  small  amount  of  an  oil  in  a  bottle 
in  a  laboratory  may  not  present  any  fire  hazard,  whereas  a  5O,ooo-gal. 
tank  of  the  same  oil  would.  Almost  any  combustible  substance  may 
present  a  marked  fire  hazard  under  certain  conditions.  We  have  at- 
tempted to  restrict  the  term  "dangerous"  to  such  substances  as  warrant 
more  than  ordinary  precaution.  , 

Further  Information: — For  sources  of  supply  of  the  majority  of 
chemicals  and  chemical  materials  listed  in  the  Dictionary  consult  the 
current  edition  of  the  "Chemical  Engineering  Catalog,"  where  the  most 
prominent  firms  supplying  each  product  will  be  found  listed. 

For  makers  of  equipment  for  manufacturing  or  refining  any  of  the 

7 


substances  dealt  with  in  the  Dictionary  consult  the  current  edition  of 
the  ''Chemical  Engineering  Catalog,"  where  descriptions,  accompanied 
by  tables  of  sizes,  capacities,  etc.,  of  the  leading  makes  of  industrial 
chemical  equipment  will  be  found. 

The  Information  Bureau  of  The  Chemical  Catalog  Company,  Inc., 
i  Madison  Avenue,  New  York,  will  always  be  pleased  to  advise  as  to  the 
sources  of  supply  of  any  of  the  items  listed  in  the  Dictionary,  or  as  to 
equipment  for  manufacturing  or  refining  them. 

For  Technical  Books  dealing  with  any  of  the  items  listed  in  the  Dic- 
tionary consult  the  Technical  Book  Section  of  the  Chemical  Engineering 
Catalog,  or  communicate  with  the  Book  Department,  The  Chemical 
Catalog  Company,  Inc.,  I  Madison  Avenue,  New  York,  which  can  pro- 
cure any  technical  book  in  print  at  the  publisher's  own  net  price. 


Provision  for  Memoranda 


Appreciating  that  many  owners  of  this  Dictionary  may 
wish  to  amplify  the  data  under  some  of  the  headings  by 
making  notes  and  memoranda  of  particular  interest  to 
themselves,  the  Publishers  have  adopted  a  format  unusual 
in  a  book  of  this  character  which  should  add  greatly  to 
the  convenience  of  many. 

A  generous  space  is  left  between  all  items,  room  for  a 
line  or  so  of  text ;  and,  to  provide  for  more  extended  notes, 
a  wide  margin  is  carried  at  the  bottom  of  each  page.  It  is 
hoped  that  this  departure  from  the  usual  crowded  arrange- 
ment will  prove  its  value  to  those  who  use  this  book, 


The  Condensed  Chemical  Dictionary 


Abaiser.     See  Charcoal,  Animal. 

Abelmoschus  (Musk  mallow,  Musk  seed, 
Amber  seed,  Ambrette). 

Derivation:      Seeds    of   Abelmoschus. 

Habitat:  Egypt,  India  and  Tropical 
America. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  perfumes;  adul- 
terating musk;  preserving  woolens 
from  moths. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Abietic  Acid.     See  Acid  abietic. 
Abietinic   Acid.     See   Acid  abietic. 

Abrasives.  See  Aloxite,  Alundum,  Boro- 
lon,  Burrstone,  Carborundum,  Corun- 
dum, Crystolon,  Electrolon,  Emery, 
Garnet,  Grindstone,  Kieselgur,  Mill- 
stone, Novaculite,  Oilstone,  Pumice, 
Scythestone,  Tripoli,  Volcanic  ash, 
Whetstone. 

Abraumsalze. 

Derivation:  A  mixture  of  potassium 
and  magnesium  chlorides  and  sulfates 
and  other  salts,  overlying  the  rock- 
salt  deposits  at  Stassfurt,  Germany. 
This  mineral  was  most  important 
source  of  potash  salts  prior  to  1914. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Absinthe  Oil.     See  Wormwood  oil. 
Absinthin*        (Absinthiin,        Absynthin) 


Color  and  properties:  Yellowish- 
brown,  amorphous  powder;  very 
bitter  taste. 

Constants:      Melting-point    I20°-I25°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  chloroform;  in- 
soluble in  water. 

Derivation:  From  Artemisia  absin- 
thium. 

Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Absinthium*     (Wormwood). 

Derivation:  Leaves  and  tops  of  Arte- 
misia absinthium. 

Habitat:  Europe,  Northern  and  West- 
ern Asia,  and  Africa;  cultivated  in 
U.  S. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Bags;  boxes. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:    None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Absynthin.     See  Absinthin. 


Acacia. 

Derivation:  Gummy  exudation  from 
Acacia  Senegal  and  other  species  of 
Acacia. 

Habitat:     Africa,  Arabia  and  India. 

Grades:     Technical;   U.  S.   P.;   B.   P. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs;  tins. 

Uses:     Medicine;  adhesives. 

Fire   hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acaciae  Cortex,  B.  P.  Acacia  bark. 


Acaciae  Gummi 


10 


Acetanilide 


Acaciae   Gummi,   B.   P.     (Acacia  gum). 
See  Acacia. 

Acanthite.  A  natural  silver  sulfide, 
Ag2S.  It  contains  87  per  cent  silver. 
Colorado. 

Acenaphthene*  (Ethylenenaphthene, 

Ethylenenaphthalene)  CioHeCCH^H. 

Color  and  properties:    White  needles. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.0687; 
melting-point  95°C.;  boiling-point 
277°C. 

Soluble  in  hot  alcohol. 

Derivation:     From  coal-tar. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  casks. 

Uses:     Dyestuff  intermediates. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acerdol.     See   Calcium  permanganate. 

Acetal    (Diethylacetal,    Ethylidenedieth- 
ylic  ether,  Diethylaldehyde) 
CH3CH(OC2H5)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  vola- 
tile liquid;  agreeable  odor;  nutty  af- 
ter-taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.831;  boil- 
ing-point 103°- 104°  C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  imperfect  oxida- 
tion of  ethyl  alcohol. 

Method   of   purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  iron  drums. 

Uses:      Medicine;    solvent. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acetaldehyde*     (Ethyl  aldehyde,  Acetic 
aldehyde,    Ethanol,    Aldehyde) 
CH3CHO. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  light, 
inflammable  liquid;  pungent,  fruity 
odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.801;  boil- 
ing-point 21  °C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:    (i)  Commercially  obtained 

(a)  from  "first  runnings"  of  alcohol 
stills  by  fractionation  in  a  special  still; 

(b)  by   passing   alcohol    vapor    over 


platinum  black;  (c)  by  synthesis  from 
acetylene  gas.  (2)  By  pouring  a  mix- 
ture of  90  per  cent,  alcohol  and  con- 
centrated sulfuric  acid  into  a  solution 
of  potassium  bichromate.  The  mix- 
•ture  is  heated  in  a  reflux  apparatus 
and  subsequently  distilled. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification 
in  a  special  type  of  still. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Paraldehyde;  organic  synthesis; 
^ilvering  mirrors;  dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Acetamide*   (Acetic  acid  amine) 
CH3CONH2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals; mousy  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.139; 
melting-point  82°C;  boiling-point 
223°  C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  ethyl 
acetate  and  ammonium  hydroxide. 

Method  of  purification:     Crystallization. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acetaminosalol.     See  Salophen. 

Acetanilide*    (Phenylacetamide,  Antifeb- 

rin)   C6H5NH(COCH3). 
Color  and  properties:     White,  shining, 

crystalline     scales;     slightly    burning 

taste. 
Constants:       Specific     gravity     1.2105; 

melting-point     II3°C.;     boiling-point 

305°C. 
Soluble    in    water,    alcohol,    ether    and 

chloroform. 
Derivation:      By    the    acetylization    of 

aniline  with  glacial  acetic  acid. 
Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:        Wooden      kegs;      glass 

bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine;   preservative   for  hy- 


Acetanilidum 


11 


Acetone  Oil 


drogen  peroxide;  addition  to  cellulose 

ester  "dopes"  and  lacquers. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Acetanilidum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See  Ace- 

tanilide. 

Acetanisidin.     See   Methacetin. 
Acetic  Acid.     See  Acid  acetic. 
Acetic  Acid  Amine.     See  Acetamide. 
Acetic   Aldehyde.     See   Acetaldehyde. 

Acetic  Anhydride.     See  Acid  acetic,  An- 
hydride. 

Acetic  Ether.     See  Ethyl  acetate. 

Acetic   Oxide.     See   Acid   acetic,   Anhy- 
dride. 

Acetine*   (Monoacetine) 


Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  thick 
liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.2212; 
boiling-point:  Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  glycerine  and 
strong  acetic  acid,  distilling  off  the 
weak  acetic  acid  formed  and  again 
heating  with  strong  acetic  acid  and 
distilling. 

Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 

Impurities:      Uncombined    acetic    acid. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Iron    drums. 

Uses:  Gelatinizing  smokeless  pow- 
ders; preparing  non-congealing  dyna- 
mites; production  of  dinitroacetyl- 
glycerine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Acetocinnamone.     See  Benzylidene  ace- 
tone. 

Acetone*     (Dimethylketone,     Dimethyl- 


ketal,      Ketopropane,      Methylacetal, 
Pyroacetic  ether,  Propanone) 
CH3OCH3. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  liquid; 
fragrant,  mint-like  odor;  inflamma- 
ble. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.7900; 
melting-point  -94-3° C.;  boiling-point 
56.48  C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  the  dry  distillation 
of  brown  or  gray  calcium  acetate,  (b) 
Acetylene,  obtained  by  the  action  of 
water  on  calcium  carbide,  passes 
through  several  synthetic  processes, 
in  which  mercuric  oxide  is  employed 
as  a  catalytic  agent,  until  acetic  acid 
is  formed.  This  is  converted  into 
acetone.  (c)  A  special  ferment  is 
added  to  a  grain  mash,  the  product  of 
the  fermentation  being  butyl  alcohol 
and  acetone  as  a  by-product.  The 
acetone  is  obtained  by  distillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  tank  cars; 
carboys;  tin  cans. 

Uses:  Explosive  manufacture  where  it 
is  employed  as  a  solvent  in  making 
smokeless  powder;  solvent;  varnishes; 
lacquers;  organic  synthesis;  manufac- 
ture of  chloroform;  manufacture  of 
celluloid;  absorbent  for  acetylene  gas 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Acetone  Alcohol.     See   Methyl   alcohol. 
Acetone    Chloroform.      See    Chloretone. 

Acetone,    Monochlorated.      See    Chloro- 
acetone. 

Acetone  Oil* 

Derivation:  An  oily  residuum  obtained 
as  a  by-product  in  the  distillation  of 
acetone. 

Uses:     Solvent;  denaturant  for  alcohol. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Iron   drums. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations  Red 
label. 


Acetonitrile 


12 


Acetylsalicylic 


Acetonitrile.     See  Methyl  cyanide. 
Acetonum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Acetone. 

Acetphenetidine*    (Para-acetphenetidine, 
Phenacetin,   Oxyethylacetanilide) 


Color   and   properties:      Colorless   cry- 

stals. 

Constants:     Melting-point:   I35°C. 
Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:       By     the     interaction     of 

phenetidine  and  glacial  acetic  acid. 
Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 
Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Boxes;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acetphenetidinum,  U.  S.  P.     See  Acet- 
phenetidine. 

Acetophenone*    (Hypnone) 

C6H5COCH3. 
Color  and  properties:  Laminated,  white 

crystals;  pungent  taste. 
Constants:      Specific     gravity;     1.0329; 

melting-point     20.5°  C;     boiling-point 

202°  C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:      By    treating    benzol    with 

acetyl  chloride  in  presence  of  alumi- 

num chloride. 

Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 
Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.    • 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine;  perfumery. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:    None. 

Acetyl   Bromide*    CH3COBr. 
Color  and  properties:     Colorless,  fum- 

ing liquid;  turns  yellow  in  air;  reacts 

violently   with   water;    fumes   irritate 

the  eyes. 

Constants:     Boiling  point  8i°C. 
Soluble  in  ether. 
Derivation:    By  the  interaction  of  acetic 

acid  and  phosphorus  pentabromide. 
Method  of  purification:    Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Iron  drums;  metal  bottles. 


Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acetyl  Chloride*  €H3COC1. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  highly 
refracting,  fuming  liquid.  ^ 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.1051; 
melting-point  50.9° C. 

Soluble  in  ether. 

Derivation:  By  mixing  glacial  acetic 
acid  and  phosphorus  trichloride  in  the 
cold  and  heating  a  short  time  to  drive 
off  hydrochloric  acid.  The  acetyl 
chloride  is  then  distilled. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  carboys* 

Uses:     Organic  preparations. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Acetyl  Iodide*  CH3COI. 

Color  and  properties:  Brown,  trans- 
parent, fuming  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.98;  boil- 
ing-point io5°-io8°C. 

Soluble  in  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  ace- 
tic acid,  iodine  and  phosphorus. 

Method  of  purification:     Distillation. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:    None. 

Acetyl   Oxide.     See   Acid  acetic,   Anhy- 
dride. 

Acetyl-para-aminosalol.      See    Salophen. 

Acetyl-para-aminophenyl  Salicylate.  See 

Salophen. 


Acetyl-para-phenylenediamine. 
Phenylenediamine,   Para-. 


See 


Acetylphenylenediamine.      See     Phenyl- 
diamine,  Para-. 

Acetylsalicylic   Acid.     See   Acid   acetyl- 
salicylic. 


Acetyltannin 


13 


Acid  Acetic 


Acetyltannin.      See    Diacetyltannin. 

Acetylene*   C2H2. 
Color  and   properties:      Colorless   gas; 

highly   inflammable. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.91;  melt- 
ing-point       -8i.5°C;        boiling-point 

-83-6°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  acetone  and  water. 
Derivation:     By  the  action  of  water  on 

calcium  carbide. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Steel  cylinders;  also  sold 

in  cylinders,  dissolved  in  acetone. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis;  illumination; 

oxy-acetylene  welding. 
Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 

label. 


Acetylene  Tetrabromide  (Muthmann's 
liquid)  CHBr2.CHBr2. 

Color  and  properties:    Yellowish  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.98-3.00; 
boiling-point  239°-242°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether;  insoluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of 
acetylene  and  bromine,  and  subse- 
quent distillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Separating  minerals  by  specific 
gravity;  solvent. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 


Acetylene  Tetrachloride*  (Tetrachloro- 
ethane).  CHC12.CHC12. 

Color  and  properties:     Colorless  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.582;  melt- 
ing-point -36°C;  boiling-point 
I47.2°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  acet- 
ylene and  chlorine,  and  subsequent 
distillation. 

Method  of  purification:    Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:     Solvent  for  greases  and  waxes. 


Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Abietic*   (Acid  abietinic.) 


Color  and  properties:     Yellowish  resi- 

nous powder. 

Constants:     Melting-point   i82°C. 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether,    chloroform 

and  benzol;  insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:      By    digesting    colophony 

with  weak  alcohol. 

Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:     Resinates    of    heavy   metals   as 

varnish  dryers. 
Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     Yellow 

label. 

Acid  Abietinic.     See  Acid  Abietic. 


Acid   Acetic*    (Acid    methanecarboxylic, 
Vinegar  acid)  HC2H3O2. 

Color  and  properties:  Clear,  colorless 
liquid.  Vinegar  is  a  dilute,  impure 
acetic  acid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.049; 
melting-point  16.7°  C.;  boiling-point 
ii8.i°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  (a)  The  pyroligneous  acid 
obtained  from  the  destructive  distilla- 
tion of  wood  is  neutralized  with  lime. 
The  acetate  of  lime  obtained  is  dis- 
sociated with  hydrochloric  acid  in 
copper  or  iron  stills  and  the  acetic 
acid  recovered  by  distillation.  It  is 
further  purified  by  re-distillation  over 
potassium  bichromate  and  filtering 
through  freshly  burned  charcoal. 

When  pyroligneous  acid  is  distilled 
without  neutralization,  the  distillate 
coming  over  at  ioo°-i2O°C.,  is  known 
as  wood  vinegar.  It  is  used  for  some 
technical  purposes,  but  is  generally 
purified  by  converting  into  a  calcium 
salt  and  distilling  with  a  mineral  acid, 
(b)  By  the  oxidation  of  dilute  ethyl 
alcohol,  prompted  by  bacterial  action. 
The  solution  is  concentrated  by  frac- 
tional distillation  until  a  little  water 
remains.  Finally  by  freezing,  the 


Acid  Acetic  Amide 


14 


Acid  Adipic 


acetic  acid  may  be  crystallized  out. 
Pure  acetic  acid,  in  consequence  of 
its  freezing,  is  known  as  "glacial 
acetic  acid."  Acetic  anhydride  is 
produced  when  acetic  acid  is  decom- 
posed so  that  water  is  driven  off. 
(c)  By  direct  synthesis  from  acety- 
lene gas  using  mercuric  oxide  as  a 
catalyst. 

Grades:  ^Commercial,  specific  gravity 
1.040  (8°  Tw)  30  per  cent  anhydrous 
acid;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P.  Strength  of  so- 
lutions 90  per  cent,  80  per  cent,  60 
per  cent,  36  per  cent,  30  per  cent,  28 
per  cent;  redistilled  56  per  cent. 

Containers:     Glass  carboys;  barrels. 

Uses:  Acetates;  organic  synthesis;  per- 
fumes; food-flavoring  extracts;  textile 
industry;  lead  whites;  manufacture  of 
cellulose  acetate. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  White 
label. 

Acid  Acetic  Amide.     See  Acetamide. 
Acid  Acetic  Amine.    See  Acetamide. 

Acid  Acetic,  Anhydride  (Acetic  anhy- 
dride, .  Acetyl  oxide,  Acetic  oxide) 
(CH3CO)2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  very 
mobile,  strongly  refractory  liquid; 
very  strong  acetic  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.082;  boil- 
ing-point I39-5°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  decom- 
poses in  water  forming  acetic  acid. 

Derivation:  By  distilling  acetyl  chlo- 
ride with  an  alkali  acetate. 

Method   of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  carboys. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard^    None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  White 
label. 

Acid  Acetic,  Glacial*  (Crystallizable  ace- 
tic acid,   Methanecarboxylic  acid) 
CH3COOH. 

Color  and  properties:  Clear,  colorless, 
strongly  acid  liquid;  crystallizes  a 
few  degrees  below  I5°C. 


Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.0553; 
boiling-point  ii7°-ii8°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:     See  acetic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:     Redistillation. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Strength  of  solutions  99^  per  cent, 
90  per  cent,  80  per  cent. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;,  carboys. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis;  manufacture 
of  colors,  drugs,  etc.;  also  for  manu- 
facture of  cellulose  acetate  used  as 
air  plane  "dope"  and  for  other  pur- 
poses. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  White 
label. 


Acid  Acetylsalicylic   (Aspirin) 


Color  and  properties:     White,  crystal- 

line powder. 

Constants:      Melting-point    I32°-I35°C. 
Soluble   in   alcohol   and   ether;    slightly 

soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:      By    the    acetylization    of 

salicylic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:     Crystallization. 
Impurities:     Salicylic  acid. 
Grades:     Technical;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Wooden  kegs;  tins;  glass 

bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Acid  Adipic*   (Acid  adipinic) 
(CH2)4(COOH)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish  cry- 
stalline powder. 

Constants:  Melting-point  153° C.;  boil- 
ing-point 265°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Obtained  from  animal  and 
plant  fats  by  oxidation  with  nitric 
acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Acid  Adipinic 


15 


Acid  Aminonaphthol 


Acid  Adipinic.     See  Acid  adipic. 

Acid  Alpha-Hydroxypropionic.  See  Acid 

lactic 

Acid   Alpha-Monobromopropionic.      See 
Acid  monobromopropionic. 

Acid    Alpha-Naphtholsulfonic*    (Neville 
and  Winther's  acid) 
CioH6(OH)(S03H)   1:4. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 

Constants:     Melting-point  170°  C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  sodium  naph- 
thionate  with  an  aqueous  solution  of 
caustic  soda  in  an  autoclave. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Acid    Alpha-Naphtholsulfonic*     (Cleves' 

acid)   Ci0H6(OH)(SO3H)   1:5. 
Color     and     properties:       Deliquescent 

crystalline  solid. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:       By     fusing     naphthalene 

disulonic  acid  (1:5)  with  caustic  soda 

at  160°  C. 

Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:    Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:     Dyestuffs. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Acid   Alpha-Naphthylaminesulfonic* 

(Acid  naphthionic) 
Ci0H6(NH2)S03H   1:4. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystals 
or  powder. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  baking  a  mixture  of 
equal  molecules  of  alpha-naphthyl- 
amine  and  sulfuric  acid,  with  which 
about  3  per  cent  of  oxalic  acid  is  in- 
corporated. 

Method  of  purification:     Crystallization. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:    Wooden  barrels. 


Uses:     Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 

Acid    Alpha-Toluic.     See    Acid    phenyl- 
acetic. 

Acid  Aminoacetic*     (Glycocoll,  Glycine, 
Aminoethanoic  acid) 
COOH  CH2  NH2. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.1607; 
melting-point  232° -236°  C. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol 
and  in  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  concen- 
trated ammonium  hydroxide  on  mon- 
ochloroacetic  acid,  or  by  the  action  of 
alkali  on  gelatine. 

Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels;  kegs. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid    Aminobenzenesulfonic.      See    Acid 
meta-sulfanilic. 

Acid  Aminobenzoic,  Meta-*  (Benz- 
aminic  acid)  C6H4NH2CO2H. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish  crys- 
tals; sublime  easily;  sweet  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.5104; 
melting-point  I73°-I74°  C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  reduction  of  meta- 
nitrobenzoic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  .kegs. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid    Aminodracylic.      See    Acid    para- 
aminobenzoic. 

Acid  Aminoethanoic.     See  Acid  amino- 
acetic. 

Acid       Aminonaphtholdisulfonic*        (H 


Acid  Aminonaphthol 


16 


Acid  Anthranilic 


acid)  CioH4(OH)(NH2)(S03H)2. 
1:8:3:6. 

Color  and  properties:    Grey  powder. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  From  alpha-naphthyla- 
mine  disulfonic  acid  S  by  soda  fusion. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:     Chromotropic  acid. 

Grades:  Technical;  80  per  cent,  85 
per  cent. 

Containers:    Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Acid   Aminonaphtholsulfonic*     (G   acid, 
Gamma  acid) 
CioH5(OH)(NH2)(S03H)  2:8:6. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  very 
slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  caustic  soda 
and  beta-naphtholdisulfonic  acid  G. 
and  water  in  an  autoclave. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels;  kegs. 

Uses:     Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 


Acid    Aminophenylarsinic,    Para-. 

Acid  arsanilic. 


See 


Acid  Aminoialicylic  Hydrochloride* 

C6H8COOH(OH)NH2.HC1. 

Color  and  properties:  Grayish-white 
crystals. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  reduction  of  nit- 
rosalicylic  acid  with  zinc  and  hydro- 
chloric acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tins. 

Uses:  Medicine;  manufacture  of  trans- 
fer paper. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid   Aminosuccinic.     See  Acid  aspara- 
ginic. 


Acid      Amygdalic*      (Acid      phenylhyd- 
roxyacetic,    Acid    amygdalinic,    Acid 
phenylglycolic,     Acid     benzoglycolic, 
Acid  paramandelic) 
C6H5  CH(OH)  COOH. 

Color  and  properties:  Large,  transpar- 
ant  crystals. 

Constants:     Melting-point  n8°C. 

Soluble  in  ether;  ^slightly  soluble  in 
water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  From  benzaldehyde  and 
acetophenone  dibromide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Amygdalinic.    See  Acid  amygdalic. 

Acid  Angelic*      (Acid  angelicic) 
CH2  CH  CH  (CH8)  COOH. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless 
needles  or  prisms;  spicy  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9539; 
melting-point  45°C;  boiling-point 
i85°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  hot  water. 

Derivation:  From  the  root  of  angelica 
archangelica  or  from  the  oil  of  an- 
themis  nobilis  by  distillation. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:     Medicine;  extracts. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Angelicic.     See  Acid  angelic. 

Acid  Anthranilic*  (Acid  ortho-amino- 
benzoic)  C6H4 (NH2)(CO2H.) 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:     Melting-point  144°  C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  boiling  the  potassium 
derivative  of  phthalylhydroxylamine 
with  an  aqueous  solution  of  sodium 
carbonate. 


Acid,  Apple 


17 


Acid   Benzene 


Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Wooden  barrels;  kegs. 
Uses:     Manufacture  of  dyes,  drugs  and 

perfumes. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid,  Apple.     See  Acid  malic. 

Acid  Arsanilic*  (Acid  atoxylic;  Acid 
para-aminophenylic;  Arsenic  acid  an- 
ilide)  C6H4NH2.AsO(OH)2. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder;  poisonous. 

Constants:     Melting-point  232° C. 

Soluble  in  ether,  amyl  alcohol  and  al- 
kaline carbonate  solutions;  slightly 
soluble  in  alcohol  and  acetic  acid;  in- 
soluble in  acetone,  benzol  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  By  condensing  aniline  with 
arsenic  acid,  removing  the  excess  of 
aniline  by  steam  distillation  in  alka- 
line solution  and  setting  the  acid  free 
by  hydrochloric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Conversion 
into  the  sodium  salt,  boiling  with  ani- 
mal charcoal,  crystallizing  the  sodium 
salt  and  setting  the  acid  free  by  di- 
lute hydrochloric  acid. 

Grades:     Technical;  pure. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Arsanilates;  starting-point  for 
the  manufacture  of  arsenical,  medici- 
nal compounds,  such  as  salvarsan, 
arsphenamine,  etc. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid   Asparagic.     See   Acid  asparaginic. 

Acid  Asparaginic*  (Acid  asparagic, 
Acid  aspartic,  Acid  aminosuccinic) 
COOHCH2CH(NH2)COOH. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals; odorless. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  From  asparagin  by  saponi- 
fication  with  hydrochloric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins. 


Uses:     Medicine;  organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Aspartic.     See  Acid  asparaginic. 
Acid  Atoxylic.     See  Acid  arsanilic. 
Acid  Azotic.    See  Acid  nitric. 

Acid  Badische.    See  Acid  beta-naphthyl- 
amine-alpha-sulfonic  2:8. 

Acid   Baeyer.     See    Acid   beta-naphthyl- 
aminemonosulfonic  2:7. 

Acid  Barbituric* 

CO(NHCO)2CH2.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:       By     condensing    malonic 
acid  with  urea. 

Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tins. 

Uses:      Preparation    of    pharmaceutical 
chemicals. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Acid,  Battery.     Sulfuric  acid  and  potas- 
sim  bichromate. 

Acid    Bayer.      See    Acid    beta-naphthyl- 
aminemonosulfonic  2:7. 

Acid  Benzaminic.     See  Acid  meta-amin- 
obenzoic. 

Acid    Benzaminoacetic .     See    Acid   hip- 
puric. 

Acid  Benzenemonosulfonic*. 
C6H5SO3H. 

Color  and   properties:     Fine,   deliques- 
cent needles  or  large  plates. 

Constants:    >    Melting-point     65°-66°C.; 
boiling-point   137°   C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:        By     sulfonating     benzol 
with  fuming  sulfuric  acid. 


Acid  Benzene 


18 


Acid  Beta-Naphthyl 


Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Iron    drums. 

Uses:  Making  phenol;  organic  synthe- 
.sis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:    None. 

Acid   Benzenesulfonic.     See  Acid  benz- 
enemonosulfonic. 

Acid    Benzidinedicarboxylic.      See    Acid 
diaminodiphenic. 

Acid  Benzoglycolic.    See  Acid  amydalic. 


(Acid      phenylformic) 
properties:         Colorless 


Acid  Benzoic* 

C6H5C02H. 

Color       and 
needles. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.2659; 
melting-point  i2i.25°C;  boiling-point 
249-2°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  in  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  From  gum  benzoin  by 
sublimation,  or  by  treatment  with 
milk  of  lime  and  then  distillation  with 
sulfuric  acid.  The  product  is  sub- 
sequently recovered  by  sublimation, 
(b)  Industrially,  by  the  chlorination 
of  toluol  to  benzenyl  trichloride  and 
heating  this  under  pressure  with  milk 
of  lime.  The  benzoic  acid  is  dis- 
tilled by  steam  and  allowed  to  crys- 
tallize. 

Method  of  purification:     Sublimation. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  from  gum 
benzoin;  from  toluol  (ex.  tol.);  B.  P. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:  Dentifrices;  seasoning  tobacco; 
aniline  dyestuffs;  drugs;  perfumes; 
textiles;  preservatives;  medicine; 
benzoates. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid     Benzolaminoacetic.         See     Acid 
hippuric. 

Acid  Benzolsulfonic.    See  Acid  benzene- 
monosulfonic. 


Acid  Beta-Naphtholdisulfonic  (R  Acid) 
CioH5(OH)(S03H)2  2:3:6.. 

Color  and  properties:  Deliquescent, 
colorless,  silky  needles. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  beta-naphthol 
with  sulfuric  acid,  dissolving  the  melt 
in  water  and  adding  salt. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Manufacturing  dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Beta-Naphtholsulfonic*  (Acid, 
Schaeffer's)  Ci0H6(OH)SO3H  2:6. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:     Melting-point  I22°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  beta-naphthol 
with  concentrated  sulfuric  acid.  The 
melt  is  dissolved  in  water  and  on  add- 
ing salt,  the  sodium  salt  of  the  acid 
crystallizes  out,  while  the  isomeric 
acids  simultaneously  formed  remain 
in  solution. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis;  dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Beta-Naphtholsulfonic*  (Acid,  Cas- 
sella)  CioH6(OH)(S03H)2:7. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 

Constants:  Melting-point  89°C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol.  * 

Derivation:  By  fusion  of  naphthalene 
disulfonic  acid  (2:7)  with  caustic  soda 
or  by  heating  the  acid  with  an 
aqueous  solution  of  caustic  soda  in 
an  autoclave.  t 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Acid      Beta-Naphthylamine-alpha-sulfon- 
ic*   (Acid,  Badische) 


Acid  Beta-Naphthyl 


19 


Acid  Borophenylic 


CioH6(NH2)S03H  2:8. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  very 
slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Process  of  manufacture:  By  heating 
together  beta-naphthylamine,  fuming 
sulfuric  acid  (20  per  cent  SO3)  and 
the  gamma  acid  (about  70  per  cent 
gamma  and  30  per  cent  alpha.) 

Derivation:      Crystallization. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels;  kegs. 

Uses:     Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid    Beta-Naphthylamine-beta-sulfonic* 
(Acid,  Broenner's) 
CioH«(NH2)SO8H  2:6. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless 
needles. 

Derivation:  By  heating  beta-naphthol- 
beta-sulfonic  acid  S  with  aqueous  am- 
monia in  an  autoclave. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Barrels  and  kegs. 

Uses:     Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Beta-Naphthylamine-delta-sulfon- 
ic.  See  Acid  beta-naphthylaminemono- 
sulfonic. 

Acid    Beta-Naphthylaminemonosulfonic* 

(Acid,  Cassella's  F,  Acid,  Baeyer's, 
Acid  monosulfonic  F,  Acid  Mono  F, 
Acid  beta-naphthylamine-delta-sulfon- 

CioH6(NH2)S03H  2:7. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  Acid,  Cassella's  F).  By 
heating  beta-naphtholsulfonic  acrd  F 
with  aqueous  ammonia  in  an  auto- 
clave. (Acid,  Baeyer,)  by  heating  the 
beta  acid  together  with  beta-naph- 
thylamine sulfate  with  concentrated 
sulfuric  acid. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels;  kegs. 

Uses:     Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Acid      Beta-Phenylacrylic.       See      Acid 
Cinnamic. 


Acid  Beta-Pyridinecarboxylic.     See  Acid 
nicotinic. 

Acid  Bichloroacetic.     See  Acid  dichloro- 
acetic. 

Acid  Boracic.    See  Acid  boric. 

Acid  Boric*  (Acid  boracic,  Acid  ortho- 
boric)  H3BO3. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.4347; 
melting-point  184°  C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  adding  hydrochloric  or 
sulfuric  acid  to  a  solution  of  borax 
and  crystallizing. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Crystals;  powder;  technical; 
U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Barrels;  kegs;  boxes;  bur- 
lap bags. 

Uses:  Medicine;  pottery;  glass  manu- 
facture; metallurgy;  flux;  preserva- 
tives; eye  lotions. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid   Boronotungstic.      See    Acid    boro- 
tungstic. 

Acid  Borophenylic*  (Acid  phenylbor- 
ic)  (C6H5B02)  +  (C6H5B305.) 

Color  and  properties:  White  or  red- 
dish crystals.  A  mixture  of  phenyl 
borate  and  phenyltriborate. 

Constants:      Melting-point    204° C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  phos- 
phorus oxychloride  on  a  mixture  of 
boric  acid  and  phenol. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine;  antiseptic. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Acid  Borotungstic 


20 


Acid  Calcium 


Acid     Borotungstic*     (Acid     borowolf- 
ramic,   Acid   boronotungstic) 
B2O3(WO3)9.24H2O. 

Color  and  properties:    Yellowish  liquid. 

Constants:    Specific   gravity  3.0. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  ammonium 
borotungstate  with  aqua  regia. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Mineralogy. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid    Borowolframic.      See    Acid    boro- 
tungstic. 

Acid,  Broenner's.     See  Acid  beta-naph- 
thylamine-beta-sulfonic  2:6. 

Acid  Bromic*  HBrO3. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  or 
slightly  yellow  liquid;  turns  yellow  on 
exposure. 

Constants:  ^  Specific  gravity  3.1883; 
melting-point:  Decomposes  at  ioo°C. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Sulfuric  acid  is  added  to  a 
solution  of  barium  bromate  and  the 
product  recovered  by  subsequent  dis- 
tillation and  .absorption  in  water. 

Grades^    Technical;  U.  S.  P.     (Sp.  Gr. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  carboys. 
Uses:      Medicine;      organic      synthesis; 

dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad   shipping   regulations:     White 

label. 

Acid  Bromoacetic.  See  Acid  monobrom- 
oacetic. 

Acid  Bromosuccinic.     (See  Acid  mono- 
bromosuccinic. 

Acid,    Bronner's.      See    Acid    beta-naph- 
thylamine-beta-sulfonic  2:6. 

Acid      Butylacetic*       (Acid      isohexoic, 
Acid  isocaproic) 
(CH3)2CH(CH2)2COOH. 


Color  and  properties:  Yellow  liquid; 
rancid  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.925;  boil- 
ing-point I99°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  From  isoamylcyanide  by, 
saponification. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification,  j 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Glass    bottles;    carboys. 

Uses:     Extracts;  organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:    None. 

Acid  Butyric*     (Acid  propylformic) 
CH3(CH2)2C02H. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  limped 
liquid;  rancid  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9599; 
melting-point  -3.I2°C;  boiling-point 
i62.3°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol   and   ether. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  butyric  fermenta- 
tion of  starch  paste  in  the  presence 
of  a  little  tartaric  acid;  putrified  meat 
or  cheese  being  added  after  a  few 
days,  (b)  Pure  cultures  of  special 
bacteria  are  also  used,  (c)  From  mo- 
lasses residues  by  the  Effront  process. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Carboys. 

Strength  of  solution:  Technical — 60 
per  cent. 

Uses:     Varnishes;  medicine;  butyrates. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Cacodylic  (Acid  dimethylarsenic, 
Acid  kakodylic)  (CH3)2AsOOH. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  odor- 
less crystals;  poisonous. 

Constants:    Melting-point  2OO°C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  distilling  a  mixture  of 
arsenic  trioxide  and  potassium  ace- 
tate. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:     Medicine;  organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Calcium  Phosphate.  See  Calcium 
phosphate,  Mono. 


Acid  Camphoric 


21 


Acid  Chlorophthalic 


Acid  Camphoric*    C8Hi4(CO2H)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  odor- 
less needles  or  scales. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.228;  melt- 
ing-point 2o8°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  oxidizing  camphor  with 
nitric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Medicine;  celluloid. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Acid  Caprilic.     See  Acid  caprylic. 

Acid  Caproic*  (Acid  capronic,  Acid 
hexylic,  Acid  hexoic,  Acid  pentyl- 
formic)  C5HnCOOH. 

Color  and  properties:  Oily,  colorless 
liquid;  odor  of  Limburger  cheese. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.922;  melt- 
ing-point -5.2° C.;  boiling-point  205°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  From  butyric  acid  by  frac- 
tional distillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:   Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Analytical  chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Capronic.     See  Acid  caproic. 

Acid  Caprylic*  (Acid  octylic,  Acid  octic, 
Acid  caprilic)  C7Hi5COOH. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  liquid; 
crystallizing  below  I7°C. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9185; 
melting-point  I7°C;  boiling-point 
235°-237°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  saponification  and  sub- 
sequent distillation  of  cocoanut  oil. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization 
or  rectification. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Cans;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Acid  Carbolic.     See   Phenol. 

Acid  Carbonic.     See  Carbon  dioxide. 


Acid  Carminic* 

Color  and  properties:  Dark,  purplish- 
brown  mass  or  bright-red  powder. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Decom- 
poses at  I36°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  from  Coccus 
cacti  (Cochineal.) 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Stain  in  microscopy;  indicator  in 
analytical  chemistry;  coloring  proprie- 
tary medicines. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:    None. 

Acid  Caryophyllic.     See  Eugenol. 

Acid,  Cassella.    See  Acid  beta-naphthol- 
sulfonic  2:7. 

Acid,  Cassella  F.     See  Acid  beta-naph- 
thylaminemonosulfonic. 

Acid  Cetylacetic.     See  Acid  stearic. 
Acid  Cetylic.     See  Acid  palmitic. 
Acid  Chinic.    See  Acid  quinic. 
Acid  Chlorazotic.    See  Aqua  regia. 
Acid  Chloroazotic.    See  Aqua  regia. 

Acid    Chlorohydric.       See    Acid    hydro- 
chloric. 

Acid  Chlorophthalic* 

C6H3C1(COOH)2. 

Color  and  properties:     Colorless  crys- 
tals. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  chlorination  of 
phthalic  acid. 


Acid  Chloroplatinic 


22 


Acid  Citric 


Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:     Dyestuffs. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Chloroplatinic*  (Platinic  chloride) 
H2PtCl6.H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Red-brown  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.431;  melt- 
ing-point: Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  solution  of  platinum  in 
aqua  regia,  evaporation  and  crystal- 
lization. 

Grades:  Technical;  pure,  reagent.  Usu- 
ally sold  under  the  name  platinum 
chloride  or  platinic  chloride. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Electroplating;  platinizing  pumice 
and  the  like  for  catalysts;  etching 
zinc  for  printing;  platinum  mirrors; 
indelible  ink;  ceramics;  microscopy; 
chemical  reagent. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Acid  Chlorosulfonic*  HC1CO3. 

Color  and  properties:  Brown,  oily,  cor- 
rosive liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.784;  boil- 
ing-point 82°  C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  passing  chlorine 
through  cooled  sulfuric  acid  or  by 
slowly  dropping  phosphorus  trichlor- 
ide into  sulfuric  acid. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Carboys   and  iron   drums. 

Uses:  Organic  preparations,  especially 
saccharine;  military  poison  gas. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  White 
label. 

Acid  Choliaic.     See  Acid  taurocholic. 
Acid  Choleic.     See  Acid  taurocholic. 
Acid  Choleinic.     See  Acid  taurocholic. 
Acid  Cholic.     See  Acid  glycocholic. 


Acid  Chromic*  (Chromium  trioxide) 
CrOs. 

Color  and  properties:  Reddish-brown 
crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.67-2.82; 
melting-point  196°  C. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Hydrochloric  or  sulfuric 
acid  is  added  to  a  solution  of  sodium 
bichromate  and  the  product  recov- 
ered by  crystallization;  also  elec- 
trolytically. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:   Technical;   U.   S.   P.;    B.   P. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Medicine;  electric  cells;  chro- 
^mates;  organic  synthesis;  dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Acid  Chrysophanic.     See  Chrysarobin. 

Acid  Cinnamic*  (Acid  beta-phenylacryl- 
ic,  Acid  cinnamylic) 
C6H5CHCHCOOH. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line scales. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.2475; 
melting-point  I33°C;  boiling-point 
300°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  benzaldehyde 
with  sodium  acetate  in  presence  of  a 
dehydrating  agent  (acetic  anhydride) 
or  by  heating  benzal  chloride  with 
sodium  acetate  in  an  autoclave. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  ^  Tin  cans;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine;  perfumes. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Cinnamylic.    See  Acid  cinnamic. 

Acid  Citric*   (Acid  oxytricarballylic) 
(C02HCH2)2C(OH)C02H. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  odor- 
less crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.542;  melt- 
ing-point I53°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 


\cid,  Cleve's 


23 


Acid  Diaminodiphenic 


Derivation:  The  crude  citric  acid  ob- 
tained from  lemons  or.  other  citrus 
fruit  is  neutralized  with  calcium  car- 
bonate and  the  lime  salt  dissociated 
with  sulfuric  acid.  It  is  then  filtered, 
evaporated  and  recovered  by  crystal- 
lization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:     Tartaric  acid. 

Grades:  Crystals;  powder;  second 
hands;  technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels;  kegs. 

Uses:  Medicine;  flavoring  extracts; 
confectionery;  soft  drinks;  efferves- 
cing salts. 

Fire  hazard:    ^None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid,  Cleve's.    See  Acid  alpha-naphthol- 
sulfonic   1:5. 

Acid  Cresotic*  (Acid  cresotinic,  Acid 
kresotic)  C6H3COOHOHCH3. 

Color  and  properties:  White  or  red- 
dish-white powder;  mixture  of  ortho-, 
meta-  and  para-acids. 

Constants:  Melting-point  iSi°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:     From  creosote  oil. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Disinfectant. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Cresotinic:     See  Acid  cresotic. 
Acid  Cresylic.     See  Cresol. 

Acid  Crotonic*  CH3CHCHCO2H. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9730; 
melting-point  72°C.;  boiling-point 
i85°C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  ligroin. 

Derivation:  By  heating  malpnic  acid 
with  paraldehyde  and  glacial  acetic 
acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 


Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tins. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Crotonolic.     See  Acid  tiglic. 

Acid  Cyanacetic*  CH2CNCOOH. 
Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 
Constants:     Melting-point  66.i°-66.4°C. 
Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:       By     the     interaction     of 

ethylchloroacetate       and       potassium 

cyanide  solution. 
Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Tins. 
Uses:      Organic   synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Acid      Cyanuric*      (Tricarbimide,      Acid 

isocyanuric,  Acid  tricyanic) 

CO(NHCO)2NH.2H2O. 
Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 
Constants:     Specific  gravity  1.768. 
Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  hot  min- 

eral acids. 
Derivation:     By  heating  urea  or  by  the 

action  of  water  on  cyanuric  chloride. 
Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tins. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Dextrotartaric.     See  Acid  tartaric. 


Acid     Diaminodiphenic. 

idinedicarboxylic) 


(Acid     benz- 


Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:       By     boiling     meta-nitro- 

benzaldehyde  ^with    caustic    soda,    re- 

ducing with  zinc  dust  and  acidifying. 
Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 
Grades:     Technical. 


Acid  Diaminonaphthalene 


24 


Acid  Dichloroacetic 


Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:     Dyestuffs. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations: 


None. 


Acid  Diaminonaphthalenedisulfonic* 

CioH4(NH2)2(S03H)2    1:5:37. 

Color  and  properties:     Small   crystals. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  nitration  and  reduc- 
tion of  naphthalenedisulfonic  acid 
(2:6.) 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis;  dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Acid   Diaminonaphthalenedisulfonic* 

CioH4(NH2)2(S03H)2    1:8:3:6. 

Color  and  properties:  Long,  thin  crys- 
tals. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:      By  the   nitration   and   re- 

'  duction  of  naphthalenedisulfonic  acid 
2:7). 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Making  H  acid. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Acid  Diaminonaphthalenesulfonic* 
CioH5(NH2)2S03H  1:4:2. 

Color  and   properties:     Small   crystals. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  sparingly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  From  alpha-naphthyla- 
minesulfonic  acid  by  combination 
with  diazobenzene  and  subsequent  re- 
duction. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis;  dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     Non?. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:     None. 


Acid  Diaminonaphthalenesulfomc* 
(CioH5(NH2)2SO3H  1:3:6. 

Color  and  properties:     Small   crystals. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  sparingly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  the  alpha- 
naphtholdisulfonic  acid  with  ammon- 
ium hydroxide  under  pressure. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Diaminostilbenedisulfonic* 
C6H3(NH2)(S03H)CHCHC6H3- 
(SO3H)(NH2)  1:2:4. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish  mi- 
croscopic needles. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  reduction  of  di- 
nitrostilbenedisulfonic  acid  with  fer- 
rous hydrate  and  ammonia. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Acid  Diazobenzenesulfonic,  Para-* 
C6H4NS03N. 

Color  and  properties:  White  paste. 
Caution:  May  explode  if  heated. 

Soluble  in  water  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  nitrous 
acid  on  para-sulfanilic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard^    None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Acid     Dichloroacetic*     (Acid     bichloro- 

acetic)   CHC12COOH. 
Color  and  properties:     Colorless  liquid. 
Constants:       Specific     gravity     1.5724; 


Acid  Dichlorophthalic 


25 


Acid  Ethylenesuccinic 


melting-point      -4°C;      boiling-point 

i89°-ioi°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:     By  the  interaction   of  hy- 

drated  chloral  and  potassium  cyanide 

and  subsequent  distillation. 
Method  of  purification:     Distillation. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles;  carboys. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad   shipping  regulations:     White 

label. 

Acid  Dichlorophthalic* 

C6H2C12(C02)2. 
Color   and   properties:    Colorless,   thick 

crystals. 

Soluble  in  hot  water. 
Derivation:       By     oxidizing     dichloro- 

naphthalene  tetrachloride  with  nitric 

acid. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Diethylbarbituric.    See  Veronal. 
Acid  Digallic.     See  Acid  tannic. 

Acid  Dimethylarsenic.  See  Acid  cacodyl- 
ic. 


Acid   Dinitrodibenzyldisulfonic 
(CH2C6H3(SO3H)NO2)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  plates 
or  tablets. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  oxidation  of  so- 
dium para-nitrotoluene  sulfonate  with 
sodium  hypochlorite  in  an  excess  of 
caustic  soda. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Organic   synthesis;   dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:     None. 


Acid  Dinitrostilbenedisulfonic 
(CHC6H3(SO3H)NO2)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  or 
slightly  yellow  needles. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  oxidation  of  para-ni- 
trotoluene sulfonate  with  sodium  hy- 
pochlorite, in  presence  of  limited 
amount  of  caustic  soda. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis;  dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:     None. 

Acid  Dioxystearic*  (Acid  Dioxystear- 
inic)  Ci7H33(OH)2COOH. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 

Constants:    Melting-point   I35°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  dibromide  of 
isooleic  acid  with  silver  oxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:     Stearic  acid  compounds. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Acid   Dioxystearinic.      See   Acid   dioxy- 
stearic. 

Acid  Dioxysuccinic.     See  Acid  tartaric. 
Acid,  Dipping.     See  Acid  sulfuric. 
Acid,  Electrolyte.    See  Acid  sulfuric. 
Acid  Ethanethiolic.    See  Acid  thioacetic. 

Acid    Ethylcarbonic.       See    Acid    propi- 
onic. 

Acid    Ethlyenedicarboxylic.      See    Acid 
succinic. 

Acid   Ethylenesuccinic.      See   Acid   sue-? 
cinic. 


Acid  Ethylidenelactic 


26 


Acid  Gallic 


Acid  Ethylidenelactic.    See  Acid  lactic. 

Acid  Ethylmalonic* 

CH3CH2CH(COOH)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:    Melting-point  m.5°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  From  alpha-bromobutyric 
acid  heated  with  potassium  mercuric 
cyanide  and  decomposed  with  potas- 
sium hydroxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tins. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Ethylsulfuric*  (Acid  sulfethylic, 
Acid  sulfovinic,  Monoethyl  sulfate) 
C2H5HS04. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  oily 
liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.316;  boil- 
ing-point 280°  C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  sulfuric 
acid  on  ethyl  alcohol. 

Method  of  purification:     Distillation. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  carboys. 

Uses:  Medicine;  precipitant  for  case- 
in; organic  preparations. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 

Acid  Ethylsulfurous*  (Acid  sulfovi- 
nous)  C2H5HSO3. 

Color  and  properties:  Crystalline,  un- 
stable mass. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  alkalis. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  thionyl 
chloride  on  ethyl  alcohol. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:    Glass    bottles;    tins. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 

Acid  Eugenic.    See  Eugenol. 


Acid  F,  Cassella's.    See  Acid  beta-naph- 
thylamine  monosulfonic  2:7. 

Acids,  Fatty.     See  Acids  oleic,  palmitic, 
stearic. 

Acid   Fluorhydric.      See   Acid   hydroflu- 
oric. 

Acid  Formic  (Acid  hydrogen  carbox- 
ylic)  HCOOH. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  liquid; 
pungent  odor;  dangerously  caustic. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.2178; 
melting-point  8.3°C.;  boiling-point 
100.8°  C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  Dissociation  of  sodium 
formate  with  mineral  acid  and  then 
by  distillation  and  absorption  in  dis- 
tilled water. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  75  per 
cent. 

Containers:     Barrels;  carboys. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis;  as  a  substi- 
tute for  lactic  acid  in  dyeing  and 
finishing  of  textiles;  electroplating; 
medicine;  use  also  suggested  in  tan- 
ning and  in  wine  manufacture  to  aid 
fermentation;  making  formates. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  White 
label. 

Acid    G.       See    Acid    aminonaphtholsul- 
fonic  2:8:6. 

Acid    G.    R.       See    Acid    naphtholdisul- 
fonic,  Alpha. 

Acid   Gallic*    (Acid  trioxybenzoic;   Acid 

trihydroxybenzoic) 

C6H2(OH)3C02H.H20  3:4:5- 
Color    and    properties:      Colorless    or 

slightly  yellow,  crystalline  needles  or 

prisms. 

Constants:    Specific  gravity  1.694;  melt- 
ing-point 222°-24O°C. 
Soluble    in    alcohol;    sparingly    soluble 

in  water  and  ether. 
Derivation:     By  the  action  of  mould  on 

solutions  of  tannin  or  by  boiling  the; 


Acid  Gallotannic 


27 


Acid  Heptylic 


latter    with     dilute    acid    or     caustic 

soda. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Wooden  barrels;  kegs. 
Uses:     Photography;  writing  ink;  dye- 

ing;  medicine;  manufacture  of  pyro- 

gallol. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Acid  Gallotannic.    See  Acid  tannic. 

Acid  Gamma.    See  Acid  aminonaphthol- 
sulfonic  2:8:6. 

Acid   Glutaric    (Acid   pyrotartaric,   Nor- 

mal)  COOH(CH2)3COOH 
Color  and  properties:     Colorless  crys- 

tals. 
Constants:    Melting-point    97°  C;    boil- 

ing-point 302°-3O4°C. 
Soluble  in  water  and  in  alcohol. 
Derivation:     From  oxyglutaric  acid  by 

heating  with  hydriodic  acid. 
Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles;  kegs. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

..Acid  Glycerinocarbolic* 


Color  and  properties:     Colorless  liquid. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:     By  heating  glycerine  and 

phenol.'    , 

Method  of  purification:     Distillation. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles;  carboys. 
Uses:     Antiseptic;  disinfectant. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  gly- 
cerine and  phosphoric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:     Distillation. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Glass    bottles;    carboys. 

Uses:  Medicine;  manufacture  of  glyc- 
erophosphates. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 


Acid  Glycocholic*  (Acid  cholic) 


Color    and    properties:      White,    amoi- 

phous    powder;    solution    has    bitter- 

sweet taste. 
Constants:    Melting-point  133°  C.;  boil- 

ing-point 140°  C. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:  Obtained  from  ox  gall. 
Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Antiseptic. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid     Glycolic*     (Acid    glycollic,     Acid 
oxyacetic.  Acid  hydroxyacetic) 
CHfOHCOOH.    ' 

Color  and  properties:     Colorless   crys- 

tals. 

Constants:  Melting-point  78°-79°C. 
Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:  From  monochloroacetic 

acid  by  boiling  with  water. 
Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:    Technical. 
Containers:     Kegs. 
Uses:    Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 


Acid     Glycerinophosphoric. 

glycerophosphoric. 


See     Acid      Acid  Glycollic.     See  Acid  glycolic. 


Acid  Glycerophosphoric*  (Acid  glycer- 
ine-phosphoric) CsH5(OH)2H2PO4. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  or 
pale  yellow  liquid. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  1.125. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 


Acid  H.     See  Acid  aminonaphtholdisul- 
fonic  1:3:6:8. 

Acid  Hepotic.    See  Acid  oenanthic. 
Acid  Heptylic.    See  Acid  cenanthic. 


Acid  Hexoic 


28 


Acid  Hydrochloric 


Acid  Hexoic.    See  Acid  caproic. 
Acid  Hexylic.    See  Acid  caproic. 

Acid     Hippuric*      (Acid     benzplamino- 
acetic,    Acid    benzaminoacetic,    Ben- 
zoylglycin,    Benzoylglycocoll) 
CH2NHCOC6H5COOH. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.371 1; 
melting-point  190,2° C.;  boiling-point: 
Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  in  hot  water; 
slightly  soluble  in  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  benzoic  anhy- 
dride and  glycpcoll. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
.  Uses:  Medicine;  organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:     None. 

Acid  Hydriodic*  (Hydrogen  iodide)  HI. 

Color  and  properties:  Clear  colorless 
liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  '4-3737; 
melting-point  -5i-3°C.;  boiling-point 
-35.6°C. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  passing  hydrogen 
with  iodine  vapor  over  warm  plati- 
num sponge  which  acts  as  a  catalyzer, 
and  absorption  in  water. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.,  strength 
49°Be  (Sp.  gr.  1.5);  B.  P. 

Containers:     Carboys;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicinal;  preparation  of  io- 
dine salts;  organic  preparations. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  White 
label. 

Acid  Hydrobromic*  (Hydrogen  bro- 
mide) HBr  in  aqueous  solution. 

Color  and  properties:  Clear,  colorless 
or  faintly  yellow  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  (HBr  gas) 
2.71;  melting-point  -86.i3°C;  boiling- 
point  -768.7°  C. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  passing  hydrogen  with 
bromine  vapor  over  warm  platinum 


sponge  which  acts  as  a  catalyzer  and 

absorption  in  water. 
Impurities:    Sulfuric  acid,  heavy  metals, 

hydrochloric  acid,  hydrioclic  acid. 
Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.,  strength 

40  per  cent  HBr.;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Carboys;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:    Medicine;    analytical    chemistry; 

organic  preparations. 
Fire  hazard^    None. 
Railroad   shipping  regulations:     White 

label. 


Acid  Hydrochloric*  (Acid  muriatic, 
Acid  chlorohydric,  Hydrogen  chlor- 
ide) HC1  in  aqueous  solution. 
Color  and  properties:  Clear,  colorless 
or  slightly  yellow,  fuming,  pungent 
liquid;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  (HC1  gas) 
1.269;  melting-point  (anhydrous  hy- 
drogen chloride)  -H2°C.;  boiling- 
point  (anhydrous  hydrogen  chloride) 

-8$.i°a 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Generally  made  by  the  ac- 
tion of  sulfuric  acid  on  common  salt. 
It  is  also  obtained  as  a  by-product  of 
the  Leblanc  soda  process.  The  salt 
and  sulfuric  acid  are  mixed  and  gently 
heated  in  an  "open  roaster"  or  in  a 
muffle  or  "closed  roaster."  The  hy- 
drogen chloride  gas  generated  is  ab- 
sorbed in  water,  either  bypassing 
through  tall  towers  filled  with  coke 
over  which  the  water  trickles;  or  in 
earthenware  Woulff  bottles  (bom- 
bonns),  provided  with  safety  tubes  * 
for  back-pressure  and  with  a  coke 
tower  at  the  end  of  the  series.  Glau- 
ber's salt,  salt-cake,  niter-cake  form 
by-products. 

Also  made  by  burning  hydrogen  in 
an  atmosphere  of  chlorine  or  causing 
hydrogen  and  ^  chlorine  to  combine 
under  pressure  in  the  presence  of  cat- 
alysts. 

Also  formed  as  a  by-product  in  the 
chlorination  of  benzol. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification 
(to  remove  arsenic) ;  sometimes  frac- 
tional distillation  over  ferrous  chlor- 
ide. 

Impurities:     Iron  and  arsenic. 

Grades:    Technical  (usually  18°,  20°,  or 


Acid  Hydrochloric 


29 


Acid  Hypophosphorous 


22°Be.);  U.  S.  P.;  C.  P.  (usually 
20°Be.  =  sp.  g.  1.16);  B.  P. 

Containers:  Carboys;  also  shipped  in 
wooden  tank  cars;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Chrome  tanning;  leather  indus- 
try; organic  synthesis;  dyestuff  manu- 
facture; inorganic  preparations; 
chlorides;  textile  industry;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  White 
label. 

Acid  Hydrochloric,  Fuming*  Hydro- 
chloric acid  of  sp.  g.  1.19  containing 
about  37  per  cent  HC1,  used  as  a  rea- 
gent. 

Acid  Hydrocyanic*  (Acid  prussic,  Hy- 
drogen cyanide,  Formonitrile)  HCN. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  gas, 
(liquefies  at  -I5°C),  appearing  in 
commerce  in  aqueous  solutions  (gen- 
erally 2  per  cent  or  10  per  cent); 
colorless  liquid;  vapors  intensely 
poisonous;  odor  of  bitter  almonds. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  (gas)  0.697; 
melting-point  (liquid  anhydrous 
HCN)  -I5°C;  boiling-point  (liquid 
anhydrous  HCN)  -83.i°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  distilling  a  concen- 
trated solution  of  potassium  cyanide 
with  dilute  sulfuric  acid  and  absorp- 
tion of  the  vapors  in  water. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.,  strength 
10  per  cent. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles.  , 

Uses:  Chemical  analysis;  medicine;  in- 
secticide; organic  synthesis;  military 
poison  gas. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  White 
label. 

(Acid     Hydrofluoric*     (Hydrogen     fluo- 
ride)  HF  in  aqueous  solution. 
Color  and  properties:     Clear,  colorless, 
fuming,  mobile,  corrosive  liquid;  pro- 
ducing terrible  sores  when  allowed  to 
k          touch  the  skin. 
Constants:        Specific      gravity      (gas) 
0.7126;       melting-point       (anhydrous 
liquid)     -5i-3°C.;     boiling-point     (an- 
hydrous liquid)  -I9.44°C. 
Soluble  in  water. 


Derivation:  Powdered  calcium  fluoride 
is  treated  with  sulfuric  acid  and  the 
mixture  distilled  in  a  platinum  re- 
tort. The  hydrofluoric  acid  gas 
passes  over  and  is  dissolved  in  dis- 
tilled water. 

Grades:  Technical,  strength  30  per 
cent,  40  per  cent,  48  per  cent,  52  per 
cent;  fuming. 

Containers:  Lead  carboys;  hard  rub- 
ber or  paraffin  bottles;  carboys; 
wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Ceramics;  brewing  and  yeast; 
etching  glass. 

Fire  hazard:    None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  .  White 
label. 


Acid  Hydrofluorsilicic.    See  Acid  hydro- 
fluosilicic. 


Acid      Hydrofluosilicic*      (Acid      silico- 
fluoric;   Acid   hydrosilicofluoric;   Acid 
hydrofluorsilicic;  Sand  acid) 
H2SiF6. 

Color  and  properties:  Transparent, 
colorless,  fuming  liquid. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  When  strong  hydrofluoric 
acid  acts  upon  sand,  silicon  tetrafluo- 
ride  is  liberated.  It  is  generally  made 
by  heating  sand  with  powdered  cal- 
cium fluoride  and  sulfuric  acid  in  ex- 
cess. It  is  distilled  as  a  gas  and  col- 
lected in  distilled  water.  The  com- 
mercial article  comes  largely  from 
gases  produced  in  phosphate  manu- 
facture. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Lead  carboys;  hard  rubber 
or  paraffin  bottles. 

Uses:  Ceramics;  concrete  floors;  tech- 
nical paints. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  White 
label. 

Acid   Hydrosilicofluoric.     See   Acid   hy- 
drofluosilicic. 

Acid  Hydroxyacetic.     See  Acid  glycolic. 
Acid  Hypophosphorous* 


Acid  lodic 


30 


Acid  Maleic 


Color  and  properties:  Clear,  colorless 
liquid;  sour  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.439;  melt- 
ing-point 26.5°C. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Heating  concentrated 
baryta  water  with  white  phosphorus 
and  decomposing  the  barium  hypo- 
phosphate  with  sulfuric  acid,  filtering 
the  liquid  and  concentrating  under 
reduced  pressure. 

Method  of  purification:     Distillation. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  3i°Be.= 
50  per  cent;  19°  Be. =35  per  cent; 
i70Be.=30  per  cent;  6.5°Be.=io  per 
cent;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Glass  carboys. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Acid  lodic*     HIO? 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  rhom- 
bic crystals  or  white,  crystalline 
powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.629;  melt- 
ing-point no°C. 

Soluble  in  cold  and  hot  water. 

Derivation:  By  adding  sulfuric  acid 
to  a  solution  of  barium  iodate  and 
subsequent  filtration  and  crystalliza- 
tion. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tins. 

Grades:    U.  S.  P.;  technical. 

Uses:     Analytical  chemistry;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  White 
label. 

Acid  lodotannic*  (lodatannin). 
Color     and     properties:       Dark-brown 

liquid. 

Soluble  in  alcohol. 
Derivation:        Alcoholic      solution      of 

tannin  to  which  iodine  is  added. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Acid  Isocaproic.    See  Acid  butylacetic. 
Acid  Isocyanuric.    See  Acid  cyanuric. 


Acid  Isohexoic.     See  Acid  butylacetic. 

Acid   Isotartaric.       See    Acid    meta-tar- 
taric. 

Acid  Kakodylic.    See  Acid  cacodylic. 
Acid  Kinic.     See  Acid  quinic. 
Acid  Kresotic.     See  Acid  cresotic. 

Acid  Lactic*   (Acid  alpha-hydroxyprop- 
ionic,  Acid  ethylidenelactic) 
CH3CHOHCOOH. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow  or  color- 
less, thick  liquid. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  1.2485. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  fermenting  starch, 
corn,  potatoes,  milk,  grape  sugar 
solutions,  etc.,  the  best-known  pro- 
cess being  that  called  the  "Avery" 
process,  and  neutralizing  the  acid  as 
soon  as  formed,  with  calcium  carbo- 
nate. The  solution  of  calcium  lac- 
tate  is  concentrated  and  decomposed 
with  sulfuric  acid  and  then  filtered. 

Impurities:     Mineral  acid. 

Grades:  Technical,  22-44  per  cent;  U. 
S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  tank  cars. 

Uses:  Leather  industry;  vegetable  tan- 
nage; textile  industry;  mordanting; 
medicine;  manufacture  of  lactates. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  White  * 
label. 

Acid,    Laurent's.     See    Acid    nitronaph- 
thalenesulfonic   1:5. 

Acid  Lithic.     See  Acid  uric. 

Acid  Magnesium  Phosphate.     See  Mag- 
nesium biphosphate. 

Acid  Maleic*     (Acid  maleinic) 
COOH(CH)2COOH. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals, possessing  a  grating,  nauseous 
acid  taste. 

Constants:    Specific  gravity  1.590;  melt- 


Acid  Maleinic 


31 


Acid  Methylbenzoic 


ing-point  I36°-I37°C.:  boiling-point 
ioo°C 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  From  malic  acid  by  dis- 
tillation. Prepared  by  heating  the 
acetyl  derivative  of  malic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tins. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Acid  Maleinic.     See  Acid  maleic. 

Acid  Malic*:  (Acid  oxysuccinic,  Apple 
acid)  COOHCH2CH(OH)COOH. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals; agreeable,  sour  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.601;  melt- 
ing-point ioo°C. 

Soluble  in  water;  slightly  soluble  in 
ether  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  (a)  From  unripe  fruit  of 
mountain  ash.  (b)  By  the  reduction 
of  tartaric  acid  with  hydriodic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tins. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Malonic*  (Acid  methanedicar- 
bonic)  CH2(COOH)2. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 

Constants:  Melting-point  I32°-I34°  C; 
boiling-point:  decomposes. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether.     . 

Derivation:  From  monochloroacetic 
acid  by  action  with  potassium  cyan- 
ide, followed  by  hydrolysis. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Tins. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Acid  Meconic* 

OHC5HO2(COOH)2.3H2O. 


Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 

Soluble  in  water  and  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:      From  opium. 

Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:    None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:     None. 

Acid  Metacetonic,     See  Acid  propionic. 

Acid   Metanilic.     See  Acid   meta-sulfan- 
ilic. 

Acid   Meta-nitrohydroxybenzoic   (Asym- 
metric).   See  Acid  nitrosalicylic,  Meta-. 

Acid  Meta-pyridinecarboxylic.    See  Acid 
nicotinic. 

Acid  Meta-phosphoric.     See  Acid  phos- 
phoric, Meta-. 

Acid  Meta-tartaric*  (Acid  isotartaric) 
C2H4O2(COOH)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Amorphous, 
yellowish-white  mass. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  From  normal  tartaric  acid 
by  fusion. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades  :>  Technical. 

Containers:      Kegs. 

Uses:      Organic   synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Acid    Meta-toluylic.      See    Acid    toluic, 
Meta-. 

Acid  Methanecarboxylic.    See  Acid  acet- 
ic. 

Acid  Methanedicarbonic.    See  Acid  mal- 
onic. 

Acid  Methylacetic.    See  Acid    propionic. 

Acid    Methylbenzoic.     See   Acid   toluic, 
Ortho-. 


Acid  Methylcrotonic 


32 


Acid  Monobromo 


Acid  Methylcrotonic.     See  Acid  tiglic. 

Acid  Methylphenylformic.  See  Acid 
toluic,  Ortho-. 

Acid  Methylsuccinic.  See  Acid  pyro- 
tartaric. 

Acid,  Mixed.  Any  mixture  of  sulfuric 
and  nitric  acids  used  for  nitrating,  e.g. 
in  the  manufacture  of  explosives  and 
dyestuffs.  Standard  Mixed  Acid  con- 
sists of  36  per  cent  nitric  and  61  per 
cent  sulfuric. 

Acid  Molybdic*    H2MoO4. 

Color  and  properties:.  White  powder 
(sometimes  slightly  yellowish). 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.1124. 

Slightly  soluble  in  water  (soluble  in 
alkaline  solutions). 

Derivation:  Molybdenite  (molybde- 
num sulfide)  is  roasted,  the  trioxide 
being  formed.  By  the  interaction  of 
ammonium  hydroxide  and  the  triox- 
ide, ammonium  molybdate  is  formed 
which  is  dissociated  by  sulfuric  acid. 

Impurities:  Ammonium  salts,  molyb- 
denum oxide  phosphates,  tungstates, 
arsenates  and  nitric  acid. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  pure, 
strength  about  85  per  cent;  C.  P., 
about  99.5  per  cent. 

Containers:  Kegs;  drums;  tins;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  analytical  chemistry; 
metallurgy. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:     None. 

Acid  Mono  "F".  See  Acid  'beta-naph- 
thylaminemonosulfonic  2:7. 

Acid  Monobromoacetic  (Acid  bromo- 
acetic)  CH2BrCOOH. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  de- 
liquescent crystals.  Keep  from  air 
and  moisture. 

Constants:  Melting-point  5i°C;  boil- 
ing-point 208°  C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  acetic  acid  and 
bromine. 


Method  of  purification:     Crystallization 

from  alcohol. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Barrels;  tins. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad   shipping   regulations:     None. 

Acid  Monobromobenzoic,  Para-.*  (Acid 
mono-para-bromobenzoic) 
C6H4BrCOOH. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  or  red- 
dish crystals. 

Constants:     Melting-point  254° C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  very 
slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  From  para-bromotoluene 
by  oxidation. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:     None. 

Acid  Monobromobutyric,  Alpha* 
CH3CH2CHBrCOOH. 

Color  and  properties:  Clear,  colorless, 
oily  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.54;  boil- 
ing-point 2i4°-2i7°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  bromine  and 
butyric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Distillation. 

Grades:      Technical. 

Containers:     Iron   drums. 

Uses:      Organic   synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Acid  Monobromopropipnic*  (Acid  alpha- 
monobromopropionic) 
CH3CHBrCOOH. 

Color  and  properties:     Colorless  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.69;  melt- 
ing-point 24.5°C.;  boiling-point 
203  °C. 

Soluble   in  water,   alcohol   and   ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  propionic  acid 
with  bromine. 

Method  of  purification:     Distillation. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 


Acid  Monobromo 


33 


Acid,  Neville's 


Uses:     Organic   synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 

Acid  Monobromosuccinic  (Acid  brom- 
osuccinic)  C2H3Br(COOH)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:      Melting-point    i59°-i6o°C. 

Soluble    in   water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  bromine  and 
succinic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  casks. 

Uses:   Organic   synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Acid    Monochloroacetic*    C1CH2CO2H. 

Color  and  properties:  Very  delique- 
scent, colorless,  crystalline  mass. 
Caustic!  Do  not  get  on  skin. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1-3978; 
melting-point  62.5°C;  boiling-point 
i85°-i87°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  passing  dry  chlorine 
into  hot  acetic  acid  in  the  presence 
of  acetic  anhydride,  phosphorus  or 
sulfur. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.  (S.G. 
1.366). 

Containers:     Wooden   barrels;   kegs. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis;  medicine; 
corn  and  wart  removers. 

Fire   hazard:      None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Acid  Mono-para-bromobenzoic.  See  Acid 
monobromobenzoic,    Para-. 

Acid  Monosulfonic  "F".  See  Acid  beta- 
naphthylaminemonosulfonic  2:7. 

9 

Acid  Mucic*  (Acid  saccharolactic) 
(OH)4C4H4(COpH)2. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder. 

Constants:  Melting-point  2I3°C. 

Soluble  in  water;   insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  oxidation  of  lactose 
with  nitric  acid. 


Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Tins. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 

Acid  Muriatic.     See  Acid  hydrochloric.    * 
Acid   Naphthalic.     See  Acid  phthalic. 

Acid    Naphthalenesulfonic* 
Ci0H7S03H.H20. 

Color  and  properties:  Deliquescent 
crystals. 

Constants:     Melting-point  8s°C-9O°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of 
naphthalene  and  sulfuric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Containers:     Wooden   barrels;   kegs. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Uses:  Making  naphthols;  organic 
preparations. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:     None. 

Acid   Naphthalenesulfonic,   Beta-* 

Ci0H7S03H. 

Color  and  properties:  Non-delique- 
scent, white  plates. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  sulfonation  of 
naphthalene. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Making  beta-naphthol;  organic 
preparations. 

Fire   hazard:      None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:     None. 

Acid  Naphthionic.  See  Acid  alpha- 
naphthylaminesulfonic  1:4. 

Acids,  Naphthpl-beta-sulfonic.  See  Acid, 
Baeyer's;  Acid,  Schaeffer^s;  Acid,  Cas- 
sella's. 

Acid,  Neville  and  Winther's.  See  Acid 
alpha-naphtholsulfonic  I  .'4. 


Acid  Nicotinic 


34 


Acid  Nitrobenzoic 


Acid  Nicotinic*  (Acid  meta-pyridinecarb- 
oxylic,  Acid  beta-pyridinecarboxy- 
lic)  C5H4NCOOH. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 

Constants:  Melting-point  228°C;  boil- 
ing-point: Sublimes. 

Soluble  in  hot  alcohol;  slightly  soluble 
/  in  water  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of 
q»uinolinic  and  hydrochloric  acids. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Containers:      Tins. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Acid,  Nitrating.*  A  mixture  of  sulfuric 
and  nitric  acid  (often  called  "mixed 
acid")  used  for  nitrating  cellulose, 
phenol,  toluol,  etc. 

Acid  Nitric*  (Aqua  fortis,  Hydrogen 
nitrate,  Acid  azotic)  HNOs. 

Color  and  properties:  Transparent, 
colorless  or  yellowish,  fuming,  suf- 
focating, caustic  and  corrosive  liquid. 

Constants:  t  Specific  gravity  1.530; 
melting-point  -4i.3°C.;  boiling-point 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  (a)  Until  the  establish- 
ment of  plants  to  obtain  nitric  acid 
by  the  fixation  of  atmospheric  nitro- 
gen, nitric  acid  was  made  by  the  ac- 
tion of  sulfuric  acid  on  sodium  ni- 
trate. The  sodium  nitrate  used  is 
purified  Chili  saltpeter,  98-99  per 
cent.  It  must  be  free  from  chlorides. 
The  nitrate  of  soda  and  sulfuric  acid 
are  heated  in  a  retort  and  the  vapors 
which  escape  are  condensed  in  a  ser- 
ies of  glass  or  earthenware  Woulff 
bottles,  or  in  condensers  of  special 
form  and  materials.  At  the  end  of 
the  series  is  placed  a  coke  tower,  fed 
with  water  or  concentrated  sulfuric 
acid  to  condense  the  fumes,  escaping 
from  the  bom-bonns.  In  the  Valen- 
tiner  process,  distillation  is  per- 
formed in  a  vacuum,  (b)  Oxidation 
of  ammonia  obtained  from  coal-tar 
ammonia,  the  modified  Haber  pro- 
cess and  various  other  nitrogen  fix- 
ation processes. 


Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical  (usually  36°  to 
44° Be.  Grade  generally  known  as 
Aqua  fortis  being  about  4i^°Be.  or 
65.67  per  cent  HNO3);  U.  S.  P.;  B. 
P.;  Pure;  Fuming  (See  Acid  nitric, 
Fuming). 

Strength  of  solutions:  38°,  40°,  42°, 
43°Be. 

Containers:     Carboys;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis;  manufacture 
of  dyestuffs,  drugs,  explosives,  cellu- 
loid and  nitrates;  metallurgy;  medi- 
cine; photo-engraving;  etching  steel 
tools  and  the  like. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  White 
label. 

Acid  Nitric,  Fuming  (Acid  nitrosonitric) 
Acid      nitric    (which    see)    containing 
more   than  86  per  cent   HNOs,   and 
haying  a  sp.g.  above  1.480. 
Caution!     Violently  corrosive  and  will 
promote  combustion  in  contact  with 
most  organic  substances. 

Acid  Nitrobenzoic,  Meta-* 
C6H4(N02)COOH. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-white 
crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.494; 
melting-point  I4O°-I4I  C. 

Soluble  in^  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  nitration  of  benz- 
oic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Organic   synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Acid  Nitrobenzoic,  Ortho-* 

C6H4(N02)C09H. 
Color  and  properties:     Yellowish-white 

crystals. 
Constants:     ^  Specific      gravity      1.575; 

melting-point  i47.7°C. 
Soluble  ^  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:     By  the  nitration  of  benz- 

oic  acid. 


Acid  Nitrobenzoic 


35 


Acid  Oleic 


Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:      Organic   synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Acid  Nitrobenzoic,  Para-*  (Acid  nitro- 
dracylic)  C6H4(NO2)COOH. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-white 
crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  I-5497J 
melting-point  238°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol;  sparingly  soluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  Ey  the  nitration  of  benz- 
oic  acid. 

Method  of  purification.  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:      Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Organic   synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Acid  Nitrodracylic.     See  Acid  nitrobenz- 
oic,  Para-. 

Acid  Nitro-muriatic.     See  Aqua  regia. 

Acid  Nitronaphthalcncsulfonic*  (Laur- 
ent's acid)  CioH6(NO2XSO3H)  1:5. 

Color  and  properties:  Pale-yellow 
needles. 

Soluble   in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  sulfpnating  nitronaph- 
thalene  with  a  mixture  of  chlorhy- 
drin  and  sulfuric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Acid  Nitrosalicylic,  Meta-*  (Acid  meta- 
nitrohydroxybenzoic,   Asymmetric) 
C6H3COOH:OH:NO2. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:      Melting-point   235°C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  in  alcohol. 


Derivation:  By  the  nitration  of  sal- 
icylic acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Tins;    kegs. 

Uses:      Organic   synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 


Acid     Nitrosonitric. 

Fuming. 


See    Acid    nitric, 


Acid  CEnanthic   (Acid  hepotic,   Normal, 
Acid  heptylic,  Acid  oenanthylic) 
CH3(CH2)5COOH. 

Color  and  properties:  Clear,  oily 
liquid;  unpleasant  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9212; 
melting-point  -io.5°C.;  boiling-point 
223°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  oxidizing  oenanthol 
with  potassium  bichromate  and  sul- 
furic acid. 

Method  of  purification:     Distillation. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron   drums. 

Uses:      Organic    synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Acid  GEnanthylic.     See  Acid  cenanthic. 
Acid  Octoic.     See  Acid  caprylic. 
Acid  Octylic.     See  Acid  caprylic. 

Acid  Oleic*  (Acid  oleinic,  "Red  oil") 
C8Hi7CHCH(CH2)7CH2H. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish,  oily 
liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.8908; 
melting-point  -10.5° C.;  boiling-point 
222.4°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  From  olein,  the  glycer- 
ide  of  oleic  acid,  the  free  fatty  acid 
(mixed  with  other  acids)  is  obtained 
by  the  Twitchell  or  some  other  split- 
ting process.  The  fatty  acids  ob- 
tained are  redistilled  with  steam  or 


Acid  Olefnfc 


36 


Acid  Oxybenzoic 


allowed  to  stand  for  a  few  days  in 
shallow  pans  at  about  3O°C.  when 
the  palmitic  and  stearic  acids  crys- 
tallize. The  magma  is  first  pressed 
cold  and  then  at  40°  C.  in  bags  in  a 
hydraulic  press;  the  liquid  oleic  acid 
separated  forms  the  commercial  "red 

oar. 

Impurities:  Linolic  and  other  fatty 
acids,  soap,  etc. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.  (S.G. 
0.898  at  I5°C);  B.  P. 

Containers:     Barrels. 

Uses:  Soap  stock;  manufacture  of 
oleates;  medicine;  polishing  com- 
pounds. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Acid  Oleinic.     See  Acid  oleic. 


Acid     Ortho-aminobenzoic.       See     Acid 
anthranilic. 

Acid     Ortho-aminobenzoylformic,       See 
Isatin. 


Acid  Ortho-arsenic*  HaAsO4.#H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.5;  melt- 
ing-point 35.5°C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alkalis. 

Derivation:  Arsenic  or  arsenic  oxide 
is  treated  with  concentrated  nitric 
acid,  or  with  chlorine  and  water. 

Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:     Medicine;  insecticides. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Aeid  Ortho-boric.     See  Acid  boric. 

Acid   Ortho-hydroxybenzoic.     See   Acid 
salicylic. 

Acid  Ortho-phosphoric.    See  Acid  phos- 
phoric. 

Acid  Ortho-phthalic.    See  Acid  phthalic. 


Acid  Osmic,  Anhydride*  (Osmium  tet-i 
roxide,  Perosmic  anhydride,  Perosmic 
oxide)  OsO4. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish  crys- 
tals; very  pungent,  disagreeable  odor; 
highly  poisonous;  vapor  irritating 
when  breathed. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  8.89;  melt- 
point  2O°C.;  boiling-point  ioo°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  powdered  os- 
mium in  air,  or  by  treating  it  with 
nitric  acid,  aqua  regia,  or  chlorine. 

Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers^  ^  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  microscopic  reagent; 
photography;  incandescent  gas  man- 
tles. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Oxalic*  CO2H.CO2H.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Transparent,  i 
colorless  crystals;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.653;  melt-] 
ing-point  i87°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  (a)  Sodium  carbonate  heat-: 
ed  under  pressure  with  carbon  diox-1 
ide  gives  sodium  formate,  which  when] 
heated  with  sodium  carbonate  gives! 
sodium  oxalate.  A  calcium  salt  isl 
added  to  precipitate  calcium  oxalate,] 
which  treated  with  sulfuric  acid  gives] 
oxalic  acid,  (b)  Sawdust  treated  with. 
dilute  acids  or  alkalis  gives  oxalic 
acid. 

Method  of  purification:    Crystallization.! 

Grades:  Technical  (crystals  and  pow-j 
der;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:      ^Dyestuff     industry;     purifying 
glycerine;  purifying  stearine;  bleach- i 
ing  strawj  metal  polishes;  textile  in- 1 
dustries;  ink  and  rust  removers;  tan-t] 
^ning;  analytical  reagent. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None.  I 

Acid  Oxyacetic.    See  Acid  glycolic. 

Acid  Oxybenzoic,  Meta-* 
C6H4(OH)COOH.H2O. 


Acid  Oxybenzoic 


Add  Parm-«mlno 


Color  and  properties:     Colorless  crys- 

tals. 

Constants:     Melting-point  210°  C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol. 
Derivation:      By    the    action    of    meta- 

aminobenzoic   acid   and   nitrous   acid. 
Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:      Wooden   kegs. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Oxybenzoic,  Para-* 

C6H4(OH)COOH.H20. 
Color  and  properties:     Colorless  crys- 

tals. 

Constants:     Melting-point  210°  C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  in  ether. 
Derivation:     By  the  interaction  of  para- 

aminobenzoic   acid   and   nitrous   acid. 
Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:    Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Oxybutyric.     See  Aldol. 

Acid  Oxybutyric,  Beta* 

CH3CH(OH)CH2COOH. 
Color   and   properties:     Viscid,   yellow 

mass. 

Soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:       By     the     interaction     of 

acetoacetic  acid  and  sodium  amalgam. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Oxyphenic.  See  Pyrocatechin. 
Acid  Oxysuccinic.  See  Acid  malic. 
Acid  Oxytricarballylic.  See  Acid  citric. 

Acid    Palmitic*    (Acid    palmitinic,    Acid 
cetylic) 


melting-point  63.4°  C.;  boiling-point 
!3Z°-i39fC. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  From  spermaceti  by  sa- 
ponification. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Soap  stock. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:    None. 

Acid  Palmitinic.     See  Acid  palmitic. 

Acid     Para-aminobenzenesulfonic.      See 

Acid  sulfanilic. 

Acid  Para-aminobenzoic  (Acid  amino- 
dracylic)  NH2C6H4CO2H. 

Color  and  properties:     Yellow  crystals. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Decom- 
poses at  I58°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  nitration  of  benzoic 
acid  and  subsequent  reduction. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Barrels  and  kegs. 

Uses:     Dyes;  drugs;  perfumes. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Acid  Para-aminobenzolsulfonic. 

Acid  sulfanilic. 


See 


Color  and  properties:    White  crystals. 
Constants:       Specific     gravity     0.8465; 


Acid  Para-aminophenylarsinic.  See  Acid 
arsanilic. 

Acid  Para-aminosalicylic* 

NH2C6H3(OH)CO2H. 
Color    and    properties:      Grayish-white 

crystals. 

Soluble  in  alcohol;  insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:     By  nitration  and  reduction 

of  salicylic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Barrels;  kegs. 
Uses:      Intermediates;    manufacture    of 

transfer  paper. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations: 


Acid  Para-aniline 


38 


Acid  Phenylacetic 


Acid  Para-anilinesulfonic.    See  Acid  sul- 
fanilic. 

Acid  Para-cresotinic.    See  Acid  cresotic, 
para. 

Acid  Para-cresylic.    See  Cresol,  Para-. 

Acid   Para-mandelic.      See    Acid    amyg- 
dalic. 

Acid  Para-rosilic.    See  Acid  rosolic. 
Acid  Para-tartaric.    See  Acid  racemic. 

Acid    Para-toluylic.      See    Acid    toluic, 
Para-. 

Acid  Pentiformic.     See  Acid  caproic. 

Acid  Pentoic,  Primary.    See  Acid  valeric, 
Iso. 

Acid  Perchloric*  (Fraude's  reagent) 
HC104. 

Color  and  properties:  Clear,  colorless 
liquid  concentrated  solutions  explo- 
sive. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  1.764. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  distilling  potassium 
perchlorate  with  strong  sulfuric  acid 
(96  per  cent),  under  reduced  pres- 
sure in  an  oil  bath  at  i40°-iop°C. 

Method   of   purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.,  strength 
of  solution  6-20  per  cent. 

Containers:  <  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine;   analytical  chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:    None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Acid  Periodic*  HIO4.2H2O. 
Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 
Constants:     Melting-point  I3O°-I33°C. 
Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:     By  the   interaction   of  io- 
dine and  concentrated  perchloric  acid. 
Method  of  purification:     Crystallization. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tins. 


Uses:     Oxidizing  material. 
Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations: 
label. 


Yellow 


Acid  Phenoldisulfonic* 

C6H3OH(SO3H)2. 
Color    and    properties:       Deliquescent, 

colorless  needles. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:    By  the  interaction  of  phen- 

ol   and    sulfuric    acid    with    sulfurous 

acid. 

Method  of  ourification:     Crystallization. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Iron   drums. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid     Phenolsulfonic*     (Acid     sulfocar- 

bolic)   C6H5S03H. 
Color  and  properties:     Yellowish  liquid, 

becoming  brown  on  exposure  to  air. 

A  mixture   of  ortho-  and  para-phen- 

olsulfonic  acids. 

Soluble  in  water  and  in  alcohol. 
Derivation:     By  the  action  of  sulfuric 

acid  on  phenol. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Iron   drums. 
Uses:   Organic   synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Acid   Phenylacetic*    (Acid    alpha-toluic) 


Color    and    properties:      Shiny,    white 

plates. 
Constants:       Specific     gravity     1.0809; 

melting-point       76°C;       boiling-point 

262°  C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:     (a)  By  the  acetylization  of 

phenol     and     subsequent    distillation. 

(b)   From   the    interaction    of   benzyl 

cyanide  and  alkali. 

Method  of  purification:     Crystallization. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Tin  cans. 
Uses:     Perfumes;   medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Acid  Phenylboric 


39 


Acid  Phosphoric 


Acid  Phenylboric.  See  Acid  borophenyl- 
ic. 

Acid    Phenylcinchonine. 

Grades:     U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid   Phenylformic.     See   Acid  benzoic. 

Acid    Phenylglycolic.     See   Acid   amyg- 

dalic. 

Acid     Phenylhydroxyacetic.      See    Acid 
amygdalic. 

Acid  Phenylic.    See  Phenol. 

Acid    Phenylpropiolic*    C6H5C:COOH. 
Color       and       properties:         Colorless 

needles.     Keep   dark.     (Used   in   the 

form  of  sodium  phenylpropiolate.) 
Constants:      Melting-point    I36°-I37°C.; 

boiling-point:    sublimes. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:     By  heating  ethylcinnamic 

dibromide  with  alcoholic  potash. 
Method  of  purification:     Crystallization. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Iron  drums;   amber  glass 

bottles. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Phosphomolybdic*  (Sonnenschein's 
reagent)  H3PO4.i2MoO3. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish  crys- 
tals. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  ammonium 
phosphomolybdate  with  aqua  regia. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:     Heavy  metals. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:    Glass   bottles. 

Uses:     Reagent  for  alkaloids. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Acid       Phosphoric       (Ortho-phosphoric 
acid)    H3PO4. 

Color  and  properties:  Clear,  colorless, 
sirupy  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.884;  melt- 
ing-point 38.6°C. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  decomposing  bone  ash 
(tricalcium  phosphate)  by  heating  it 
with  the  calculated  quantity  of  dilute 
sulfuric  acid.  The  solution  is  filtered 
and  concentrated.  It  is  obtained  in  a 
purer  form  by  oxidizing  white  phos- 
phorus, first  in  air  and  then  with 
nitric  acid  and  evaporating  the  solu- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Carboys. 

Strength:  6o.5°Be.,  85  per  cent;  crude 
paste;  48°Be.,  50  per  cent;  commer- 
cially pure;  44°Be.,  40  per  cent; 
chemically  pure;  34°Be. 

Uses:  Preparation  of  various  phos- 
phates; preparation  of  hydrogen  per- 
oxide; sugar  industry;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  White 
label. 

Acid    Phosphoric,    Anhydrous*     (Phos- 
phorus pentoxide)  P2Os.  / 

Color  and  properties:     Soft,  white  pow-      / 
der. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.387;  melt- 
ing-point 800°  C. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  burning  phosphorus  in 
iron  cylinders  in  a  current  of  dry 
air. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Iron  canisters,  hermeti- 
cally sealed;  sealed  glass  vials. 

Uses:  Preparation  of  phosphoric  acids: 
dehydrating  agent;  organic  synthesis; 
medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Acid  Phosphoric,  Glacial*  HPO3. 
Color     and     properties:       Transparent, 

highly  deliquescent,  glassy  mass. 
Constants:     Specific  gravity  2.2-2.488. 
Soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:       By     heating     phosphoric 


Acid  Phosphotungstic 


40 


Acid,  Polishing 


acid  to  redness;  it  is  also  easily  ob- 
tained by  treating  phosphorus  pcn- 
toxide  with  the  calculated  quanin/ 
of  water  or  by  heating  diammoniu.u 
phosphate. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  C.  P. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Pharmacy;  medicine;  phos- 
phates; analytical  chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  White 
label. 

Acid  Phosphotungstic*  (Phosphowolf- 
ramic  acid)  2(H3PO4)2WO3— 39^2) 

Color  and  properties:  Heavy,  greenish 
crystals. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  ammonium 
phosphotungstate  with  aqua  regia. 

Method  of  purification:     Crystallization. 

Grades:     Technical;   C.   P. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Reagent  for  alkaloids. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Phosphowolframic.    See  Acid  phos- 
photungstic. 

Acid  Phthalic*  (Acid  orthophthalic,  Acid 
naphthalic)  CeH^(COsH)s. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.585;  melt- 
ing-point 213°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol:  sparingly  soluble  in 
water  and  ether. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  oxidizing  naphtha- 
lene with  fuming  sulfuric  acid  in 
presence  of  cerium  or  thorium  salts 
which  act  catalytically.  (b)  By  elec- 
trolysis of  naphthalene  in  presence  of 
an  acid  solution  of  a  cerium  com- 
pound. 

Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels;  kegs. 

Uses:  Synthesis  of  indigo;  pyronine 
dyes;  medicine;  phenolphthalein. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:    None. 


Acid,  Pickling.  Sulfuric  acid,  usually  60* 
Be.  used  for  treating  iron  and  steel 
wire,  plates,  etc. 

Acid  Picramic*  (Acid  picraminic,  Dinit- 

roaminophenol) 

C6H2(NO2)2(NH2)OH. 
Color  and  properties:     Red  crystals. 
Constants:     Melting-point  i68°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  sparingly 

soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:      By    partial    reduction    of 

picric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Barrels;  kegs. 
Uses:    Azo  dyestuffs. 
Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Picraminic.    See  Acid  picramic. 

Acid  Picric*  (Acid  picronitric,  Trinitro- 
phenol)  C6H2(NO2)3OH. 

Color  and  properties:  Very  poisonous, 
explosive  especially  in  contact  with 
metals  or  metallic  oxides.  Yellow 
crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.767;  melt- 
ing-point 122°  C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  in  ether. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  the  nitration  of 
monochlorobenzol  in  presence  of  sul- 
furic acid,  (b)  By  the  nitration  of 
the  mixture  of  phenol-sulfuric  acid, 
obtained  by  heating  phenol  with  con- 
centrated sulfuric  acid. 

Grades:     Technical.  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P.' 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs  or  boxes 
free  from  metal  nails  or  screws.  Iron 
barrels  with  special  linings. 

Uses:  Explosives,  Dyeing  silk;  medi- 
cine. 

Fire  hazard:     Cangerous. 

RrTroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Acid  Picronitric.    See  Acid  picric. 

Acid  Plumbic,  Anhydrous.  See  Lead 
oxide,  Brown. 


Acid,  Phthalic,  Anhydride.    See  Phthalic 
anhydride. 


Acid,   Polishing.      Oxalic,   hydrochloric, 
nitric  or  sulfuric  acid. 


Acid  Potassium 


41 


Acid  Quinic 


Acid  Potassium  Oxalate.    See  Potassium 
binoxalate. 

Acid  Potassium  Sulfate.    See  Potassium 
bisulfate. 

Acid  Propionic*  (Acid  methylacetic, 
Acid  metactonic,  Acid  ethylcarbonic) 
CH3CH2C02H. 

Color  and  properties:  Clear,  colorless 
liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9870; 
melting-point  -I9.3°C;  boiling-point 
140.7°  C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  From  beet-root  molasses 
by  the  Effront  process  and  subse- 
quent fractional  distillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  carboys. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid    Propylacetic.      See    Acid    valeric, 
Normal. 

Acid  Propylformic.  See  Acid  butyric. 
Acid  Prussic.  See  Acid  hydrocyanic. 
Acid  Pyrocatechinic.  See  Pyrocatechin. 

Acid  Pyrogallic*   (Pyrogallol) 
C6H3(OH)3. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  lustrous 
crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.463;  melt- 
ing-point 132. 5°C;  boiling-point 
293°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  in  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  gallic  acid  with 
three  times  its  weight  of  water,  in  an 
autoclave. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels;  kegs. 

Uses:     Photography. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Color  and  properties:    Yellowish  liquid; 

strong  odor  of  furfural;  containing  7        / 

per  cent  acetic  acid. 
Constants:     Specific  gravity  1.018-1.030. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:     By  the   destructive   distil- 

lation of  wood. 

Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 
Impurities:     Methyl  alcohol;  pyridine. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:     Lime  acetate;  methyl  alcohol. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad   shipping   regulations:     White 

label. 


Acid  Pyromucic* 
Color  and  properties:     Yellowish  crys- 

tals. 

Constants:     Melting-point  I34°C. 
Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:     By  oxidation  of  furfural. 
Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tin  cans. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  .  None. 

Acid  Pyrotartaric*  (Acid  methylsuccinic) 

COOH.CH. 
Color   and    properties:     White    or  yel- 

lowish crystals. 
Constants:       Specific     gravity     1.4105; 

melting-point  H7°-ii80C. 
Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether.  _ 
Derivation:     By  distilling  tartaric  acid. 
Method  of  purification:     Crystallization. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:       Glass     bottles;     wooden 

kegs. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid    Pyrotartaric,    Normal.      See    Acid 
glutaric. 

Acid  Quercitinic.     See  Quercitin. 
Acid  Quercitrinic.     See  Quercitrine. 


Acid     Pyroligneous*     (Wood     vinegar, 
Pyroligneous  vinegar) 


Acid  Quinic*   (Acid  chinic,  Acid  kinic) 
C6H7(OH)4COOHH2O. 


Acid  Quininic 


42 


Acid  Salicylic 


Color  and  properties:  White,  transpar- 
ent crystals;  very  acid  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.637;  melt- 
ing-point i6o°C;  boiling-point:  De- 
composes. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol;  insoluble 
in  ether. 

Derivation:     From  cinchona  bark. 

Method  of  purification:     Crystallization. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fife  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Quininic. 

CHsOCaHsNCOjH. 

Color  and  properties:     Yellow  prisms. 

Constants:       Melting-point:       Decom- 
poses at  280° C;  boiling-point:     Sub-  I' 
limes  in  part. 

Slightly  soluble  in  alcohol;  very  slight- 
ly soluble  in  water  and  ether. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:    None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid    R.      See    Acid    naphtholdisulfonic, 
Beta-. 

Acid  RG.     See  Acid  naphtholdisulfonic, 
Alpha-. 

Acid  Racemic*  (Acid  para-tartaric,  Acid, 
tartaric,    Inactive,   Acid   uvic) 
C2H402(COOH)2.H2O. 

Color     and     properties:       Transparent,! 
colorless  crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.697;  melt- 
ing-point 205°-2O6°C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  A  by-product  of  the  manu- 
facture of  tartaric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  boxes; 
wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Ricinolcic*  Ci7H82(OH)COOH. 


Color  and  properties:     Yellowish,  vis- 

cid liquid   (solid  at  I5°C.) 
Constants:    Specific  gravity  0.945;  melt- 

ing-point   i6°C.;   boiling-point  25o°C. 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether    and    chloro- 

form; insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:      Saponification    of    castor 

oil. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:     Soaps;  Turkey  red  oils;  textile 

finishing. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Rosolic*  (Acid  para-rosolic) 


Color  and  properties:     Red  lumps. 
Constants:  Melting-point  27O°C. 
Soluble    in   alcohol   and   ether;    slightly 

soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:  By  oxidizing  a  mixture  of 

phenol   and   cresol  with  arsenic  acid 

and  sulfuric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:     Crystallization. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  barrels;  kegs. 
Uses:     Dyestuffs;  analytical  chemistry. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  S.    See  Acid  aminonaphtholsulfonic 
1:8:4. 

Acid  Saccharolactic.     See  Acid  mucic. 

Acid  Salicylic*  (Acid  ortho-hydroxybenz- 

oic)   C6H4(OH)(COOH). 
Color  and  properties:  White  crystals. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.483;  melt- 

ing-point  I56°C-I59°C. 
Soluble   in   alcohol   and   ether;   slightly 

soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:  By  the  addition  of  hydro- 

chloric acid  to  a  solution  of  sodium 

salicylate,  filtration  and  drying. 
Method  of  purification:  Sublimation. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:  Barrels,  boxes. 
Uses:      Preservative;      dyestuffs;      per- 

fumes; medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Acid  Salicylous 


43 


Acid  Stearic 


Acid  Salicylous    (Salicylic  aldehyde,  Or- 

tho-oxybenzaldehyde)- 

C6H4OHCOH. 

Color  and  properties:     Yellow  oil;  aro- 
matic odor. 
Constants:   Specific  gravity   1.165-1.172; 

melting-point     -io°C.;      boiling-point 

i96°C 
Soluble    in     alcohol    and    ether;    very 

slightly  soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:      By     the      interaction      of 

phenol  and  chloroform  in  presence  of 

potassium. 

Method  of  purification:  Distillation. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Analytical  chemistry;  perfumery. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Acid,  Sand.   See   Acid   Hydrofluosilicic.; 

Acid,  Schaeffer's.  See  Acid  beta-naphthol- 
sulfonic  2:6. 


Acid  Selenious.    See  Acid  selenous. 


J 


Acid  Selenous*  (Acid  selenious) 
H2Se03 

Color  and  properties:  Transparent,  col- 
orless crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.0066;  melt- 
ing-point: Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hot  nitric 
acid  on  selenium. 

Method  of  purification:   Sublimation. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Chemical  reagent. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Acid     Silicofluoric.       See     Acid     hydro- v 
fluosilicic. 


Acid  Silicotungstic  (Acid  silicowolfram- 
ic)  4H2SiO2.i2WO3.22H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White  to  yellow- 
ish-white crystals. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  heating  ammonium 
silicotungstate  with  aqua  regia. 


Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:    Kegs;   glass   bottles. 
Uses:    Chemical   reagent   for  alkaloids; 

mordant  for  basic  dyestuffs. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Acid   Silicowolframic. 
tungstic. 


See   Acid   silico- 


Acid,  Sludge.     Waste  or  spent  sulfuric 
acid.  • 


Acid,  Soldering.    See  Acid  hydrochloric. 

Acid  Stannic*     H2SnO3 

Color  and  properties:  White  powder. 

Insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  A  solution  of  stannic  chlor- 
ide is  treated  wkh  ammonium  hydrox- 
ide, a  white  gelatineous  precipitate 
being  formed.  The  precipitate  loses 
water  gradually  until  the  dioxide  re- 
mains. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Barrels. 

Uses:  Preparation  of  tin  salts;  textile 
industry. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Acid     Stearic*      (Acid     stearinic,     Acid 
cetylacetic,  Acid  stearophanic) 
CH3(CH2)i6C02H. 

Color  and  properties:  Solid,  white, 
glossy,  odorless  mass. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.8428;  melt- 
ing-point 69.32°  C.;  boiling-point 
291  °C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  sparingly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  From  natural  fats  and  oils 
by  splitting,  followed  by  cooling, 
pressing,  distilling,  etc.,  or  from  oleic 
acid  by  hydrpgenation. 

Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Barrels. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  candles;  stear- 
ates. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Acid  Stearinic 


44 


Acid  Sulfuric 


Acid  Stearinic.     See  Acid  stearic. 
Acid  Stearophanic.    See  Acid  stearic. 

Acid    Succinic*     (Acid    ethylenesuccinic, 
Acid  ethylenedicarboxylic) 
CO2H(CH2)2CO2H 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.552;  melt- 
ing-point i85°C.;  boiling-point  235°C. 

Soluble  in  water;  sparingly  soluble  in 
alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  fermentation  of  am- 
monium tartrate. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  kegs. 

Uses:  Medicine;  organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Acid  Sulfanilic,  Meta-  (Acid  metanilic) 
C6H.1(NH2)S03H  1:3. 

Color  and  properties:  Small  colorless 
needles. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  reduction  of  meta- 
nitrobenzenesulfonic  acid.  Nitroben- 
zene is  sulfonated  until  the  product  is 
soluble  in  water.  The  mixture  is 
then  poured  into  water  and  reduced 
with  iron,  made  alkaline  with  lime 
and  the  lime  salt  dissociated  with 
sodium  carbonate. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:   Barrels;  kegs. 

Uses:  Dyestuffs;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Acid  Sulfethylic.    See  Acid  ethylsulfuric. 

Acid  Sulfocarbolic.    See  Acid  phenylsul- 
fonic. 

Acid  Sulfocholeic.    See  Acid  taurocholic. 
Acid  Sulfovinic.     See  Acid  ethylsulfuric. 

Acid  Sulfovinous.    See  Acid  ethylsulfur- 
ous. 


Acid  Sulfuric*  (Oil  of  vitrol)  &2SO4. 

Color  and  properties:  Strongly  corro- 
sive, dense,  oily  liquid;  colorless  to 
dark  brown,  depending  on  purity.  Or- 
dinary commercial  (not  pure)  acid 
dissolves  all  metals,  including  plati- 
num, although  the  latter  dissolves 
very  slowly.  Concentrated  acid  (65 
per  cent)  when  cold,  attacks  iron, 
aluminum,  copper  and  lead  slowly. 
Heating  the  concentrated  acid  in- 
increases  its  action  on  metals,  ex- 
cept when  the  boiling-point  of  the 
acid  is  passed.  Dilute  acid  dissolves 
aluminum,  chromium,  cobalt,  copper, 
iron,  manganese,  nickel,  zinc  and 
other  metals,  particularly  if  heated. 
It  does  not  dissolve  lead  or  mercury, 
and  has  very  little  action  on  high- 
silica  iron.  Sulfuric  acid  rapidly  dis- 
integrates wood,  rubber,  textiles  and 
organic  materials  in  general. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.8342;  melt- 
ing-point io.46°C;  boiling-point  210°- 
33»°C 

Soluble  in  water  in  all  proportions  with 
evolution  of  heat. 

Derivation:  (a)  Chamber  Process — Py- 
rites or  sulfur  is  roasted  in  specially 
designed  furnaces  and  the  sulfur  di- 
oxide collected  in  a  lead  chamber,  in 
presence  of  water,  oxygen  (or  air) 
and  nitrous  anhydride.  First  there  is 
a  union  of  sulfur  dioxide,  nitrous  an- 
hydride, oxygen  and  water  to  form 
nitrosylsulfuric  acid.  But  in  presence 
of  water  vapor,  this  nitrosylsulfuric 
acid  is  at  once  decomposed,  sulfuric 
acid  being  formed  and  nitrous  anhy- 
dride regenerated.  The  oxidation  of 
the  sulfur  dioxide  to  sulfur  trioxide  is 
due  to  the  interaction  of  the  various 
oxides  of  nitrogen  with  sulfur  dioxide 
and  subsequent  dissociation  of  the 
nitrosulfuric  and  nitrososulfuric  acids. 
The  chamber  acids  are  concentrated 
in  various  forms  of  evaporating  de- 
vices built  of  lead,  platinum,  stone- 
ware, acid-proof  metal,  fused  silica, 
acid-proof  brick,  etc. 

(b)  Catalytic  process  (Contact  proc- 
ess)— The  raw  materials  are  sulfur 
dioxide  from  pyrites  or  sulfur  and 
oxygen  from  the  air  to  produce  sulfur 
trioxide  which  is  absorbed  in  water. 
Any  concentration  of  acid  can  be 


Acid  Sulfuric 


45 


Acid  Tannic 


made.  The  combining  of  the  sulfur 
dioxide  and  oxygen  is  carried  on  in 
presence  of  a  catalyzer.  The  catalyz- 
ers most  in  use  are  spongy  platinum 
Iand  iron  oxide  from  pyrites  burners. 
The  gases  'from  the  furnaces  are 
cleansed  by  cooling,  scrubbing  with 
water,  injecting  steam  or  filtering. 
Flue  dust,  sulfur  vapors,  arsenic, 
phosphorus,  or  mercury  compounds 
present  in  the  mixed  gases,  must  be 
removed  to  prevent  injurious  effects 
on  the  contact  mass. 

(c)  Much  sulfuric  acid  is  made 
from  waste  gases  of  copper  or  zinc 
smelters  (which  are  rich  in  sulfur 
dioxide)  by  the  chamber  process. 

Method  of  purification:   Distillation. 

Impurities:  Arsenic;  iron;  lead  sulfate. 

Grades:  Technical:  The  commonest 
grades  are: — "Chamber  Acid",  53°Be. 
or  66.6  per  cent  H2SO4;  "Tower 
Acid",  60°  Be.  or  77.7  per  cent  H2SO4j 
"66  Acid",  66°Be.  or  93.2  per  cent 
H2SO4;  "98  Acid"  or  "Contact  Acid", 
98  per  cent  H2SO4;  Oleum,  100  per 
cent  H2SO4  with  various  additional 
amounts  of  SOs  in  solution;  Oil  of 
vitriol  (O.V.)  by  which  66°Be.  acid 
is  generally  meant.  The  uses  of  sul- 
furic acid  are  so  numerous  that  almost 
every  strength  of  acid  appears  in 
commerce  for  some  purpose;  U.  S.  P. 
Sp.G.  1.826  at  25°C,  92.5  per  cent 
H2S04;  U.  S.  P.  Dil.  Sp.G.  1.067  at 
25°C.,  10  per  cent  H2SO4;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Carboys;  iron  drums;  tank 
cars;  glass  bottles. 

Strength:   Commercial:  66°Baume. 

Uses:  Fertilizers;  petroleum  refining; 
explosives;  organic  synthesis;  leather 
industry;  textile  industry;  metallur- 
gical; inorganic  preparations;  sul- 
fates;  electric  batteries;  pickling 
iron  and  steel;  making  alum,  hydro- 
chloric acid,  nitric  acid,  etc. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  Shipping  regulations:  White 
label. 


Acid     Sulfuric,     Aromatic*      (Elixir     of 

vitriol) 

Color  and  properties:  Straw-colored  li- 
quid; peculiar,  aromatic  odor;  pleas- 

(/  ant  acid  taste  when  diluted. 


Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  A  mixture  of  sulfuric  acid 

with  alcohol,  tincture  of  ginger,  and 

oil  of  cinnamon. 
Grades:  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:   Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Acid,  Sulfuric,  Fuming.  Sulfuric  acid, 
100  per  cent  H2SO4  -f-  additional 
amounts  of  SOs — generally  about  10 
per  cent. 

Acid  Sulfurous*  H2SO3. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  liquid; 
suffocating  sulfur  odor. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  calcining  pyrites  and 
absorbing  the  gas  in  water;  concen- 
tration by  means  of  stills. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.,  strength 
6  per  cent;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Carboys. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis;  bleaching 
hats,  wicker-ware,  textiles,  etc.;  paper 
manufacture;  wine  manufacture; 
brewing;  metallurgy;  medicine;  an- 
alytical chemistry;  sulfites. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  White 
label. 

Acid  Sulfurous,  Anhydride.  See  Sulfur 
dioxide. 

Acid  Tannic*  (Acid  gallotannic,  Tannin, 
Acid  digallic)  CioHi4O9. 

Color  and  properties:  Lustrous,  faintly 
yellowish,  amorphous  powder. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Decomposes 
at  2io°C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol;  very 
slightly  soluble  in  ether. 

Derivation:  Extraction  of  powdered 
gall-nuts  with  water  and  alcohol, 
evaporation  and  subsequent  crystalli- 
zation. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  kegs. 

Uses:  Medicine;  textile  industry;  tan- 
nates. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Acid  Tantalic 


46 


Acid   Tiglic 


Acid  Tantalic.    See  Tantalum  pentoxide. 

Acid  Tartaric*  (Acid  dioxysuccinic,  Acid 
dextrotartaric) 
CO2H[CH(OH)]2CO2H.H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  trans- 
parent crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.7598;  melt- 
ing-point I7O°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  Wine-lees  containing  cream 
of  tartar  and  calcium  tartrate  are 
treated  with  sufficient  milk  of  lime 
to  convert  the  cream  of  tartar  into 
calcium  tartrate.  The  calcium  tar- 
trate is  dissociated  with  sulfuric  acid, 
the  solution  filtered  and  the  tartaric 
acid  obtained  by  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:    Barrels;    kegs. 

Uses:  Dyeing  industry;  medicine;  ef- 
fervescing beverages. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Acid  Tartaric,  Inactive.    See  Acid  race- 
mic. 


Acid  Taurocholic*  (Acid  choleic,  Acid 
choleinic,  Acid  choliaic,  Acid  sulfo- 
choleic)  C26H45NSO7. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish,  crys- 
talline f  mass. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  Obtained  from  ox  bile. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:   Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Acid  Telluric*  (Trihydrated  telluric  ox- 
ide, Dihydrated  telluric  hydroxide) 
H2Te04. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.425;  melt- 
ing-point: Decomposes  at  i6o°C. 

Soluble  in  hot  water  and  alkalis;  insol- 
uble in  cold  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  sulfuric 
acid  on  barium  tellurate. 


Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Chemical  reagent. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Acid  Tetrachlorophthalic* 

C6C14(C02H)2 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  crystal- 
line plates. 

^Soluble  in  hot  water;  sparingly  soluble 
in  cold  water. 

Derivation:  By  passing  a  stream  of 
chlorine  through  a  mixture  of  phthal- 
ic  anhydride  and  antimony  penta- 
chloride. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:   Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:   Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Acid  Thiacetic.*     See  Acid  thioacetic. 

Acid  Thioacetic*  (Acid  thiacetic,  Acid 
ethanethiolic)  CH3COSH. 

Color  and  properties:  Clear  liquid;  pun- 
gent, acetic  and  hydrogen  sulfide 
odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.074;  melt- 
ing-point -I7°C;  boiling-point  93°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  glacial  acetic 
acid  and  phosphorus  pentasulfide, 
with  subsequent  distillation. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Chemical  reagent. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  White 
label. 

Acid  Thymic.    See  Thymol. 

Acid  Tiglic*  (Acid  methylcrotonic,  Acid 

crotonolic)   CH3CHC(CH3)CO2H 
Color    and    properties:      Thick,    sirupy 
\/ liquid  or  colorless  crystals;  very  poi- 
sonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9641;  melt- 
ing-point 65° C.;  boiling-point  I98.5°C. 


Acid  Titanic 


47 


Acid  Tribromo 


Soluble   in   alcohol   and   ether;   slightly 

soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:     Obtained  from  croton  oil, 

which    is    extracted    from    seeds    of 

Croton  tiglium. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations^  None. 

Acid  Titanic*  (Titanic  hydroxide,  Acid 
meta-titanic)  H^TiOs. 

Color  and  properties:    White   powder. 

Soluble  in  mineral  acids  and  alkalis;  in- 
soluble in  water. 

Derivation:  From  hydrochloric  acid  so- 
lution of  titanates  by  treating  with 
ammonia  and  then  drying  over  con- 
centrated sulfuric  acid. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Mordant. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Acid  Titanic,  Anhydride.     See  Titanium 
oxide. 

Acid  Toluenemonosulfonic,  Ortho-  and 
Para-*  C6H4(SO3H)(CH3) 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  sulfonating  toluol  with 
concentrated  sulfuric  acid  below 
100°  C. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Dyestuffs;  organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Acid  Toluic,  Meta-*  (Acid  meta-toluylic) 
C6H4CH3COOH. 

Color  and  properties:  White  to  yellow- 
ish crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.0543;  melt- 
ing-point io8°-io9°C.;  boiling-point 
263  °C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  oxidation  of  meta-xylol 
with  nitric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 


Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Acid  Toluic,  Ortho-*  (Acid  toluylic,  Acid 
methylphenylformic,  Acid  methyl- 
benzoic)  C6H4CH3COOH. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.0621;  melt- 
ing-point IO4°C.;  boiling-point  25Q°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  By  oxidizing  ortho-xylol 
with  dilute  nitric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:    Wooden   kegs. 

Uses:  Organic  ^synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Acid  Toluic,  Para-*  (Acid  para-toluylic) 
C6H4CH3COOH. 

Color  and  properties:  Transparent  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Melting-point  i8o°C;  boil- 
ing-point 275°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  treating  cymene  or  tur- 
pentine with  nitric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Acid  Toluidine-meta-sulfonic,   Ortho-* 
C6H3(CH3)(NH2)SO3H   1:2:5. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. m  ^ 

Soluble  in  hot  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
/Derivation:     By     heating     acid     ortho- 
toluidine  sulfate. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Acid  Tribromoacetic*  CBr3COOH. 


Acid  Trichloro 


48 


Acid  Valeric 


Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Melting-point  I35°C.;  boil- 
ing-point 245°-25o°C. 

Derivation:  By  oxidizing  bromal  with 
nitric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles,  kegs. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Acid  Trichloroacetic*  (Acid  trichlorace- 
,      tic)   CC13COOH. 

//  Color  and  properties:  Deliquescent, 
colorless  crystals;  pungent,  suffocat- 
ing odor;  strongly  caustic. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.6298; 
melting-point  57.3°C;  boiling-point 
I95°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  From  glacial  acetic  acid 
by  the  action  of  chlorine  in  presence 
of  sunlight,  ultra-violet  radiation  or 
catalysts. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Tightly  stoppered  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  organic  synthesis; 
reagent  for  detection  of  albumin; 
corn  and  wart  removers. 

Fire  hazard:    None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  White 
label. 

Acid  Tricyanic.     See  Acid  cyanuric. 

Acid  Trihydroxybenzoic.     See  Acid  gal- 
lic. 

Acid  Trioxybenzoic.    See  Acid  gallic. 

Acid    Tungstic*    (Acid   wolframic,   Acid 

ortho-tungstic)    W2Os(OH)2. 
Color  and  properties:     Yellow  powder. 
i       Insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Fusion  of  wolframite, 
scheelite  or  any  other  tungsten  min- 
eral with  alkali  and  subsequent  de- 
composition with  sulfuric  acid. 


Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Barrels;  kegs. 

Uses:  Mordant;  tungsten  metal,  wire, 
etc. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Acid  Uranic.     See  Uranium  oxide,  Red. 
Acid  Ureous.     See  Xanthine. 

Acid  Uric*  (Acid  lithic,  Uric  oxide) 
CO(NH)2COC2CO(NH)2. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 

Constants.  Specific  gravity  1.855-1.893; 
melting-point:  Decomposes;  boiling- 
point:  Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  hot  concentrated  sulfuric 
acid  very  slightly  soluble  in  water; 
insoluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  From  urine  or  bird  ex- 
crement. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:      Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:      Organic   synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:    None. 

Acid  Uvic.    See  Acid  racemic. 

Acid  Valerianic.     See  Acid  valeric,  Iso. 

Acid   Valeric,   Iso*    (Acid   pentoic,    Pri- 
mary,   Acid   valerianic,    Acid    valeric, 
Anhydrous,     Acid    valeric,     Monohy- 
drate,    Isobutylcarbonyl) 
(CH3)2CH.CH2.CO2H. 

Color  and  properties:  Transparent, 
colorless,  oily  liquid;  exceedingly  dis- 
agreeable, rancid  odor;  bitter  burn- 
ing taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.95592; 
melting-point  38°C.;  boiling-point 

I76.7°C 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  oxidizing  amyl  al- 
cohol with  bichromate  and  sulfuric 
acid,  (b)  From  root  of  Valeriana  of- 
ficinalis  by  distillation. 


Acid  Valeric 


49 


Acidum  Nitricum 


Grades:    Technical;  U;  S.  P. 
Containers:     Carboys;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:       Medicine;     artificial     fruit     es- 
sences; perfumery. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  Valeric,  Normal*  (Acid  propylacet- 
ic,  Normal)  CH3(CH2)3CO2H. 

Color  and  properties:  Clear,  colorless 
liquid;  butyric  acid  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9415;  melt- 
ing-point -58.5°  C;  boiling-point 
186.4°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Obtained  synthetically 
from  propylmalic  acid  or  butylcyan- 
ide. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:   Carboys;  glass  bottles. 

Uses  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Acidum    Aceticum    Glaciale,    U.    S.    P., 
B.  P.     See  Acid  acetic,  Glacial. 

Acidum    Acetylsalicylicum,    B.    P.      See 
Aspirin. 

Acidum  Arseniosum,  B.  P.     See  Arsenic 
trioxide. 

Acidum  Benzoicum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See 

x — "Acid   benzoic. 

Acidum  Boricum,  U.   S.  P.,  B.  P.     See 

Acid  boric. 

Acidum  Carbolicum,  B.  P.     See  Phenol. 

Acidum  Carbolicum  Liquefactum,  B.  P. 
See    Phenol    (Liquefied    carbolic   acid). 

Acidum    Chromicum,    B.    P.      See    Acid 
chromic. 


Acid  Vanadic  (a)  Meta-  HVO3;  (b) 
Ortho-  H3VO4;  (c)  Pyro-  H4V2O7. 
These  acids  have  never  been  prepared 
and  apparently  do  not  exist  in  the  pure 
state.  Various  investigators  have 
claimed  to  be  able  to  produce  meta- 
vanadic  acid  and  pyro-vanadic  acid, 
but  recent  studies  have  proven  that 
they  only  obtained  various  acid  vana- 
dates.  The  three  acids  above  named, 
however,  are  represented  in  the  various 
alkali  and  other  metal  vanadates.  Ordi- 
narily, when  vanadic  acid  is  mentioned, 
vanadium  pentoxide  (vanadic  acid  an- 
hydride) is  meant. 

Acid  Vanadic,  Anhydride.  See  Vana- 
dium pentoxide. 

Acid,  Vinegar.    See  Acid  acetic. 

Acid,  White.  A  mixture  of  ammonium 
bifluoride  and  hydrofluoric  acid  used 
for  etching  glass. 


Acidum  Citricum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See 

v    Acid  citric. 

Acidum   Gallicum,   U.   S.   P.     See   Acid 

gallic. 

Acidum  Hydriodicum  Dilutum,  U.  S.  P., 
B.  P.  See  Acid  hydriodic,  Diluted. 

Acidum  Hydrobromicum  Dilutum,  U.  S. 
P.,  B.  P.  See  Acid  hydrobromic,  Di- 
luted. 

Acidum  Hydrochloricum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

See  Acid  hydrochloric. 

Acidum  Hydrocyanicum  Dilutum,  U.  S. 
P.,  B.  P.  See  Acid  hydrocyanic,  Di- 
luted. 

Acidum  Hypophosphorosum,  U.  S.  P. 
See  Acid  hypophosphorous. 

Acidum  Lacticum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See 

Acid   lactic. 


Acidum  Aceticum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See 

Acid  acetic. 


Acidum  Nitricum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See 

Acid  nitric. 


Acidum  Nitro 


50 


Acrolein 


Acidum   Nitrohydrochloricum,  U.   S.   P. 

See  Acid  nitrohydrochloric. 

Acidum  Oleicum,  U.   S.  P.,  B.  P.     See 

Acid  oleic. 

Acidum  Phosphoricum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

See  Acid  phosphoric. 

Acidum  Picricum,  B.  P.    See  Acid  picric. 

Acidum  Salicylicum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See 

Acid   salicylic. 

Acidum  Stearicum,  U.  S.  P.     See  Acid 
stearic. 


Acidum  Sulphuricum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.  See 

Acid  sulfuric. 

Acidum   Sulphurosum,  B.  P.     See  Acid 
sulfurous. 


Acidum  Tannicum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See 

Acid  tannic. 

Acidum  Tartaricum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See 

Acid  tartaric. 

Acidum  Trichloraceticum,  U.  S.  P.     See 

Acid  trichloroacotic. 

Acid  Wolframic.    See  Acid  tungstic. 
Aconiti  Radix,  B.  P.    See  Aconite. 

Aconite*  (Aconite  root,  Monkshood, 
Wolfsbane,  Friar's  cowl,  Mouse- 
base)  Dried  tubers  of  Aconitum  nap- 
pellus. 

Habitat:  Mountainous  regions  of  Eu- 
rope, Asia  and  North  America. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Burlap  bags  and  boxes. 

Uses:  Pharmacy. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Aconitina,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Aconitine. 


Aconitine* 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystalline 

alkaloid;  feeble  bitter  taste;  intensely 

poisonous. 

Constants:  Melting-point  I95°C. 
Soluble     in     alcohol     and     ether;    very 

slightly  soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:  By  extraction  and  crystal- 
lization   from   the   root   of  Aconitum 

napellus. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 
Uses  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 
Salts    obtained    by    interaction    of    the 

acid  and  alkaloid: — 
Hydrobromide 

C34H47NOii.HBr.2.5H20 

M.  P.  163° C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Hydrochloride 

C23H47NOnHC1.3H2O. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Nitrate 

C34H47NOn.HN03.5.5H2O. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Sulfate 

(C34H47NOii)2.  H2S04. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Aconitum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See  Aconite. 
Acorn  Sugar.    See  Quercitol. 

Acrolein*  (Propenal,  Acrylic  aldehyde, 
Acraldehyde)  CH2CHCHO. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  or  yel- 
lowish liquid;  inflammable;  disagree- 
able choking  odor;  has  a  violent  ac- 
tion on  the  eyes;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.84;  boil- 
ing-point 52°  C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  the  oxidation  of 
allyl  alcohol,  (b)  By  the  distillation 
of  fats,  (c)  By  heating  glycerine  with 
potassium  bisulfate. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis;  manufacture 
of  military  poison  gas. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 


Actae 


51 


Agate 


Railroad     shipping     regulations:      Red 
label. 


Actae.     See   Cimicifuga. 

•Actinolite.     A  light-green  calcium-mag- 
nesium-iron amphibole, 
3Mg(Fe)O.CaO.4SiO2.      See    Asbes- 
tos. 

Actol.     See   Silver  lactate. 

Adamsite.*  A  military  poison  gas  de- 
veloped and  used  by  the  U.  S.  Navy 
during  the  late  war. 

Adeps,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Lard. 
Adeps  Lanae,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.   See  Lanum. 

Adeps  Lanae  Hydrosus,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

See  Lanum,  Hydrated. 

Adipic  Acid.    See  Acid  adipic. 
Adipinic  Acid.     See  Acid  adipinic. 

Adrenalin       (Adrenalinum,     Epinephrin, 

Laeva-methylaminoethanolcatechol) 

C9Hi3NO3. 
Color  and  properties:     Light  brown  or 

nearly   white,    crystalline   powder. 
Constants:   Melting-point  2O5°-2i2°C. 
Slightly  soluble  in  water;   insoluble  in 

alcohol,  ether  and  chloroform. 
Derivation:  From  the  suprarenal  glands 

of  sheep  and  cattle. 
Grades:  B.  P. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Adrenalinum,  B.  P.     See  Adrenalin. 

Adurol.  A  photographic  developer,  pre- 
pared by  the  action  of  bromine  on  hy- 
droquinone. 

Aegerite.     See  Wurtzilite. 


Aegirite.  A  monoclinic  pyroxene  having 
the  general  composition,  Na2O.Fe2Os. 
4SiO2.  Vanadiferous  aegirite  near 
Libby,  Mont.,  contains  4  per  cent  of 
which  replaces  a  part  of  the 
.  Montana. 


Aconite.    See  Wurtzilite. 

Aether,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See  Ether. 

Aether  Aceticus,  B.  P.     See  Ethyl  ace- 
tate. 

Aether   Purificatus,   B.    P.      See    Ether, 
purified. 

Aethylis  Carbamas,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See 

Ethyl  carbamate. 

Aethylis  Chloridum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See 

Ethyl  chloride. 

African  Saffron.    See  Carthamus. 

Agalmatolite.    See  Pyrophyllite. 
California,  North  Carolina. 

Agar.     See  Agar-Agar. 

Agar-Agar  (Japanese  gelatine  Japan 
agar,  Japan,  Bengal,  Ceylon,  or  Chi- 
nese isinglass  or  gelatine,  Layor 
carang;  sometimes  called  Vegetable 

Slue).     Thallus  of  various  species  of 
elidium  and  Eucheuma,   Rhodophy- 

ceae     (Algae)     and    Sphaero    coccus. 

Habitat:  Pacific  and  Indian  Oceans; 

Japan  sea. 
Long     transparent     strips     resembling 

goose-quill  pith. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:   Medicine;   sizing  for  silk;  adhe- 

sives;  foodstuffs;  substitute  for  gela- 

tin;  nutrient   in   bacteriology. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shioping  regulations:  None. 

Agate.     A  variegated  chalcedony,  SiO2- 
Arkansas,     California,     Colorado,     Con- 


Agnin 


52 


Albumin 


necticut,  Michigan,  Montana,  Nebraska, 
New  Jersey,  North  Carolina,  Rhode 
Island,  Texas  and  Wyoming. 

Agnin.     See  Lanum. 
Agnolin.    See  Lanum. 
Agropyrum,  B.  P.    See  Triticum. 
Ague  Tree.     See  Sassafras. 

Ajowan  Oil  (Carum  ajowan) 

Color  and  properties:     Yellow  liquid. 
Has  a  very  strong  odor  of  thymol,  as 
it    contains    between    45    and    55    per 
cent  of  this  phenol.     Also  contains  a 
considerable  amount  of     cymene. 

Specific  gravity:  0.900  to  0.930. 

Optical  rotation:   -fi.o  to  +1.5. 

Derivation:  By  expression  of  the  seeds 
of  Carum  ajowan. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Tins;  iron  drums. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ajowan  Oil,  Hydrogenated.*    By  hydro- 
genation  of  the  oil. 

Albahaca  Oil.     See  Tolu  oil. 

Alabandite.     Natural  manganese  sulfide, 
MnS.     Colorado. 

Alabaster.*        Natural      compact      fine- 
grained   gypsum,    white    or    delicately 
shaded.    See  Gypsum. 
Arizona,  California. 

Alant  Acid  Anhydride.    See  Helenin. 
Alant  Starch.    See  Inulin. 
Alantolactone.    See  Helenin. 
Alapurin.     See  Lanum. 


Albertite.  A  natural,  jet-black,  pitch-like, 
brittle  hydrocarbon  with  conchoidal 
fracture,  differing  from  ordinary  as- 
phalt in  being  only  partly  (about  30 
per  cent)  soluble  in  turpentine  and  in 
very  imperfect  fusion  when  heated. 
Specific  gravity  about  i.i.  On  de- 
structive distillation  yields  mineral 
oil  and  coke. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Albite     (Soda  feldspar).     A  natural  sili- 
cate of  aluminum  and  sodium, 
Na2O.Al2O3.6SiO2.     See   Feldspar. 

Albolene.     See  Petrolatum,  Liquid. 
Albumen.    See  Albumin. 

Albumin,  Blood.* 

Derivation:  Ox-blood  is  allowed  to 
coagulate  and  the  serum  separated 
by  centrifuging.  The  decanted  liquor 
is  filtered,  decolorized  and  subse- 
quently evaporated. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Photographic  papers;  textile 
printing;  clarifying  agent;  leather  in- 
dustry. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Albumin,  Egg.*  Fresh  white  separated 
from  the  yolk,  diluted  with  water, 
beaten  to  froth  and  subsequently  fil- 
tered and  evaporated. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Leather  industry;  foodstuffs;  clar- 
ifying agent;  photography. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Albumin,  Milk.*  Casein  is  coagulated 
from  milk  by  rennet  or  by  dilute 
acids,  filtered  and  dried. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Adhesives;  varnishes;  ivory 
substitutes. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Alcohol,  Absolute 


53 


Aldehyde,  Cuminic 


Alcohol,  Absolute.    See  Ethyl  alcohol. 
Alcohol,  Acetone.    See  Alcohol  methyl. 
Alcohol,  Allyl.     See  Allyl  alcohol. 
Alcohol,  Amyl.     See  Amyl  alcohol. 
Alcohol,  Benzyl.    See  Benzyl  alcohol. 
Alcohol,  Butyl.     See  Butyl  alcohol. 
Alcohol,  Butyric.     See  Butyl  alcohol. 
Alcohol,  Caprylic.    See  Caprylic  alcohol. 
Alcohol,  Cetylic.     See  Cetylic  alcohol. 


Alcohol,  Cinnamyl.     See  Cinnamyl  alco- 
hol. 

Alcohol  Dehydratum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See 

Ethyl  alcohol,  Absolute. 


Alcohol,  Denatured.    See  Ethyl  alcohol. 
Alcohol,  Ethyl.     See  Ethyl  alcohol. 
Alcohol,  Ethylene.    See  Glycol. 
Alcohol,  Ethylic.     See  Ethyl  alcohol. 

Alcohol,  Ethylphenyl.     See  Ethylphenyl 
alcohol. 

Alcohol,  Glycyl.     See  Glycerine. 
Alcohol,  Grain.    See  Ethyl  alcohol. 

Alcohol,  Hecdecatylic.      See   Cetylic  al- 
cohol. 

Alcohol,  Heptylic.    See  Heptylic  alcohol. 

Alcohol,   Hexadecyl.      See   Cetylic  alco- 
hol. 


Alcohol,  Isobutyl.    See  Isobutyl  alcohol. 
Alcohol,  Isopentylic.    See  Amyl  alcohol. 

Alcohol,  Isopropyl.    See  Isopropyl  alco- 
hol. 

Alcohol,  Methyl.     See  Methyl  alcohol. 
Alcohol,  Octoic.     See  Caprylic  alcohol. 

Alcohol,  Octylic,  Secondary.  See  Capryl- 
ic alcohol. 

Alcohol,  Palmityl.    See  Cetylic  alcohol. 
Alcohol,  Phenylallylic.     See  Styrone. 
Alcohol,  Propenyl.     See  Glycerin. 
Alcohol,  Propyl.    See  Propyl  alcohol. 

Alcohol,  Pseudobutyl.     See  Butyl  alco- 
hol, Tertiary. 

Alcohol,   Pseudopropyl.      See   Isopropyl 
alcohol. 

Alcohol,  Styrylic.     See  Styrone. 
Alcohol,  Wood.    See  Methyl  alcohol. 
Aldehyde,  Acetic.     See  Acetaldehyde. 
Aldehyde,  Anisic.    See  Anisic  aldehyde. 

Aldehyde,  Caprylic.     See  Caprylic  alde- 
hyde. 

Aldehyde,  Cinnamic.    See  Cinnamic  alde- 
hyde. 

Aldehyde,  Cinnamyl.    See  Cinnamic  alde- 
hyde. 

Aldehyde,  Cuminic,    See  Cuminol, 


Aldehyde,  Furfurane 


54 


Alkanna 


Aldehyde,  Furfuranecarboxylic.   See  Fur- 
fural. 

Aldehyde,  Heptoic.    See  CEnanthol. 

Aldehyde,  Isobutyl.     See  Isobutyl  alde- 
hyde. 

Aldehyde,     Isobutyryl.        See     Isobutyl 
aldehyde. 

Aldehyde,     Isovaleric.       See     Isovaleric 
aldehyde. 

Aldehyde,  Oenanthic.    See  Oenanthol. 
Aldehyde,  Para-cuminic.     See  Cuminol. 

Aldehyde,     Para-isopropylbenzoic.       See 

Cuminol. 

Aldehyde,  Propionic.    See  Propylic  alde- 
hyde. 

Aldehyde,  Propylic.     See  Propylic  alde- 
hyde. 

Aldehyde,  Pyromucic.    See  Furfural. 
Aldehyde,  Salicylic.    See  Acid  salicylous. 

Aldehyde,  Valeric,  Iso.      See   Isovaleric 
aldehyde. 

Alder      Buckthorn      (European).        See 

Frangula. 

Aldol*    (Acid  oxybutyric) 

CH3CH(OH)CH2COH. 
Color  and  properties:  Thick,  colorless, 

odorless  liquid. 
Constants:   Boiling-point  90  to   I05°C.; 

decomposed  at  I35°C. 
Miscible  with  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:    Condensation    of   aldehyde 

with  cold  hydrochloric  acid. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tin  cans. 
Uses:  Medicine  and  organic  research. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Aletis     (Star    grass;    Starwort;    Blazing 

star;  Colic  root). 
Derivation:      Rhizome    of   Aletris    fari- 

nosa. 

Habitat:  Ontario. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Algarobilla. 
Derivation:    The    pods    of    Csesalpinia 

brevifolia.     The  pods  contain  45  per 

cent  tannin. 

Habitat:    South    America. 
Grades:  Based  on  tannin  content. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Tanning  extracts. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Algaroth  Powder. 

chloride. 


See  Antimony  oxy- 


Alite.       One    of    the    four    fundamental 
component  parts  of  cement. 

Alizarin*   (Dioxyanthraquinone) 
C6H4(CO)2C6H2(OH)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow  crystals. 

Constants:  Melting-point  28g°C.;  boil- 
ing-point 430°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  sparingly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Anthracene  is  oxidized  to 
anthraquinone,  the  sulfonic  acid  of 
which  is  then  fused  with  caustic  soda 
and  potassium  chlorate,  the  melt  is 
run  into  hot  water  and  the  alizarin 
precipitated  with  hydrochloric  acid. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  kegs. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Alkanet.     See  Alkanna. 

Alkanna    (Alkanet,  Orcanette  anchusa); 
Derivation:       Root    of    Alkanna     (An- 
chusa)   tinctoria. 


Allanite 


55 


Almond  Oil 


Habitat:    Mediterranean    region,    Hun- 
gary and  Western  Asia/ 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Coloring  oils  red. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Allanite  (Orthite)  A  natural  complex 
variable  silicate  of  aluminum,  iron,  the 
cerium  metals  (cerium,  didymium,  lan- 

£  thanum),  and  in  smaller  quantity  those 
of  the  yttrium  group.  New_  York, 
North  Carolina,  Texas,  Virginia  and 

I  Wyoming. 


Allophanamide.     See  Biuret. 
Allspice.     See  Pimenta. 

Allspice  Oil*  (Oil  of  pimenta). 

Color  and  properties:  A  colorless  or 
pale-yellow  liquid,  becoming  darker 
and  thicker  with  age  and  exposure  to 
the  air;  strong,  aromatic,  clove-like 
odor;  pungent  and  spicy  taste.  Con- 
tains eugenol. 

Constants:     Specific     gravity     1.018     to 
1.048;   refractive  index   1.5309-1.5303- 
Optical  rotation:  -i  to  -5. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  carbon  bisul- 
fide and  glacial  acetic  acid. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  pimenta,  the 
nearly  ripe  fruit  of  Pimenta  omcin- 
alis. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

I  Containers:     Iron    drums;     tins;     glass 
bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  flavoring. 
I  Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Allyl  Alcohol*   CH2CHCH2OH. 

Color  and  properties:  Limpid  liquid; 
pungent  odor;  violent  effect  on  eyesf 
poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.8491;  melt- 
ing-point -129° C  boiling-point  96.69°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether;  insoluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  glycerol,  oxalic 


acid  and  ammonium  chloride.  Prod- 
uct recovered  by  distillation. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  iron  drums. 

Uses:  Medicine;  organic  synthesis;  mil- 
itary poison  gas. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Ally!  Isothiocyanate.     See   Mustard  oil, 
Artificial. 


Allyl  Mustard  Oil.    See  Mustard  oil,  Ar- 
tificial. 

Allylpyrocatecholmethylene   Ester.     See 

Safrol. 

Almond,  Bitter. 

Derivation:  Ripe  seed  of  Prunus  amy- 
gdalus  (Amygdalus  communis). 

Habitat:  Italy,  Spain  and  Southern 
France. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Barrels;   burlap  bags. 

Uses:  Preparation  of  amygdalin;  re- 
covery of  the  essential  oil;  flavoring 
compounds. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Almond  Meal.* 

Derivation:  Residue  obtained  after  ex- 
pressing oil  from  almonds. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:  Cosmetics;  manufacturing  bitter 
almond  water;  perfume  base;  cook- 
ing; confectionery. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Almond    Oil,   Artificial.     See    Benzalde- 
hyde. 

Almond  Oil,  Bitter.* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish, 
highly  refracting  liquid;  aromatic 
odor;  bitter,  acrid,  burning  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.045-1.060; 
boiling-point  i8o°C. 


Almond  Oil 


56 


Aloxite 


Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:    By  maceration  of  the  seeds 

of  Amygdalus   communis  with  water 

and  subsequent  distillation. 
Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:      Iron    drums;    tins;    glass 

bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine;  flavoring. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Almond  Oil,  Bitter,  Artificial.     See  Ni- 
trobenzene. 

Almond  Oil,  Sweet.* 

Color  and  properties:    Yellowish  liquid; 

aromatic   odor. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.915-0.920. 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether,    chloroform 

and  benzol. 
Derivation:      Expressed   from  the   seed 

of  Amygdalus  communis. 
Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:      Iron    drums;    tins;    glass 

bottles. 

Uses:     Perfumes;  lubricant  for  delicate 
mechanisms;  medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Aloes,  Barbadoes  (Curacao  aloes.) 
Derivation:     Inspissated  juice  of  leaves 

of  Aloes  vulgaris  and   other  species. 
Habitat:     West  Indies  (Barbadoes  and 

Jamaica). 
Color    and    properties:      Orange-brown 

to    blackish-brown,    opaque,    resinlike 

masses;    saffron-like    odor;    strongly 

bitter  taste. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:      Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad   shipping   regulations:     None. 

Aloes,  Cape. 

Derivation:  Inspissated  juice  from 
leaves  of  various  species  of  aloe, 
chiefly  Aloe  ferox,  Aloe  africana, 
and  Aloe  spicata. 

Habitat:     Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Africa. 

Grades:     Technical. 


Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:      Medicine;    dyeing;    manufactur- 

ing brown  dye. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Aloes,  Hepatic  (Curacao). 
Derivation:     Inspissated  juice  of  leaves 

of  Aloe  vulgaris,  Aloe  chinensis  and 

other  species. 

Habitat:     Dutch  West  Indies. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:      Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Aloes,   Socotrine. 

Derivation:     Inspissated  juice  of  leaves 

of  Aloe  perryi  and  other  species. 
Habitat:     Island  of  Socotra. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None, 

Aloin  (Barbaloin)  Ci7Hi8O7.HH2O. 
Color  and  properties:     Yellow  crystals; 

bitter  taste. 
Soluble     in     alkalis     and     formamide; 

slightly   soluble   in   water  and   in   al- 

cohol. 

Derivation:     From  Barbadoes  aloes. 
Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Aloinum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Aloin. 


Aloxite*  ("Aluminum  oxide) 
Color    and    properties:    White    to    dark 

wine   colored,  very  tough   and   dense 

crystalline  masses  of  artificial  alumi- 

num oxide. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.9-4.0. 
Derivation:      Prepared     by     fusion     of 

bauxite  in  an  electric  furnace. 
Grades:   Grains,  from  8  mesh  to  finest 
powders. 
Containers:  Kegs. 


Alpha-Bromo  57  Alum,  Pearl 

Uses:    Chemical    apparatus;    abrasives;  Alpha-Phenylnaphthylamine.      See    Phe- 

refractories;   grinding  wheels;   filters.  nylnaphthylamine,  Alpha-. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None.  Alpha-Propenyldichlorohydrin.     See  Di- 

chlorohydrin,  Alpha-. 
Alpha-Bromoanthracene.       See      Dibro- 

moanthracene.  Alpha-Terpineol.     See  Terpineol. 

Alpha-Dibromoanthracene.      See    Dibro-      Alpha-Toluic  Acid.     See  Acid  phenylac- 
moanthracene.  etic. 

Alpha-Dichloroethane.      See    Ethylidene      Altaite.     A  natural  lead  telluride. 
chloride.  Pb.  Te.  Colorado. 

Alpha-Dimethylglyoxime.       See     Dime-      Althea*   (Marshmallow). 
thylglyoxime.  Derivation:      Dried    root    flowers    and 

leaves     of     Althaea     omcinalis     from 


Mpha-Dinitrophenol.      See    Dinitrophe- 

Habitat.     Europe,  Western  and  North- 

ern Asia;  native  in  Eastern  U.  S. 

Alpha-Hydroxypropionic  Acid.  See  Acid        Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
lactic.  Containers:      Bags. 

Uses:      Medicine. 

Alpha-Monobromonaphthalene.  See        Fire  hazard:     None. 

Monobromonaphthalene,    Alpha-.  Railroad   shipping   regulations:     None. 

Alpha-Monobromopropionic    Acid.      See      Alum.      See    Aluminum-potassium    sul- 
Acid    monobromopropionic.  fate;  aluminum-sodium  sulfate,  etc.  The 

term  alum  strictly  refers  to  double  sul- 


apAp 
tronaptnalene,  Alpha-.  paper-makers,  tanners,  etc.,  to  refer  to 

various  grades  of  aluminum  sulfate. 
Alpha-Naphthol.     See  Naphthol,  Alpha-. 

Alum,    Ammonia.      See    Aluminum-am- 
Alpha-Naphtholsulfonic  Acid.     See  Acid        monium  sulfate. 
alpha-naphtholsulfonic. 

..  ,      __  Alum,  Burnt.     See  Aluminum-potassium 

Alpha-Naphthylamme.      See    Naphthyla-        suifate    Calcined. 
mine,  Alpha-. 


Alpha-Naphthylamine,  Hydrochloride.  Chrome.     See   Aluminum-chrom- 

See      Naphthylamine,      Hydrochloride,        mm  sulfate' 
Alpha-. 

Alum,  Extra  Concentrated.     Alum  con- 

Alpha-Naphthylaminesulfonic  Acid.    See        taining  22  per  cent  of  aluminum. 
Acid  alpha-naphthylaminesulfonic. 

Alum,  Pearl.     Specially  prepared  alumi- 

Alpha-Nitronaphthalene.        See      Nitro-        num  sulfate  for  the  paper  making  in- 
nylnaphthylamine,   Alpha-.  dustry. 


Alum,  Pickle 


58 


Aluminum  Bromide 


Alum,  Pickle.  Aluminum  sulfate  pre- 
pared to  meet  specifications  of  packers 
and  preservers. 

Alum,  Porous.  See  Sodium-aluminum 
sulfate.  * 


Alum,  Roman.  Aluminum  salts  contain- 
ing insoluble  iron  salts  made  at  Tolfar, 
Italy. 

Alum,  Root.    See  Geranium. 

Alum,  Sodium.  See  Aluminum-sodium- 
sulfate. 


Alumen,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Aluminum- 
potassium  sulfate. 

Alumen  Purificatum,  B.  P.     See  Alumi- 
num-potassium sulfate. 

Aluminium.     See  Aluminum. 

Aluminum*  (Aluminium)  Al. 

Color  and  properties:  Silvery,  ductile 
metal. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.708;  melt- 
ing-point 657°  C. 

Soluble  in  acids  and  alkalis;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  electrolysis  of  the 
oxide  in  a  bath  of  molten  cryolite 
(a  naturally  occurring  fluoride  of  so- 
dium and  aluminum). 

Grades:     Ingot;  sheet;  dust;  foil;  flake. 

Containers:     Boxes;  kegs;  barrels;  etc. 

Uses:  Electrical  conductors;  alloys; 
manufacture  of  steel;  metallurgy; 
aluminothermic  welding;  household 
utensils;  chemical  equipment  especi- 
ally for  handling  acetic  acid,  oils,  etc.; 
aluminum  salts;  photographic  flash 
powders;  coins.  Granulated  aluminum 
is  used  for  reduction  of  ferro-vanad- 
ium,  etc. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 

Aluminum  Acetate* 

(a)  normal  A1(C2H3O2)3; 

(b)  basic  A1(C2H802)20H. 


Color  and  properties:  Amorphous, 
white  powder. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  me- 
tallic aluminum  or  aluminum  hyd- 
roxide and  acetic  acid.  The  product 
is  recovered  by  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

•  Grades:     Technical;   also   sold  in  solu- 
tion. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  boxes; 
drums;  carboys  (solutions). 

Uses:  Waterproofing  cloth;  mordant 
in  textile  dyeing;  preparation  of 
lakes;  embalming  fluids;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Aluminum-Ammonium     Sulfate*      (Am- 
monia alum) 


Color   and   properties:    Colorless   crys- 

tals. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.645;  melt- 

ing-point 94-5°C. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 
Derivation:    By    crystallization    from    a 

mixture  of  ammonium  and  aluminum 

sulfates. 
Method    of    purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 
Grades:  Technical;  lump,  ground,  pow- 

dered. 

Containers:  Barrels. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Aluminum  Borate*  2A12O3,B2O3.H2O. 
Color  and  properties:     White,  granular 

powder. 
Soluble   in  water;   insoluble   in   alcohol 

and  ether. 
Derivation:     By  the  interaction  of  alu- 

minum hydroxide  and  boric  acid. 
Method  /of    purification:      Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:     Glass  and  ceramic  industries. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 

Aluminum  Bromide*  Al2Br6.i2H2O. 


Aluminum  Carbide 


59 


Aluminum  Nitrate 


Color    and   properties:     White   to   yel- 

lowish, deliquescent  crystals. 
Constants:      Melting-point  93°  C. 
Soluble    in   water,    alcohol    and    carbon 

bisulfide. 
Derivation:     By  passing  bromine  over 

heated    aluminum. 
Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Air-tight     drums;     sealed 

glass  vials. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:     None. 

Aluminum  Carbide*  AUC3. 
Color    and    properties:      Greenish-gray, 

pulverized      mass;      decomposes      in 

water  with  liberation  of  methane. 
Constants:     Specific  gravity  2.36. 
Derivation:        By     heating     aluminum 

oxide  and  coke  in  an  electric  furnace. 
Grades  :     Technical. 
Containers:     Iron  drums. 
Uses:     Generating  methane. 
Fire    hazard:      Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     Yellow 

label. 


Aluminum  Chloride*   (a) 

(b)  A12C16.I2H2O. 
Color  and  properties:    Yellowish-white, 

granular,  crystalline  powder. 
Constants:     Melting-point  190°  C. 
Soluble  in  water,  ether  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:      By    passing    chlorine    gas 

over   alumina   contained   in   a   heated 

tower.     The  product  is  recovered  by 

sublimation. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:      Air-tight    drums;    sealed 

glass  vials. 
Uses:      Catalytic   agent;   petroleum   re- 

fining;   Friedel    and    Craft's    reaction 

in  organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 


Aluminum  Fluoride*  A12F67H2O. 
Color  and   properties:     White   crystal- 

line powder. 
Soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:       Action     of     hydrofluoric 


acid  on  aluminum  hydroxide  and  sub- 
sequent recovery  by  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Barrels. 

Uses:   Ceramics. 

Fire   hazard:      None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Aluminum  Hydrate.    See  Aluminum  hy- 
droxide. 

Aluminum  Hydroxide*  (Hydrated  alu- 
mina; Precipitated  oxide  of  alumi- 
num) A12O3.3H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  amor- 
phous powder. 

Constants:   Specific  gravity  2.426. 

Soluble  in  acid;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  fusing  bauxite  a  natur- 
ally occurring  hydrated  oxide  of  alu- 
minum with  soda  ash.  The  melt  (so- 
dium aluminate)  is  dissociated  with 
hot  water  and  the  aluminum  hy- 
droxide is  precipitated  by  passing  in 
a  stream  of  carbon  dioxide. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Barrels;   tanks. 

Uses:  Mordant  for  dyeing;  manufac- 
ture of  colors  and  lakes;  filtering  ma- 
terial. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 

Aluminum  Iodide*  Alls. 

Color  and  properties:  Brown,  crystal- 
line pieces. 

Constants:  Melting-point  i85°C;  boil- 
ing-point 360°  C. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  aluminum  ox- 
ide and  iodine  in  a  sealed  tube. 

Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron   canisters. 

Uses:-    Organic   synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Aluminum  Nitrate* 

(a)  A1(N03)3;  (b)  A1(N03)3.9H20; 
(c)   Al(N03)3.i8H20. 
Color  and  properties:  White  crystals. 


Aluminum  Oleate 


eo 


Aluminum  Silicate 


Constants:     (b)     Melting-point     73°C.; 

boiling-point:  Decomposes  at  I34°C. 
Soluble  in  cold  water;   decomposes  in 

hot  water. 
Derivation:    Formed    by    the    action    of 

nitric  acid  on  aluminum  and  crystal- 

lization. 
Method    of   purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:  Textiles;  leather. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad   shipping   regulations:   Yellow 

label. 

Aluminum  Oleate*    Al(Ci  g  Has  02)3. 
Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-white 

mass. 

Insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:  By  heating  aluminum  hyd- 

roxide, water  and  oleic  acid.    The  re- 

sultant mixture  is  filtered  and  dried. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Barrels. 
Uses:  Waterproofing;  dryer  for  paints, 

etc. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Aluminum  Oxide*  (Alumina) 
Color  and  properties:  White  powder. 
Constants:   Specific  gravity  3.73;   melt- 

ing-point 2020°  C. 
Soluble    in    concentrated   sulfuric   acid; 

insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:  By  calcining  aluminum  hy- 

droxide. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  ^Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:  Aluminum  metal;  abrasives;  lab- 

oratory   crucibles;    refractory    tubes, 

etc. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 
See  also  Aloxite,  Alundum  and  Borolon. 

Aluminum  Palmitate*     Al(Ci  5  ^4204)3. 
Color   and  properties:   Yellowish-white 

mass. 

Insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:  By  heating  aluminum  hyd- 

roxide and  palmitic  acid  and   water. 

The  resultant  mixture  is  filtered  and 

dried. 
Grades:  Technical. 


Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Waterproofing;  lubricating  oils. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Aluminum  Phosphate*    A1PO4. 
Color  and  properties:  White  crystals. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.54. 
Insoluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  solu- 

tions of  aluminum  sulfate  and  sodium 

phosphate. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:  Ceramics. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Aluminum-Potassium  Sulfate*  (Potash 
alum)  A12(SO4)3K2SO4.24H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.7571;  melt- 
ing-point 105°  C. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation^  Alunite  (K.Na)  (A12OH). 
(504)2  is  roasted  in  reverberatory 
furnaces.  The  melt  is  leached  and 
the  salt  recovered  by  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  lump;  ground;  pow- 
dered; U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:    Barrels. 

Uses:  Medicine;  textiles;  paper. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Aluminum   Resinate* 
Color  and  properties:   Brown  mass. 
Insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:    By    heating    of    aluminum 

hydroxide   and   rosin. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:  Dryer  for  varnishes. 
Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:    Yellow 
label. 

Aluminum   Rhodanide.      See   Aluminum 
sulfocyanate. 

Aluminum  Silicate.    See  Kaolin. 


Aluminum-  S  o  dium 


61 


Alunitc 


Aluminum-Sodium  Sulfate*  (Soda  alum) 

Al2Na2(SO4)4.24H2O. 
Color  and  properties:   Colorless   trans- 

parent crystals. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.675;  melt- 

ing-point 6i°C. 
Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 
Derivation:   By  treating  aluminum  sul- 

fate with  sodium  sulfate  and  crystal- 

lizing. 
Method    of    purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 
Grades:  Technical;  lump;  ground;  pow- 

dered; C.  P. 
Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:  Textile  industry;  mordant;  paper 

industry;    dry    color    industry;    water 

purification. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Aluminum  Stearate* 

Color  and  properties:   Yellowish  mass. 

Insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:   By  heating  aluminum  ace- 

tate   and    sodium    stearate    together. 

The  product  is  filtered  and  dried. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:    Waterproofing;    dryer;    lubricat- 

ing oils;  cutting  compounds. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Juminum  Sulfate*  (sometimes  errone- 
ously called  alum)  (a)  Ahz  (804)3; 
(b)  Al2(SO4)3.i8H2O. 

Color  and  properties:   White  crystals. 


Constants: 
Specific  Gravity 
Melting-point 


(a) 
2.71 

Decomposes 
at  7?o°C 


(b) 

1.62 

Decomposes 


Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  treating  pure  kaolin  or 
aluminum  hydroxide  with  sulfuric 
acid.  The  insoluble  silicic  acid  is  re- 
moved by  filtration  and  the  sulfate  is 
obtained  by  crystallization. 

Grades:   Iron-free;  technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  burlap 
bags. 

Uses:  Tannage  of  white  leather;  sizing 
paper;  lakes;  alums;  mordant  for  dye- 
ing; water  purification  (chiefly  the 
anhydrous  salt). 


Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:   None. 

Aluminum  Sulfocyanate*  (Aluminum 
sulfocyanide,  Aluminum  rhodanide) 
Al(SCN)t. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish  pow- 
der. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol 
and  ether. 

Derivation:  Aluminum  cyanide  is  boiled 
with  sulfur. 

Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Textile  industry. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:   None. 

Aluminum  Sulfocyanide.    See  Aluminum 
sulfocyanate. 

Aluminum  Tannate.* 
Color     and     properties:     Light     brown 

powder. 
Derivation:      By     the     interaction      of 

aluminum  acetate  and  tannic  acid. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Tins. 
Uses:  Medicine;  antiseptic. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Aluminum   Trihydrate. 
hydroxide. 


See   Aluminum 


Alundum*   (Aluminum  oxide)   Al2Os. 
Color    and    properties:    White    to    dark 

wine   colored,  very  tough   and   dense 

crystalline  masses. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.9-4.0. 
Derivation:     Prepared     by     fusion     of 

bauxite  in  an  electric  furnace. 
Grades:   Grains,  from  8  mesh  to  finest 

powders. 

Containers:  Kegs. 
Uses:    Chemical    apparatus;    abrasives; 

refractories;   grinding  wheels;   filters. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Alunite.      A   natural   hydrous   sulfate   of 
aluminum  and  potassium, 
K2  O3 .  A12  O3 .4SO3 .6H2  O. 


Alunogen 


62 


Aminoacetanilide 


It  is  white  or  gray  in  color  with  a  vitre- 
ous luster  and  contains  11.4  per  cent 
potash,  K2O;  specific  gravity  2.83; 
hardness  3.5-4.  California,  Colorado, 
Nevada  and  Utah. 

Alunogen.  A  natural  hydrous  aluminum 
sulfate,  Al2O3.3SO3.i8H2O.  New  Mex- 
ico. 

Alva  Marina 

Derivation:  A  prepared  seaweed. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Large  bags. 
Uses:     By     upholsterers     for     stuffing 

chairs,  sofas  and  mattresses. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Amalgam.*  An  alloy  of  mercury  with 
one  or  more  metals.  More  specifically 
a  native  compound  of  silver  and  mer- 
cury, in  which  the  percentage  of  silver 
ranges  from  27.5  to  95.8.  Native  gold 
amalgam  carrying  39  to  42.6  per  cent 
gold  has  also  been  found  in  California 
and  Colorado. 

Amaranth.  A  coal-tar  dyestuff  giving  a 
deep  red  shade. 

Ambergris. 

Derivation:  Morbid  concretion  from  the 
intestinal  tract  of  the  sperm  whale. 

Color  and  properties:  Irregular,  gray, 
grayish-brown  or  black,  streaked  or 
mottled,  waxy,  opaque  masses;  pe- 
culiar odor. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  boxes. 

Uses:     Perfumes. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Amber  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  Brown,  thin, 
liquid,  volatile  oil;  darkens  with  age; 
empyreumatic,  balsamic  odor. 

Chief   constituents:   Phenols. 

Constants:    Specific   gravity  0.915-0.975. 

Soluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  From  amber,  the  fossil 
resin  from  Pinus  succinifer  and  other 


extinct  coniferse,  by  destructive  distil- 
lation and  redistillation. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical.  , 

Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  pharmacy. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Amber  Seed.     See  Abelmoschus. 

Amblygonite.  A  natural  fluophosphate 
of  aluminum  and  lithium,  Li(AlF)PO4. 
California  and  South  Dakota. 

Ambrette.     See  Abelmoschus. 
American  Ginseng.    See  Ginseng. 
American  Hellebore.     See  Veratrum. 
American  Ipecac.    See  Gillenia. 
American  Saffron.     See  Carthamus. 
American  Valerian.     See   Cypripedium. 
American  Veratrum.    See  Veratrum. 

American  Wormseed  Oil.  See  Cheno- 
podium  oil. 

Amianthus.     See  Asbestos. 
Amides.     See  Amines. 
Amidin.    See  Holocaine  hydrochloride. 
Amido.     See  Amino. 

Amidol.  Trade  name  for  diamidophe- 
nol;  a  photographic  developer. 

Aminoacetanilide,  Para* 
NH2CeHoNHOCCHi. 

Color   and   properties:    Colorless    crys- 
tals. 
Constants:  Melting-point  i62°C. 


Aminoacetic  Acid 


63 


Aminobenzenyl 


Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:  Acetylization  of  para-phen- 

ylenediamine. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:   Organic   synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Aminoacetic  Acid.   See  Acid  aminoacetic. 


Aminoanthraquinone*     Ci  4  HQ  62  N  H£  . 

(a)  i-Amino;  (b)  2-Amino. 

Color  and  properties:  (a)  Red,  irides- 
cent needles. 

(b)    Red   or   orange-brown   needles. 
Constants:     Melting-point:    (a)   256°C.; 

(b)  3O2°C.;    boiling-point,    sublimes. 
Slightly   soluble  in   alcohol;    soluble  in 

chloroform,  benzol  and  acetone. 

Derivation:  By  reduction  of  nitroanth- 
raquinones,  or  by  substituting  the 
amino  radicle  direct  in  nitro-,  halo- 
gen- or  oxyanthraquinones. 

Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  (a)  For  manufacture  of  dyestuffs 
(cyanathrol  and  alizarin  blue,  etc.). 
(b)     For     manufacture     of     dyestuffs 
(indanthrene   and   flavanthrene,  etc.). 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

See  also  Diaminoanthraquinones. 


Aminoazobcnzcne* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow  crystals. 

Constants:  Melting-point  1274° C;  boil- 
ing-point: Below  360° C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Diazoaminobenzene  when 
heated  with  aniline  hydrochloride, 
yields  aminoazobenzene.  The  aniline 
hydrochloride  acts  as  a  catalyzer  and 
does  not  enter  into  the  reaction. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Barrels;  kegs. 

Uses:  Dyestuffs  (chrysoidines). 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Aminoazobenzene-beta-naphthol*        (Su- 
dan Red  III) 
C6H5NNCGH4NNCioH6OH. 

Color  and  properties:   Brown  powder. 

Insoluble  in  water;  soluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:   By  heating  aminoazobenz- 
ene  and  beta-naphthol. 

Method    of    purication:    Crystallization 
from  alcohol. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers;  Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Coloring  oils  red. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Aminoazobenzene    Hydrochloride* 
NH2C6H4N2C6H5HC1. 

Color  and  properties:  Steel-blue  crys- 
tals. 

Soluble  in  alcohol;  slightly  soluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  By  passing  dry  hydrochlor- 
ic acid  gas  into  a  solution  of  amino- 
azobenzene. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Barrels;  kegs. 

Uses:  Dyestuffs;  coloring  lacquers. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Aminoazotoluene  Hydrochloride* 


Color  and  properties:  White  crystals. 
Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  amino- 

azotoluol   and   dry  hydrochloric   acid 

gas. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Barrels;  kegs. 
Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Aminobenzene.     See  Aniline. 


Aminobenzenesulfonic  Acid.  See  Acid. 

sulfanilic. 


Ammobenzenyl-ortho-ammothiocresol. 
See  Dehydrothio-para-toluidine. 


Aminobenzoic  Acid 


64 


Ammonia 


Aminobenzoic    acid,    Meta-. 
aminobenzoic. 


See    Acid      Aminonaphtholsulfonic  Acid.     See  Acid 
aminonaphtholsulfonic. 


Aminodimethylaniline,  Para-*  (Dimethyl- 
para-phenylenediamine) 


Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  asbes- 
tos-like, long  needles;  stable  in  air 
when  pure.  If  impure,  the  crystals 
liquefy. 

Constants:  Melting-point  4i°C;  boil- 
ing-point 257°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  benzol. 

Derivation:  By  reduction  of  para-nitro- 
sodimethylaniline  with  zinc  dust  and 
hydrochloric  acid.  The  aminodimeth- 
ylaniline  is  not  isolated,  but  the 
solution  is  worked  up. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion  from  mixture  of  benzol  and 
ligroin. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Kegs. 

Uses:  Base  for  production  of  methylene 
blue;  photo  developer;  reagent  for 
detection  of  hydrogen  sulfide. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Aminodimethylbenzene.      See   Xylidine. 

Aminodracylic    Acid.       See    Acid    para- 
aminobenzoic. 

Aminoethane.    See  Ethylamine. 

Aminoethanoic  Acid.     See  Acid  amino- 
acetic. 

Aminoform.       See    Hexamethylenetetra- 
mine. 

Ammo-Mercuric     Chloride.      See     Mer- 
cury,   Ammoniated. 

Amino-meta-xylene.          See        Xylidine, 
Meta. 

Aminomethane.     See  Methylamine. 

Aminonaphtholdisulfonic  Acid.  See  Acid 
aminonaphtholdisulfonic. 


Amino-para-xylene.    See  Xylidine,  Para-. 

Aminophenol* 

(a)  Ortho    C6H4(NH2)  (OH)    1.2. 

(b)  Meta    C6H4(NH2)(OH)     1.3. 

(c)  Para      C6H4(NH2)(OH)     1.4. 
Color  and  properties:  White  crystals. 
Constants:    Melting-point    (a)     170°  C.; 

(b)  122° C.;  (c)  i«4°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  reduction  of  ortho- 
nitrophenol  mixed  with  aqueous  am- 
monia by  means  of  a  stream  of  hy- 
drogen sulfide. 

(b)  Fusion    of   meta-sulfanilic   acid 
with  caustic  soda  and  subsequent  ex- 
traction of  the  melt  with  ether. 

(c)  (i)   By  reduction  of  para-nitro- 
phenol  with  iron.     (2)  By  electrolytic 
reduction  of  nitrobenzene  in  sulfuric 
acid  solution. 

Method    of    purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Barrels;  kegs. 
Uses:  (a,b,c)  Dyestuff  manufacture;  (c) 

Photographic  developer;  fur  dyeing. 
Fire  hazard:   None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Aminosalicylic  Acid,  Hydrochloride.   See 
Acid  aminosalicylic  hydrochloride. 

Arninosuccinic  Acid.     See  Acid  aspara- 
ginic. 

Aminotoluenyl-ortho-aminothioxylenol. 

See  Dehydrothioxylidine. 

Aminoxylene.    See  Xylidine. 
Aminoxylol.     See  Xylidine. 

Ammonia,  Anhydrous.* 
Derivation:  Purified  ammonia  gas  lique- 
fied by  cold  and  pressure. 
Grades:   Technical;   pure. 
Containers:  Steel  cylinders. 
Uses:   Organic  preparations;   refrigera- 
tion. 


Ammonia 


65 


Ammonio-Ferric 


Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Green 
label. 

Ammonia,  Aqua.      See  Ammonium   hy- 
droxide. 

Ammonia  Liquor*   (Gas  liquor) 

Derivation:  A  condensed  watery  solu- 
tion obtained  in  the  destructive  dis- 
tillation of  a  bituminous  coal  in  gas 
or  coke  manufacture,  composed  of 
ammonia  and  ammonium  compounds, 
and  containing  sulfuretted  hydrogen 
and  cyanogen. 

Uses:  Production  of  anhydrous  am- 
monia, aqua  ammonia,  ammonium 
hydroxide,  ammonium  sulfate  and 
other  ammonium  salts;  as  a  source  of 
ammonia  in  the  Solvay  process  for 
producing  soda  ash.  (See  sodium 
carbonate.) 

Grades:   Technical. 

Containers:  Tank  cars. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ammoniac   (Gum  ammoniac). 

Derivation:  Gum  resin  from  Dorema 
ammoniacum. 

Habitat:  Persia,  Northern  India  and 
Southern  Sibera. 

Color  and  properties:  Irregular,  round- 
ed tears;  peculiar  odor;  sweetish-bit- 
ter, somewhat  acrid  taste. 

Grades:  Technical;  B.  P. 

Containers:   Bags. 

Uses:  Medicine;  as  ingredient  of  porce- 
lain cements. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ammoniac,  Oil  of* 

Color  and  properties:  A  dark-yellow, 
essential  oil. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.891;  boil- 
ing-point 25O°-29O°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform, 
benzol. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  gum  am- 
moniac. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 


Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ammoniacal     Liquor.       See     Ammonia 
liquor. 

Ammoniacum,  B.  P.    See  Gum  ammoni- 
acum. 

Ammoniated     Mercury     Chloride.       See 
Mercury,  Ammoniated. 

Ammoniated  Mercury  Nitrate.    See  Mer- 
cury oxide,  Black. 

Ammonii  Benzoas,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See 

Ammonium  benzoate. 


Ammonii  Bromidum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See 

Ammonium  bromide. 

Ammonii  Carbonas,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See 

Ammonium  carbonate. 

Ammonii  Chloridum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See 

Ammonium  chloride. 

Ammonii   lodium,   U.   S.   P.      See   Am- 
monium iodide. 

Ammpnii  Salicylas,  U.  S.  P.     See  Am- 
monium salicylate. 

Ammpnii  Valeras,   U.   S.   P.      See   Am- 
monium valerate. 

Ammonio-Cupric  Sulfate.     See   Copper- 
ammonium  sulfate. 

Ammonio-Ferric    Citrate,      See    Ferric- 
ammonium  citrate. 

Ammonio-Ferric   Oxalate.      See   Ferric- 
ammonium  oxalate. 

Ammonio-Ferric    Sulfate.      See    Ferric- 
ammonium  sulfate. 


Ammonium  Acetate 


66 


Ammonium  Bitartrate 


Ammonium  Acetate* 

Color  and  properties:  White,  hygro- 
scopic, crystalline  mass. 

Constants:  Melting-point  8Q°C. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  gla- 
cial acetic  acid  and  ammonia  gas. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  tins. 

Uses:  Medicine;  analytical   chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Ammonium,  Aqua.    See  Ammonium  hy- 
droxide. 


Ammonium  Benzoate* 

Color   and   properties:    Colorless    crys- 

tals. 
Constants:   Melting-point:   Decomposes 

at  193°. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:  By  the  action  of  ammonium 

hydroxide  on  benzoic  acid  with  sub- 

sequent  crystallization. 
Method    of   purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles;  boxes. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Ammonium  Bicarbonate* 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.586;  melt- 

ing-point: Decomposes  at  36°-6o°C. 
Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 
Derivation:  By  heating  ammonium  hy- 

droxide with  an  excess  of  carbon  di- 

oxide, and  evaporation. 
Method    of    purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Impurities:     Ammonium  carbonate. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Barrels;  boxes. 
Uses:   Production  of  ammonium  salts. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


explodes  in  contact  with  many  sub- 
stances. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.153;  melt- 
ing-point: Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Action  of  chromic  acid  on 
ammonium  hydroxide  with  subse- 
quent crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Barrels;  boxes. 

Uses:  Mordant  for  dyeing. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Ammonium  Bifluoride*  (NH4)FHF. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.211. 

Soluble  in  cold  water;  decomposes  in 
hot  water. 

Derivation:  Action  of  ammonium  hy- 
droxide on  hydrofluoric  acid  with 
subsequent  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  boxes;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Ceramics;  chemical  reagent;  etch- 
ing glass  (white  acid);  sterilizer  for 
brewery,  dairy  and  other  equipment. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ammonium  Binoxalate* 


Ammonium  Bichromate* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow  needles 


Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.556. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Action  of  ammonium  hy- 
droxide on  oxalic  acid  with  subse- 
quent crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  pure. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Analytical  chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ammonium  Bitartrate*  (Acid  ammonium 
tartrate) 


Ammonium  Borate 


67 


Ammonium  Chloride 


Color  and  properties:.  White  crystals. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.680. 
Soluble  in  water,  acids  and  alkalis;  in- 

soluble in  alcohol. 
Derivation:  By  the  action  of  ammonium 

hydroxide  on  tartaric  acid. 
Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Barrels. 
Uses:   Baking  powder. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Ammonium  Borate* 
Color   and    properties:    Colorless    crys- 

tals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.38-2.95. 
Soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:  By  the  action  of  ammonium 

hydroxide  on  boric  acid  with   subse- 

quent crystallization. 
Method    of    purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Ammonium  Bromide* 
Color    and    properties:    Colorless    crys- 

tals. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.327;  melt- 

ing-point: Sublimes. 
Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:  Action  of  hydrobromic  acid 

on  ammonium  hydroxide  with  subse- 

quent crystallization. 
Method    of    purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  pure;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:  Boxes;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Precipitating     silver     salts     for 

photographic    plates;     medicine;     an- 

alytical chemistry. 
Fire  hazard:   None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Ammonium  Carbamate  (Ammonium  car- 
baminate)  NH4HCO3.NH4CO2. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystalline 
powder;  exceedingly  volatile;  the 
"anhydride"  of  ammonium  carbonate. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Sublimes. 


Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  dry 
ammonia  gas  and  carbon  dioxide.  Is 
recovered  from  gas  liquor  with  the 
ammonia  and  ammonium  carbonate. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Production  of  ammonium  car- 
bonate. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ammonium   Carbaminate.      See  Ammo- 
nium carbamate. 

Ammonium    Carbazotate.     See    Ammo- 
nium picrate. 

Ammonium       "Carbonate"*         ("Hart- 
shorn," a  mixture  of  ammonium  acid 
carbonate  and  ammonium  carbonate; 
Ammonium  crystals) 
(NH4)HCOi+(NH4)(NH2)COj. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crystal 
plates;  unstable  in  air,  being  con- 
verted into  the  bicarbonate. 

Constants:   Melting-point  85°C. 

Soluble  in  water;  decomposes  in  hot 
water,  yielding  ammonia  and  carbon 
dioxide. 

Derivation:  (a)  Ammonium  bicarbonate 
is  heated  with  ammonium  hydroxide, 
(b)  Ammonium  salts  are  heated  with 
calcium  carbonate. 

Grades:  Technical;  lumps;  cubes;  pow- 
der; U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Barrels;  boxes;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:  Ammonium  salts;  medicine; 
baking  powders;  smelling  salts;  dye- 
ing; rubber  manufacture. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Ammonium  Chloride*  (Sal  ammoniac) 
NH4C1. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystals; 
commercial  article  grayish. 

Constants:  ^  Specific  gravity  1.520; 
melting-point:  volatilizes. 

Soluble  in  water  and  ammonium  hy- 
droxide. 

Derivation:     By  the  action  of  ammonia 


Ammonium  Chromate 


Ammonium  Iodide 


or    ammonia    salts    on    hydrochloric 

acid  and  crystallization. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 
Grades:     Technical   lumps   or   powder; 

U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:       Medicine;     organic     synthesis; 

electric  batteries;  soldering  flux;  tex- 

tile printing;  manufacture  of  various 

ammonia  compounds,  etc. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Ammonium  Chromate* 
Color  and  properties:     Yellow  crystals. 
Constants:        Specific      gravity      1.866; 

melting-point  185°  C. 
Soluble  in  cold  water. 
Derivation:  By  the  addition  of  am- 

monium  hydroxide   to   a   solution   of 

ammonium   bichromate;   recovery  by 

crystallization. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Impurities:     Bichromates. 
Grades:      Technical. 
Containers:     Barrels;  boxes. 
Uses:     Mordant  in  dyeing. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ammonium  Cuprate.* 

Derivation:  A  cold  aqueous  solution  of 
copper  sulfate  is  treated  with  the 
exact  amount  of  caustic  soda,  below 
20°  C.,  to  produce  a  blue  precipitate. 
This  is  washed  repeatedly  with  dis- 
tilled water,  pressed  to  remove  most 
of  the  water  and  dissolved  in  am- 
monium hydroxide. 

Uses:  Waterproofing  fabrics. 

Ammonium    Crystals.      See    Ammonium 
carbonate. 

Ammonium    Dichromate.      See    Ammo- 
nium  bichromate. 


Ammonium  Fluoride*  NE^F. 
Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 
Soluble  in  cold  water. 
Derivation:     Interaction  of  ammonium 


hydroxide  and  hydrofluoric  acid  with 

subsequent   crystallization. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Gutta-percha    or    paraffin 

bottles. 

Uses:     Fluorides;  analytical  chemistry. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ammonium  Hydroxide*  (Aqua  ammo- 
nia; Ammonium  hydrate)  NH4OH. 

Color  and  properties:     Colorless  liquid. 

Constants:     Boiling-point  38.5° C. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  The  gas  liquor  from 
coke  and  gas  manufacture  is  distilled, 
the  ammonia  and  volatile  salts  are  ab- 
sorbed in  sulfuric  acid.  The  result- 
ant ammonium  sulfate  is  heated,  some- 
times with  lime,  the  ammonia  distilled 
off  and  collected  in  water,  (b)  Waste 
animal  matter  from  abattoirs  is  dried 
and  destructively  distilled,  ammonia 
being  obtained,  (c)  Decomposition  of 
calcium  cyanamid  by  superheated 
steam,  (d)  By  union  of  nitrogen  and 
hydrogen  under  pressure  and  by 
means  of  a  catalytic  agent  or  the 
electric  arc. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  16°;  20°; 
26°. 

Containers:  Carboys;  iron  drums;  tank 
cars. 

Uses:  Textiles;  ammonium  com- 
pounds; saponifying  fats  and  oils; 
organic  synthesis;  detergent. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ammonium    Hyposulfite.      See    Ammo- 
nium  thiosulfite. 


Ammonium     "Ichthyolsulfonate."       See 

Ichthyol. 

Ammonium  Iodide*  NH4I. 
Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 
Constants:        Specific      gravity      2.501; 

melting-point:    Sublimes. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:     Action  of  ammonium  hy- 


Ammonium  Meta-vanadate 


Ammonium  Persulfate 


droxide  on  hydriodic  acid  with  sub- 

sequent crystallization.- 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Boxes;  glass  bottles;  tins. 
Uses:        Iodides;      medicine;      photog- 

raphy. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Ammonium    Meta-vanadate.      See    Am- 
monium vanadate. 


Ammonium   Molybdate* 
Color    and    properties:    White,    crystal- 

line powder. 
Constants:      Specific    gravity    2.38-2.95; 

melting-point:  Decomposes. 
Soluble  in  acids. 
Derivation:     Interaction   of  a    solution 

of  molybdic  acid  and  ammonium  hy- 

droxide  with    subsequent   crystalliza- 

tion. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:  Technical;   C.  P. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles;  boxes. 
Uses:     Analytical  chemistry;  manufac- 

ture of  pigments. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:     None. 

Ammonium    Muriate.      See    Ammonium 
chloride. 


Ammonium-Nickel  Sulfate.     See  Nickel- 

ammonium   sulfate. 


Ammonium  Nitrate* 
Color  and  properties:     Colorless  crys- 

tals; explosive! 
Constants:        Specific      gravity      1.725; 

melting-point      i53°-i66°C.;      boiling- 

point:  Decomposes  at  2io°C. 
Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  alkalis. 
Derivation:      By  the   action   of  ammo- 

nium hydroxide  on  nitric  acid. 
Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Iron   canisters. 
Uses:    Pyrotechnics;  explosives;  manu- 


facture of  nitrogen  monoxide,  "laugh- 

ing gas." 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     Cannot 

be  shipped  by  express. 

Ammonium  Oxalate* 


Color  and  properties:     Colorless  crys- 

tals. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  1.502. 
Soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:     Interaction  of  ammonium 

hydroxide  and  oxalic  acid  and  subse- 

quent crystallization. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  pure. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:      Analytical    chemistry. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Ammonium   Perchlorate*   NH4C1O4. 
Color  and  properties:     White  crystals; 

explosive! 
Constants:     Specific  gravity  1.95;  melt- 

ing-point:   decomposes. 
Soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:     By  the  interaction  of  am- 

monium    hydroxide     and     perchloric 

acid.     Recovery  by  crystallization. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  iron  drums. 
Uses:      Explosives;    pyrotechnics;    an- 

alytical chemistry. 
Fire   hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     Yellow 

label. 


Ammonium  Persulfate* 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Electrolysis  of  a  concen- 
trated solution  of  ammonium  sulfate. 
Recovered  by  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical;  pure. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  stone 
crocks. 


Ammonium  Phosphate 


70 


Ammonium  Sulfate 


Uses:  Analytical  chemistry;  photog- 
raphy; oxidizing  copper;  electro-plat- 
ing. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 

Ammonium  Phosphate*  (Diammonium 
ortho-phosphate;  Ammonium  diphos- 
phate)  (NH4)2HP04. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  1.619. 

Soluble  in  water;   insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  Interaction  of  ammonium 
hydroxide  and  phosphoric  acid  with 
subsequent  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion.  . 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Barrels;  boxes. 

Uses:  Medicine;  fireproofing;  fertiliz- 
ers. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ammonium    Phosphomolybdate* 

2(NH4)3PO4.24MoO3.I2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow,  crystal- 
line powder. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alkali;  insoluble 
in  acohol  and  acids. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  am- 
monium molybdate  and  phosphoric 
and  nitric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Reagent  for  alkalis.' 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ammonium  Phosphotungstate*  (Am- 
monium phosphowolframate) 

2(NH4)3PO4.24WO3.xH2p. 

Color  and  properties:     White  powder. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alkali;  insoluble 
in  acid. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  am- 
monium tungstate,  ammonium  phos- 
phate and  nitric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tins. 


Uses:     Chemical  reagent. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ammonium     Phosphowolframate.       See 

Ammonium  phosphotungstate. 

Ammonium    Picrate*    (Ammonium    car- 

bazotate)   NH4C6H2(NO2)3O. 
Color  and  properties:     Yellow  crystals; 

highly  explosive! 
Constants:         Melting-point:       decom- 

poses. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:    By   the   action   of  ammon- 

ium   hydroxide    on    picric    acid    with 

subsequent    crystallization. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Iron  canisters. 
Uses:     Explosives;  medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     Cannot 

be  shipped  by  express. 

Ammonium    Picronitrate.      See    Ammo- 
nium picrate. 


Ammonium  Salicylate* 

Color  and  properties:     Colorless   crys- 

tals. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:      By   the   action    of  ammo- 

nium hydroxide  on  salicylic  acid. 
Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles;  boxes. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Ammonium    Sulfate*    (NH4)2SO4. 
Color    and    properties:    Brownish-gray 

to  white  crystals  according  to  degree 

of  purity. 
Constants:       Specific     gravity      1.7687; 

melting-point  I4O°C. 
Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 
Derivation:       (a)       The       ammoniacal 

liquors   from  the   destructive   distilla- 

tion of  coal  are  led  into  sulfuric  acid, 


Ammonium  Sulfide 


71 


Ammonium  Valeriate 


followed  by  crystallization  and  dry- 
ing. This  forms  the  crude  ammonium 
sulfate  of  commerce,  (b)  Tankage 
materials  high  in  nitrogen  are  heated 
with  sulfuric  acid  and  sodium  sul- 
fate. Caustic  soda  is  then  added  in 
excess  and  the  ammonia  distilled 
over  into  sulfuric  acid  and  the  sul- 
fate crystallized. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion  or  sublimation. 

Grades:  Commercial;  technical;  U. 
S.  P. 

Containers:     Barrels;  bags. 

Uses:  Fertilizer;  ammonium  hydrox- 
ide. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Ammonium    Sulfide* 

i  Color  and  properties:     Yellow  crystals. 

Constants:         Melting-point:       decom- 

poses. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  alkalis. 
Derivation:     By  the  interaction  of  am- 

monium hydroxide  and  hydrogen  sul- 

fide. 
M-ethod    of    purification:      Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:      Iron    drums;    tins;    glass 

bottles. 

Uses:     Textile  industry. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ammonium  Sulfocyanate*  NH4SCN. 
Color    and    properties:    Colorless,    deli- 

quescent crystals. 
Constants:       Specific     gravity     1.3057; 

melting-point  159°  C. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:     By  boiling  an  aqueous  so- 

lution of  ammonium  cyanide  with  sul- 

fur or  polysulfides. 
Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Analytical  chemistry. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ammonium    Sulfocyanide.     See   Ammo- 
nium sulfocyanate. 


Ammonium   Tartrate* 
Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 
Constants:     Specific  gravity  1.601. 
Soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:     By  the  action   of  tartaric 

acid    on    ammonium    hydroxide    with 

subsequent    crystallization. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Barrels;  boxes. 
Uses:    Textile  industry. 
Fire  hazard:    None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Ammonium   Thiocyanate.      See    Ammo- 
nium sulfocyanate. 

Ammonium  Tungstate*  (Ammonium 
wolframate)  (NH^V^pis.St^O. 

Color  and  properties:     White  powder. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  Interaction  of  ammonium 
hydroxide  and  tungstic  acid  with  sub- 
sequent crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Preparation  of  ammonium  phos- 
photungstate  and  other  tungsten 
compounds. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 

Ammonium  Valerianate.      See   Ammon- 
ium valeriate. 

Ammonium  Valeriate*  (Ammonium  va- 
lerianate)  NH4C5H9C>4. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals; nauseating  odor;  must  be  kept 
well  stoppered. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  decom- 
poses. 

Soluble  ^  in  wate.r  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  am- 
monium hydroxide  and  valeric  acid 
with  subsequent  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;   B.  P. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 


Ammonium  Vanadate 


72 


Amyl  Alcohol 


Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ammonium  Vanadate*  NH4yC>3. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystal- 
line powder. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Decom- 
poses. 

Soluble  in  warm  water;  slightly  solu- 
ble in  cold  water. 

Derivation:  Interaction  of  ammonium 
hydroxide  and  vanadic  acid  with  sub- 
sequent crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Vanadates;  mordant  in  dyeing 
and  textile  printing;  manufacture  of 
other  vanadium  salts;  manufacture  of 
inks. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Ammonium  Wolframate.  See  Ammo- 
nium tungstate. 

Amomum  Melegueta  (Grains  of  para- 
dise; Guinea  grains;  Melegueta 
pepper;  Paradise  seed). 

Derivation:  The  seed  of  Amomum 
melegueta. 

Habitat:  Ceylon  and  the  western  coast 
of  Africa. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:     Medicine;  condiment. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Amygdala  Amara,  B.  P.     Bitter  almond. 

Amygdala  Dulcis,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    Sweet 
almond. 


Amygdalic   Acid.     See   Acid   amygdalic. 
Amygdalinic  Acid.    See  Acid  amygdalic. 

Amyl    Acetate*    (Isoamyl    acetate;    Ba- 
nana oil;  Amylacetic  ether) 


Color  and  properties:  Colorless  liquid; 
banana-like  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.8659; 
boiling-point  148°  C. 

Very  slightly  soluble  in  water;  insol- 
uble in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  adding  sulfuric  acid  to 
a  mixture  of  amyl  alcohol  and  acetic 
acid  with  subsequent  recovery  by 
distillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Redistillation. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  iron  drums; 
tin  cans. 

Uses:  Preparation  of  flavoring  com- 
pounds; solvent  for  nitrocellulose 
(gun  cotton)  in  the  preparation  of 
lacquers,  and  waterproofing  com- 
pounds; bronzing  liquids;  metallic 
paints;  perfumery. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Amylacetic  Ether.     See  Amyl  acetate. 

Amyl  Alcohol,  Active*   (Amyl   hydrate, 

Secondary  butylcarbinol) 

C2H5CH3CHCH2OH. 
Color  and  properties:     Clear  colorless 

liquid. 
Constants:      Specific      gravity      0.8169; 

boiling-point   I28°C. 
Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:      By    fractional    distillation 

of  the  amyl  alcohol  of  fermentation. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad     shipping     regulations:       Red 

label. 

Amyl    Alcohol,     Fermentation*     (Fusel 
oil,  Grain  oil,  Potato  spirit) 
CH3CH3CH(CH)2OH. 

Color  and  properties:  Clear  colorless 
liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.810;  boil- 
ing-point I3O°C. 

Soluble  in   water,   alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  Obtained  as  a  by-product 
in  the  fermentation  of  starch  or 
sugar  containing  materials  to  produce 
ethyl  alcohol. 

Grades:  Crude;  refined. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrel*. 


Amyl  Alcohol 


73 


Amyl  Salicylate 


Uses:  Production  of  pure  amyl  alcohol, 
amyl  acetate  and  '  amyl  compounds 
generally. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 


Amyl  Alcohol,  Normal* 
CH3(CH2)4OH. 

Color  and  properties:     Colorless  liquid; 
disagreeable   odor. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.817;  boil- 
ing-point  I38°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  Reduction  of  yaleraldehyde. 
This  alcohol  is  of  little  importance. 


Amyl  Formate*  (Isoamyl  formate) 
CH2OC5Hn. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity:  0.9018; 
boiling-point  130.4°  C. 

Slightly  soluble  in  water;  soluble  in  al- 
cohol and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  adding  sulfuric  acid  to 
a  mixture  of  amyl  alcohol  and  formic 
acid  and  subsequent  recovery  by  dis- 
tillation. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  iron  drums. 

Uses:.  Flavoring  compounds;  friut 
sirups. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:     None. 


Amyl  Alcohol,  Tertiary*  (Amylene  hyd- 
rate) (CH3)3C(OH)CH2. 

Color  and  properties:     Colorless  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.8144; 
melting-point  -I2°C;  boiling-point 

I02°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  From  amylene  by  the  in- 
direct action  of  water  in  presence  of 
sulfuric  acid. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  drums, 
barrels. 

Uses:     Fruit  essences;  organic  synthe- 


sis. 


Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad     shipping     regulations: 
label. 


Red 


Amyl  Butyrate*  (Isoamylbutyric  ester) 
C4H702C5Hii. 

Color  and  properties:     Colorless  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.8592; 
boiling-point  I53°-I55°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  adding  sulfuric  acid  to 
a  mixture  of  amyl  alcohol  and  butyric 
acid  with  subsequent  recovery  by  dis- 
tillation. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:   Glass  bottles;   iron   drums. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  liqueurs;  or- 
ganic synthesis;  extracts. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Amyl  Hydrate.    See  Amyl  alcohol. 
Amyl  Hydride.     See  Pentane. 

Amylis  Nitris,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Amyl 
nitrite. 

Amyl  Nitrite*  (Isoamyl  nitrite) 
N02C5Hn. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish, 
transparent,  diffusive,  unstable  liquid; 
penetrating  odor;  orange-colored  va- 
por. Keep  away  from  fire  or  light. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.880;  boil- 
ing-point 97°-99°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  adding  sulfuric  acid  to 
the  mixture  of  amyl  alcohol  and  so- 
dium nitrite.  The  product  is  recov- 
ered by  distillation. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Dark  amber,  glass  bottles; 
iron  drums. 

Uses:      Medicine;   perfumes. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Amyl   Salicylate*   C7H5O3:C5Hii. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  to  yel- 
lowish liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.045;  boil- 
ing-point 268°-273°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 


Amyl  Valerianate 


74 


Ancthum 


Derivation:  By  adding  sulfuric  acid  to 
a  mixture  of  isoamyl  alcohol  and 
salicylic  acid  and  subsequent  recov- 
ery by  distillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Redistillation. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Flavoring  extracts;   medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 


Amyl  Valerianate.     See  Amyl  valeriate. 


Amyl      Valeriate*      ("Apple      essence"; 
"Apple  oil";  Amyl  valerianate) 


Amylene   Hydrate. 

Tertiary. 


See  Amyl  alcohol, 


Color  and  properties:     Clear  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.8812; 
boiling-point  203. 7°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  adding  sulfuric  acid  to 
a  mixture  of  amyl  alcohol  and  valeric 
acid.  Subsequent  recovery  by  distil- 
lation. 

Method   of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine;  flavoring  extracts. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 


Amylene*      (Beta-isoamylene;      Pental; 
Pentene;   Trimethylethylene) 
(CH3)2CCHCH3. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  mobile, 
inflammable  liquid;  disagreeable 
odor;  readily  polymerized. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.666;  boil- 
ing-point 37°-42°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  very 
slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  zinc 
chloride  on  the  amyl  alcohol  of  fer- 
mentation. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical;  pure. 

Containers:  Tin  cans;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:    Local   anesthetic. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 


Amylit.  A  trade  name  for  diamalt  com- 
pound, an  enzymic  product  that  is  used 
for  desizing  in  the  textile  industry. 

Amylodextrin.     See  Starch,  Soluble. 
Amylum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See  Starch. 
Analgesine.     See   Antipyrine. 
Anarcotine.     See   Narcotine. 
Anesthesia  Ether.    See  Ether. 
Anethi  Fructus,  B.  P.    See  Dill. 

Anethol*  (Anis  camphor;  Para-meth- 
oxypropenylbenzene  ;  Para-ally  Iphen- 
ylmethylic  ester) 


Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  crys- 
talline mass;  liquid  at  ordinary  tem- 
perature. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9936; 
melting-point  2i°-22°C.;  boiling-point 

232°-234°C. 

Soluble    in    alcohol    and    ether;    very 

slightly  soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:    From  anise  and  fennel  oils 

by  crystallization. 

Method   of   purification:     Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Tins. 
Uses:     Flavoring  compounds. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Anethum*  (Garden  dill;  Dill  seed). 
Derivation:     Fruit  of  Anethum  graveo- 

lens. 
Habitat:    Asia  Minor  and  Europe;  cul- 

tivated in  U.  S. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:      Medicine;   condiment. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Anglesite 


75 


Angostura  Oil 


Anglesite.  A  natural  lead  sulfate, 
PbSCU.  Contains  68  per  cent  lead. 
Arizona,  California,  Colorado,  Idaho, 
Missouri,  Nevada,  New  Mexico,  Utah 
and  Wyoming. 

Angelic  Acid.     See  Acid  angelic. 
Angelica  Tree.     See  Xanthoxylum. 

Angelica  Root  Oil*  (German). 

Color  and  properties:  A  limpid  liquid, 
colorless  when  freshly  distilled,  be- 
coming yellow  on  exposure  and  hav- 
ing a  strong  aromatic  odor  and  taste. 
Chief  known  constituents  Phellan- 
drene  and  valeric  acid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.857  to 
0.918;  saponification  value  37.7;  boil- 
ing-point 6o°-7O°C.;  refractive  index 
1.4800;  optical  rotation  +16  to  +32. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  benzol. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  root  of 
Archangelica  officinalis. 

Method   of   purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  glass  bottles; 
tins. 

Uses:  Medicine;  preparation  of 
liqueurs. 

Fire    hazard:      None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Angelica  Root  Oil  (Japanese). 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals, differing  in  odor  and  composi- 
tion from  the  German  oil;  having  the 
character  of  a  fatty  acid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.915;  melt- 
ing-point 62°C;  boiling-point  170° 
and  3OO°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  benzol. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  root  of 
either  Angelica  refracta  or  Angelica 
anomala. 

Method   of   purification:      Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 


Angelica  Seed  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  Pale-yellow  oil; 
darkens  with  age;  resembles  in  odor 
the  oil  from  the  root,  but  is  much 
finer.  Chief  known  constituents: 
phellandrene  and  valeric  acid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.856-0.890; 
optical  rotation  +11  to  +12. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  benzol. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  seed  of 
Archangelica  officinalis. 

Method   of    purification:      Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  preparation  of 
liqueurs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:     None. 

Angelica  (Garden  angelica).     Herb,  root 
and   seed   of  Archangelica   officinalis. 
Habitat:     Europe  and  Asia. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Boxes;  bags. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 

Angelinic  Acid.    See  Acid  angelic. 

Angostura  (Carony  bark).    Bark  of  Cus- 

paria  trifoliata. 
Habitat:     Northern  South  America  and 

West   Indies. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Angostura  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  A  yellow  liquid 
oil,  .becoming  darker  on  exposure  to 
the  air;  aromatic  odor  and  taste; 
chief  known  constituents:  Cadinene, 
galipol,  galipene  and  pinene. 

Specific  gravity:  0.930-0.960;  boiling- 
point  200-220°  C.;  optical  rotation — 
36  to  — 50. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  benzol. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  bark  of 
Galipea  cusparia. 


Anhalonidine 


76 


Aniline  Black 


Method   of   purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Iron    drums;    tins;    glass 

bottles. 

Uses:         Medicine;       preparation       of 
liqueurs  and  bitters. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:     None. 

Anhalonidine*  Ci2Hi5NO3. 
Color  and  properties:     White  crystals; 

poisonous. 

Constants:     Melting-point  154°  C. 
Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:     By   extraction   from   mes- 

cal buttons. 
Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Tins:  glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Anhalonine* 
Color  and  properties:     White  crystals; 

poisonous. 

Constants:     Melting-point  85.5°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:     By   extraction  and  subse- 

quent   crystallization    from    seed    of 

mescal     buttons     (Anhalonium     lew- 

ninii). 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Tins;    glass   bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad   shipping   regulations:     None. 

Anhydrite.  A  natural  calcium  sulfate, 
CaSO4.  Contains  41.2  per  cent  lime 
and  58.8  per  cent  sulfur  trioxide.  Usu- 
ally associated  with  gypsum,  to  which 
it  alters.  Differs  from  it  in  being 
harder  and  in  lacking  water  of  crystal- 
lization. California,  Michigan  and 
Nova  Scotia. 


Anhydroecgonine* 
Color  and  properties:     White  crystals; 

poisonous. 
Constants:     Melting-point   235°C. 


Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:      Obtained    from   ecgonine. 
Method    of    purification:      Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Anhydroecgonine  Hydrochloride* 
C9Hi3NO2.HCl. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals; 
poisonous. 

Constants:     Melting-point  240. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:      By   the    action    of   hydro- 
chloric acid  on  anhydroecgonine. 

Method    of    purification:       Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 


Aniline*  (Aniline  oil,  Phenylamine; 
Aminobenzene)  (CeHsNt^). 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  oily 
liquid;  rapidly  becomes  brown  on  ex- 
posure to  air  and  light;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.0235; 
melting-point  -5.96° C.;  boiling-point 
184.4°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  reduction  of  nitrobenz- 
ene with  finely  ground  cast-iron  bor- 
ings ("Swarf")  and  acid.  The  ani- 
line is  recovered  by  distillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Redistillation. 

Grades:     Commercial;   pure. 

Containers:     Iron   drums. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis;  dyestuffs; 
rubber  industry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 


Aniline  Black.  A  black  color  developed 
on  cotton  and  other  textiles  from  a  bath 
containing  aniline  hydrochloride,  an 
oxidizing  agent  and  a  catalyzer  (usually 
a  vanadium  or  copper  salt). 


Aniline  Chloride 


77 


Anise  Oil 


Aniline    Chloride.      S£e  ••  Aniline    hydro- 
chloride. 


Aniline  Hydrochloride*  (Aniline  salt, 
Aniline  chloride)  C6H5NH2HC1. 

Color  and  properties:  White  plates; 
commercial  article  frequently  green- 
ish in  appearance. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.2215;  melt- 
ing-point I98°C.;  boiling-point  245°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  passing  a  current  of 
dry  hydrochloric  acid  gas  into  an 
etheral  solution  of  aniline. 

(b)  Neutralizing  aniline  at  ioo°C. 
with  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid 
and  subsequent  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis;  dyestuffs; 
dyeing  and  printing  aniline  black. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Aniline  Oil.     See  Aniline. 

Aniline  Red.    See  Fuchsine. 

Aniline  Salt.    See  Aniline  hydrochloride. 

Animal  Charcoal.    See  Charcoal,  Animal. 

Animal  Oil.     See  Bone  oil. 

Anime.    See  Copal. 

Anise.*  (Anise  seed) 

Derivation:  Fruit  of  pimpinella  anisum 
from  cultivated  plants. 

Habitat:  Western  Asia,  Egypt;  culti- 
vated in  Southern  Europe,  India  and 
U.  S. 

Grades:  U.  S.  P.  (Spanish,  Star,  Levant, 
Italian);  B.  P. 

Containers:  Bags. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  anise  oil;  condi- 
ment; flavor. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Anise  Bark  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  Light  yellow  oil, 
with  an  odor  reminding  of  safrol  and 
estragon;  spicy,  slightly  sweetish 
taste;  chief  known  constituent:  Meth- 
ylclavicol. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.969. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  benzol. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  a  bark  of 
uncertain  botanical  origin  from  Mad- 
agascar. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  tins;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Anise  Camphor.    See  Anethol. 


Anise  Oil*  (Oleum  anisi  viridum,  Anise- 
seed  oil,  Illicium  oil,  Aniseed  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  A  colorless,  thick 
liquid  oil  having  the  identifying  char- 
acteristic of  solidifying  at  about  I5°C. 
to  a  crystalline  mass;  chief  constitu- 
ents: Solid  anethol  (90  per  cent); 
liquid  anethol,  a  terpene  and  methyl- 
clavicol  (10  per  cent). 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.985;  melt- 
ing-point 10°  to  I5°C.  >L9"g  standing 
may  reduce  the  solidifying  point  to 
o°  or  lower.  Refractive  index  1.544 
to  1.560;  optical  rotation:  Laevogy- 
rate  — 1.9  +i  to  2.0 

Derivation:  By  distillation  of  seeds  of 
Pimpinella  anisum. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:   Iron   drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  As  a  source  of  anethol;  in  medi- 
cine as  a  carminative  and  to  promote 
the  flow  of  milk;  when  terpene  free 
in  perfumery  and  to  flavor  liqueurs. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

See  also:     Anise  oil,   Star. 

Anise  Oil,  Star  (Illicium  anisatum). 
Color  and  properties:   Colorless  liquid, 
laevogyrate     oil;     chief     constituent: 


Anise-seed  Oil 


78 


Anthracene 


Anethol;    also    contains    anise    alde- 

hyde, safrol,  etc. 
Constants:     Specific     gravity    0.980     to 

0.990;   solidifying-point    14°   to   i8°C; 

refractive  index   1.552  to   1.558. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:  Expressed  from  the  fruit  of 

Illicium  anisatum. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:     Iron    drums;    tins;    glass 

bottles. 

Uses:     Manufacture  of  liqueurs. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Anise-seed  Oil.    See  Anise  oil. 
Aniseed  Oil.     See  Anise  oil. 
Anisi  Fmctus,  B.  P.    See  Anise. 

Anisic  Aldehyde*     (Anisaldehyde,  Aube- 

pine,   Para-methoxybenzaldehyde) 

C6H4(O.CH3)CHO. 
Color  and  properties:  Colorless  liquid; 

aromatic  odor. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.126;  melt- 

ing-point -2.i°C;  boiling-point  248°  C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:  Obtained  from  anethol  by 

oxidation. 

Method  of  purification:  Distillation. 
Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  iron  drums. 
Uses:  Perfumery. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Anisum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Anise. 

Annabergite.     A  natural  hydrous  nickel 
arsenate,  Ni3As2Os8H2O.     Nevada. 


Containers:  Boxes. 

Uses:    Coloring   foodstuffs    (butter  and 

cheese). 

Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Annidalm.     See  Thymol  iodide. 
Annotta.     See  Annatto. 
Anodynine.    See  Antipyrine. 
Anona  Oil.     See  Ylang-ylang  oil. 
Anthemidis  Flores,  B.  P.    See  Anthemis. 

Anthemis*  (Roman  chamomile;  Grotnd 
apple;  Chamomile;  Garden  chamo- 
mile). 

Derivation:  Dried  flower  heads  of  An- 
themis nobilis  from  cultivated  plants. 

Habitat:  Southern  and  Western  Europe 
and  U.  S.;  cultivated  in  Germany, 
Great  Britain,  France  and  Belgium. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Sacks. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Anthion.     See  Potassium  persulfate. 

Anthracene*  (Para-naphthalene;  Anthra- 
cin;  Anthracene  oil) 


Annatto*  Vegetable   dyestuff  containing 

bexin. 
Derivation:    From    the    seeds    of    Bixa 

orellana. 
Habitat:  South  America  and  West  In- 

dies. 
Grades:  Technical. 


Color  and  properties:  Yellow  crystals 
with  blue  fluorescence. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.147;  melt- 
ing-point 2i6°C;  boiling-point  36o°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  distilling  crude  anthra- 
cene oil.  This  is  purified  by  distilla- 
tion from  iron  retorts  with  alkali  car- 
bonate, the  distillate  containing  only 
anthracene  and  phenanthrene.  The 
latter  is  removed  by  carbon  bisulfide. 
The  residual  anthracene  is  purified  by 
crystallization  from  crude  benzol  and 
further  by  sublimation  with  super- 
heated steam. 


Anthracene  Oil 


79 


Antimony 


Impurities:        Phenanthrene,      carbazol 

and   chrysene. 

Grades:  Commercial  (30-90  per  cent). 
Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  kegs. 
Uses:       Dyestuffs;     alizarin;     phenan- 

threne;  carbazol. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Anthracene  Oil.     See  Anthracene. 
Anthracin.     See  Anthracene. 

Anthracite  (Hard  coal).  A  hard,  black, 
lustrous  'coal  containing  85  to  95  per 
cent  carbon  as  against  70  to  85  per 
cent  in  bituminous  or  "soft"  coal. 
See  Coal. 

Colorado,  Massachusetts,  New  Mexico, 
Nova  Scotia,  Pennsylvania  and  Rhode 
Island. 

Anthragallol*   (Trioxyanthraquinone) 

Ci4H5(OH)302. 

Color  and  properties:  Brown  powder. 
Constants:    Boiling-point:    Sublimes    at 

290°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol;  insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:    Obtained   as    a   product   of 

the  reaction  of  benzoic,  gallic  and  sul- 

furic  acids. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:   Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:  Dyeing. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Anthranilic  Acid.     See  Acid  anthranilic. 


Anthraquinone* 
Color  and  properties:  Yellow  needles. 
Constants:     Specific  gravity  1.419-1.438; 

melting-point    284.6°C.;    boiling-point 

380°  C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  acetone; 

insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:  By  oxidizing  a  glacial  acetic 

solution  of  anthracene  with  alkali  bi- 

chromate. 

Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 


Uses:  Dyestuffs;  quinazarine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Antichlor.     See  Sodium  thiosulfate. 
Antifebrin.    See  Acetanilide. 

Antiformin.  A  strong  alkaline  solution 
of  sodium  hypochlorite. 

Derivation:  By  the  addition  of  sodium 
carbonate  to  a  solution  of  calcium 
hypochlorite. 

Uses:  Disinfectant. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Antifungin.     See  Magnesium  borate. 
Antihypo.     See  Potassium  percarbonate. 

Antimonial  Glass.  See  Antimony  sul- 
fide,  Vitreous. 

Antimonial  Saffron.  See  Antimony  ox- 
ide, Brown. 

Antimonii  et  Potasgii  Tartras,  U.  S.  P., 
B.  P.  See  Antimony-potassium  tar- 
trate. 

Antimonii  Oxidum,  B.  P.  See  Antimony 
trioxide. 

Antimonine.      See   Antimony  lactate. 

Antimonium  Tartaratum,  B.  P.  See 
Antimony-potassium  tartrate. 

Antimony*  Sb. 

Color  and  properties:  Gray  metal, 
sometimes  found  native.  See  also 
Cervantite,  Dyscrasite,  Jamesonite, 
Nagyagite,  Polybasite,  Stibiconite 
and  Stibnite. 
Arizona,  Arkansas,  California,  Col- 


Antimony  Anhydride 


80 


Antimony  Oxide 


orado,  Idaho,  Montana,  Nevada,  New 
Mexico,  Utah  and  Washington. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  6.69;  melt- 
ing-point 630°C. 

Soluble  in  acids. 

Derivation:  Stibnite  is  roasted  in  air  to 
remove  the  sulfur.  The  white  oxide 
which  remains  is  mixed  with  carbon 
and  reduced  with  strong  heat. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Barrels;  drums. 

Uses:  Metallurgy;  alloys;  type  metal; 
britannia  metal;  stereotype  metal. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Antimony    Anhydride, 
oxide. 


See    Antimony 


Antimony,   Butter, 
chloride. 


See   Antimony   tri- 


Antimony  Chloride*  (Butter  of  anti- 
mony; Antimony  trichloride)  SbCla. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  trans- 
parent, crystalline  mass.  Butter  of 
antimony  is  a  clear  strongly  caustic 
liquid  with  an  acid  reaction.  Sp.  Gr.: 
i.35=38°Be. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.064;  melt- 
ing-point 73.2°C;  boiling-point 
223.5  °C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  acids. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  chlor- 
ine and  antimony. 

Grades:  Technical;  Butter  of  antimony. 

Containers:  Tins;  wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Antimony  salts;  bronzing  iron; 
mordant;  manufacturing  lakes;  color- 
ing zinc  black. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Antimony    Chloride,    Basic. 
mony  oxychloride. 


See    Anti- 


Antimony  Cinnabar*  (Antimony  thiosul- 
fate)  Sb2S2Os.  Found  as  such  in  na- 
ture, or  prepared  by  treating  antimony 
chloride  with  a  solution  of  sodium  thio- 
sulfate. 


Antimony,  Diaphoretic. 

antimoniate. 


See  Potassium 


(a) 

4-370 

292°C 

Sublimes 


(b) 

3.990 


Antimony  Fluorides* 

(a)    Antimony    trifluoride    SbFa;    (b) 
Antimony  pentafluoride  SbFs. 
Color   and   properties:    (a)    Octahedral 
crystals,     (b)  Oily  liquid. 

Constants 
Specific  Gravity 
Melting-point 
Boiling-point 

Soluble  in  water  and  potassium  fluoride. 
Derivation:    Direct  union    of  antimony 

and  fluorine. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Tin  boxes;  lead  bottles. 
Uses:  Ceramics;  mordanting  cotton. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Antimony  Glance.    See  Stibnite. 
Antimony  Glass.     See  Antimony  oxide. 

Antimony  Lactate*  (Antimonine) 
Sb(C3H5O3)3. 

Color     and     properties:     Tan     colored 
mass. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:     By  the  interaction  of  an- 
timony  hydroxide   and   lactic   acid. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Mordant;  textile  industry. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Antimony  Needles, 
fide. 


See  Antimony  sul- 


Antimony  Ocher.    See  Stibiconite. 

Antimony  Oxides* 

(a)  Trioxide  Sb2Og; 

(b)  Tetroxide  Sb2O4; 

(c)  Pentoxide  Sb2Os. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystals. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  (a)  5.2-5.67. 

(b)  4.07.  (c)  3.78. 
Soluble  in  acid;  insoluble  in  water. 


Antimony  Oxide 


81 


Antimony  Sulfide 


Derivation:  By  oxidizing  antimony  with 
nitric  acid  or  by  combustion  of  anti- 
mony with  a  limited  amount  of  oxy- 
gen. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:      Wooden   barrels. 

Uses:  Antimony  salts. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Antimony  Oxide,  White.    See  Potassium 
antimoniate. 


Antimony  Oxychloride*   (Powder  of  al- 

garoth;     Antimony    chloride,     Basic; 

Mercurius    vitae) 

SbOCl. 
Color  and  properties:  White  crystalline 

powder. 
Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid;  insoluble 

in  alcohol  and  water. 
Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  water 

and  antimony  chloride. 
Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:  Antimony  salts. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Antimony    Oxysulfide.      See    Antimony 
sulfide. 


Antimony  Pentachloride.    See  Antimony 
chloride. 


Antimony  Pentafluoride.     See  Antimony 
fluorides. 


Antimony  Pentasulfide.      See  Antimony 
sulfide. 


Antimony  Pentoxide.    See  Antimony  ox- 
ide. 


Antimony-Potassium    Tartrate*    (Tartar 

emetic)      K(SbO)  C4  H4  O<j. 
Color   and   properties:   White   powder; 

poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.6. 
Soluble  in  water. 


Derivation:  By  heating  antimony  tri- 
oxide  with  a  solution  of  potassium 
bitartrate  and  subsequent  crystalliza- 
tion. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  kegs. 

Uses:  Mordant;  leather  dyeing;  medi- 
cine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Antimony  Regulus.    See  Antimony. 
Antimony  Red.    See  Antimony  sulfide. 

Antimony  Salt.  A  mixture  of  sodium 
fluoride  and  antimony  fluoride. 

Antimony     Sulfate*     (Antimony     trisul- 

fate)  Sb2(SO4)3. 
Color   and   properties:   White   powder; 

explosive. 

Constants:   Specific  gravity  4.89. 
Decomposes  in  water. 
Derivation:    By   the   action   of   sulfuric 

acid  on  antimony  trioxide.     Product 

obtained  by  crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Explosives;  pyrotechnics. 
Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 
Railroad   shipping  regulations:    Cannot 

be  shipped  by  express — yellow  label. 

Antimony  Sulfide*  (Sulfuret  of  anti- 
mony; Antimony  red;  Antimony  tri- 
sulfide;  Stibnite)  Sb2S3. 

Color  and  properties:  Black  crys- 
tals; (b)  Orange-red  crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.562;  melt- 
ing-point 546°  C. 

Soluble  in  ammonium  sulfide,  potas- 
sium sulfide  and  hydrochloric  acid. 

Derivation:  Occurs  in  nature  as  the 
black  crystalline  stibnite.  As  preci- 
pitated from  solutions  of  salts  of  an- 
timony, the  trisulfide  is  an  orange-red 
precipitate,  which  is  filtered,  dried 
and  ground. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  barrels. 


Antimony  Sulfuret 


82 


Apoatropine 


Uses:  Pigment. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Antimony      Sulfuret.        See      Antimony 
sulfide. 


Antimony  Tribromide*    SbBrg. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow,  deliques- 
cent, crystalline  mass. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.148;  melt- 
ing-point 94.2°C;  boiling-point  28o°C. 

Soluble  in  carbon  bisulfide  and  hydro- 
bromic  acid. 

Derivation:  By  passing  bromine  vapors 
over  heated  antimony  oxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Sublimation. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Analytical  chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Antimony   Trichloride.      See    Antimony 
chloride. 


Antimony    Trifluoride.       See    Antimony 
fluorides. 


Antimony  Trioxide.     See  Antimony  ox- 
ide. 


Antimony  Trisulfate.    See  Antimony  sul- 
fate. 


Antimony  Trisulfide.    See  Antimony  sul- 
fide. 


Antiphlogistine.     See  Kaolin  cataplasm. 
Antipyreticum.     See  Antipyrene. 
Antipyrina,   U.   S.   P.      See   Antipyrine. 

Antipyrine*  (Dimethyloxyquinizine, 

Phenazone,  Phenyldimethylpyrazole, 
Analgesine,  Anodynine,  Phenylene, 
Oxydimethylquinizine,  Pyrazine,  Py- 
razoline,  Sedatine) 


Color  and  properties:  Fine,  white,  crys- 
talline powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.19;  melt- 
ing-point H3°C.;  boiling-point  319° C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  condensation  of 
methylphenylhydrazine  and  ethyl 
acetoacetate. 

Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:    Boxes;   glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ant  Oil,  Artificial.    See  Furfural. 
Aparatine.     See  Glue,  Vegetable. 

Apatite.  A  natural  calcium  phosphate 
containing  a  little  fluorine  or  chlorine, 
Ca4(CaF)(P04)3  or  Ca4(CaCl)- 
(PO4)s.  The  fluor-apatite  contains 
42.3  per  cent  P2Os  and  the  chlor- 
apatite  41  per  cent  P2Os. 
California,  Canada,  Maine,  New 
Jersey,  New  York  and  Virginia. 
Uses:  Prior  to  the  discovery  of  the 
phosphate  rock  beds  of  the  Southern 
states  large  quantities  of  apatite 
were  mined  near  Ottawa,  Canada  and 
converted  into  phosphatic  fertilizers. 
It  is  now  used  to  some  extent  as  a 
source  of  phosphorus  by  an  electro- 
lytic process. 

Apoatropine*   (Atropamine) 

Ci7H21N02. 
Color  and  properties:  White  crystalline, 

poisonous  alkaloid. 
Constants:      Melting-point    6o°-62°C. 
Soluble   in   alcohol   and   ether;   slightly 

soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Obtained  from  atropine. 
Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Cans;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:   None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Apoatropine  Hydrochloride* 
(Ci7H2iN02.HCl). 


Apocodeine 


83 


Aqua  Regia 


Color   and   properties:    Colorless    crys- 

tals; poisonous. 

Constants:  Melting-point  237°-239°C. 
Soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:    By    the    action    of    hydro- 

chloric acid  on  appatropine. 
Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:   Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Apomorphine  Hydrochloride* 


Apocodeine 
Color  and  properties:  White  crystalline, 

poisonous   alkaloid. 
Soluble    in    alcohol    and    ether;    very 

slightly  soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:  Obtained  from  codeine. 
Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Apocynum,  U.  S.  P.*  (Canadian  hemp; 
American  Indian  hemp;  Black  Indian 
hemp;  Indian  physic;  Dogbane). 

Derivation:    Dried    rhizome    of   Apocy- 

num cannabinum. 
•  Habitat:  U.  S. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Sacks. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Apomorphinae  Hydrochloridum,  U.  S.  P., 
B.  P.    See  Apomorphine  hydrochloride. 


Apomorphine* 
Color  and  properties:  White  crystalline 

alkaloid;  poisonous. 
Soluble   in   alcohol   and   ether;   slightly 

soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:   Made   from   morphine. 
Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Color  and  properties:  White  crystalline 

alkaloid;  poisonous. 
Constants:  Melting-point  2OO°-2io°C. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:   Obtained  by  the  action  of 

hydrochloric    acid    on    apomorphine. 
Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Apple  Acid.    See  Acid  malic. 
Apple  Oil.    See  Amyl  valerate. 
Apple,  Peru.     See  Stramonium. 
Aqua,  U.  S.  P.    See  Water. 

Aqua   Ammonia.      See   Ammonium   hy- 
droxide. 

Aqua    Ammoniac,    U.    S.    P.      See    Am- 
monium hydroxide. 

Aqua  Anethi,  B.  P.  Dill  water. 
Aqua  Anisi,  B.  P.  Anise  water. 
Aqua  Carui,  B.  P.  Caraway  water. 

Aqua  Dcstillata,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    Distilled 
water. 

Aqua  Fortis.    See  Acid  nitric. 

Aqua  Laurocerasi,  B.  P.     Cherry-laurel 
water. 

Aqua    Regia*    (Acid    nitrohydrochloric; 

Acid    nitromuriatic;     Acid    chloroni- 

trpus;  Acid  chlorazotic). 

Derivation:  A  mixture  of  nitric  and  hy- 

drochloric acids,  usually  18  parts   of 


Arabinose 


[84, 


Argols 


nitric  acid  and  82  parts  of  hydro- 
chloric acid. 

Color  and  properties:  Fuming  yellow, 
corrosive,  suffocating,  volatile  liquid. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Metallurgy;  testing  metals;  dis- 
solving metals  (platinum,  etc.) 

Fire  hazard:   Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  White 
label. 

Arabinose*    OHCH2(CHOH)3CHO. 
Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 
Constants:  Melting-point  I58.5°-I59.5°C. 
Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 
Derivation:    (a)    From   calcium   dextro- 

gluconate  and  hydrogen  peroxide, 
(b)   By  boiling  vegetable  gum  with 

dilute  sulfuric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:   Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Arachic  Acid.     See  Acid  arachic. 
Arachidic  Acid.    See  Acid  arachic. 


mottled  with  fawn  spots.     The  fresh 
seeds  have  a  faint  cheese-like  odor. 

Habitat:  East  Indies. 

Derivation:     Fruit  of  Areca  catechu. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Bags. 

Uses:   Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Arecoline    Hydrobromide* 


Color  and  properties:  White  crystals. 
Constants:  Melting-point  i67°-i68°C. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:    By    the    action    of    hydro- 

bromic  acid  on  arecoline. 
Method     of     jurification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Veterinary;  medicine. 
Fire  hazard:   None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Arenolite.    An  artificial  siliceous-argilla- 
ceous-calcareous stone. 

Argenti  Nitras,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Sil- 

ver nitrate. 


Arachis  Oil.    See  Peanut  oil. 

Aragonite.     A  natural  form  of  calcium 
carbonate. 

Araroba,  B.  P.    See  Goa  powder  (Crude 
chrysarobin). 


Arcanum    Duplicatum.       See    Potassium 
sulfate. 


Archangelica.    See  Angelica. 
Archil.     See  Orchil. 

Areca    (Betel,  Pinang). 
Color   and   properties:    The    seeds    are 
hard    and    heavy,    round-conical,    de- 
pressed at  the  base,  externally  brown, 


Argenti   Nitras   Fusus,  U.   S.   P.,   B.  P. 

See   Silver  nitrate,  Molded. 

Argenti  Oxidum,  U.  S.  P.    See  Silver  ox- 
ide. 


Argentite  (Silver  glance).  A  natural  sil- 
ver sulfide,  Ag2S.  Contains  87  per 
cent  silver. 

Arizona,  Colorado,  Idaho,  Maine,  Mon- 
tana, Nevada,  New  Mexico,  Oregon, 
Utah,  Washington,  and  Wyoming. 

Argentum.  The  Latin  name  for  silver, 
hence  the  symbol  Ag  in  chemical 
nomenclature. 

Argentum  Crede.    See  Collargol. 
Argols.     By-product  of  the  wine  indus- 


Argon 


85 


Arsenic 


try,    containing    crude    potassium    acid 
tartrate   (cream  of  tartar). 

Argon*     A. 

Color   and   properties:    Colorless,   inert 
gas,  liquefies  at  — i86.i°C. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:    (i)    By   fractional    distilla- 
tion of  liquid  air. 

(2)  By  mixing  atmospheric  nitro- 
gen with  oxygen  in  the  presence  of 
sodium  hydroxide  solution  and  then 
subjecting  the  mixture  to  an  electric 
spark  for  a  long  time.  Sodium  nitrite 
is  formed  and  a  mixture  of  argon  and 
oxygen.  The  oxygen  is  absorbed  by 
passing  over  red  hot  copper. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Steel  cylinders. 

Uses:      Filling      electric      incandescent 
lamps. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:     Green 
label. 

Argilla.     See   Kaolin. 

Argyrodite.     A  mineral  containing  sul- 
fides  of  silver  and  germanium. 

Aristol.     See  Thymol  iodide. 

Armoraciae  Radix*   (Horse-radish  root). 
Habitat:  Cultivated  everywhere. 
Derivation:  The  fresh  root  of  Cochle- 

aria   armoracia. 
Grades:  Technical;  B.  P. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Condiment;  medicine. 
Fire  hazard:   None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Arnatto.    See  Annatto. 

Arnaudon's  Green.    See  Chromium  phos- 
phate. 

Arnica      Flowers*       (Leopard's      bane; 

Wolfsbane;   Mountain  tobacco). 
Derivation:  Dried  flowers  and  heads  of 
Arnica   montana. 


Habitat:     Northern   Europe,   Asia   and 

North   America. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:  Sacks. 
Uses:   Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:   None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Arnicas  Flores,  B.  P.   See  Arnica  flowers. 

Arnica  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish  liquid 
becoming  brown  with  age;  strong 
aromatic  odor  and  taste.  The  con- 
sistency of  the  oil  varies,  sometimes 
it  is  a  butter-like  mass. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.906;  acid 
value  75.1;  saponification  value  29.9. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  benzol. 

Derivation.  Distilled  from  the  flowers 
of  Arnica  montana. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  liniments;  etc. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Arrowroot* 

Derivation:  A  starch  obtained  from  the 
roots  of  several  varieties  of  plants  be- 
longing to  the  genus  Maranta. 

Grades:  Bermuda;  St.  Vincent;  Domes- 
tic. 

Containers:  Bags;  barrels. 

Uses:  Food;  sizing;  laundry;  adhesives. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Arrow  Wood.      See   Euonymus. 
Arrow  Wood.    See  Frangula. 

Arsaminol.    A  trade  name  for  a  brand  of 
salvarsan. 

Arsanilic  Acid.     See  Acid  arsanilic. 

Arsenic*     A  34. 

Color  and  properties:  Silvery  crystal- 
line metalloid.  Sometimes  found  na- 


Arsenic  Bromide 


86 


Arsenic  Sulfide 


tive.  (See  also  Arsenopyrite,  Mime- 
tite,  Nicolite,  Orpiment,  Realgar, 
Scorodite,  Smaltite,  Sperrylite).  Cal- 
ifornia, Canada,  Montana,  Nevada, 
Virginia,  Washington. 

Constants:   Specific  gravity  4-7-5-7- . 

Insoluble  in  water;  soluble  in  nitric 
acid. 

Derivation:  Arsenic  ores  are  roasted 
and  the  product  recovered  by  sub- 
limation or  distillation.  The  arsenic 
oxide  thus  obtained  is  reduced. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Barrels. 

Uses:  Medicine;  arsenic  salts;  metal- 
lurgy. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Arsenic  Bromide*  (Arsenic  tribromide; 
Arsenious  bromide)  AsBrg. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-white 
crystals;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.66;  melt- 
ing-point 3i°C;  boiling-point  22i°C. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  direct  union  of  ar- 
senic and  bromine. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Analytical  chemistry;   medicine. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Arsenic  Bisulfide*  (Red  orpiment;  Ruby 
arsenic;  Realgar;  Red  arsenic  glass) 
As2S2. 

Color  and  properties:  Orange-red  pow- 
der; poisonous.  f 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.4-3.6; 
melting-point  3O7°C. 

Soluble  in  acids  and  alkalis;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  roasting  mispickel  and 
iron  pyrites  and  sublimation. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  canisters. 

Uses:  Depilatory  agent;  leather  indus- 
try; paint  pigment;  shot  manufacture; 
pyrotechnics;  calico  dyeing  and  print- 
ing. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Arsenic  Glass,  Red. 

fide. 


See  Arsenic  disul- 


Arsenic  Hydride.    See  Arsine. 

Arsenic  Iodide*  (Arsenpus  iodide;  Arse- 
nious  iodide;   Arsenic  triiodide) 
AsI3. 

Color  and  properties:  Orange-red  shin- 
ing crystalline  scales;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4-39;  melt- 
ing-point I4O.7°C.;  boiling-point 
394°  C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  ether  and 
carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  By  the  direct  union  of  ar- 
senic and  iodine. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:   Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Analytical  chemistry;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Arsenic  Oxide.    See  Arsenic  trioxide. 
Arsenic,  Ruby.     See  Arsenic  disulfide. 
Arsenic   Sulfide*    (Arsenic  pentasulfide) 

AS2S.5. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow  or  orange 
powder. 

Soluble  in  nitric  acid  and  alkalis;  insol- 
uble in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  decomposition  of 
sulfoarsenates  or  by  precipitating  ar- 
senic acid  in  a  hydrochloric  acid  solu- 
tion with  hydrogen  sulfide.  It  is  fil- 
tered then  dried. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Barrels;  boxes. 

Uses:   Paint  pigments. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Arsenic  Sulfide,  Yellow*  (Arsenic  tri- 
sulfide;  Arsenous  sulfide;  Orpiment; 
King's  yellow)  As2Ss. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow  or  orange 
powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.40;  melt- 
ing-point 3io°C.;  boiling-point  7OO°C. 


Arsenic  Tribromide 


87 


Arsine 


Soluble  in  nitric  acid  and  alkalis;  insol- 
uble in  water. 

Derivation:  By  leading  hydrogen  sul- 
fide into  a  solution  of  arsenious  chlor- 
ide. The  precipitate  is  filtered  and 
dried. 

Impurities:   Arsenic  sulfide. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Barrels;  boxes. 

Uses:  Paint  pigment;  medicine;  reduc- 
ing agent. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Arsenic  Tribromide.      See  Arsenic  bro- 
mide. 


Arsenii  Trioxidum,  U.  S.  P.    See  Arsenic 
trioxide. 


Arsenious   Bromide.     See   Arsenic   bro- 
mide. 

Arsenious  Iodide.    See  Arsenic  iodide. 
Arsenious  Oxide.    See  Arsenic  trioxide. 

Arsenious  Sulfide.     See  Arsenic  sulfide, 
Yellow. 

Arseniuretted  Hydrogen.     See  Arsine. 


Arsenic  Triiodide.    See  Arsenic  iodide. 

Arsenic  Trioxide*  (Arsenious  acid; 
White  arsenic;  Arsenous  oxide;  "Ar- 
senic"; Arsenous  anhydride)  As2Os. 

Color  and  properties:  White  amorph- 
ous, odorless,  tasteless  powder;  poi- 
sonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.865;  melt- 
ing-point 2OO°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  acids  and  al- 
kalis. 

Derivation:  By  roasting  arsenical  py- 
rites (mispickel)  and  recovery  of  the 
arsenic  trioxide  by  sublimation. 

Method  of  purification:  Sublimation. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  pigments,  glass, 
shot  and  bullets;  insecticides;  rat  poi- 
son; cattle  dip;  weed  killer;  hide  pre- 
servative; medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Arsenic  Trisulfide.     See  Arsenic  sulfide, 
Yellow. 


Arsenic,  White.    See  Arsenic  trioxide. 
Arsenical  Nickel.    See  Niccolite. 


Arsenii  lodidum,  U.   S.   P.,  B.  P.     See 

Arsenous  iodide. 


Arsenopyrite  (Mispickel).  A  natural 
sulfarsenide  of  iron,  FeAsS.  Contains 
46  per  cent  arsenic,  equivalent  to  57.7 
per  cent  white  arsenic,  As2Os.  Ari- 
zona, California,  Canada,  Colorado, 
Connecticut,  Georgia,  Idaho,  Maine, 
Montana,  Nevada,  New  Hampshire, 
New  York,  Carolina,  Oregon,  South 
Dakota,  Vermont,  Virginia,  Washing- 
ton and  Wisconsin. 

Arsenous  Bromide.  See  Arsenic  bro- 
mide. 

Arsenous  Iodide.     See  Arsenic  iodide. 
Arsenous  Oxide.    See  Arsenic  trioxide. 

Arsenous  Sulfide.  See  Arsenic  sulfide, 
Yellow. 

Arsine*  (Arsenic  hydride,  Arseniuretted 
hydrogen)  AsHs. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  gas; 
extremely  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.685. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  sulfuric 
acid  on  metallic  zinc  mixed  with  ar- 
senic compounds. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Steel  cylinders. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis;  military  poi- 
son gas. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 


Arsphenamine 


88 


Asbestos 


Railroad    shipping    regulations:    Green 
label. 


Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Arsphenamine.     See  Salvarsan. 

Artemisia  Absinthium  Oil.     See  Worm- 
wood oil. 

Artemisia    Maritima.       See    Wormwood 
oil,  Levant. 

Artificial  Cinnabar.    See  Mercury  sulfide, 
Red. 

Artificial  Gypsum.     See  Calcium  sulfate. 


Arum. 
Derivation:   A   starch    similar   to   sago, 

from  the  root  of  Arum  maculatum. 
Habitat:  Middle  and  Southern  Europe. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:    Bags;   barrels. 
Uses:  Food. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Asafcetida 

Derivation:  A  gum  resin  obtained  from 
the  roots  of  Ferula  narthes  or  Ferula 
foetida.  Native  in  Thibet  and  Turki- 
istan.  Very  obnoxious  odor. 

Grades:  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P.;  technical; 
lump;  powdered. 

Containers:  Tins. 

Uses:  Medicine;  proprietary  remedies. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Asafcetida  Oil.* 
Color  and  properties:  Light-yellow  oil; 

penetrating   disagreeable    odor. 
Constants:   Specific   gravity  0.975-0.990; 

optical  rotation  +13°  to  +19°. 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether,    chloroform 

and  benzol. 
Derivation:    Distilled    from    Gum    asa- 

foetida. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine;  proprietary  remedies. 


Asarum  Canadense  Oil* 

Color  and  properties:  A  yellowish- 
brown  essential  oil;  agreeable,  strong, 
aromatic  odor  and  taste.  Chief 
known  constituents:  Asarol  and 
methyl  eugenol. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.930-0.960; 
optical  rotation  -3.5. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  benzol. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  rhizome  and 
roots  of  Asarum  canadense. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:   Perfumery. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Asarum  Europaeum   Oil* 

Color  and  properties:  Thick,  brownish 
liquid;  sweetish  aromatic  odor.  Chief 
known  constituents:  Asarone,  methyl 
eugenol. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.015-1.068. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  benzol. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  rhizome  and 
roots  of  Asarum  europsem. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:   Perfumery. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Asbestos 

Derivation:  A  fibrous  variety  of  amphi- 
bole  distinguished  by  its  ability  to 
resist  high  temperatures  and  the  ac- 
tion of  acids  and  capable  of  being 
spun  and  woven.  In  commerce  it  in- 
cludes also  fibrous  serpentine  (cryso- 
tile).  Amianthus  is  a  fine  silky 
amphibole  asbestos.  Most  of  the  as- 
bestos of  commerce  comes  from  the 
Province  of  Quebec,  Canada.  It  is 
also  found  in  Alabama,  Arizona,  Cal- 
ifornia, Colorado,  Connecticut,  Dela- 
ware, Georgia,  Idaho,  Maryland, 
Massachusetts,  New  York,  North 


Asparagic  Acid 


89 


Auranth  Amari 


Carolina,  Oregon,  South  Carolina, 
Tennessee,  Texas,  Vermont,  Virginia, 
Washington,  Wisconsin  and  Wyo- 
ming. 

Uses:  Asbestos  fabrics  for  fire-proof 
clothing,  theatre-curtains,  etc.;  pack- 
ings; gaskets;  building  materials; 
acid-proof  filter  mass  and  cloth;  dia- 
phrams  in  electrolytic  cells;  brake 
linings,  etc. 

Asparagic  Acid.  See  Acid  asparaginic. 
Asparaginic  Acid.  See  Acid  asparaginic. 
Aspartic  Acid.  See  Acid  asparaginic. 

Asphalt    (Asphaltum,    Bitumen,    Judean 
pitch,  Jews'  pitch,  Mineral  pitch). 

Derivation:  A  bituminous  mixture,  solid 
or  semi-solid,  either  native  or  com- 
posed of  residues  from  petroleum  re- 
fining, consisting  of  a  mixture  of 
hydrocarbons  and  complex  deriva- 
tives thereof,  which  melts  when 
heated.  Natural  asphalt  is  related  in 
origin  to  petroleum,  is  brown  or 
brownish-black  in  color;  melts  at  32° 
to  38°C;  and  is  mostly  or  wholly  sol- 
uble in  turpentine.  See  also  Albertite, 
Elaterite,  Gilsonite,  Grahamite,  Imp- 
sonite,  Nigrite  and  Wurtzilite. 

Asphalt  occurs  in  Trinidad,  Cuba, 
Venezuela,  Alabama.  Arkansas,  Cali- 
fornia, Indiana,  Kentucky,  Missouri, 
Nevada,  Oklahoma,  Texas,  Utah, 
Wyoming.  Canada,  and  in  many  Eu- 
ropean countries. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Barrels. 

Uses:  Paving  material;  insulation; 
black  varnish. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Asphaltum.    See  Asphalt. 
Aspidosperma.     See  Quebracho. 

Aspidium*      (Male     fern;    Shield     fern; 

Filixmas). 

Derivation:  Dried  rhizome  of  Dryop- 
tcris,  etc. 


Habitat:       North     America,     Northern 

Asia,  Europe  and  Northern  Africa. 
Grades:     Technical;   U.  S.   P. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:   Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Aspirin.      See   Acid   acetylsalicylic. 
Astral  Oil.      See   Kerosene. 

Atakamite.     A  mineral  occurring  in  na- 
ture as  basic  copper  chloride. 

Atoxyl.     See  Sodium  arsanilate. 
Atoxylic  Acid.     See  Acid  arsanilic. 
Atropamine.     See  Apoatropine. 
Atropina,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Atropine. 

Atropinae     Sulfas,     U.     S.     P.,     B.     P. 

Atropine  sulfate. 


Atropine*  (Daturin) 
Color   and   properties:    Colorless,    crys- 

talline alkaloid;  poisonous. 
Constants:  Melting-point  II4°-II5°C. 
Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:  By  extraction  from  Datura 

stramonium. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical:  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:   Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Aubepine.     See  Anisic  aldehyde. 

Auerlite.  A  natural  silico-phosphate  of 
thorium.  Like  zircon  in  form.  North 
Carolina. 

Auramine.  A  basic  vellow  dyestuff  used 
in  dyeing  wook,  silk,  leather  and  paper. 

Auranth  Amari  Cortex,  U.  S.  P.  See 
Orange  peel,  Bitter. 


Auranth  Dulcis 


90 


Azurmalachite 


Auranth  Dulcis   Cortex,  U.   S.   P.      See 

Orange  peel,  Sweet. 


Aurantii  Cortex  Indicus,  B.  P.    See  Or- 
ange peel,  Indian. 


Aurantine.      Trade  name   for   Osage  or- 
ange extract. 


Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:    By    reducing   nitrobenzene 

with    sodium   stannite. 
Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:   Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Auri  et  Spdii  Chloridum,  U.  S.  P. 

Gold-sodium   chloride. 


See      Azobenzide.     See  Azobenzene. 


Austenite.  A  metallographic  term  de- 
noting a  characteristic  constituent  of 
very  high  carbonized  steel. 


Australene.    See  Pinene. 


Australian  Fever  Tree.    See  Eucalyptus. 


Azobenzol.     See  Azobenzene. 


Azotic  Acid.     See  Acid  nitric. 


Azoxytoluidine.     See  Diaminazotoluene. 


Autunite.     A  natural  hydrous  phosphate 
of  uranium  and  calcium; 
CaO.2UO3P2O5.8H2O.      Contains   62.7 
per     cent     UOs,     and     is     radioactive. 
South  Dakota  and  Utah. 


Autumn  Crocus.     See  Colchicum. 


Azobenzene*  (Azobenzol;  Azobenzide; 
Benzeneazobenzene).  CeHs^CeHs. 

Color  and  properties:     Yellow  scales. 

Constants:  Melting-point  68°C.;  boil- 
ing-point 293°C. 


Azurite.  A  natural  blue  copper  car- 
bonate, CuCOs.Cu(OH)2.  Contains  46 
per  cent  copper.  Arizona,  Arkansas, 
British  Columbia,  California,  Colorado, 
Connecticut,  Idaho,  Missouri,  Montana, 
Nevada,  New  Jersey,  New  Mexico, 
North  Carolina,  Oklahoma,  Oregon, 
Pennsylvania,  South  Dakota,  Tennes- 
see, Utah,  Virginia,  Wisconsin  and 
Wyoming. 


Azurmalachite.  A  mineral,  being  a  mix- 
ture of  the  blue  and  green  copper  car- 
bonates. Arizona. 


Babbitt 


91 


Balsam,  Peru 


B 


Babbitt  Metal.  An  alloy  containing  75 
per  cent  to  90  per  cent  copper,  with 
varying  proportions  of  tin  and  anti- 
mony used  for  bearings,  etc. 

Badische  Acid.  See  Acid  beta-naphthyl- 
amine-alpha-sulfonic  2:8. 

Bael  Fruit.    See  Belae  fructus. 


Baeyer  Acid.  See  Acid  beta-naphthyl- 
aminemonosulfonic  2:7. 

Bagasse  (Megass).  By-product  of  the 
sugar  industry. 

Bahama  White  Wood.    See  Canella. 

Bakelite.*  Condensation  products  of 
formaldehyde  and  phenol  or  cresol,  in- 
vented by  L.  H.  Baekeland,  used  as 
plastics,  insulating  materials  and  syn- 
thetic resins,  and  in  the  production  of 
lacquers. 

Baking  Soda.  See  Potassium  bicarbon- 
ate and  Sodium  bicarbonate. 

Palata.  Rubber  gum  obtained  from  the 
juice  of  Minimopo  kauki,  native  of 
Guiana. 

Baldwin's  Phosphorus.  Fused  nitrate  of 
lime,  which  emits  light  for  some  hours 
after  exposure  to  sunlight. 

Ball  Clay.    White  plastic  (fat)  clay. 
Balm  Gilead.    See  Balsam,  Canada. 
Balm  Mint.     See  Crisp  mint. 

Balm  Oil  (Melissa  oil;  Lemon-balm  oil). 
Color  and  properties:  Yellow,  liquid  oil. 
Chief  constituent:  Citral. 


Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.89-0.925. 
Soluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:     By    distillation    from    the 
leaves  and  tops  of  Melissa  officinalis. 
Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:    Tins;    glass    bottles. 
Uses:  Perfumery;  medicine;  flavoring. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Balsam,  Canada*  (Canada  turpentine, 
Balsam  of  fir,  Balsam  of  Gilead). 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish,  trans- 
parent, viscid  liquid,  agreeable  pine- 
like  odor;  bitter  taste. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Pinene  and 
bornyl  acetate. 

Soluble  in  ether,  chloroform,  benzol 
and  xylol. 

Derivation:  From  Abies  balsamiea. 

Habitat:  Canada  and  Northern  U.  S. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:      Medicine;    microscopy. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Balsam  Capivi.     See  Copaiba. 
Balsam  Copaiba.     See  Copaiba. 
Balsam  Fir.    See  Balsam,  Canada. 

Balsam,  Peru  (Peruvian  balsam;  Indian 
balsam;  China  oil;  Black  balsam,). 

Color  and  properties:  Dark,  molasses- 
like  liquid;  pleasant  aromatic  odor; 
warm  bitter  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.140-1.150. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  miscible 
in  acetone,  glacial  acetic  acid  and 
benzol. 

Derivation:  From  Toluifera  pereirae. 

Habitat:  San  Salvador. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.   P.;   B.  P. 

Containers:  Kegs;  iron  drums. 

Uses:  Medicine;  perfumery. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Balsam,  Storax 


92 


Barium  Bromide 


Balsam,  Storax.     See  Styrax. 

Balsam,   Sulfur.      See   Linseed   oil,   Sul- 
furated. 

Balsam  Tolu  (Thomas  balsam,  Opobal- 
sam,  Resin  tolu). 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-brown, 
semi-liquid  or  nearly  solid  resinous 
mass;  aromatic  odor  and  taste. 

Constants:  specific  gravity  1.200;  melt- 
ing-point 6o°-65°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  acetone  and 
chloroform. 

Derivation:  From  Toluifera  balsamom. 

Habitat:  South  America. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:   Kegs;  iron  drums. 

Uses:   Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Balsamum  Peruvianum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

See  Balsum,  Peru. 

Balsamum  Tolutanum,  U.   S.  P.,  B.  P. 

See  Balsam,  Tolu. 

Banana  Oil.    See  Amyl  acetate. 
Banks  Oil.     See  Cod-liver  oil. 
Bannal.     See  Scoparius. 
Barbaloin.     See  Aloin. 
Barbitone.    See  Veronal. 
Barbitonum,  B.  P.     See  Veronal. 
Barbituric  Acid.    See  Acid  barbituric. 
Bardana.     See  Lappa. 

Barilla.  An  impure  carbonate  of  soda, 
obtained  by  drying  sea  plants  and  then 
burning  in  furnaces,  so  heated  as  to 
imperfectly  fuse  the  ashes. 


Barite  (Heavy  spar).  Natural  barium 
sulfate,  BaSC>4.  Alabama,  Arkansas, 
Colorado,  Connecticut,  Georgia,  Ken- 
tucky, Maryland,  Missouri,  Nevada, 
New  Mexico,  New  York,  North  Caro- 
lina, Oregon,  Pennsylvania,  South  Caro- 
lina, Tennessee,  Texas,  Utah,  Virginia, 
West  Virginia,  Wisconsin  and  Wyo- 
ming. 

Barium*   Ba. 

Color  and  properties:  Golden-yellow, 
slightly  lustrous,  somewhat  malleable 
metal.  All  barium  salts  are  poison- 
ous and  are  the  cause  of  "loco" 
disease  in  man  and  cattle. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.78;  melt- 
ing-point 850° C;  boiling-point  950° C. 

Soluble  in  acids;  decomposes  water. 

Derivation:  By  electrolysis  of  barium 
chloride  in  presence  of  ammonium 
chloride. 

Grades:  Technical  (not  an  article  of 
commerce  as  yet;  small  quantities 
available  at  a  very  high  price  from 
dealers  in  rare  minerals,  etc.). 

Containers:  Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Barium  salts;  alloys. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Barium  Acetate*   Ba(C2H3O2)2.H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystals; 
poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.02. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Acetic  acid  is  added  to  a 
solution  of  barium  sulfide.  The  pro- 
duct is  recovered  by  evaporation  and 
subsequent  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  C.  P. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:   Chemical  reagent. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Barium  Binoxide.    See  Barium  peroxide. 

Barium  Bromide*    BaBr2.2H2O. 
Color   and    properties:    Colorless   crys- 
tals; poisonous, 


Barium   Carbonate 


93 


Barium  Ethylsulfate 


Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.852. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of 
barium  sulfide  and  hydrpbromic  acid, 
with  subsequent  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  kegs. 

Uses:  Manufacturing  bromides. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Barium  Carbonate*     BaCOs. 

Color  and  properties:  White  powder; 
poisonous;  found  in  nature  as  the 
mineral  witherite. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.275;  melt- 
ing-point i36o°C. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Sodium  carbonate  is  added 
to  a  solution  of  barium  sulfide.  The 
barium  carbonate  is  filtered,  washed 
and  dried. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Barrels;  kegs. 

Uses:  Ceramics;  barium  salts. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Barium  Chlorate*    Ba(ClO3)2.H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  prisms 
or  white  powder;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.179;  melt- 
ing-point 4I4°C. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Electrolysis  of  barium 
chloride. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:   Iron   Drums. 

Uses:  Pyrotechnics;  dyeing. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 


Barium  Chloride*     BaCl2.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  flat 
crystals;  poisonous! 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.097;  melt- 
ing-point 86o°C. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:    By    the    action    of   hydro- 


chloric acid  on  barium  sulfide  with 
subsequent  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical  (crystals  or  pow- 
dered); U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  kegs. 

Uses:  Medicine;  leather  industry;  rat 
and  vermin  poison;  boiler  com- 
pounds; analytical  chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Barium  Chromate*    BaCrCU. 
Color    and    properties:    Heavy,    yellow, 

crystalline   powder;    poisonous. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  4498. 
Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:      By     the      interaction      of 

barium  chloride  and  sodium  chromate. 

The    precipitate    is    washed,    filtered 

and   dried. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  kegs. 
Uses:   Paint  pigment;  safety  matches. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations'  None. 

Barium  Cyanide*    Ba(CN)2. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder;  poisonous. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydrocy- 
anic acid  on  barium  hydroxide  with 
subsequent  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Steel  barrels. 

Uses:  Metallurgy. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Barium  Dioxide.     See  Barium  peroxide. 

Barium  Ethylsulfate*  (Barium  sulfo- 
vinate)  Ba(C2H5SO4)2.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals; poisonous. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of 
barium  hydroxide  and  ethylsulfuric 
acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 


Barium  Fluoride 


94 


Barium   Nitrate 


Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Tins. 

Uses:  Organic  preparations. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations'  None. 

Barium  Fluoride*     BaF£. 

Color  and  properties:  White  powder; 
poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.828;  melt- 
ing-point i28o°C. 

Sparingly   soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of 
barium  sulfide  and  hydrofluoric  acid 
followed  by  crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Enamels;  antiseptic;  embalming 
fluids. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Barium  Hydrate.    See  Barium  hydroxide. 

Barium  Hydroxide*  (Barium  hydrate; 
Caustic  baryta)  Ba(OH)2.8H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White  powder; 
poisonous;  absorbs  carbon  dioxide 
from  air.  Keep  well  stoppered! 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.656;  melt- 
ing-point 78°  C.,  losing  its  water  of 
crystallization;  boiling-point  I03°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  dissolving  barium  oxide 
in  water  and  subsequent  crystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:  Iron  and  calcium  in  some 
commercial  grades. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical  (crystals  or  anhy- 
drous powder) ;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:   Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Organic  preparations,  barium 
salts,  sugar  industry,  refining  animal 
and  vegetable  oils. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Barium  Iodide*     BaI2.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals; decompose  and  redden  on  ex- 
posure to  air;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  5.150;  melt- 


ing-point: Loses  2H2O  at  539°C.  and 

melts  at  740°C. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:   By  the  action  of  hydriodic 

acid  on  barium  hydroxide. 
Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:   Bottles;  iron  drums. 
Uses:  Iodides;  medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Barium  Manganate*  (Manganese  green, 
Cassel's  green,  Rosenstiehl's  green) 
BaMnO4. 

Color  and  properties:  Emerald-green 
powder;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.85. 

Insoluble  in  water;  decomposed  by 
acids. 

Derivation:  By  heating  manganese  di- 
oxide with  barium  nitrate  and  barium 
sulfate. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:    Pigment. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Barium  Monosulfide.   See  Barium  sulfide. 


Barium  Monoxide.    See  Barium  oxide. 

Barium  Nitrate*  Ba(NO3)2- 

Color  and  properties:  Lustrous,  white 
crystals;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.244;  melt- 
ing-point 575°C. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  nitric  acid 
on  barium  carbonate,  oxide  or  hy- 
droxide and  subsequent  crystalliza- 
tion. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  crystals;  fused  mass 
or  powder. 

Containers:   Iron   drums. 

Uses:  Pyrotechnics;  green  railroad 
torches;  marine  signals,  etc. 

Fire  hazard:   Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 


Barium  Oxide 


95 


Barm 


Barium  Oxide*  (Barium  monoxide,  Ba- 
rium protoxide,  Calcined  baryta) 
BaO. 

Color  and  properties:  White  to  yellow- 
ish-white powder;  poisonous;  absorbs 
carbon  dioxide  readily  from  air;  keep 
well  stoppered. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4-73-5-46. 

Soluble  in  acids;  with  water  forms  the 
hydroxide. 

Derivation:  By  calcining  barium  hy- 
droxide. 

Impurities:   Barium  carbonate,   iron. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  barrels. 

Uses:  Glass  industry;  manufacturing 
barium  salts. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Barium  Peroxide*  (Barium  binoxide) 
BaO2. 

Color  and  properties:  Grayish-white 
powder;  poisonous! 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.96. 

Soluble  in  acids;  decomposes  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  the  monoxide  in 
a  stream  of  oxygen. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:   Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  oxygen  and  hy- 
drogen peroxide;  bleaching. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Barium  Protoxide.    See  Barium  oxide. 


Barium  Rhodanide. 

cyanate. 


See   Barium  sulfo- 


Barium  Sulfate*  (Synthetic  or  artificial 
barytes,  "Blanc  fixe,"  "Permanent 
white,"  Artificial  heavy  spar)  BaSCU. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystalline 
powder;  poisonous;  found  in  nature 
as  barite  or  barytes. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.476. 

Soluble  in  concentrated  sulfuric  acid; 
insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  sulfuric 
acid  on  solutions  of  barium  salts  fol- 
lowed by  careful  drying  and  grinding. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 


Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Sizing  for  paper;  leather;  paints; 

pigments. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Barium  Sulfide*  (Barium  monosulfide) 
BaS. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-green 
or  gray  powder  or  lumps;  poisonous! 
Keep  from  air! 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.25. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  Barium  sulfate  and  coal  are 
roasted  in  a  furnace.  The  melt  is 
lixiviated  with  hot  water,  filtered  and 
evaporated. 

Impurities:   Iron,  arsenic. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:   Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Depilatory;  barium  salts;  vul- 
canizing; weighting  gutta-percha; 
generating  perfectly  pure  hydrogen 
sulfide  for  analytical  purposes. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Barium  Sulfocyanate*     (Barium  sulfocy- 
anide;  Barium  rhodanide). 
Ba(SCN)2.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystals; 
poisonous. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  barium  hydrox- 
ide with  ammonium  sulfocyanate  and 
subsequent  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:   Iron  drums. 

Uses:  For  making  aluminum  or  potas- 
sium sulfocyanates. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Barium  Sulfocyanide.    See  Barium  sulfo- 
cyanate. 

Barium  Sulfovinate.     See  Barium  ethyl- 
sulfate. 


Barm.    See  Yeast. 


Baryta 


96 


Bear's  Weed 


Baryta,  Calcined.    See  Barium  oxide. 
Baryta,  Caustic.    See  Barium  hydroxide. 

Baryta  Water.    A  solution  of  barium  hy- 
droxide. 

Barytes.    See  Barium  sulfate. 

Barytes,  Synthetic.     See  Barium  sulfate. 

Basalt.  A  dense  to  glassy,  dark-colored, 
basic,  volcanic  rock,  composed  essen- 
tially of  soda-lime  feldspar  and  pyro- 
xene; with  or  without  olivine  and  with 
accessory  magnetite  or  ilmenite  and 
apatite.  The  glassy  varieties  are  com- 
posed of  the  uncrystallized  constituents 
of  these  minerals  and  are  called  ob- 
sidian. California,  Connecticut,  Massa- 
chusetts, New  Jersey,  Oregon  and 
Washington. 

Basil  Oil. 

Color    and    properties:    Yellow,    liquid 

oil;  aromatic  odor;  solidifies  on  long 

standing. 
Chief  known  constituents:  Methyl  clavi- 

col,  cineol  and  linalol. 
Constants:    Specific   gravity  0.945-0.987; 

optical  rotation  +7  to  +  12. 
Soluble  in  alcohol. 
Derivation:     From    the    leaves    of    the 

sweet    basil, .  Ocymum    basilicum,    by 

distillation. 

Method    of    purification:    Rectification. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:    Flavoring;    medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


'Basofor." 

sulfate. 


A   trade   name   for   Barium 


Bass  Wood.    See  Linden. 

Bastose.       The    cellulosic    substance    of 
jute  fiber. 

Battery  Acid.    See  Acid,  Battery. 


Bauxite.  Natural  hydrated  alumina,  es- 
sentially A\2  O3.2H2O.  Alabama,  Ar- 
kansas, California,  Colorado,  Georgia, 
Tennessee  and  Virginia. 

Bay.    See  Laurus. 

Bay  Oil.    See  Myrcia  oil. 

Bay  Oil,  Sweet.    See  Laurel  oil,  Volatile. 

Bay  Plum.    See  Guava. 

Bay  Salt. 

Derivation:  Produced  by  exposure  of 
sea-water  to  evaporation  by  the  ac- 
tion of  the  atmosphere  or  the  rays 
of  the  sun.  Contains  sodium  chloride 
(sea  salt). 

Containers:    Bags. 

Bay-berry.     See  Laurus  myrica  cerifera. 
Bay-berry  Oil.     See x  Myrcia  oil. 


Bay-berry  Wax.* 

Derivation:     From     the     bark     of     the 

Myrica      (Candle-berry;      Bay-berry; 

Wax      myrtle;      Wax-berry;     Tallow 

shrub)    by   extraction. 
Color  and  properties:  Green.     The  wax 
consists     of     palmitin,     palmitic     acid, 

myristin  and  lauric  acid. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Boxes. 
Uses:  Medicine;  candles. 
Fire  hazard:   Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Bayer  Acid.      See  Acid  beta-naphthyla- 
minemonosulfonic  2:7. 

Bean  Oil.     See  Soya-bean  oil. 

Bean  Oil,  Chinese.     See  Soya-bean  oil. 

Bear's  Weed.     See  Eriodictyon. 


Bearberry  Bark 


97 


Benzal  Green 


Bearberry   Bark.      See   Cascara   sagrada 
bark. 


Bearwood.     See  Cascara  sagrada  bark. 


Bebeerine*    (Bebirine) 
Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-brown, 

amorphous  powder. 
Constants:  Melting-point  214°  C. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:    By  extraction  of  the  bark 

of  Nectandra  rodiae  or  Pareira  brava 

and  subsequent  crystallization.        ^   . 
Method    of    purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:   Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Bebeerine  Hydrochloride 
Ci8H2iNO3.HCl. 

Color    and    properties:    Reddish-brown 
scales. 

Constants:  Melting-point  259°C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:    By    the    action    of    hydro- 
chloric acid  on  bebeerine. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  Bottles. 

Uses:   Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Bebirine.     See  Bebeerine. 


Beeswax.* 

Constants:   Specific 


gravity  0.965-0.969; 


Dnstants:  specific  gravit 
melting-point   63°-64°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  acetone  and 
chloroform. 

Derivation:  From  the  honey-comb  of 
bees  by  melting  in  hot  water  and 
drawing  off  the  wax  into  moulds.  It 
is  bleached  by  exposure  in  thin  films 
to  the  sun,  or  by  the  moderate  action 
of  chromic  acid,  nitric  acid,  hydrogen 
peroxide,  or  ozone  generated  by  elec- 
tric discharge. 

Grades:  Crude;  refined. 


Containers:  Boxes. 

Uses:  Candle  making;  pharmacy; 
leather  dressing;  shoe  polishes;  ce- 
ments. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Belae  Fructus,  B.  P.  (Bael  fruit).  The 
fresh,  half-ripe  fruit  of  <<Egle  marmlos. 

Belladonna  Leaves.*  (Deadly  night- 
shade, Death's  herb,  Banewort, 
Divale,  Poison  black  cherry). 

Derivation:  Dried  leaves  of  Atropa  bel- 
ladonna. 

Habitat:  Southern  and  Central  Europe, 
Asia  Minor,  Algeria;  cultivated  in 
North  America. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Boxes. 

Uses:  Medicine,  production  of  atropine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Belladonna  Root,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.  (Bella- 
donnas radix).  See  Belladonna  leaves. 

Belladonnas  Folia,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See 

Belladonna  leaves. 

Belladonnas  Radix,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See 

Belladonna  leaves. 

Bengal  Isinglass.     See  Agar-agar. 
Bengal  Kino.    See  Butae  gum. 

Bengal  Lights.  A  mixture  of  realgar, 
potassium  nitrate  and  sulfur. 

Benne   Oil.      See   Sesame   oil. 

Bentonite.  A  bedded  plastic  clay  which 
swells  immensely  upon  wetting.  Cali- 
fornia, Montana,  Utah  and  Wyoming. 

Benzal  Chloride.    See  Benzyl  dichloride. 
Benzal  Green.    See  Malachite  green. 


Benzalacetone 


98 


Benzenemonosulfonic 


Benzalacetone.    See  Benzylidene  acetone. 

Benzaldehyde*  (Benzoic  aldehyde,  Arti- 
ficial essential  oil  of  almonds,  Ben- 
zoyl  hydride)  CeHsCHO. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  frag- 
rant, volatile  oil. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.0504;  melt- 
ing-point -13. 5°  C.;  boiling-point 
179-9°  C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  heating  benzal 
chloride  under  pressure  with  milk  of 
lime  and  calcium  carbonate. 

(b)  By  treating  benzol  with  a  gase- 
ous mixture  of  carbon  monozide  and 
hydrogen     chloride     in     presence     of 
cuprous    chloride    or    aluminum    bro- 
mide. 

(c)  Oxidation   of   toluol   with   lead 
dioxide  and  sulfuric  acid,  followed  by 
distillation. 

Impurities:  Chlorine  derivatives. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical;  f.  f.  c.  (meaning 
"free  from  chlorine");  U.  S.  P. 
Note:  The  specifications,  especially 
regarding  impurities,  vary  consider- 
ably for  the  grades  used  for  dyestuff 
manufacture  from  those  used  in  per- 
fumery. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis;  flavoring 
compounds;  perfumery;  benzoic  acid; 
dyestuffs;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Benzaldehyde     Green.       See     Malachite 
green. 

Benzaldehydum,  U.  S.  P.    See  Benzalde- 
hyde. 


Benzaminae  Lactus,  B.  P.      See   Benza- 
mine  lactate. 


Benzamine  Lactate  (Benzoylvinyldiacet- 
onealkamine  lactate) 


Color  and  properties:  White  crystalline 

powder;  slightly  bitter  taste. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 


Derivation:    Neutralization   of  benzoyl- 
vinyldiacetonalkaline  with  lactic  acid. 
Grades:   Technical;    B.   P. 
Containers:    Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine:  produceion  of  eucaine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Benzaminic  Acid.    See  Acid  meta-amino- 
benzoic. 

Benzaminoacetic   Acid.      See    Acid   hip- 
.puric. 

Benzanilide*  (Benzoylanilide;  Phenyl- 
benzamine)  CeH5NH(COC6H6). 

Color  and  properties:  White  to  reddish- 
white  crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.306;  melt- 
ing-point i6o°-i62°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  From  benzoic  anhydride 
and  aniline  with  caustic  soda. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Kegs. 

Uses:  Medicine;  organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Benzene.     See  Benzol. 
Benzeneazobenzene.       See    Azobenzene. 

Benzeneazoaniline.    See  Diazoaminoben- 
zene. 

Benzene,  Dichloro.    See  Dichlorobenzol. 

Benzene  Diobromide,  Para.  See  Dibro- 
mobenzene,  Para. 

Benzene,  Dibromo.      See   Dibromobenz- 
ene. 

Benzene,  Monochloro.    See  Monochloro- 
benzol. 

Benzenemonosulfonic    acid.       See    Acid 
benzenemonosulfonic. 


Benzenesulfonic 


99 


Benzole  Ether 


Benzenesulfonic    Acid. 

zenemonosulfonic. 


See    Acid    ben- 


Benzenum,  B.  P.    See  Benzol. 


Benzenylaminothiophenol* 


Color  and  properties:  .  Yellow  needles; 

pleasant   odor  of  tea  roses  and  ger- 

anium. 
Constants:    Melting-point    U5°C;    boil- 

ing-point 36o°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  carbon  bisul- 

fide and  di.ute  hydrochloric  acid;  in- 

soluble in  v  ater. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:   Technical. 
Containers:  Tins. 
Uses:    Perfumery. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Benzenyl     Trichloride.       See     Benzotri- 
chloride. 


Benzidine*  (Benzidine  base;  Para-di- 
aminodiphenol)  CeH^NH^NEbCoH^ 

Color  and  properties:  Grayish-yellow, 
crystalline  powder. 

Constants:  Melting-point  I27°C.;  boil- 
ing-point 4OO°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  reducing  nitroben- 
zene with  zinc  dust  in  alkaline  solu- 
tion followed  by  distillation. 

(b)  By  electrolysis  of  nitrobenzene, 
followed    by    distillation. 

(c)  Nitration   of   diphenyl   followed 
by  reduction  of  the  product  with  zinc 
dust    in    alkaline    solution,    with    sub- 
sequent  distillation. 

Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  kegs. 
Uses:    Organic    synthesis;    manufacture 

of   dyestuffs,    especially    Congo    red. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Benzidinedicarboxylic   Acid.      See   Acid 
diaminophenic. 


Benzidine  Sulfate*  (Para-diaminodiphen- 
yl  sulfate)  CisHioCNH^SC^Hj. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystalline 
powder. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  sparingly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Action  of  sulfuric  acid  and 
sodium  sulfate  on  benzidine  with  sub- 
sequent recovery  by  precipitation. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  kegs. 

Uses:    Organic    synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:    None. 

Benzil*    (Dibenzoyl) 
CeHsCO.COCeHs. 

Color  and  properties:     Yellow  needles. 

Constants:  Melting-point  95°C;  boil- 
ing-point 346°-348°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  From  benzoin  by  oxida- 
tion with  nitric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization 
from  alcohol. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Benzine.     See    Petroleum   ether.     Note: 
Do  not  confuse  with  Benzene 
known  commercially  as  Benzol. 


Eenzinum  Purification,  U.  S.  P.    See  Pe- 
troleum ether. 


Benzofurane.     See  Para-coumarone. 


Benzoglycolic    Acid.      See    Acid    amyg- 
dalic. 


Benzoic  Acid.     See  Acid  benzoic. 
Benzoic   Aldehyde.     See    Benzaldehyde. 
Benzoic  Ether.     See  Ethyl  benzoate. 


Benzoic  Sulfimide 


100 


Benzophenone 


Benzoic    Sulfimide,    Ortho-. 
charin. 


See    Sac- 


Benzoic  Trichloride.    See  Benzotrichlor- 
ide. 

Benzoin    (Phenylbenzoylcarbinol;    Oxy- 

phenylbenzylketone) 
C6H5.CH(OH)CO.C6H5.  Condensa- 
tion product  of  benzaldehyde  and  po- 
tassium cyanide;  yellowish  crystals; 
used  in  medicine.  Do  not  coniuse  with 
Gum  benzoin. 

Benzoin;   U.   S.   P.     See   Gum   benzoin, 
Siam. 

Benzoin,   Sumatra;  U.  S.  P.     See   Gum 

benzoin,  Sumatra. 

Bcnzoinum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.      See   Gum 
benzoin. 

Benzol*  (Benzene,  Phenyl  hydride,  Coal 
naphtha)  CeHe. 

Color  and  properties:  Clear,  colorless, 
inflammable  liquid;  characteristic 
odor;  solidifies  at  o°C. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.87843; 
melting-point  5483°C.;  boiling-point 
79-7°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  Illuminating  gas  arid 
coke-oven  'gas  are  "scrubbed,"  by 
passing  through  oil  which  thus  be- 
comes saturated  with  benzol  and  tol- 
uol. The  resulting  oil  is  distilled, 
benzol  and  toluol  being  recovered, 
which  are  then  separated  by  frac- 
tional distillation,  (b)  Coal-tar,  after 
dehydration,  is  fractionally  distilled 
yielding  "light  oil."  On  distilling 
this,  the  first  runnings  contain  the 
crude  benzol.  This  is  successively 
washed  with  caustic  soda,  sulfuric 
acid  and  water,  and  again  distilled. 

Impurities:  Toluol,  xylol,  tarry  sub- 
stances. 

Grades:  Crude;  straw  color;  50  per 
cent;  90  per  cent;  100  per  cent;  U.  S. 
P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  tank  cars;  tin 
cans. 


Uses:  Nitrobenzol,  from  which  aniline 
is  prepared;  chlorobenzol  from 
which  phenol  is  produced;  benzolsul- 
fonic  acid  for  the  preparation  of  re- 
sorcin;  azobenzol  for  benzidine; 
miscellaneous  organic  preparations; 
solvent;  for  motor  fuel,  alone  or  with 
other  liquid  fuels;  paint  and  varnish 
removers. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Benzol   160°.     See   Naphtha,   Solvent. 

Benzolaminoacetic  Acid.     See  Acid  hip- 
puric. 

Benzolazoaniline.     See  Diazoaminobenz- 
ene. 


Benzolsulfonic  Acid. 

monosulfonic. 


See  Acid  benzene- 


Benzonaphthol. 

benzoate. 


See    Naphthol,    Beta- 


Benzonitrile*  (Phenyl  cyanide) 
C6H5CN. 

Color  and  properties:  Transparent, 
colorless  oil;  odor  of  essential  oil  of 
almonds. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.0051;  boil- 
ing-point I9I.3°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  From  benzoic  acid  by 
heating  with  lead  sulfocyanate. 

Method  of  purification:     Distillation. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  iron  drums. 

Uses:      Organic    synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Benzophenone*    (Diphenylketone) 

(C6H5)2CO. 
Color       and       properties:         Colorless 

prisms. 
Constants:       Specific     gravity     1.0976; 

melting-point      48°  C.;      boiling-point 

305.9°C. 


Benzopurpurin 


101 


\  Efcibyt:  Alcohol 


Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:    From  calcium  benzoate  by 

dry  distillation. 
Method  of  purification:     Crystallization 

from  alcohol. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Tins. 
Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Benzopurpurin.  A  red  substantive  dye- 
stuff  formed  by  combining  naphthionic 
acid  with  the  diazo  compound  of  ortho- 
toluidine.  (Brownish-red  powder.) 
Used  in  dyeing  wool  and  silk;  various 
shades  known  by  combinations  of  let- 
ters and  numbers,  such  as  46,  loB,  etc., 
placed  after  the  name. 

Benzoquinone.     See  Quinone. 

Benzpsol.  A  proprietary  name  for 
Guaiacol  benzoate. 


Benzosulfimide.     See  Saccharin. 

Benzosulphinidum,   U.   S.   P.     See   Sac- 
charin. 

Benzotrichloride     (Toluene     trichloride, 
Benzenyl     trichloride,     Benzoic     tri- 
chloride, Phenylchloroform) 
C6H5CCl3. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  to  yel- 
lowish liquid;  characteristic,  pene- 
trating odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.38;  boil- 
ing-point 2i3°-2i4°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  chlorination  of 
boiling  toluol. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums. 

Uses:    Aniline  dye  industry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Benroylanilide.     See  Benzanili4e. 


Benzoyl  Chloride*  Ce.H5COCl. 

Color  and  properties:  Transparent, 
colorless  pungent  liquid;  vapor  causes 
tears. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.2188; 
melting-point  o.5°C;  boiling-point 
I97.2°C. 

Soluble  in  ether;  carbon  bisulfide;  de- 
composes in  water. 

Derivation:  By  tire  chlorination  of 
benzaldehyde  and  subsequent  distilla- 
tion. 

Method  of  purification:     Redistillation. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:     Organic  preparations. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Benzoylglycin.    See  Acid  hippuric. 
Benzoylglycocoll.     See  Acid  hippuric. 
Benzoyl  Hydride.     See  Benzaldehyde. 
Benzoylmethide.     See  Hypnone. 

Benzoylnaphthol.     See  Naphthol  benzo- 
ate, Beta-. 

Benzoylsulfonic   Imide.     See   Saccharin. 

Benzoylvinyldiacetonealkamine     Hydro- 
chloride.    See  Eucaine. 

Benzyl  Alcohol*  C6H5CH2OH. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  liquid; 
faint  aromatic  odor. 

Constants:     Boiling-point  2o6°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  ether  and 
methyl  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  potas- 
sium hydroxide  on  benzaldehyde  and 
subsequent  distillation. 

Method   of   purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  iron  drums. 

Uses:     Perfumes;  organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label 


102 


Benzyl   Iodide 


Benzylamine*  CoH5CH2NH2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  liquid; 
strongly  alkaline  reaction. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9813;  boil- 
ing-point i84.5°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  reduction  of  thio- 
benzamine  by  nascent  hydrogen. 

Method  of  purification:     Distillation. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Iron   drums. 

Uses:    Organic    synthesis. 

Fire   hazard:      None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Benzylaniline*  C6H5.NH.CH2.C6H5. 

Color  and  properties:    Colorless  prisms. 

Constants:  Melting-point  33°C.;  boil- 
ing-point 3io°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating .  aniline  with 
benzyl  chloride. 

Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:      Organic   synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Benzylbenzene.     See   Diphenylmethane. 


Benzyl  Bichloride.     See   Benzyl  dichlor- 
ide. 


Benzyl  Bromide.*  C6H5CH2Br.    A  mili- 
tary poison  gas  used  in  the  late  war. 

Benzyl   Chloride*   C6H5CH2C1. 
Color  and  properties:     Colorless  liquid; 

aromatic  odor. 
Constants:        Specific     gravity     1.1027; 

melting-point    -41.2° C;    boiling-point 

I79°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:     By    passing    chlorine    over 

boiling   toluol    until    it   has    increased 

38  per  cent  in   weight.     The   product 

is  washed  with   water  and  separated 

by  fractional  distillation. 
Method  of  purification:     Redistillation. 


Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:         Glass       carboys;       iron 

drums. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Benzyl  Cyanide*  (Phenylacetic  acid  ni- 
trile)  CGH5CH2CN. 

Color  and  properties:     Colorless  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.0157, 
melting-point  -24.6° C.;  boiling-point 
233.5°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of 
benzyl  chloride  and  potassium  cyan- 
ide. 

Method   of  purification:      Distillation. 

Grades:      Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Benzyl  Bichloride*  (Benzylidene  chlor- 
ide, Benzal  chloride,  Benzylene  chlo- 
ride, Chlorobenzal)  C6H5CHC12. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  oily 
liquid;  faint  aromatic  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.295; 
melting-point  i6.i°C.;  boiling-point 

2I2.4°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  chlorination  of 
toluol,  until  two  formula  weights  of 
chlorine  are  absorbed. 

Method  of  purification:     Distillation. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Iron   drums. 

Uses:  Dyestuffs;  substitute  for  mustard 
gas  in  Chemical  Warfare  Service 
shell  experiments,  on  account  of 
similarity  of  physical  properties. 

Fire   hazard:      None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Benzyl  Iodide*  Cr,H5CH2I. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals; vapors  cause  tears. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.7335; 
melting-point  34.i°C;  boiling-point: 
Decomposes. 


Benzylphenyl 


103 


Bergamot  Oil 


Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of 
benzyl  chloride  and  hydriodic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:      Organic    synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Benzylphenylamine.     See  Benzylamine. 


Benzyl  Sulfide* 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  tab- 
lets. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.0712; 
melting-point  4Q°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  potassium 
sulfide  on  benzyl  chloride  and  subse- 
quent distillation. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Benzylene  Chloride.  See  Benzyl  dichlor- 
ide. 


Benzylidene    Acetone*    (Benzalacetone, 
Acetocinnamone,  Methylcinnamyl  ke- 
tone,    Methylstyryl    ketone) 
C6H5:CH.CH.CO.CH3. 

Color  and  properties:     Colorless   crys- 
tals; odor  of  coumarin. 

Constants:     Melting-point  42° C. 

Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether,    benzol    and 
chloroform;   insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:     By  heating  calcium  cinna- 
mate  and  calcium  acetate. 

Method    of    purification:       Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Tin  cans;  iron  drums. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Berberine* 

Color  and  properties:  White  to  yellow 
crystals;  poisonous. 

Constants:     Melting-point   I45°C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol;  very 
slightly  soluble  in  ether. 

Derivation:  From  the  berries  of  Ber- 
beris  vulgaris,  by  extraction  and  sub- 
sequent crystallization.  The  salts  of 
this  alkaloid  are  obtained  by  the  ac- 
tion of  the  respective  acid  on  the  al- 
kaloid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;   glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Berberis. 

Derivation:      Dried    stems    of    Berberis 

aristata. 

Grades:     Technical;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Berengelite.     A  pitch-like  mineral  found 
in  Peru.     Used  for  caulking  purposes. 


Bergamot  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-green 
liquid;  very  fragrant  odor;  aromatic, 
bitter  taste.  Chief  known  constitu- 
ents: Limonene,  dipentene,  linalool 
and  linalyl  acetate. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.880-0.885; 
refractive  index  1.465  to  1.470;  opti- 
cal rottion  +9°  to  +15°. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  benzol. 

Derivation:  By  expression  from  the 
rind  of  the  fresh  fruit  of  Citrus  ber- 
gamia. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  tins;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:     Perfumes. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Berlin  Blue 


104 


Betula  Oil 


Berlin  Blue.    See  Ferric  ferrocyanide. 
Berry  Alder.    See  Frangula. 

Beryl.  A  natural  metasilicate  of  gluci- 
num  and  aluminum. 

Beryllium.     See  Glucinum. 

Beryllium  Nitrate.  See  Glucinum  ni- 
trate. 

Beryllium  Oxide.     See  Glucinum  oxide. 

Beta-Eucainae  Hydro  ;hloricum,  U.  S.  P. 

See  Eucaine,  Beta-,  Hydrochloride. 

Beta-Eucaine.     See   Eucaine,   Beta-. 
Beta-Isoamylene.     See  Amylene. 
Beta-Naphthol.     See  Napthol,  Beta-. 

Beta-Naphthol  Benzoate.  See  Naph- 
thol  benzoate,  Beta-. 

Beta-Naphthol  Bismuth.     See  Orphol. 

Beta-Naphtholdisulfonic  Acid.  See  Acid 
naphtholdisulfonic,  Beta-. 

Beta-Naphtholsulfonic  Acid.  See  Acid 
naphtholsulfonic,  Beta-. 

Beta-Naphthol  Orange.  See  Tropseo- 
line. 

Beta-Naphtholquinone.  See  Naphthol- 
quinone,  Beta-. 

Beta-Naphtholum,  U.  S.  P.  See  Naph- 
thol,  Beta-. 

Beta-Naphthylamine.  See  Naphthyl- 
amine,  Beta-. 

Beta-Naphthylamine-alpha-sulfonic  Acid. 
See  Acid  naphthylamine-alpha-sulfonic, 
Beta-. 

Beta-Naphthylamine-beta-sulfonic  Acid. 
See  Acid  naphthylamine-beta-sulfonic, 
Beta-, 


Beta-Naphthylethyl  Ester.  See  Bromel- 
ia. 

Beta-Naphthylmethyl  Ether.  See  Naph- 
thylmethyl  ether,  Beta- 

Beta-Phenylacrylic  Acid.     See  Acid  cin- 

namic. 

Beta-Pyridinecarboxylic  Acid.  See  Acid 
nicotinic 

Beta-Pyridyl-alpha-normal-methyl- 
pyrrolidine.     See  Nicotine. 

Beta-Quinine.     See  Quinidine. 
Beta-Terpineol.     See  Terpineol. 

Betaine.  The  alkaloid  of  the  sugar 
beet;  colorless  crystals;  used  in  medi- 
cine. 

Betanol.*  The  trade  name  for  an  oil 
used  in  the  production  of  para-reds, 
giving  a  bluer,  bloomier  shade. 

Betel. 
Derivation:       Dried     leaves     of     Piper 

betle. 

Grades:  Technical;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:      Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Betol.  A  preparation  of  beta-naphthol 
salicylate  for  medical  use. 

Betula  Oil*  (Sweet  birch  oil,  Winter- 
green  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  or  yel- 
low liquid;  characteristic  strong,  aro- 
matic odor. 

Chief  known  constituent:  Methyl  sal- 
icylate. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  1.180-1.185. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  benzol. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  bark  of 
Betula  lenta,  so-called  sweet  cherry 
or  black  birch. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 


Betulin 


105 


Bischofite 


Containers:      Iron    drums;    tins;    glass 

bottles. 

Uses:     Flavoring  agent. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Betulin.    A  birch-bark  resin. 
Bibirine.     See  Bebeerine. 

Bicalcic  Phosphate.     See  Calcium  phos- 
phate, Dibasic. 

Bicarbide  of  Hydrogen.     See  Methane. 

Bichloroacetic  Acid.    See  Acid  dichloro- 
acetic. 

Bilberry.    See  Vaccinium. 
Bilifulvin.     See  Bilirubin. 


Bilifuscin. 
Color     and     properties:       Dark-brown 

powder. 
Soluble   in   alcohol,   glacial   acetic   acid 

and   alkalis;   insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:     From  bile  pigment. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Analytical  chemistry. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Biliphaein.     See  Bilirubin. 

Bilirubin*   (Biliphaein,   Bilifulvin,   Chole- 

pyrrhin,    Hematoidin)    CmHigN^Os. 
Color      and      properties:        Orange-red 

powder. 

Constants:     Melting-point  IQ2°C. 
Soluble    in    acids,    alkalis,    chloroform 

and   benzol;   insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:     From  bile  pigment. 
Method    of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:    Glass    bottles;    tins. 
Uses:     Analytical   chemistry. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Bindheimite.  A  natural  hydrous  anti- 
monate  of  lead;  an  oxidation  product 
of  jamesonite.  Nevada. 

Bi — .     See  also  Di — . 
Binitrobenzene.     See  Dinitrobenzene. 
Binitrobenzol.     See  Dinitrobenzene. 
Binitrotoluene.     See  Dinitrotoluene. 
Binitrotoluol.     See   Dinitrotoluene. 


Binitronaphthalene.       See     Dinitronaph- 
thalene. 


Biotitc.  A  black  or  brown  mica.  See 
Mica. 

Birch-bark  Rubber.  A  dense,  black  gum 
from  the  outer  layers  of  the  birch  tree, 
possessing  the  usual  properties  of 
gutta-percha. 

Birch  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish- 
brown  liquid;  characteristic  odor  like 
that  of  Russia  leather;  poisonous! 
Chief  known  constituents:  Phenols. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.956. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform, 
benzol  and  naphtha. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  birch-tar, 
obtained  from  the  dry  distillation  of 
the  wood  of  Betula  alba. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  tins. 

Uses:     Leather  dressing;  disinfectant. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:     None. 

Birch  Oil,  Sweet.    See  Betula  oil. 
Birth-wort.    See  Serpentaria. 

Bischofite.  A  natural  hydrated  magne- 
sium chloride. 


Bismuth 


106 


Bismuth  Chromate 


Bismuth*   Bi. 

Color  and  properties:  Grayish-white, 
hard,  brittle  metal,  with  a  reddish 
tinge;  sometimes  found  native.  See 
also  Bismuthinite,  Bismutite,  Cosalite 
and  Tetradymite.  Arizona,  Califor- 
nia, Connecticut,  Nevada,  New  Mex- 
ico, Utah  and  Washington. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  9747; 
melting-point  268°  C;  boiling-point 
1420°  C. 

Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  and  nitric 
acid;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  The  ores  are  roasted  to 
remove  sulfur  and  then  reduced  by 
fusing  in  crucibles  with  coal,  iron  and 
flux. 

Impurities:  Lead;  iron;  copper;  arsenic; 
antimony;  selenium. 

Grades:  Technical,  about  98  per  cent 
Bi;  C.  P.  powder. 

Containers:     Boxes;  drums. 

Uses:  Low  melting  alloys  (Wood, 
Rose  and  Newton's  metals);  bismuth 
salts  (almost  all  of  which  are  used  in 
^medicine) ;  dentistry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Bismuth-Ammonium  Citrate. 

Color  and  properties:  Pearly,  shining, 
transparent  scales;  slightly  acid,  me- 
tallic taste;  becoming  opaque  on  ex- 
posure; composition  varies. 

Soluble  in  water;  slightly  soluble  in  al- 
cohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  bis- 
muth oxynitrate;  citric  acid  and  am- 
monium hydroxide. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers^  Tins;  amber  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Bismuth  Bcnzoate*.     Bi(C7H5O2)2. 
Color  and  properties:   White,  tasteless 

powder. 
Soluble   in  mineral   acids;   insoluble   in 

water. 
Derivation:      By   the    interaction    of    a 

bismuth  salt  and  benzoic  acid. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tins. 
Uses:     Medicine. 


Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Bismuth     Beta-Naphtholate*      (Orphol) 

Bi(Ci0H6OH)8. 
Color    and    properties:     Grayish-yellow 

powder. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:      By    fusing    beta-naphthp] 

and   bismuth    oxide   and    distilling  in 

vacuo. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Bismuth   Carbolate.     See    Bismuth   phe- 
nate. 


Bismuth   Carbonate.     See  Bismuth  sub- 
carbonate. 


Bismuth  Chloride*  (Bismuth  trichloride) 
BiCl3. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  very  de- 
liquescent crystals;  volatilized  by 
heat. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.56;  melt- 
ing-point 227°C;  boiling-point:  De- 
composes at  30O°C. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  alcohol; 
decomposes  in  water  to  the  oxychlor- 
ide. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  on  bismuth. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Bismuth  salts. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Bismuth  Chromate.*     Bi2Os.2CrO3. 

Color  and  properties:  Orange-yellow 
amorphous  powder. 

Soluble  in  alkalis;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  bis- 
muth nitrate  and  potassium  chrom- 
ate. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;   kegs. 

Uses:     Pigment. 


Bismuth  Gallate 


107 


Bismuth  Phenate 


Fire  hazard:    None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Bismuth    Gallate,    Basic.      See    Bismuth 
subgallate. 

Bismuth  Hydroxide*  (Bismuth  -hydrate; 
Bismuth  trihydroxide;  Bismuth  tri- 
hydrate;  Hydrated  bismuth  oxide) 
Bi(OH)«. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  amor- 
phous powder. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  sodium 
hydroxide  on  a  solution  of  a  bismuth 
salt. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  tins;  bar- 
rels. 

Uses:     Bismuth  salts. 

Fire   hazard:      None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Bismuth  Iodide*  (Bismuth  triiodide) 
BiI3. 

Color  and  properties:  Grayish-black, 
metallic,  glistening  crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  5.65;  melt- 
ing-point 408°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  hydriodic  acid  and 
potassium  iodide;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  bis- 
-muth  chloride  and  potassium  iodide. 

Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Analytical  chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Bismuth  Magistery.     See   Bismuth  sub- 
nitrate. 


Bismuth  Nitrate*  (Bismuth  ternitrate, 
Bismuth  trinitrate)  Bi(NOs)3.5H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Lustrous,  clear, 
colorless,  hydroscopic  crystals;  acid 
taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.78;  melt- 
ing-point 74°  C.;  boiling-point:  De- 
composes 75°-8o°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  acetone;  decom- 
posed by  water  to  the  subnitrate. 


Derivation:  By  the  action  of  nitric 
acid  on  bismuth,  with  subsequent  re- 
covery by  evaporation  and  crystalli- 
zation. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Tins;  kegs. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Bismuth  Oleate.* 

Derivation:  A  combination  of  bismuth 
trioxide  and  oleic  acid. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish- 
brown,  soft,  granular  mass. 

Soluble  in  ether;   insoluble  in  water. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Bismuth  Oxide.     See   Bismuth  trioxide. 


Bismuth  Oxide,  Hydrated.    See  Bismuth 
hydroxide. 


Bismuth    Oxycarbonate.      See    Bismuth 
subcarbonate. 


Bismuth  Oxychloride*  (Bismuthyl  chlor- 
ide, Pearl  white)  BiOCl. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  lustrous 
crystalline  powder. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  7.717. 

Soluble  in  acid;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  water  on 
bismuth  chloride. 

Grades :     Technical. 

Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles; 
wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Medicine;  face  powder;  pig- 
ment. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Bismuth  Oxyiodotannate.     See  Ibit. 
Bismuth    Phenate*    (Bismuth    carbolate, 


Bismuth  Phenolate 


108 


Bismuth  Subsalicylate 


Bismuth   phenolate,    Bismuth   pheny- 
late,  Phenolbismuth) 
BicOH)2C6H5O. 

Color  and  properties:  Grayish-white 
powder;  odorless  and  tasteless. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in' water,  al- 
cohol and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  bis- 
muth hydroxide  and  phenol. 

Grades:  Technical,  80  per  cent  Bi2Os. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Bismuth  Phenolate.     See   Bismuth  phe- 
nate. 

Bismuth  Phenolsulfonate*  (Bismuth  sul- 
focarbolate,  Bismuth  sulfophenate). 

Color  and  properties:  Pale,  reddish 
powder. 

Slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  bis- 
muth hydroxide  and  phenolsulfonate. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:     Medicine,  antiseptic. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Bismuth   Pyrogallate*    (Helcosol;    Basic 
bismuth  pyrogallate) 
CGH3(OH)O2:BiOH. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow,  amor- 
phous powder;  odorless;  tasteless.  ^ 

Soluble  in  dilute  hydrochloric  acid;  in- 
soluble in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  pyrogal- 
lic  acid  on  bismuth  carbonate. 

Grades:     Technical,  60  per  cent  Bi2Os. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:      Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Derivation:  By  adding  sodium  carbo- 
nate to  a  solution  of  a  bismuth  salt. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels;   tins. 

Uses:  Bismuth  compounds;  face  pow- 
der; medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Bismuth    Subgallate*    (Dermatol,    Basic 

bismuth  gallate)  Bi(OH)2C7H5O5. 
Color   and   properties:      Saffron-yellow 

powder. 
Soluble    in   dilute   alkalis;   insoluble   in 

water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:   By  adding  bismuth  gallate 

to  water. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Tin  cans. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Bismuth  Subnitrate*   (Magistery  of  bis- 
muth; Basic  bismuth  nitrate) 
BiON03.H20. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  heavy 
powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.928;  melt- 
ing-point: Decomposes  at  260° C. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  adding  bismuth  nitrate 
to  water,  filtering  and  drying. 

Impurities:  Arsenic,  lead,  silver  car- 
bonates. First  two  especially  should 
be  watched  for,  if  article  is  to  be  used 
in  pharmacy  or  medicine. 

Grades:  Technical,  not  less  than  80  per 
cent  Bi2Os,  free  from  As,  Pb,  Sb  or 
Ag.;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  ^  Tins,   wooden   barrels. 

Uses:  Medicine,  enamels,  fluxes,  cos- 
metics. 

Fire  hazard:    None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Bismuth    Subcarbonate*    (Bismuth    oxy- 
carbonate.   Bismuth  "carbonate") 
Bi2O3.CO2.H2O. 

Color  and  properties:     White,  odorless 
powder. 

Constants:      Specific   gravity  6.86. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 


Bismuth  Subsalicylate*  (Basic  bismuth 
salicylate)  Bi(C7H5O3)3Bii2O3. 

Color  and  properties:  White  bulky, 
crystalline  powder;  tasteless. 

Soluble  in  acids  and  alkalis;  insoluble 
in  water  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  adding  bismuth  nitrate 


Bismuth  Sulfide 


109 


Bismuth!  Carbonas 


to    water    and    treating    with    salicylic 

acid. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Tins;  barrels. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Derivation:    By    further    oxidation    of 

bismuth  trioxide. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Tins. 
Uses:  Medicine;  bismuth  salts. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:    None. 


Bismuth  Sulfide* 

Color  and  properties:  Blackish-brown 
powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  7.00-7.81; 
melting-point:  Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  nitric  acid;  insoluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  melting  bismuth 
and  sulfur  together,  (b)  By  passing 
hydrogen  sulfide  into  a  solution  of  a 
bismuth  salt.  The  precipitate  is  fil- 
tered and  dried. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:     Bismuth  compounds. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Bismuth    Sulfocarbolate. 
phenolsulfonate. 


See    Bismuth 


Bismuth     Sulfophcnate.       See     Bismuth 
phenolsulfonate. 


Bismuth    Sulfophenylate. 

phenolsulfonate. 


See    Bismuth 


Bismuth  Tannate.* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow  powder. 
Soluble  in  alcohol;  insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:  By  the  action  of  tannic 

acid  on  bismuth  hydroxide. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:    Tins. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Bismuth  Tetroxide*  (Bismuth  peroxide) 
Bi2O4. 

Color  and  properties:  Heavy,  yellow- 
ish-brown powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  5.6;  melt- 
ing-point 305°  C. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 


Bismuth    Tribromophenate     (Xeroform, 
Bismuth  tribromophenolate) 


Color  and  properties:    Yellow,  odorless 

powder. 

Insoluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:     By  the  interaction  of  bis- 

muth chloride  and  sodium  tribromo- 

phenolate.   The  precipitate  is  filtered 

and  dried. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles;  boxes. 
Uses:     Medicine;  antiseptic. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Bismuth   Tribromophenolate.      See   Bis- 
muth tribromophenate. 


Bismuth      Trichloride. 

chloride. 

Bismuth    Trinitrate. 
trate. 


See      Bismuth 


See    Bismuth    ni- 


Bismuth  Trioxide*  (Bismuth  oxide) 
Bi2O3. 

Color   and   properties:      Heavy,   yellow 
powder. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  8.8;   melt- 
ing-point 820°  C. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:      Ignition    of    bismuth    ni- 
trate. 

Grades :    Technical. 

Containers:  ^  Tins. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:    None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 


Bismuthi  Betanaphtholas,  U.  S.  P. 

Bismuth  beta-naphthol. 


See 


Bismuthi  Carbonas,  B.  P. 
subcarbonate. 


See  Bismuth 


Bismuthi  et  Ammonii 


110 


Black  Balsam 


Bismuthi  et  Ammonii  Citras,  U.   S.  P., 
B.  P.     See  Bismuth-ammonium  citrate. 

Bismuthi  Salicylas,  B.  P.     See  Bismuth 
subsalicylate. 

Bismuthi  Subcarbonas,  U.  S.   P.,  B.  P. 

See    Bismuth   subcarbonate. 


Bismuthi  Subgallas,  U.  S.  P.     See   Bis- 
muth subgallate. 

Bismuthi  Subnitras,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See 

Bismuth  subnitrate. 

Bismuthi   Subsalicylas,   U.   S.   P.,   B.   P. 

See  Bismuth  subsalicylate. 

Bismuthinite.      Natural   bismuth   sulfide, 
Bi2Ss.     Contains  81.2  per  cent  bismuth 
Colorado,     Connecticut,     Nevada     and 
Wyoming. 

Bismuthyl  Chloride.     See  Bismuth  oxy- 
chloride. 


Bismutite.  A  natural  basic  bismuth  car- 
bonate of  doubtful  composition,  per- 
haps Bi2Os.CO2.H2O.  Contains  about 
80  per  cent  bismuth.  California,  New 
Mexico,  Utah  and  Wyoming. 

Bitter  Almonds,  Artificial  Oil  of.  See 
Nitrobenzol. 


Bitter  Almond  Oil  Camphor.     See  Gum 
benzoin. 


Bitter  Apple.     See  Colocynth. 
Bitter  Ash.    See  Euonymus  or  Quassia. 
Bitter  Cucumber.     See  Colocynth. 
Bitter  Damson.     See  Simaruba. 
Bitter  Gourd.     See  Colocynth. 


Bitter  Herb.     See  Erythrsea. 

Bitter  Root.    See  Gentian. 

Bitter  Stick.     See  Chirata. 

Bitter  Wintergreen.     See  Chimaphila. 

Bitterwood  Tree.     See  Quassia. 

Bittern.  Waste  liquors  from  the  salt  in- 
dustry, containing  calcium  and  magne- 
sium sulfates. 

Bitumen.  See  Asphalt.  A  general  name 
for  various  solid  and  semi-solid  hydro- 
carbons. The  term  is  used  by  the 
American  Society  for  Testing  Materials 
to  include  all  those  hydrocarbons  which 
are  soluble  in  carbon  bisulfide,  whether 
gases,  mobile  liquids,  viscous  liquids, 
or  solids. 

Biuret*  (Allophanamide) 
C2H5N302.H20. 

Color  and  properties:     White  needles. 

Constants:     Melting-point  190° C;  boil- 
ing-point:    Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:     From  urea  by  heat. 

Method    of    purification:      Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Analytical  chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Black,  Aniline.     See  Aniline  black. 
Black  Antimony.    See  Antimony  sulfide. 

Black  Ash.  A  brownish-black  or  dark 
gray  substance  containing,  generally, 
45  per  cent  sodium  carbonate,  30  per 
cent  calcium  sulfide,  10  per  cent  cal- 
cium hydroxide.  Met  with  in  certain 
processes  of  alkali  manufacture. 

Black  Balsam.     See  Balsam,  Peru. 


Black  Boy  Gum 


111 


Bleach 


Black  Boy  Gum.     See  Gum  accroides. 

Black,   Carbon    (Lampblack,    Gas-black) 
Derivation:     By  applying  a  natural  gas 

or  oil  flame  against  cold  iron  plates 

or  rollers.     The  carbon  is  deposited 

on  the  plates  or  rollers. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:    Printing    inks;    paint    pigment; 

rubber  manufacture. 
Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Black  Catechu.     See  Extract  of  cutch. 
Black  Cohosh.     See  Cimicifuga. 
Black  Dogwood.     See  Frangula. 

Black   Fish    Oil*    (Jaw   oil,   Malon   oil). 

Derivation:  From  the  jaws  of  the  black- 
fish,  Globicephalus  melas,  by  extrac- 
tion with  hot  water. 

Color  and  properties:  A  pale,  yellow, 
fixed  oil,  yielding  spermaceti  (Cetyl 
palmitate)  on  standing.  The  oil  ob- 
tained from  the  head  and  jaw  is  the 
finest  quality. 

Constants:  Optical  rotation  -3°  to  +5°; 
saponification  value  290;  iodine  num- 
ber 32.8. 

Soluble  in  ether,  acetone  and  chloro- 
form. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Barrels;  tins;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Lubricant  for  very  fine  machin- 
ery, watches,  etc. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Black,  Gas.     See  Black,  Carbon. 
Black  Haw.     See  Viburnum  prunifolium. 
Black  Henbane.     See  Hyoscyamus. 
Blackjack.     See  Sphalerite. 
Black,  Lamp.     See  Black,  Carbon. 


Black  Lead.     See  Graphite. 

Black  Mustard.     See  Sinapis  nigra. 

Black  Mustard  Oil.     See  Mustard  oil. 

Black  Oxide  of  Manganese.    See  Pyrolu- 
site. 

Black  Pepper  Oil.     See  Pepper  oil. 
Black,  Platinum.     See  Platinum. 

Black  Precipitate.     See   Mercury   oxide, 
Black. 

Black  Root.     See  Leptandra. 
Black  Sampson.    See  Echinacea. 
Black  Sea  Rape  Oil.    See  Ravison  oil. 
Black  Snake-root.      See   Cimicifuga. 

Blanc    Fixe    (Precipitated    barium    sul- 
fate).     See  Barium  sulfate. 

Blanching   Liquor.     A   solution   of   cal- 
cium  oxychloride. 

Blasting  Oil.     See  Nitroglycerine. 

Blau  Gas. 

Derivation:  A  modification  of  Pintsch 
gas.  In  this  process  the  oil  is  de- 
composed in  retorts  and  after  being 
purified  is  compressed  to  100  atmos- 
pheres, so  that  the  greater  portion  of 
it  liquefies. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Seamless  steel  cylinders. 

Uses:  Industrial  heating;  domestic  il- 
lumination and  heating. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
(gas)  label. 

Bleach.     See   Calcium  oxychloride. 


Bleach,  Liquid 


112 


Bone  Char 


Bleach,  Liquid.     See  Chlorine. 

Bleaching  Powder.  See  Calcium  oxy- 
chloride. 

Blende.    See  Sphalerite. 

Blistering  Beetle.    See  Cantharides. 

Blistering  Fly.     See  Cantharides. 

Blood  Elder.    See  Ebulus. 

Blood-root.     See  Sanguinaria  » 

Bloodstone.     See  Hematite. 

Blood  Wort.     See  Erythrsea  or  Ebulus. 

Blown  Oil*  (Polymerized  oil;  Oxidized 
oil).  Linseed,  rape-seed  or  fish  oils 
are  oxidized,  and  therefore  converted 
into  drying  oils,  and  made  denser  by 
being  heated  and  having  air  blown 
through  them.  They  are  rich  in 
hydroxy  acid  triglycerides,  are  dark 
colored  (unless  blown  cold,  when  they 
are  almost  colorless),  and  soluble  in 
petroleum  ether.  Used  in  paint  and 
varnish  making,  lubrication,  etc. 

Blubber  Oil.    See  Whale  oil. 

Blue  Black. 

Derivation:      By    distilling   beechwood. 
Uses:     Paint  pigment. 

Blue  Cohosh.     See  Caulophyllum. 
Blue  Gum  tree.    See  Eucalyptus. 

Blue  Jack.  Nickname  given  to  a  Scotch 
mineral  oil. 

Blue  Malachite,  Artificial.  See  Copper 
carbonate,  Blue. 

Blue  Mass.    See  Mercury  mass. 


Blue  Powder.    See  Zinc  dust. 

Blue,  Prussian.    See  Ferric  ferrocyanide. 

Bluestone.  The  common  name  for  a 
dark  bluish-gray  feldspathic  sandstone 
or  arkose.  The  color  is  due  to  the  pres- 
ence of  fine  grains  of  black  and  dark- 
green  minerals,  chiefly  hornblende  and 
chlorite.  The  rock  is  extensively  quar- 
ried in  New  York,  Pennsylvania  and 
New  Jersey.  Its  toughness,  due  to 
slight  metamorphism,  and  the  ease  with 
which  it  may  be  split  into  thin  slabs, 
especially  adapt  it  for  use  as  flagstone. 
The  term  has  been  locally  applied  to 
other  rocks,  among  which  are  dark- 
blue  slate  and  blue  limestone. 

Blue  Stone.    See  Copper  sulfate. 
Blue  Vitrol.     See   Copper  sulfate. 
Blue  Vitrol,  Natural.     See  Chalcanthite. 

Blue  Verdigris.  See  Copper  acetate, 
Basic  blue. 

Body  Oil.     See  Whale  oil. 
Boghead  Naphtha.     See  Photogen. 

Boghead  Mineral.  A  bituminous  shale 
found  in  Scotland.  Used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  paraffin. 

Bog  Iron  Ore.    See  Brown  iron  ore. 
Bog  Manganese.    See  Wad. 
Boiled  Oil.     See  Linseed  oil. 
Bolus  Alba.    See  Kaolin. 
Bone  Black.     See  Charcoal,  Animal. 
Bone  Char.    See  Charcoal,  Animal. 


Bone  Charcoal 


113 


Borolon 


Bone  Charcoal.     See  Charcoal,  Animal. 
Bone  Earth.     See   Calcined  bones. 
Bone  Glue.     See  Glue,  Bone. 


Boracite.  A  mineral  containing  borax 
found  at  Stassfurt,  Germany. 

Borax  (Tincal)  Natural  sodium  borate 
Na2O.2B2O3.ioH2O.  California,  Ne- 
vada, Oregon  and  Texas. 


Bone  Oil*   (Animal  oil;  Dippel's  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Brown,  liquid, 
fixed  oil;  repulsive  odor. 

Chief  constituents:  Hydrocarbons,  py- 
ridine  bases,  amines. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.900-0.980. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  destruction  dis- 
tillation of  bones  or  other  animal  sub- 
stance. After  extraction  with  benzol 
or  carbon  bisulfide,  they  are  dis- 
tilled in  iron  or  clay  retorts, 
the  volatile  products,  consisting  of 
gaseous  ammonium  salts  and  bone 
oil,  are  condensed  and  the  gases  con- 
taining the  ammonium  compounds 
collected  in  sulfuric  acid.  The  bone 
oil  and  aqueous  liquor  collected  are 
separated  by  gravity.  The  crude  bone 
oil  is  subjected  to  fractional  distil- 
lation. The  constituents  are  numer- 
ous, the  most  important  being  pyri- 
dine. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  tank  cars. 

Uses:  Organic  preparations;  medicine; 
insectifuge;  source  of  pyrrole. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 


Boneset.     See  Eupatorium. 


Bone  Tallow.* 

Color  and  properties:  A  foul  smell- 
ing dark,  soft  grease. 

Derivation:  By  boiling  fresh  bones  in 
water  to  extract  the  marrow  and  fat. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Cheap,  colored  soaps. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous,. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Boracic  Acid.     See  Acid  boric. 


Borax  Glass.    See  Sodium  borate,  fused. 

Borax  Glycerite.    See  Sodium  glycerino- 
borate. 


Bordeaux  Mixture.     A  liquid  insecticide 
made  chiefly  of  copper  arsenhe. 

Boric  Acid.     See  Acid  boric. 

Borneene.     A  volatile  and  inflammable, 
oily  liquid  hydrocarbon. 

Borneol*  (Borneo  camphor) 
CioHi7OH. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  translu- 
cent lumps;  peculiar  peppery  odor; 
burning  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  i.on;  melt- 
ing-point 2o8°C.;  boiling-point  2I2°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  very 
slightly  soluble  in  water. 

.Derivation:  By  reduction  of  ordinary 
camphor  with  nascent  hydrogen. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Barrels;  kegs;  boxes;  tins. 

Uses:      Medicine;    celluloid. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Bornite  (Erubescite,  Peacock  copper 
ore).  A  natural  sulfide  of  copper  and 
iron,  CusFeSs.  Contains  62  per  cent 
copper.  Arizona,  California,  Colorado, 
Connecticut.  Idaho,  Maine,  Maryland, 
Montana,  Nevada,  New  Hampshire, 
New  Mexico,  North  Carolina,  Oregon, 
South  Dakota,  Utah,  Virginia,  Wash- 
ington and  Wyoming. 

Borolon*  Al2Os. 

Color    and    properties:    White    to    dark 
wine   colored,  very  tough  and  dense 


Boron 


114 


Bromated 


crystalline  masses  of  artificial  al- 
uminum oxide. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.9-4.0 

Derivation:  Prepared  by  fusion  of 
bauxite  in  an  electric  furnace. 

Grades:  Grains,  from  8  mesh  to  finest 
powders. 

Containers:   Kegs. 

Uses:  Chemical  apparatus;  abrasives; 
refractories;  grinding  wheels;  filters. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Boron*  B. 
Color     and     properties:       Very     soft, 

brown,  amorphous  powder;  ignites  in 

air. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  2.45. 
Soluble  in  concentrated  nitric  and  sul- 

furic  acids. 
Derivation:      By    heating    boric    oxide 

with   powdered  magnesium. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Iron  drums. 
Uses:      Boron    salts;     catalytic    agent; 

metallurgy. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Boron  Oxide.  See  Acid  boric,  Anhydride. 

Boronotungstic   Acid.     See    Acid    boro- 
tungstic. 

Borophenylic     Acid.      See     Acid    boro- 
phenylic. 


Borotungstic  Acid.     See  Acid  borotung- 
stic. 


Borowolframic    Acid.      See    Acid    boro- 
tungstic. 

Bottle-nose    Oil.      A    cheap    grade    of 
olive  oil  used  in  soap-making. 

Bottle-rush.     See  Equisetum. 


Boules   de  Nancy.      See   Ferrous-potas- 
sium tartrate. 


Bovey  Coal.  A  variety  of  brown  coal, 
chiefly  a  compound  of  wood  and  bitu- 
men. 

Bran  Oil.     See  Furfural. 
Brassil.     See    Pyrites. 

Braunite.    A  somewhat  variable,  natural 
manganese    silicate,    approximately 
3Mn2OsMnO.SiO2.      Arkansas,    Geor- 
gia, New  Jersey  and  Vermont. 

Brayera.    See  Kousso. 
Brazil-nut  Oil.    See  Castanha  oil. 
Brazil  Wax.    See  Carnauba  wax. 

Brazil-wood.  Redwood  of  commerce 
(Csesalpinia  brasiliensis.) 

Brazil-wood,  Yellow.  See  Morus  tinc- 
toria. 

Brazilian  Cacao.    See  Guarana. 

Bremen  Blue.  See  Copper  carbonate, 
Blue. 


Bremen  Green.     See   Copper  carbonate, 
Green. 


Brimstone.     See  Sulfur. 
British  Gum.     See  Dextrine. 
Brittle  Silver  Ore.     See  Stephanite. 

Brochantite.  A  natural,  basic  sulfate  of 
copper,  CuSO4-3Cu(OH)2.  Arizona, 
Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

Broenner's  Acid.  See  Acid  beta-naph- 
thylamine-beta-sulfonic. 

Bromated  Camphor.  See  Camphor 
monobromate. 


Bromcamphor 


115 


Bromol 


Bromcamphor.     See  Camphor  monobro- 
mate. 


Railroad    shipping   regulations:     White 
label. 


Bromelia*  (Beta-naphthylethyl  ester) 
CioH7OC2H5. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:      Melting-point   32° C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of 
beta-naphthol  and  ethyl  alcohol  in 
presence  of  sulfuric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:     Perfumes. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Bromic  Acid.     See  Acid  bromic. 


Bromic  Ether.    See  Ethyl  bromide. 


Brominated     Camphor.       See     Camphor 
monobromate. 


Brominated  Methylethyl  Ketone*   (Bro- 
moketone)    CH2BrCOC2Hs   or 
CH3COCHBrCH3.       A     military     poi- 
son gas  used  in  the  late  war. 


Bromine*  Br. 

Color  and  properties:  Very  dark,  red- 
dish-brown liquid;  irritating  fumes. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.1883; 
melting-point  7.3°C;  boiling-point 
58.7°C.  ^ 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  ether  and 
potassium  bromide. 

Derivation:  By  direct  electrolysis  from 
waste  brine  of  the  salt  industry. 

Method  of  purification:     Distillation. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Carboys;  earthenware 
bottles;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis,  dyes;  bro- 
mides; military  poison  gas. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 


Bromine  Iodide.     See   Iodine   monobro- 
mide. 

Bromoacetic  Acid.     See  Acid  monobro- 
moacetic. 

Bromoacetone*  CH2BrCOCH3.    A  mili- 
tary poison  gas  used  in  the  late  war. 

Bromobenzyl  Cyanide,  Ortho-*   (Ortho- 
bromo-2-phenylacetonitrile) 
Cet^CH^CNBr.      A    military    poison 
gas  used  in  the  late  war. 

Bromocamphor.      See    Camphor    mono- 
bromate. 


Bromoform*  (Formyl  tribromide,  Tri- 
bromomethane,  Methenyl  tribromide) 
CHBr3. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  heavy 
liquid;  odor  and  taste  similar  to  those 
of  chloroform. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.8887; 
melting-point  9°C.;  boiling-point 
i5i.2°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  acetone  or 
ethyl  alcohol  with  bromine  and  al- 
kali hydroxide,  and  recovery  by  dis- 
tillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Redistillation. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Tin  cans;  iron  drums; 
glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine;  organic  preparations. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Bromoformum,   U.    S.   P.     See    Bromo- 
form. 

Bromoketone.     See  Brominated  methyl- 
lethy  ketone. 

Bromol.     See  Tribromophenol. 


Bromomethane 


116 


Buku 


Bromomethane.     See   Methyl   bromide. 
Bromonaphthalene,   Alpha.     See    Mono- 
bromonaphthalene,    Alpha-. 

Bromo-2-Phenylacetonitrile,  Ortho-.   See 
Bromobcnzyl  cyanide,  Ortho-. 

Bromosuccinic   Acid.     See   Acid   mono- 
bromosuccinic. 


Bromyrite.  A  natural  silver  bromide, 
AgBr.  Contains  57  per  cent  silver. 
Nevada  and  New  Mexico. 


Brongniardite.  A  natural  lead-silver  sul- 
fantimonide,  PbAg2Sb2Ss.  Contains 
26.2  per  cent  silver.  Arizona. 


Bronner's  Acid.    See  Acid  beta-naphthyl- 
amine-beta-sulfonic. 


Broom,    See  Scoparius 
Brown  Coal.    See  Lignite. 


Brown  Iron  Ore  (Limonite,  Brown  he- 
matite, Bog  iron  ore).  Its  approximate 
formula  is  2Fe2O3-3H2O,  equivalent  to 
about  59.8  per  cent  iron.  Probably  a 
mixture  of  hydrous  iron  oxides.  Ala- 
bama, Arizona,  Arkansas,  California, 
Colorado,  Connecticut,  Delaware,  Flor- 
ida, Georgia,  Idaho,  Indiana,  Iowa, 
Kentucky,  Louisiana,  Maine,  Maryland, 
Massachusetts,  Minnesota,  Mississippi, 
Missouri,  Montana,  Nevada,  New 
Hampshire,  New  Jersey,  New  Mexico, 
New  York,  North  Carolina,  Ohio,  Ore- 

fon,       Pennsylvania,       Rhode      Island, 
outh  Dakota,  Tennessee,  Texas,  Utah, 
Vermont,    Virginia,    Washington,    West 
Virginia,   Wisconsin  and   Wyoming. 


quent  crystallization  from  nux  vom- 
ica  or  ignatia  seeds. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

The  salts  are  obtained  by  the  interac- 
tion of  the  acid  and  the  alkaloid. 

Melting  Solubili- 

Salts  Formula  point        ties 

Hydrochloride  C23  H26  N2  O<  HC1  W. 

Nitrate  C»  %,K2O,  HNO3.  2H2O    23O°C    W.A. 

Sulfate  (C23  Hze  Na  Ot)  2H2  SO4.  ?H2O 


Brucite.     See   Magnesium  hydroxide. 
Brunfelsia.     See  Manaca. 


Brunswick    Green.     See    Copper   carbo- 
nate, Green. 


Bucco.    See  Buchu. 

Buchu,  (Bucco;  Bucku;  Buku). 
Derivation:     Dried  leaves   of  Barosma 

betulina. 

Habitat:     Southern  Africa. 
Containers:     Wooden  boxes. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:    None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Buchu  Folia,  B.  P.    See  Buchu. 
Buckthorn.    See  Frangula. 
Bucku.     See  Buchu. 


Brucine*   C2oH2 6^04.4^0. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystal- 
line alkaloid;  poisonous. 

Constants:     Melting-point  I05°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol;  slightly  soluble  in 
water  and  ether. 

Derivation:     By  extraction  and  subse- 


Bugbane.  See  Cimicifuga. 
Bugwort.  See  Cimicifuga. 
Buku.  See  Buchu. 


Bulbocapnine 


117 


Butyl  Alcohol 


Bulbocapnine.*  Ci  9  HI  9  NC>4 . 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystal- 
line powder. 

Constants:     Melting-point  ioo.°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  and  subse- 
quent crystallization  from  the  tubers 
of  Corydalis  cava. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Buranhem.    See  Monesia. 

Burdock.     See  Lappa. 

Burgundy  Pitch.     See  Pitch,  Burgundy. 

Burning  Bush.    See  Euonymus. 

Burnt  Lime.    See  Calcium  oxide. 

Burnt  Sugar.     See  Caramel. 

Burrstone.    A  tough,  siliceous  rock  used 
for  millstones.     See  Millstone. 

Butane     Dioxime.        See     Dimethylgly- 
oxime. 

Butea     Gum     (Buteae     gummi,     Bengal 

kino). 
Derivation:     Inspissated  juice  obtained 

from  incisions  in  the  stem  of  Butea 

frondosa. 

Grades:  Technical;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Buteae  Gummi,  B.  P.    See  Butea  gum. 

Buteae  Semina,  B.  P.     Butea  seeds,  ob- 
tained from  Butea  frondoas. 


Butter  Color.     See  Annatto. 
Buttercup  Yellow.     See  Zinc  chromate. 

Butter  of  Antimony.    See  Antimony  tri- 
chloride. 


Butter  of  Arsenic, 
ide. 


See  Arsenic  trichlor- 


Butter  of  Tin.     See  Stannous  chloride. 
Butter  of  Zinc.     See  Zinc  chloride. 

Butter  Oil.  Any  edible  oil  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  oleomargarine  or  other 
butter  substitute. 

Butylacetic  Acid.     See  Acid  butylacetic. 

Butyl  Alcohol,  Normal.* 
CH3(CH)3OH. 

Color   and   properties:     Limpid,   color- 
less liquid;  vinous  odor. 

Constants:   Specific  gravity  0.814;  boil- 
ing-point n/°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol   and  ether. 

Derivation:      By    the    fermentation    of 
glycerol    or   mannitol. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  iron  drums. 

Uses:      Manufacturing    fruit    essences; 
organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad     shipping    regulations:       Red 
label. 


Butyl  Alcohol,  Iso. 
hoi. 


See  Isobutyl  alco- 


Butyl  Alcohol,  Secondary* 

(CH3)2CH2CH(pH). 

Color  and  properties:  Limpid,  color- 
less liquid;  strorg.  pleasant  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.803;  boil- 
ing-point 77-8°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction, of  buty- 
lene  and  hydriodic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 


Butyl  Alcohol 


118 


Buxine 


Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Glass      bottles;      barrels; 

iron  drums. 
Uses:      Manufacturing    fruit    essences; 

organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad     shipping     regulations:       Red 

label. 


Constants:     Melting-point  78° C. 
Soluble  in  water,  glycerin  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:     By  adding  water  to  butyl- 
chloral. 

Grades:  Technical;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Butyl  Alcohol,  Tertiary* 

(CH3)2COHCH3. 
Color  and  properties:     White  crystals; 

camphor-like  odor. 
Constants:        Specific      gravity      0.786; 

melting-point     25.5°C;     boiling-point 

83°C 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:      By   the    action   of  hot   75 

per  cent  sulfuric  acid  on  isobutylene. 
Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles;  barrels;  iron 

drums. 
Uses:      Manufacturing    fruit    essences; 

organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Butylene  Isobromide*  (Dibromoisobut- 
ane)  (CH3)2CBrCH2Br. 

Color  and  properties:    Yellowish  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.798;  boil- 
ing-point I49°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  bromine 
on  isobutylene. 

Method   of   purification:      Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Butylmercaptan*   QHgSH.     A  military 
poison  gas  used  in  the  late  war. 


Butylcarbinol,  Secondary, 
cohol,  Active. 


See  Amyl  al- 


Butylchloral     Hydrate     (Trichlorobutyl- 
idene  glycol,  Butyl-chloral  hydras) 
C4H7C1308. 

Color    and    properties:      Pearly    white 
laminae. 


Butyric  Acid.     See  Acid  butyric. 
Butyric  Alcohol.     See  Butyl  alcohol. 
Butyric  Ether.     See  Ethyl  butyrate. 
Buxine.     See  Bebeerine. 


Cabbage-seed 


119 


Cadmium  Bromide 


Cabbage-seed  Oil. 
Derivation:   A   variety   of   mustard   oil, 

from  Brassica  oleracea. 
Uses:    Illuminant;    soap    manufacture; 

ointments   and  liniments;    edibile   oil, 

substitute  for  olive  oil. 
Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Cacao  Butter  (Theobroma  oil,  Cocoa 
butter). 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish, 
brittle,  solid  fat;  chocolate  odor  and 
taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.976-0.995; 
saponification  value  192-200;  iodine 
value  32-37-7;  melting-point  3O°-35°C. 

Soluble  in  ether,  chloroform,  benzol 
and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  From  the  cacao  bean,  't"he 
seeds  of  Theobroma  cacao. 

Grades:     Crude;  refined;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Wooden   barrels;   tins. 

Uses:  Pharmacy;  toilet  soaps;  confec- 
tionery. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Cacao  Shells  (Theobroma  shells;  Cocoa 
shells). 

Derivation:  Shells  of  the  seed  of  Theo- 
broma cacao. 

Habitat:  South  America,  Mexico  and 
West  Indies. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:  Medicine;  manufacture  of  theo- 
bromine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Cacodylic  Acid.     See  Acid  cacodylic. 
Cadaverine.     See  Ptomaines. 

Cade  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  Thick,  clear 
liquid;  tarry  odor;  burning,  bitter 
taste.  Chief  known  constituent: 
Cadinene. 


Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.980- 
1.055. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  By  the  dry  distillation  of 
the  wood  of  Juniperus  oxycedrus. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  animal  soap;  oint- 
ments. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 

Cadmium*   Cd. 

Color  and  properties:  Silver-white, 
blue-tinged  metal. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  8.642; 
melting-point  321  °C.;  boiling-point 
766°  C. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  extraction  from 
roasted  zinc  blende,  as  cadmium  sul- 
fate  forms  the  residue,  (b)  In  the  re- 
duction of  zinc,  the  cadmium  being 
more  volatile,  is  obtained  as  a  brown- 
ish powder.  Refined  by  distillation 
at  low  red  heat,  with  reducing  mate- 
rial. 

Grades:      Technical. 

Containers:     Barrels;  bags. 

Uses:  Alloys;  cadmium  salts;  dental 
amalgam. 

Fire  hazard:     None, 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:     None. 

Cadmium  Bromide*  CdBr2. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish,  crys- 
talline powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  5.192;  melt- 
ing-point s68°C.;  boiling-point  806°- 
8i2°C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol;  slightly 
soluble  in  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  cadmium  to 
redness  in  bromine  vapor. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;   glass  bottles. 

Uses:      Photography. 

Fire  hazard:    None. 


Cadmium  Chloride 


120 


Cadmium  Sulfate 


Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Cadmium  Chloride*   (a) 

(b)   CdQ2.2H2O. 
Color    and    properties:      Small    white 

crystals. 
Constants:      Specific    gravity    (a)    4.05, 

(b)    3.327;   melting-point    (a)    568°C; 

boiling-point    (a)   86i°-954°C. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:      By   the   action    of   hydro- 

chloric acid  on  cadmium  with  subse- 

quent crystallization. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Tins;   wooden   kegs. 
Uses:     Preparation  of  cadmium  sulfide; 

analytical     chemistry;     photography; 

dyeing  and  calico  printing. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Cadmium   Hydrate.     See    Cadmium   hy- 
droxide. 

Cadmium     Hydroxide*     (Cadmium     hy- 

drate) Cd(OH)2. 
Color  and  properties:   White,  amorph- 

ous powder. 
Constants:   Specific   gravity  4.79;   melt- 

ing-point: Loses  H2O  at  300°  C. 
Soluble    in    acids    and    ammonium    hy- 

droxide;   insoluble    in    water   and   al- 

kalis. 
Derivation:     By  the   action   of   sodium 

hydroxide    on    a   cadmium    salt   solu- 

tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:    Glass   bottles;   boxes. 
Uses:     Cadmium   salts. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:    None. 

Cadmium  Iodide  CdI2. 
Color   and   properties:    Colorless,    flaky 

crystals. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  5.644;  melt- 

ing-point   385°  C.;    boiling-point    708°- 

7I9°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydriodic 

acid  on  cadmium  oxide   and  crystal- 

lization. 


Method    of   purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Photography;  medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Cadmium  Nitrate*  Cd(NO3)2.4H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  amorph- 
ous pieces  or  hygroscopic  needles. 
Keep  well  stoppered. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.455;  melt- 
ing-point 59-5°C.;  boiling-point  I32°C. 

Soluble   in   water  and   alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  nitric  acid 
on  cadmium  or  cadmium  oxide  and 
crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Ceramic  industry  (for  coloring 
glass  and  porcelain). 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 


Cadmium-Potassium  Iodide* 
CdI2.2KI.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White  powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.359. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  combining  cadmium 
iodide  and  potassium  iodide  in  solu- 
tion, in  proportion  of  their  combining 
weights  and  subsequent  crystalliza- 
tion. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  C.  P. 

Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Analytical   chemistry;   medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Cadmium  Sulfate*  (a)  CdSO4 ;  (b) 
3CdSO4.8H2O;  (c)  CdSO4.4H2O. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  (a)  4.72;  (b) 
3.087;  (c)  3.05;  melting-point  (a) 
iooo°C. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  dilute  sul- 


Cadmium  Sulfide 


121 


Caesium  Chloride 


furic   acid   on    cadmium   or   cadmium 

oxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Tins;  kegs. 
Uses:  Manufacture  of  normal  cadmium 

electric  cells. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Cadmium  Sulfide*  (Cadmium  yellow; 
Jaune  brilliant)  CdS. 

Color  and  properties:  Light  yellow 
powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.9-4.8; 
boiling-point  98o°C. 

Soluble  in  acids;   insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  passing  hydrogen  sul- 
fide  gas  into  a  solution  of  a  cadmium 
salt,  acidified  with  hydrochloric  acid. 
The  precipitate  is  filtered  and  dried. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:    Barrels;  tins. 

Uses:  Paint  pigments;  soap  color;  py- 
rotechnics; mixing  with  ultramarine 
to  produce  green  pigments. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Cadmium  Tungstate*  (Cadmium  wol- 
framate)  CdWoO4. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow  crystals. 

Soluble  in  ammonium  hydroxide;  very 
slightly  soluble  in  waten 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  cad- 
mium nitrate  and  ammonium  tung- 
state. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Barrels. 

Uses:  Fluorescent  paint. 

Fire  hazard'  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Cadmium    Wolframate.       See    Cadmium 
tungstate. 

Cadmium  Yellow.    See  Cadmium  sulfide. 
Cassalpina  echinata.     See  Pernambuco. 

Caesium*     Cs. 

Color  and  properties:  Silver-white,  soft 
ductile  metal;  decomposes  water,  set- 


ting free  hydrogen  which  ignites. 
Must  be  kept  immersed  in  naphtha  or 
kerosene. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.87;  melt- 
ing-point 28.45°  C.;  boiling-point 
670°  C. 

Soluble  in  acids  and  alcohol;  decom- 
poses water. 

Derivation:  By  the  reduction  of  caesium 
oxide  by  means  of  powdered  mag- 
nesium. 

Grades-  Technical. 

Containers:   Glass  bottles. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 


Caesium- Aluminum  Sulfate*  (Caesium 
alum)  Cs2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.0215;  melt- 
ing-point H7°C.  ^ 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  adding  a  solution  of 
caesium  sulfate  to  a  solution  of  potas- 
sium sulfate,  concentrating  and  crys- 
tallizing. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Pure. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  tins. 

Uses:  Mineral  waters. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Caesium  Carbonate*  Cs2COs. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  deliques- 
cent, crystalline  powder. 

Constants:  Boiling-point:  Decomposes 
at  6io°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  passing  carbon  dioxide 
into  a  solution  of  caesium  oxide  and 
subsequent  crystallization. 

Grades:    Pure. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Brewing;  manufacture  of  min- 
eral waters. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Caesium  Chloride*  CsCl. 
Color   and   properties:    Colorless   crys- 
tal^ 


Caesium  Nitrate 


122 


Caffeine 


Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.972;  melt- 
ing-point 646°  C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  on  caesium  oxide  and 
crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Pure. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  tins. 

Uses:  Medicine;  brewing;  manufactur- 
ing mineral  waters. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Caesium  Nitrate*  CsNO3. 

Color  and  properties:  Glittering,  crys- 
talline powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.687;  melt- 
ing-point 4I4°C. 

Soluble  in  water;  slightly  soluble  in 
alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  nitric  acid 
on  caesium  oxide  and  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Pure. 

Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Caesium  salts. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Caesium  Oxides*  (a)   Cs2O;  (b)   Cs2O2; 

(c)  Cs203;  (d)  Cs204. 
Color  and  properties: 

(a)  Orange-red  crystals. 

(b)  Yellow  needles. 

(c)  Chocolate-brown  crystals. 

(d)  Yellow   crystals. 

Constants:  (a)  (b)         (c)         (d) 

Specific  gravity         4.78  4-47         4-25         3-77 

Melting-point  4OO°-4So°C    4QO°C    sis°C 

Solubilities:  (a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 

Water        Very  soluble    Soluble    Decomposed    Soluble 
Acids  Soluble        Soluble        Soluble        Soluble 

Derivation:  By  calcining  caesium  ni- 
trate. 

Grades:   Technical;   Pure. 
Containers:  Tins. 
Uses:  Caesium  salts. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Caesium  Silicate*  Cs2SiOa. 
Color  and  properties:     Yellow,  crystal- 
line powder. 
Insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:    By    the    interaction    of    a 

caesium  salt  and   sodium  silicate. 
Grades:  Technical;  pure. 
Containers:  Tins. 
Uses:   Ceramics. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Caesium  Sulfate*    Cs2SO4. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.2434. 

Soluble   in  water;   insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  sulfuric 
acid  on  caesium  carbonate. 

Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 

Grades:  Pure. 

Containers:  Kegs. 

Uses:  Brewing;  mineral  waters. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:   None. 

Caffea  usta.     Roasted  coffee  beans. 


Caffea    viridis. 
beans. 


Dry,    unroasted    coffee 


Caffeina,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Caffeine. 


Caffeina  Citrata,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    Caffeine, 
Citrated. 


Caffeinae-Sodio  Benzoas,  U.  S.  P.     Caf- 
feine-sodium benzoate. 


Caffeine*    (Theine;    Guaranine;    Methyl- 
theobromine:  Trimethylxanthine) 
C8HioN402.H20: 

Color  and  properties:  White,  fleecy 
masses  or  long  flexible,  silky  crystal- 
line alkaloid. 

Constants:  Melting-point  236.8° C. 

Soluble  in  chloroform;  slightly  soluble 
in  water  and  alcohol;  very  slightly 
soluble  in  ether. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  of  coffee,  tea. 
guarana,  paraguay  tea  or  kola  nuts, 


Caffeine  Salts 


123 


Calaverite 


evaporation  of  the  solvent  and  crys- 

tallization. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:  Tins. 
Uses:   Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Caffeine  Salts: 

Caffeine   benzoate 


Caffeine  citrate 


Caffeine  hydrobromide 

C8HioN4O2.HBr.2H2O. 
Caffeine  hydrochloride 


Color  and  properties:  White  crystals. 
All  caffeine  salts  are  soluble  in  water, 

alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:  By  the  action  of  the  respec- 

tive acids  on  caffeine. 
Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Cahoun  Oil.     See  Cohune  oil. 
Cahune  Oil.    See  Cohune  oil. 
Cajeputene.     See  Dipentene. 
Cajeputol.    See  Eucalyptol. 

Cajuput  Oil. 
Color  and  properties:  Thin,  colorless  or 

greenish    liquid.      Chief    known    con- 

stituents: Cineol  and  teroinol. 
Constants:    Optical    rotation    —  10°    to 

—  4°;  refractive  index  1.460  to  1.466. 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether,    chloroform 

and  carbon  bisulfide. 
Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  leaves  of 

Melaleuca  leucadendron. 
Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 


Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Calabar.     See  Physostigma. 

Calamine.  A  natural  hydrous  zinc  sili- 
cate, 2ZnO.SiO2.H2O.  Contains  54 
per  cent  zinc.  Arkansas,  Connecticut, 
Kansas,  Maryland,  Missouri,  Nevada, 
Oklahoma,  Pennsylvania,  Tennessee 
and  Virginia. 

Calamus*    (Sweet    flag,    Calmus,    Sweet 

cane,  Sweet  grass). 
Derivation:  Unpeeled,  dried  rhizome  of 

Acorus  calamus. 
Habitat:    Europe,    North    America    and 

Western  Asia. 
Grades:  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:  Bales;  bags. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Calamus  Oil    (Oil  of  sweet  flag). 
Color    and    properties:    A    clear,    thick, 

brownish-yellow    liquid;    strong    aro- 

matic odor;  aromatic,  bitter  taste. 
Chief  known  constituents:  As'arone,  eu- 

genol,  acetic  acid,  fatty  acids. 
Constants:   Specific  gravity  0.960-0.080; 

boiling-point   I7O°-3OO°C.;   optical   ro- 

tation  +  10  to   +31;   refractive  index 

I.507-I.5IS. 
Soluble   in   alcohol,    ether   and   chloro- 

form. 
Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  rhizome 

of  Acorus  calamuy   (Sweet  flag). 
Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:    Iron    drums;    tins;    glass 

bottles. 
Uses:      Preparation   of  liqueurs;   medi- 

cine; perfumery. 
Fire  hazard:   None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Calaverite.  A  natural  telluride  of  gold 
and  silver  (Au.Ag)Te2.  Variable  in 
composition,  but  contains  about  39.5  per 
cent  gold  and  3.1  per  cent  silver.  Cali- 
fornia and  Colorado. 


Calcined  Baryta 


124 


Calcium  Arsenite 


Calcined  Baryta.    See  Barium  oxide. 

Calcic  Liver  of  Sulfur.    See  Calcium  sul- 

fide. 


Calcii  Bromidum,  U.  S.  P.    See  Calcium 
bromide. 


Calcii  Carbonas  Praecipitatus,  U.  S.  P., 
B.  P.  See  Calcium  carbonate,  Precipi- 
tated. 


Calcii  Chloridum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See 

Calcium  chloride. 


Calcii   Glycerophosphas,  U.   S.   P.      See 

Calcium  glycerophosphate. 

Calcii  Hydras,  B.  P.     See  Calcium  hy- 
droxide. 


Calcii  Hypophosphis,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See 

Calcium  hypophosphite. 


Calcii  Lactas,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See  Cal- 
cium lactate. 


Calcii    Phosphas,    B.    P.      See    Calcium 

phosphate. 

Calcii  Sulphidum  Crudum,  U.  S.  P.    See 

Calcium  sulfide,   Crude. 

Calcinol.     See  Calcium  lactate. 

Calciovolborthite.  A  natural  vanadate  of 
copper  and  calcium.  Contains  about  38 
per  cent  V^Os.  California,  Colorado 
and  Utah. 

Calcite  (Calcspar).  Natural  crystallized 
calcium  carbonate,  CaCOs.  Contains 
56  per  cent  lime,  CaO.  Kentucky, 
Minnesota,  Missouri  and  Tennessee. 


Calcium*  Ca. 

Color  and  properties:  Soft,  white  metal; 
brilliant     crystalline     surface     when 


freshly  cut.  Keep  dry,  in  well  itop* 
pered  bottles. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.5446;  melt- 
ing-point 8o5°C. 

Soluble  in  acid;  decomposes  water 
slowly. 

Derivation:  By  electrolyzing  molten 
calcium  chloride. 

Containers:  Airtight  tins;  glass  bottles. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Calcium  Acetate*  Ca(C2H3O2)2.H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Brown  or  gray 
lumps  or  white  crystals. 

Soluble  in  water;  slightly  soluble  in  al- 
cohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  pyroligne- 
ous  acid  on  calcium  hydroxide,  the 
solution  being  filtered  and  evaporated 
to  dryness,  yielding  gray  acetate  of 
lime.  If  the  acid  is  neutralized  with 
lime  before  distilling  off  the  methyl 
alcohol,  the  product  is  contaminated 
with  much  tar  and  when  evaporated 
to  dryness  forms  "brown  acetate  of 
lime." 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  brown,  grey,  pure. 

Containers:  Barrels;  freight  cars. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  acetone;  manu- 
facture of  acetic  acid. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Calcium  Arsenate*  (Tricalcium  ortho- 
arsenate)  Cas(AsO4)2. 

Color  and  properties:  White  powder. 

Very  slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  cal- 
cium chloride  and  sodium  arsenate. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Insecticide;  germicide. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Calcium  Arsenite*    CaAsOsH. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  granular 
powder. 

Insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  cal- 
cium chloride  and  sodium  arsenite, 


Calcium  Benzoate 


125 


Calcium  Carbonate 


Grades:  Technical.  - 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Germicides;  insecticides. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Calcium  Benzoate*  Ca(C7H5  02)2.3^0. 
Color  and  properties:  White  powder  or 

crystals.      Keep  well   stoppered. 
Soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:    By   the    action    of   benzoic 

acid  on  calcium  hydroxide. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Calcium     Biphosphate.        See 
phosphate,  Monobasic. 


Calcium 


Calcium  Bisulfite*  Ca(HSO3)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish  liquid 
with  strong  sulfur  dioxide  odor. 

Soluble  in  water  and  acids. 

Derivation:  By  action  of  sulfur  dioxide 
on  calcium  hydroxide. 

Strength  of  solution:  8°Be. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Antichlor;  textile  industries;  pre- 
servative; bleaching  sponges. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Calcium  Bromide*  (a)  CaBr2 ; 

(b)  CaBr2.6H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  granular, 
very  deliquescent  crystals;  sharp,  sa- 
line taste. 
Constants: 

Specific  gravity  (a)   3-353- 
Melting-point    (a)   68o°-76o°C.;   (b) 
35°C. 

Boiling-point    (a)    8o6°-8i2°C;    (b) 
I49°-I50°C. 
Soluble   in  water. 

Derivation:    By    the    action    of    hydro- 
bromic  acid  on  calcium  oxide,  carbon- 
ate    or     hydroxide     and     subsequent 
crystallization. 
Method    of    purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 


Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:    Manufacturing    mineral    waters; 

photography;  medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Calcium  Carbide*  CaC2- 

Color  and  properties:  Grayish-black,  ir- 
regular lumps;  must  be  kept  dry. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.22. 

Decomposes  in  water,  with  formation 
of  acetylene. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  finely 
pulverized  limestone  or  quick  lime 
with  coke  in  an  electric  furnace. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:   Iron  barrels;  tin  cans. 

Uses:  Generation  of  acetylene  gas;  sig- 
nal fires;  metallurgy;  reduction  of 
copper  sulfide;  production  of  calcium 
cyanamide. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 


Calcium  Carbonate*  (Chalk;  Limestone) 

CaC03. 
Color  and  properties:  White  amorphous 

powder  or  colorless  crystals. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.72-2.95. 
Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:   Found   in   nature   in   many 

forms. 

(a)  Limestone,    a    compact,    indis- 
tinctly crystalline  variety. 

(b)  Marble,  a  distinctly  crystalline 
form. 

(c)  Chalk,   a   deposit   consisting   of 
the    calcareous    parts    of    minute    or- 
ganisms. 

(d)  Calcite  and  Iceland  spar,  pure 
crystallized  forms. 

(e)  As    a    precipitate    by   adding   a 
soluble   carbonate    to   a    calcium    salt 
solution. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Barrels;  burlap  bags, 
freight  cars. 

Uses:  Metallurgy,  manufacture  of  cal- 
cium oxide,  medicine,  dentifrices, 
paint  pigments,  ceramics,  glass,  build- 
ing stone,  organic  synthesis,  carbon 
dioxide. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Calcium  Chlorate 


126 


Calcium  Glycerophosphate 


Calcium  Chlorate*  Ca(ClO3)2.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White  to  yellow- 
ish crystals.  Keep  well  stoppered. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  chlorine 
on  calcium  hydroxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  canisters;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:    Photography,  pyrotechnics. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Calcium  Chloride*  (a)  CaCl2;  (b) 
CaCl2.H2O;  (c)  CaCl2.6H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  deliques- 
cent crystals,  granules  or  lumps. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  (a)  2.152; 
(c)  1.654. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  the  action  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  on  calcium  carbonate  and 
subsequent  crystallization. 

(b)  Commercially  obtained  as  a  by- 
product in  the  Solvay  soda  process 
and  in  the  manufacture  of  potassium 
chlorate. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  fused;  pure;  U.  S. 
P.;  B.  P.  frequently  sold  in  solutions 
of  different  concentrations. 

Containers:  Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Dehydrating  agent;  preservative; 
fire  proofing  paints;  freezing  mix- 
tures; sizing  compounds;  mineral 
waters;  making  ammonium  chloride. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Calcium  Cyanamide*    CaCN2. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystals. 

Decomposes  in  water,  liberating  am- 
monia. 

Derivation:  Calcium-  carbide  is  finely 
powdered  and  heated  in  an  electric 
oven,  into  which  nitrogen  is  passed. 
The  charge  remains  in  the  furnace  24 
to  36  hrs.  It  is  then  removed  and 
the  calcium  carbide  that  is  uncom- 
bined  is  leached  out. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  barrels;  tank  cars. 


Uses:   Fertilizers;   nitrogen  products. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Calcium  Ferrocyanide* 
Ca2Fe(CN)6.i2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow  crystals. 

Soluble  in  hot  water. 

Derivation:  By  decomposing  ferric- 
ferrocyanide  with  quicklime  in  a 
closed  vessel  with  steam.  The  solu- 
tion of  calcium  ferrocyanide  is  evapo- 
rated and  recovered  by  crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Potassium  ferrocyanide. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Calcium  Fluoride*  CaF2. 

Color  and  properties:  White  powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.15-3.18; 
melting-point  1300°  C. 

Soluble  in  concentrated  sulfuric  acid; 
insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  powdering  pure 
fluorite  or  fluorspar. 

(b)  By    the    interaction    of    a    sol- 
uble calcium  salt  and  sodium  fluoride. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  freight 
cars. 

Uses:  Flux  in  metallurgy;  manufactur- 
ing hydrofluoric  acid;  ceramics; 
enamels;  etching  glass;  calcium  cy- 
anamide. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Calcium  Glycerinophosphate.      See   Cal- 
cium glycerophosphate. 

Calcium  Glycerophosphate*  (Calcium 
glycerinophosphate)  CaCCsHgOeP)^ 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  from  cereal 
grains. 

Grades:    Technical;  pure;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:    None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Calcium  Guaiacol 


127 


Calcium  Lactophosphate 


Calcium     Guaiacolmonosulfonate.       See 
Guaiacyl. 

Calcium  Hydrate.     See  Calcium  hydrox- 
ide. 

Calcium  Hydroxide*   (Calcium  hydrate; 
Slaked  lime;  Lime  hydrate) 
Ca(OH)2. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  dry 
powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.078;  melt- 
ing-point: Loses  water  at  580° C. 

Soluble  in  acids;  very  slightly  soluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  water  on 
calcium  oxide. 

Impurities:  Calcium  carbonate,  mag- 
nesium salts,  iron. 

Grades:  Technical;  chemical  lime  (in- 
soluble matter  under  2  per  cent,  Mg 
under  3  per  cent);  building  lime; 
B.  P. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  paper 
bags. 

Uses:  Mortar;  cements;  calcium  salts; 
depilatory;  manufacture  of  lime 
paints;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Calcium    Hypochlorite*    (Calcium    oxy- 
chloride;    "Chloride    of    lime";     Calx 
chlorinata,    Bleaching   powder) 
Ca(C10)2.4H20. 

Color  and  properties:  White  powder; 
strong  chlorine  odor. 

Decomposes  in  water  and  acids. 

Derivation:  By  conducting  chlorine 
into  a  box-like  structure  containing 
slaked  lime  spread  upon  perforated 
shelves. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  iron 
drums. 

Uses:  Textile  bleaching;  organic  syn- 
thesis; deodorizer;  disinfectant. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Calcium   Hypophosphite*    Ca(H2PC>2)2. 
Color  and  properties:     White  to  gray- 
ish-white  crystals. 
Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 


Derivation:     By  boiling  lime,  water  and 

phosphorus  together,  with  subsequent 

crystallization. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:        Iron      canisters;      glass 

bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Calcium  Iodide*  CaI2. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-white 
powder;  decomposes  in  air  by  ab- 
sorption of  carbon  dioxide. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.956;  melt- 
ing-point 63i°-740°C.;  boiling-point 
7o8°-7i9°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  ethyl  alcohol  and 
amyl  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydri- 
odic  acid  on  calcium  carbonate. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Kegs;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Photography. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 


Calcium  Lactate  (Calcinol) 

Ca(C3H503)2.5H20. 
Color   and    properties:      White,    almost 

tasteless  powder. 
Constants:          Melting-point:         Loses 

3H2O  at  ioo°C. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol;  insoluble 

in  ether. 

Derivation:     By  neutralizing  dilute  lac- 
tic acid  with   calcium   carbonate  and 

evaporating  the  solution. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Tin  cans;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:       Medicine;     calcium     lactophos- 

phate. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Calcium   Lactophosphate.* 
Derivation:   A  mixture  of  calcium  lac- 
tate,  calcium  acid  lactate  and  calcium 
acid    phosphate    in    variable    propor- 
tions. 


Calcium  Linoleate 


128 


Calcium  Perborate 


Color  and   properties:      White   crystals 

or  powder. 
Grades:     Pure. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire   hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Calcium  Linoleate*  Ca(Ci8H3iO2)2. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  amor- 
phous powder. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  solu- 
tions of  calcium  chloride  and  sodium 
linoleate. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Waterproofing  compounds. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 


Calcium-Magnesium   Chloride* 
CaCl2.MgCl2. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  deliques- 
cent crystals. 

Soluble  in  water  and  acids;  insoluble 
in  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  (a)  A  by-product  in  the 
salt  industry,  (b)  By  the  action  of 
hydrochloric  acid  on  dolomite. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
zation. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  barrels. 

Uses:     Same  as  calcium  chloride. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Calcium  Molybdate*  CaMoO4. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder. 

Soluble  in  mineral  acids;  insoluble  in 
alcohol,  ether  or  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  fusion  of  calcium 
oxide  and  a  molybdenum  ore. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Molybdic  acid. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Calcium   Nitrate*   Ca(NO8)2.4H2O. 


Color  and  properties:  White,  delique- 
scent mass. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.82;  melt- 
ing-point 42°C;  boiling-point  I32°C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  nitric 
.acid  on  calcium  carbonate. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical;  pure. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:     Pyrotechnics. 

Fire   hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 


Calcium  Ortho-phosphate.     See  Calcium 
phosphate,  Tribasic. 


Calcium  Ortho-tungstate.     See   Calcium 

tungstate. 

Calcium  Oxide*  (Lime,  Burnt  lime; 
Calx)  CaO. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  hard 
lumps,  gradually  crumbling  on  expo- 
sure to  moist  air. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.15-3.40; 
melting-point  25/o°C. 

Soluble  in  acid;  very  slightly  soluble  in 
water,  uniting  to  form  calcium  hy- 
droxide. 

Derivation:  Calcium  carbonate  is 
roasted  in  kilns  until  all  of  the  carbon 
dioxide  is  driven  off. 

Impurities:  Calcium  carbonate  magne- 
sium oxide;  iron;  aluminum. 

Grades:  Technical;  chemical  lime;  ag- 
ricultural lime;  building  lime. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  bags; 
freight  cars. 

Uses:  Slaked  lime;  leather  industry; 
manufacture  of  heavy  chemicals; 
building;  metallurgy;  organic  syn- 
thesis. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Calcium  Perborate*   CaBOs. 
Color      and     properties:        Gray-white 
lumps. 


Calcium  Permanganate 


129 


Calcium  Phosphate 


Derivation:  From  the  mineral  coleman- 

ite. 

Soluble  in  acids. 
Grades:     Crude. 
Containers:     Freight  cars. 
Uses:     Borax;  boric  acid. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Calcium  Permanganate* 
La(MnO4;2.4hl2O. 

Color  and  properties:     Violet  crystals. 

Keep  well  stoppered. 

Soluble  in  water  and  ammonia. 

Derivation:  By  mixing  pyrolusite  and 
calcium  hydroxide,  evaporating  to 
dryness  and  calcining  at  red  heat 
with  access  of  air.  The  manganate 
formed  is  changed  into  permangan- 
ate by  dissolving  the  melt  and  pass- 
ing carbon  dioxide  into  the  solution, 
with  subsequent  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical;  pure. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  tins; 
glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Textile  industry;  sterilizing 
water;  dentistry;  medicine;  disinfect- 
ant. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Calcium  Peroxide*  (Calcium  superoxide) 
Ca02.8H20. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow,  crystal- 
line powder. 

.   Constants:          Melting-point:          Loses 
8H2O  at  I30°C. 

Slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  so- 
lutions of  a  calcium  salt  and  sodium 
peroxide,  with  subsequent  crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  canisters;  tins;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Calcium  Phenolsulfonate*  (Calcium  sul- 


focarbolate;      Calcium     sulfophenate; 
Calcium    sulfophenylate) 
Ca(C6H4OHSO3)2.5H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  phenol- 
sulfonic  acid  on  calcium  hydroxide. 

Grades:      Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs;  tins. 

Uses:     Disinfectant. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Calcium  Phosphate,  Acid.     See  Calcium 
phosphate,  Monobasic. 

Calcium  Phosphate,  Dibasic*  (Dicalcium 
ortho-phosphate;   Bicalcic  phosphate; 
Calcium   phosphate,    Secondary;    Cal- 
cium phosphate,  Bibasic) 
CaHPO4.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.306; 
melting-point:  Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  acid;  insoluble  in  water  and 
alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  so- 
lutions of  a  calcium  salt  and  sodium 
diphosphate. 

Grades:     Technical;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Tins;  boxes;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine;  dentistry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Calcium    Phosphate,    Monobasic*    (Cal- 
cium biphosphate;  Acid  calcium  phos- 
phate;   Calcium   phosphate,    Primary; 
Monocalcium   phosphate) 
CaH4(PO4)2.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  pearly 
scales;  deliquescent  in  air. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.220;  melt- 
ing-point: Loses  H2O  at  ioo°C.; 
boiling-point:  Decomposes  at  200° C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  acids. 

Derivation:  By  decomposing  rock 
phosphate  (calcium  tribasic  phos- 
phate) with  sulfuric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Wooden   kegs. 


Calcium  Phosphate 


130 


Calcium  Sulfate 


Uses:     Baking  powder;  fertilizer. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Calcium    Phosphate,    Precipitated.      See 
Calcium  phosphate,  Tribasic. 

Calcium  Phosphate,  Primary.     See  Cal- 
cium phosphate,  Monobasic. 

Calcium  Phosphate,  Secondary.  See  Cal- 
cium phosphate,  Dibasic. 

Calcium  Phosphate,  Tertiary.     See  Cal- 
cium phosphate,  Tribasic. 

Calcium   Phosphate,  Tribasic*   (Precipi- 
tated calcium  phosphate;   Tricalcium 
ortho-phosphate;  Tricalcic  phosphate; 
Calcium  phosphate,  Tertiary) 
Ca3(P04)2. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  amor- 
phous powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.18;  melt- 
ing-point I550°C. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water  and 
alcohol. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  the  interaction  of 
solutions  of  a  calcium  salt  and  so- 
dium triphosphate.  (b)  From  bone 
ash. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  source  of  phosphorus; 
polishing  powder;  ceramics;  porce- 
lain; enameling;  manufacturing  milk 
glass. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Calcium  Phosphide   (Photophor) 
Ca2P2. 

Color  and  properties:  Gray  masses; 
decomposes  on  contact  with  water 
generating  hydrogen  phosphide, 
which  takes  fire  in  air. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  2.51. 

Insoluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  calcium  phos- 
phate and  aluminum. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  canisters. 


Uses:     Signal  fires. 
Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     Yellow 
label. 


Calcium  Resinate*  Ca(C44H62O4)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish- 
white,  amorphous  powder. 

Soluble  in  acid;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  boiling  calcium  hy- 
droxide with  rosin  and  filtering. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:    Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Waterproofing;  manufacturing 
paint  driers. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 


Calcium  Silicofluoride*  CaSiFe- 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  2.662. 

Very  slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  hydrosili- 
cofluoric  acid  on  calcium  carbonate 
and  subsequent  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:    Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Ceramics. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Calcium    Stearate*    Ca(Ci8H35O2)2. 

Color  and  properties:     White  powder. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  so- 
dium stearate  and  calcium  chloride 
and  filtration. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Waterproofing. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Calcium  Sulfate*  (Plaster  of  Paris:  Gyp- 
sum)   (a)    CaSOf     (b)   CaSO4.2H2O 
Color  and  properties:     White  powder. 
Constants:    Specific  gravity:    (a)  2.964; 


Calcium  Sulfate 


131 


Calcium  Wolframate 


(b)  2.32;  melting-point:     (a)    1360° C. 

Insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  Found  in  large  quan- 
tities in  nature  as  anhydrite,  CaSO4. 
(b)  The  dihydrate,  CaSO4.2H2O, 
occurs  in  granular  masses.  Gypsum 
is  a  perfectly  crystallized  form-  of 
this  salt,  (c)  As  by-product  in  many 
industrial  operations. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Barrels;  freight  cars;  bags. 

Uses:       Interior     decoration     (stucco); 

white     pigment;     polishing     powder; 

artificial  ivory;  surface-coating  paper; 

cements,  especially  "Keene's  cement." 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 


Calcium    Sulfate,    Hydrated. 

cium  sulfate. 


See    Cal- 


Calcium   Sulfhydrate.     See   Calcium   hy- 
drosulfide. 


Calcium  Sulfide*  (Calcic  liver  of  sulfur) 
CaS. 

Color  and  properties:  Light-gray 
cubes. 

Constants:      Specific   gravity  2.8. 

Soluble  in  acids;  slightly  soluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  By  strongly  heating  pul- 
verized calcium  sulfate  and  charcoal. 

Grades:     Technical;   B.   P. 

Containers:      Iron   barrels. 

Uses:     Luminous  paint;   depilatory. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Calcium  Sulfide,  Crude.     See  Lime,  Sul- 
furated. 


Calcium  Sulfite*   CaSO3.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:     White  powder. 

Soluble  in  sulfurous  acid;  slightly  sol- 
uble in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  sulfurous 
acid  on  calcium  carbonate. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 


Uses:     Disinfectant;  antichlor;  preserv- 
ative;  cellulose  industries. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Calcium    Sulfocarbolate.      See     Calcium 
phenolsulfonate. 

Calcium     Sulfophenate.       See     Calcium 
phenolsulfonate. 


Calcium    Sulfophenylate.      See    Calcium 
phenolsulfonate. 


Calcium  Superoxide.     See   Calcium  per- 
oxide. 


Calcium   Superphosphate.     See    Calcium 
phosphate,  Monobasic. 


Calcium  Tartrate.     CaC4H4O6.H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  a 
calcium  salt  and  crude  cream  of  tar- 
tar. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Tartaric  acid. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Calcium  Tungstate*  (Calcium  wolfra- 
mate)  CaWO4. 

Color  and  properties:  Shining,  crystal- 
line scales. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  6.062. 

Soluble  in  ammonium  chloride;  in- 
soluble in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  cal- 
cium chloride  and  sodium  tungstate. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Wooden   barrels. 

Uses:     Luminous  paint. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Calcium     Wolframate.       See      Calcium 
tungstate. 


Calcspar 


132 


Camphor 


Calcspar.    See  Calcite. 

Caledonite.  A  green  basic  sulfate  of 
lead  and  copper  of  uncertain  composi- 
tion. California. 

Calendula*  (Marigold,  Mary-bud,  Gold- 
bloom). 

Derivation:  Dried  florets  of  .Calendula 
officinalis. 

Habitat:  Southern  Europe  and  Levant; 
cultivated  everywhere. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Boxes. 

Uses:  Medicine;  coloring  butter;  adul- 
terant for  saffron. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Californite.  A  compact,  massive  vesu- 
vianite,  used  as  an  ornamental  stone. 
California. 

Calmus.  See  Calamus. 
Calomel.     See   Mercurous  chloride. 

Calomel,  Colloidal.     See   Calomelol. 

Calomel,  Soluble.     See  Calomelol. 


Calomelol*    (Colloidal   calomel;    Soluble 

calomel). 

Color    and    properties:      Whitish-gray, 
•   odorless,  tasteless  powder. 
Soluble    in    water,    alcohol,    ether    and 

benzol. 
Derivation:     80   per   cent    calomel    and 

20  per  cent  albuminoids. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Boxes. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Calumba  (Columbo). 
Derivation:      Root    of    Jateorhiza    pal- 

mata. 

Habitat:     Eastern  Africa. 
Grades:     Technical;   U.  S.  P.;   B.  P. 
Containers:     Bales. 


Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations: 


None. 


Calumbae    Radix,    B.    P.      See    Calumba 
Calx,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Calcium  oxide. 

Calx  Chlorinata,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Cal- 

cium hypochlorite. 

Calx  Sulfurata,  B.  P.    See  Lime,  sulfur- 
ated. 

Cam-wood.    See  Logwood. 
Cambogia,  U.  S.  P.    See  Gamboge. 
Camgainba.    See  Manaca. 
Camomile  Oil.    See  Chamomile  oil. 


Camphene* 
Color  and  properties:     Colorless  crys- 

tals. 
Constants:       Specific     gravity     0.8446; 

melting-point     49.5°C.;     boiling-point 

I57°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:     By  treating  pinene  hydro- 

chloride  with  alcoholic  potash. 
Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:     Medicine;   camphor  substitute. 
Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Camphor  (Gum  camphor;  Formosa  cam- 

phor;   Japan    camphor;    Laurel    cam- 

phor)  C9Hi6CO. 
Color  and  properties:     White,  translu- 

cent masses,  easily  broken. 
Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.986-0.996; 

melting-point      175  C;     boiling-point 

204°  C.  t 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether,    chloroform 

and  carbon  bisulfide. 
Derivation:      From    the    wood    of    the 


Camphor,  Alant 


133 


Camphor-wood 


camphor  laurel  tree  (Cinnamomum 
camphora),  native  in  Japan  and  Bor- 
neo, by  distilation. 

Method  of  purification:     Redistillation. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Tins;   wooden   kegs. 

Uses:  Medicine;  celluloid,  pyrotech- 
nics, tooth  powder;  lacnuers;  moth 
preventive. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Camphor,  Alant.    See  Helenin. 

Camphor,    Artificial.     See   Terpene   hy- 
drochloride. 


Camphor,  Baras.     See  Borneol. 

Camphor,  Benzoated.* 

Derivation:  Mixture  of  benzoic  acid 
and  camphor. 

Color  and  properties:     White  powder. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Camphor,  Bitter  Almond  Oil.    See  Gum 

benzoin. 


Camphor,  Borneo.    See  Borneol. 

Camphor,     Bromated.       See     Camphor 
monobromate. 

Camphor,    Brominated.      See    Camphor 
monobromate. 

Camphor,  Cantharides.    See  Cantharidin. 
Camphor,  Elecampane.    See  Helenin. 
Camphor,  Formosa,    See  Camphor. 
Camphor,  Chun,    See  Camphor. 


Camphor,  Inula.    See  Helenin. 
Camphor,  Japan.    See  Camphor. 
Camphor,  Laurel.     See  Camphor. 
Camphor,  Malayan.     See   Borneol. 

Camphor     Monobromate*     (Bromocam- 
phor;   Brominated  camphor) 
Ci0Hi5BrO. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Melting-point  76° C;  boil- 
ing-point 274°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  oils;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  camphor  with 
bromine. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Camphor  Oil*    ' 

Color  and  properties:  Light,  colorless 
liquid;  characteristic  odor. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Pinene, 
camphor,  cineol  and  phellandrene. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.870-1.040; 
optical  rotation  +  12  to  +32. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  By  fractional  distillation 
of  crude  camphor  oil  (Cinnamomum 
camphora). 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins:   glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine;  illumination. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Camphor,  Thyme.     See  Thymol. 

Camphor-wood  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow,  crystal- 
line mass;  liquid  at  higher  tempera- 
tures. 


Camphor,  Peppermint 


134 


Canella  Alba 


Chief  known  constituent:     Apiol. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.155;  op- 
tical rotation  +2.7. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  By  dry  distillation  of  the 
wood  of  the  camphor  tree,  Dryobal- 
anops  aromatica. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  Bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine;  perfumery. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Camphor,   Peppermint.     See   Menthol. 
Camphor,  Sumatra.     See  Borneol. 
Camphor,  Tonka  Bean.    See  Cumarin. 
Camphora,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Camphor. 

Camphora  Monobromata,  U.  S.  P.     See 

Camphor   monobromate. 

Camphoric  Acid.     See  Acid  camphoric. 
Canada  Balsam.    See  Balsam,  Canada. 

Canada    Snake-root    Oil.       See    Asarum 
canadense  oil. 

Canada  Turpentine.     See   Balsam,   Can- 
ada. 

Canadian  Hemp.     See  Apocynum. 
Canadol.     See  Petroleum  ether. 

Cananga  Oil,  Java.     (Ilang-ilang  oil.) 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow  essen- 
tial oil;  agreeable  odor. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Esters  of 
geraniol  and  linalol. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.896-0.042; 
optical  rotation  — 27  to  — 87;  refrac- 
tive index  1.4788-1.5082. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 


Derivation:     Distilled  from  the  flowers 

of  Cananga  odorata. 
Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Tins;   glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine;  perfumery. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Canarium.     See  Gum  elemi. 

Candelilla  Wax.* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish- 
brown,  opaque  to  translucent  solid 
wax. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.983; 
melting-point  67°-68°C;  saponifica- 
tion  value  65;  iodine  number  37;  re- 
fractive index  1.4555. 

Derivation:  Found  coating  the  entire 
surface  of  the  wild  candelilla  plant  of 
Mexico  from  which  it  is  obtained  by 
immersing  the  plant  in  boiling  water, 
and  skimming  off  the  wax  which  rises 
to  the  surface  of  the  water. 

Method  of  purification:  Treatment 
with  sulfuric  acid  or  niter  cake. 

Impurities:     Bark  fragments,  etc. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Bags;  boxes. 

Uses:  Leather  dressing;  furniture  pol- 
ishes; shoe  polishes;  candle  manufac- 
ture; cements;  varnishes;  substitute 
for  carnauba  wax  and  beeswax. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Candleberry.     See  Myrica. 
Candle-nut  Oil.     See  Lumbang  oil. 
Candle  Pitch.     See  Stearin  pitch. 
Cane  Sugar.     See  Sugar,  cane. 

Canella  Alba*  (White  cinnamon;  False 
Winter's  bark;  Bahama  white  wood; 
Wild  canilla). 

Derivation:     Bark  of  Canella  alba. 
Habitat:     West  Indies  and  Florida. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Bales. 


Canella  Oil 


135 


Caprylic  Alcohol 


Uses:      Medicine;    condiment;   addition 

to  smoking  tobacco. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Canella  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  oil; 
spicy  odor  and  taste. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Eugenol; 
cineol;  caryophylene. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.920-0.935; 
optical  rotation  -f-i°8'. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  bark  of 
Canella  alba. 

Method   of   purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Canna    (Common    canna;    Indian    shot; 

Tpus-les-mois). 

Derivation:     Root  of  Canna  indica. 
Habitat:    Europe;  widely  distributed  in 

the  tropics. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Bales. 
Uses:     Medicine;  source  of  starch. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Cannabis  Indica*  (Indian  hemp:  Indian 
cannabis). 

Derivation:  Dried  flowering  tops  of 
cannabis  sativa,  gathered  while  yet 
undeveloped  and  carrying  the  whole 
of  their  natural  resin. 

Habitat:  Persia,  East  India;  culti- 
vated in  Europe,  Asia  and  Western 
U.  S. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:     Medicine;   corn   removers. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Cantharides  (Spanish  fly;  Blistering  fly; 

Blistering  beetle). 

Derivation:      The    dried    fly,    Cantharis 
vesicatoria. 


Habitat:     Southern   and    Central    Eur- 
ope. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Boxes. 
Uses:      Medicine;   hair   tonics. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Cantharidin*      (Cantharides      camphor; 
Lactone  of  cantharidic  acid) 
CioHi2O4. 

Color  and  properties:     Colorless,  crys- 
talline scales. 

Constants:     Melting-point  218° C. 

Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether,    chloroform 
and  benzol;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:      From    Cantharis    vestica- 
toria. 

Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical;  B.  P. 

Containers:      Glass   bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Cantharidinum,  B.  P.    See  Cantharidin. 

Cantharis,   U.   S.   P.,   B.   P.      See    Can. 
tharides. 


Caoutchouc.    See  Rubber. 
Capparis.    See  Simulo. 
Caprilic  Acid.     See  Acid  caprylic. 
Caproic  Acid.    See  Acid  caproic. 
Capronic  Acid.     See  Acid  caproic. 
Caproyl  Hydride.    See  Hexane. 
Caprylic  Acid.    See  Acid  caprylic. 

Caprylic  Alcohol*  (Capryl  alcohol;  Sec- 
ondary octylic  alcohol;   Octoic  alco- 
hol)   CH3(CH2)5CHOHCH3. 
Colorless  and  properties:  Colorless  oily 
liquid;  pungent  aromatic  odor. 


Caprylic  Aldehyde 


136 


Carbazol 


Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.832;  boil- 
ing-point I79°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  From  acetyl  ether  of  nor- 
mal octylic  alcohol. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:   Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Caprylic  Aldehyde*  (Octoic  aldehyde; 
Methylhexyl  ketone)  C7Hi5CHO. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  liquid; 
pungent  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.819;  melt- 
ing-point — i6°C.;  boiling-point  171°- 
C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  very 
slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  distilling  sodium  ricin- 
oleate  with  caustic  soda. 

Method    of   purification:    Distillation. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  iron  drums. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Capsici  Fructus,  B.  P.    See  Capsicum. 

Capsicum*  (Cayenne  pepper;  African 
pepper;  Chillies;  Bird  pepper;  Red 
pepper). 

Derivation:  Dried  ripe  fruit  of  Capsi- 
cum fastigiatum. 

Habitat:  Southern  India;  cultivated  ex- 
tensively in  the  tropics. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:   Bags. 

Uses:  Medicine;  condiment. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Caramel  (Sugar  coloring;  Burnt  sugar). 

Color  and  properties:  Dark-brown,  deli- 
quescent mass  or  semi-solid;  bitter 
taste. 

Derivation:  Obtained  by  carefully 
heating  sugar. 

$oluble  in  water. 


Grades:  Technical;  also  sold  in  solu- 
tion. 

Containers:  Barrels. 

Uses:  Coloring  liquids;  confectionery; 
tobacco  flavoring. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Caraway*  (Carum). 

Derivation:    Dried  seed  of  Carum  carvi. 
Habitat:   Europe,  Central  and   Western 

Asia;    cultivated   in    England,    Russia 

and  U.  S. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:   Boxes. 
Uses:     Medicine;     flavoring;     liqueurs; 

condiment. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Caraway  Oil  (Caraway-seed  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  or  pale- 
yellow,  thin,  liquid;  characteristic 
odor;  mild,  spicy  taste. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Carvone  and 
dextro-limonene. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.907-0.915; 
boiling-point  I75°-23O°C.;  optical  ro- 
tation +70  to  +85;  refractive  index 
1.4867-1.49/0. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  caraway 
seed. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  flavoring. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Caraway-seed  Oil.     See  Caraway  oil. 
Carbamide.     See  Urea. 


Carbamide    Carbonate.      See    Guanidine 
carbonate. 


Carbanilide.     See  Diphenylurea. 

Carbazol*    (Diphenylimide;   Imimophen- 
yl) 


Carbazotic  Acid 


137 


Carbon  Hexachloride 


Color  and  properties:  White  to  reddish- 
white  crystals. 

Constants:  Melting-point  238° C.;  boil- 
ing-point 351. 5°C 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 

Derivation:  From  crude  anthracene 
cake  by  selective  solution  of  the 
phenanthrene  with  crude  solvent 
naphtha,  removal  of  the  anthracene 
by  conversion  into  a  sulfonic  deriva- 
tive and  extraction  by  means  of  water. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:   Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis;  dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Carbazotic  Acid,  B.  P.     See  Acid  picric. 


Carbolic  Acid.    See    Phenol. 


Carbo  Ligni,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.  See  Char- 
coal, Wood. 

Carbona.*  A  proprietary  cleaning  fluid 
composed  of  benzine  and  carbon  tetra- 
chloride. 


Carbon  Bisulfide*  (Carbon  disulfide)CS2. 

Color  and  properties:  Clear,  colorless, 
inflammable  liquid;  almost  odorless 
when  pure;  the  commercial  article 
has  a  strong  disagreeable  odor;  poi- 
sonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.2927; 
melting-point  — iii.6°C;  boiling- 
point  46.25°C.;  .flash-point  i49.5°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  the  action  of  sulfur 
vapors  on  red-hot  carbon,  the  vapors 
formed  being  condensed. 

(b)  By  heating  sulfur  and  carbon 
in  an  electric  furnace  and  condensing 
the  carbon  bisulfide  vapors. 

Method  of  purification:  Treatment  with 
lead  acetate  followed  by  lime  water 
with  subsequent  distillation. 

Impurities:    Sulfur  compounds. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums. 


Uses:  Solvent;  varnishes;  matches;  pre- 
servative; insecticide,  etc. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Carbon  Black.    See  Charcoal,  Animal. 


Carbon,    Decolorizing.      See     Charcoal, 
Animal. 


Carbon,  Deodorizing.    See  Vegetable  or 
animal   charcoal. 


See    Tetrachloro- 


Carbon    Dichloride. 

ethylene. 


Carbon  Dioxide*  (Carbonic  acid) 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  odor- 
less gas  or  heavy,  volatile,  colorless 
liquid  or  white  snow-like  solid. 

Constants:  Gas:  Specific  gravity  1.53; 
Liquid:  Specific  gravity  1.057;  melt- 
ing-point -6s°C.;  boiling-point 
— 78.2°C.;  Solid;  specific  gravity  1.56; 
melting-point  -65°C.;  boiling-point 
-78.2°  C. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Carbon  dioxide  gas  gen- 
erated by  combustion  of  carbon  in 
any  form;  by  fermentation  (e.  g.  in 
breweries)  or  by  action  of  acids  on 
marble,  limestone  or  dolomite  is 
purified,  collected  and  subjected  to 
pressure. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  When  liquid,  steel  cylin- 
ders. 

Uses:  Aerating  water,  wine,  beer,  etc.; 
manufacture  of  soft  drinks;  fire  ex- 
tinguisher; refrigeration;  chemical 
reagent. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Green 
label. 


.Carbon   Disulphidum,  B.   P.     See   Car- 
bon bisulfide. 


Carbon  Hexachloride.     See  Carbon  tri- 
chloride. 


Carbon,  Mineral 


138 


Cardamom  Oil 


Carbon,  Mineral.    See  Graphite. 

Carbon  Tetrachloride*    (Tetrachlorome- 

thane:      Perchloromethane)    CCU. 
Color  and  properties:     Light,  colorless 

liquid,   peculiar   odor,   yielding  heavy 

vapors;   non-inflammable;   poisonous! 
Constants:       Specific     gravity      1.5835; 

melting-point  —  22.g$°C.;  boiling-point 

76.74°  C. 
Soluble    in    alcohol    and    ether;    very 

slightly  soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:     By  the  interaction  of  car- 

bon bisulfide  and  chlorine  in  presence 

of  a  catalyzer. 

Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical.' 
Containers:     Iron  drums. 
Uses:        Solvent;      fire      extinguishers; 

cleaning  compounds;   rendering   ben- 

zine non-inflammable. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Carbon  Trichloride*  (Hexachloroethane; 

Perchloroethane;    Carbon    hexachlor- 

ide;    Tetrachloroethylene    dichloride) 

CC13.CC13. 
Color  and  properties:     Colorless   crys- 

tals; camphor-like  odor. 
Constants:       Specific     gravity     1.9988; 

melting-point      i85°C;     boiling-point 

i85°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:     By  the  action  of  sunshine 

on    chlorine   and   ethyl   and    ethylene 

chlorides. 
Method    of    purification:      Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Iron  drums. 
Uses:     Organic   synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 

Carbonic  Acid.     See  Carbon  dioxide. 


Carbonyl  Chloride*   (Phosgene) 
Color  and  properties:     Colorless,  vola- 

tile liquid;   extremely  poisonous. 
Constants:        Specific      gravity      1.392; 
melting-point    —  75°  C.;    boiling-point 
8.2°C. 


Derivation:  By  passing  a  mixture  of 
carbon  monoxide  and  chlorine 
through  charcoal  with  or  without  a 
catalyst. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Steel  cylinders. 

Uses:  Lethal  gas  for  warfare;  bleach- 
ing sand  for  glass  manufacture; 
chlorinating  agent;  dyestuff  manu- 
facture (methyl  violet). 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Cannot 
be  shipped  by  express  or  railroad. 


Carborundum*  (Silicon  carbide)   SiC. 

Color  and  properties:  Green  to  bluish- 
black,  irridescent,  porous,  crystalline, 
sharp-grained  platelets  or  mass. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.12-3.20. 

Derivation:  By  heating  a  mixture  of 
coke,  sand,  shale  and  sawdust  in  the 
electric  furnace. 

Grades:  Grains,  from  10  mesh  to  finest 
powders. 

Containers:    Kegs. 

Uses:  Abrasive;  grindstones;  hones; 
sharpening-stones;  anti-slip  pave- 
ments, grinding  wheels,  refractories. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 


Cardamom. 

Derivation:     Dried,  nearly  ripe  fruit  of 

Elettaria  repens. 
Habitat:     Malabar;  cultivated  in   India 

and   Ceylon. 

Grades:    Technical ;-U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Bags;   boxes. 
Uses:     Medicine;  condiment. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Cardamom  Oil,  Ceylon. 

Color  and  properties:  Pale-yellow,  es- 
sential oil;  strongly  aromatic,  cam- 
phoraceous  odor  and  taste. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Terpinene, 
dipentene,  limonene  and  acetic  ester. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.895-0.905; 
refractive  index  1.460  to  1.470;  op- 
tical rotation  +12°  to  +15°. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 


Cardamom  Oil 


139 


Carnotite 


Derivation:      Distilled    from    the    seeds 

of  Elatteria  repens. 

Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Flavoring;   liqueurs;   medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Cardamom  Oil,  Malabar. 

Color  and  properties:  Pale-yellow,  es- 
sential oil;  strongly  aromatic,  cam- 
phoraceous  odor  and  taste. 

Chief  known  constituent:     Cineol. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.933  to 
0.943;  optical  rotation  +26  to  H~34« 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  seed 
of  a  species  of  Elatteria. 

Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine;   liqueurs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Cardamom  Oil,  Siam. 

Color  and  properties:  Pale-yellow  es- 
sential oil;  strongly  aromatic,  cam- 
phoraceous  odor  and  taste. 

Chief  known  constituent:     Borneol. 

Constants:  Optical  rotation  -f-38°4'j 
refractive  index  1.4339- 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  seed 
of  a  species  of  Elatteria. 

Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Grades:     Technical. 
'Containers:     Bales. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Carica    Papaya.     See   Papaw. 


Carmine. 

Derivation:  Pigment  from  dried  fe- 
male of  Coccus  cacti. 

Color  and  properties:  Small,  brilliant, 
red  lumps. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:  Dyes,  inks,  indicator  in  chemi- 
cal analysis;  coloring  food  materials, 
medicines,  etc. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Carminic  Acid.     See  Acid  carminic. 


Carnauba  Wax   (Brazil  wax). 

Color  and  properties:  Hard,  amor- 
phous, yellowish-green  or  light-yel- 
low, brittle  lumps;  peculiar,  agree- 
able odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  o.995°C; 
melting-point  84°-86gC. 

Soluble  in  ether,  boiling  alcohol  and 
alkalis;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  An  exudation  from  leaves 
of  the  wax  palm  Copernica  cerifera. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Bags;  boxes. 

Uses:  Substitute  for  beeswax,  shoe- 
polishes,  candles,  leather  finishes, 
varnishes. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 


Cardomomi  Semina,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See 

Cardamom. 

Carex*    (Sand    sedge,    Sand    star;    Red 

couch-grass;     German    sarsaparilla). 
Derivation:      The     rhizome    or    Carex 


arenana. 


Habitat:         Europe, 
United  States. 


adventitious      in 


Carnotite.  A  canary-yellow  mineral, 
somewhat  variable  in  composition,  con- 
taining uranium  and  vanadium,  with 
either  or  both  lime  and  potash  and 
small  proportions  of  various  rare  ele- 
ments. Is  ordinarily  a  mixture  of  true 
carnotite,  ^UOs.V^Os.K^O+xHoO,  and 
tyuyamunite,  2UO3 .  V2  O5  .CaO.xH2  O. 
Is  radioactive  and  is  the  chief  source  of 


Carolina  Pink 


140 


Cascara  Amarga 


radium.      Colorado,    Arizona,    Pennsyl- 
vania and  Utah. 

Carolina  Pink.    See  Spigelia. 

Carpame   Ci4H25NO2. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystal- 
ine  alkaloid. 

Constants:     Melting-point  I2I°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  from  the 
leaves  of  Carica  papaya. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Carpaine   Hydrochloride 
Ci4H25N02.HCl. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 

Constants:      Melting-point    225°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  solution  of  carpaine  in 
hydrochloric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tins. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire    hazard:      None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:     None. 

Carragheen.    See  Chondrus. 

Carron  Oil.*  A  mixture  of  linseed  or 
cotton-seed  oil  with  lime  water,  used  in 
the  treatment  of  burns. 

Carthamus  (Safflower,  African  saffron, 
Thistle  saffron,  American  saffron, 
Dejer's  saffron,  False  saffron,  Bas- 
tard saffron). 

Derivation:  Florets  of  Carthamus  tinc- 
torius. 

Habitat:  Levant  and  Orient;  cultivated 
extensively  in  Europe  and  America. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Bales. 


Uses:  Medicine;  dyestuff;  coloring  cos- 
metics. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Cartier  Hydrometer.  Standard  in 
Spain  for  the  alcoholic  content  of 
liquors. 

Carui  Fructus,  B.  P.     See   Caraway. 
Carum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Caraway. 

Carvol  CioHi4O. 

Color  and  properties:  Pale  yellowish 
or  colorless  liquid;  fine  caraway  like 
odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.960; 
boiling-point  230°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:     From  caraway  oil. 

Method   of   purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine;   flavoring. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Caryophyllic  Acid.     See  Eugenol. 

Caryophyllus    (Cloves). 

Derivation:  Dried  ilower-buds  of  Eu- 
genia aromatica. 

Habitat:  Molucca  Islands,  Zanzibar, 
Sumatra,  South  America,  West  In- 
dies, etc. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Boxes. 

Uses:  Medicine;  manufacturing  clove 
oil. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Cascara  Amarga  (Honduras  bark). 
Derivation:      Bark    of    Picramnia    pen- 

tandra. 

Habitat:     West  Indies  and  Mexico. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Bales. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Cascara  Sagrada 


141 


Cassia  Fistula 


Cascara  Sagrada,  Bark  (Sacred  bark, 
Chittem  bark,  Chittam  bark,  Chittim 
bark,  Persian  bark,  Bear-berry,  Bear- 
wood). 

Derivation:  Bark  of  Rhamnus  pur- 
shiana. 

Habitat:     Idaho  and  California. 

Properties:  The  bark  loses  its  cathar- 
tic properties  on  being  kept  for  I 
year. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Bags,  bales. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:     None. 

Cascarilla  (Eleuthera  bark,  Sweet-wood 

bark). 

Derivation:     Bark  of  Croton  eluteria. 
Habitat:     Bahamas,   Cuba  and   Hayti. 
Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Bales. 
Uses:     Medicine;  tobacco  flavoring. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Casein* 

Color  and  properties:  White  to  yel- 
lowish albuminoid  produced  as  a 
granular  powder  or  amorphous 
lumps. 

Soluble  in  alkalis,  alkaline  carbonates 
and  moderately  strong  acids;  insolu- 
ble in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  precipitation  from 
milk  by  means  of  very  dilute  acids 
in  excess,  (b)  By  precipitation  by 
solutions  of  salts  of  heavy  metals, 
yielding  a  caseinogenate  of  the  re- 
spective metal,  (c)  By  means  of  an 
enzyme,  such  as  rennet,  yielding  cal- 
cium para-caseinogenate. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Food  (cheese);  leather  finish- 
ing; adhesives;  sizing  paper;  water 
paints;  varnishes;  substitute  for  al- 
bumin, celluloid,  shellac,  gelatin, 
gums,  horn  and  hard  rubber;  manu- 
facturing ornaments;  films. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Casein  Ammonia.    See  Eucasin. 


Cashew-nut  Oil.    See  Cashew  oil. 

Cashew  Oil   (Cashew-nut  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Clear,  pale  yel- 
low, colorless,  fixed  oil. 

Constants:  Saponification  value  179.84; 
iodine  number  60.6. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  benzol  and 
carbon  bisulfide;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  From  the  cashew  nut,  Ana- 
cardium  occidentals,  by  expression. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:    Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Cashoo.     See  Extract  of  cutch. 

Cassava  Starch*  (Arrowroot). 

Derivation:  From  the  roots  of  several 
species  of  manihot,  by  heating  the 
damp  starch  in  shallow  pans,  the 
granules  burst  and  adhere  together, 
forming  irregularly  shaped,  translu- 
cent kernels,  known  as  tapioca. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Burlap  bags;  wooden  bar- 
rels. 

Uses:  Foodstuffs;  laundry  starches; 
adhesives. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Cassel's  Green.     See  Barium  manganate. 

Cassella's  Acid.     See  Acid  naphtholsul- 
fonic,  Beta-  2:7. 

Cassella's  Acid   F.     See   Acid   naphthyl- 
aminemonosulfonic,  Beta-. 

Cassia  Bark.     See  Cinnamon. 

Cassia  Fistula  (Purging  cassia,  Drum- 
stick, Indian  laburnum,  Pudding  pipe, 
Pudding  stick). 

Derivation:  Dried  fruit  of  Cassia  fist- 
ula. 

Habitat:  Upper  Egypt  and  East  In- 
dia; cultivated  in  tropical  America 
and  Africa. 


Cassia  Oil 


142 


Catechu 


Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine. 


Cassia  Oil  (Cinnamon  Oil,  Chinese). 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow  or 
brownish  liquid. 

Chief  known  constituent:  Cinnamic 
aldehyde  (Not  less  than  80  per  cent). 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.045-1.063; 
optical  rotation  +i  to  — i;  boiling- 
point  240-260°  C;  refractive  index 
1.585-1.605. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation^  Distilled  from  the  bark 
of  a  species  of  Cinnamomum  grown 
in  China. 

Method   of   purification:      Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass   bottles. 

Uses:     Flavoring;  perfumes. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Cassia  Fructus,  B.  P.    See  Cassia. 
Cassiae  Pulpa,  B.  P.    Cassia  pulp. 

Cassiterite.       Natural    tin    oxide,    SnO£. 
Contains  79  per  cent  tin.     The  source 

of  practically  all  the  tin  now  used. 
California,  Colorado,  Connecticut, 
Georgia,  Idaho,  Maine,  New  Hamp- 
shire, North  Carolina,  South  Caro- 
lina, South  Dakota,  Texas,  Virginia, 
Wales,  Washington  and  Wyoming. 


Cassius*  Purple.     See  Gold  purple. 

Castanha  Oil  (Brazil-nut  oil) 
Color    and    properties:      Pale,    yellow, 

odorless,  fixed  oil. 

Constants:    Specific  gravity  0.9180;  mele- 
ing-point  o.4°C;  saponification  value 
193.4;  iodine  number  106.22. 
Soluble   in   ether,   carbon   bisulfide  and 

benzol;  insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:     From  the  brazil-nut,  Ber- 

tholletia  excelsa,  by  expression. 
Grades:     Technical. 


Containers:     Tins;  iron  drums. 
Uses:     Perfumery;   soap;   food;  illumi- 
nation. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Cast-iron.     See  Iron. 


Castor*      (Canadian      beaver;      Siberian 

beaver). 
Derivation:      Dried    preputial    follicles 

with  their  secretions  of  the  common 

beaver,   Castor  fiber. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Boxes. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Castor  Bean.     See  Ricinus. 

Castor    Oil*    (Ricinus    oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow  to  yel- 
lowish-brown liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.960-0.970; 
saponification  value  178;  iodine  value 
85;  acid  value  19.21. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  benzol,  chloro- 
form and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  From  the  seeds  of  Ricinus 
communis.  They  are  cold  pressed  for 
the  first  grade  of  medicinal  oil  and 
hot  pressed  for  the  common  quali- 
ties, about  40  per  cent  of  the  oil 
being  obtained. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:      Large   cans. 

Uses:  Preparation  of  Turkey  red  oil; 
lubricant  for  aircraft  engines;  medi- 
cine. 

Fire  hazard;  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Cat's  Hair.    See  Euphorbia  pilulifera. 
Catechol.     See  Pyrocatechin. 

Catechu   (Cutch,   Terra  japonica). 
Derivation:    From  the  wood   and   pods 
of  Acacia  catechu  and  from  the  betel 
nut,  the  fruit  of  Areca  catechu,  a  spe- 


Catechu  Nigrum 


143 


Celery-seed  Oil 


cies  of  the  palm  tree.  Both  are  na- 
tives of  India. 

Grades:  Extract:  25  per  cent  Tannin; 
Solid:  50  per  cent  Tannin. 

Containers:  Extract:  Wooden  barrels; 
Solid:  Boxes. 

Uses:  Textile  dyeing;  Tanning  indus- 
try. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Catechu  Nigrum,  B.  P.    See  Catechu. 

Catlinite  (Indian  pipestone).  A  red 
clay  found  in  southwestern  Minnesota 
and  formerly  used  by  the  Indians  for 
making  pipes.  Soft  when  freshly  quar- 
ried, hardens  on  exposure  to  air. 

Catmint.     See  Nepeta. 
Catnip.     See  Nepeta. 

Caulophyllum*  (Blue  cohosh,  Squaw- 
root). 

Derivation:  Rhizome  and  roots  of 
Caulophyllum  thalictroides. 

Habitat:  United  States  and  Japan. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Bales. 

Uses:   Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Caustic.      When   used  alone  usually  al- 
ludes to  caustic  soda,  sodium  hydroxide. 


Cedar  Leaf  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  liquid, 
savine-like  odor. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Limonene, 
cadinene,  borneol,  bornyl  esters. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.883-0.888. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  leaves 
of  the  red  cedar  (Juniperus  virgin- 
iana). 

Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Cedar  Wood  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  Pale-yellow  or 
greenish-yellow  liquid;  characteristic 
agreeable  odor;  poisonous. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Cedrene; 
cedar  camphor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.945-0.960; 
optical  rotation  — 30  to  — 40;  refrac- 
tive index  1.498  to  1.503. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  wood 
of  Juniperus  virginiana. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles;  iron 
drums. 

Uses:  Medicine;  perfuming  soap; 
scenting;  insectifuge. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Caustic  Baryta.  See  Barium  hydroxide. 
Caustic  Lime.  See  Calcium  hydroxide. 
Caustic,  Lunar.  See  Silver  nitrate. 


Caustic  Potash.     See  Potassium  hydrox- 
ide. 


Caustic  Soda.      See  Sodium  hydroxide. 
Cayenne  Pepper.     See   Capsicum. 


Cedrus  (Cedar).  Wood  of  Cedrus  libani. 
Habitat:     Asia  Minor. 
Uses:     Source  of  cedar  oil. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Celandine.     See    Chelidonium. 

Celery-seed  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish  es- 
sential oil;  characteristic  odor;  celery 
taste. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Limonene, 
phenols,  sedanolide,  sedanonic  acid. 


Celestite 


144 


Cerargyrite 


Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.870-0.895; 
optical  rotation  +67  to  +79. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  fruit  of 
Apium  graveolens. 

Method   of   purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;   glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Flavoring;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Celestite.  Natural  strontium  sulfate, 
SrSO4.  Arizona,  Arkansas,  California, 
Ohio  and  Texas. 


Celloidin*  (Celluidine). 

Color  and  properties:  Slightly  milky, 
white,  transparent;  tough  gelatinous 
tablets,  chips  or  shreds. 

Soluble   in  alcohol  and   ether. 

Derivation:    A  very  pure  nitrocellulose. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs;  bags. 

Uses:  Imbedding  sections  in  micros- 
copy; electrochemistry;  photography; 
galvanoplastics. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Celluidine.     See  Celloidin. 

Celluloid.* 

Derivation:  By  mixing  nitrocellulose 
and  camphor  in  the  following  man- 
ner: Well  stabilized,  powdered,  and 
partially  dried  collodion  cotton  is 
soaked  in  alcohol  in  a  covered  cen- 
trifuge, then  gelatinized  with  alco- 
hol and  one-third  or  one-fourth  of 
its  weight  of  camphor,  pigment  is 
added  if  necessary,  homogenized  be- 
tween rolls  and  then  formed  into 
dense,  compact  blocks  by  pressing 
while  hot.  It  is  then  ready  to  be 
cut,  sawn  and  polished.  Various  sub- 
stitutes for  the  camphor  are  used. 

Uses:  Toilet  articles;  toys;  amber  sub- 
stitute; ivory  substitute;  ebonite  sub- 
stitute; tortoise-shell  substitute;  pho- 
tographic films. 

Grades:     Technical. 


Containers:       Wooden     or     cardboard 

boxes. 

Fire    hazard:      Dangerous. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Cellulose   Acetate*    (Sericose). 

(a)   C6H5(C02CH8)5. 

(b) 

(c) 
Color      and      properties:        Yellowish, 

transparent   amorphous   mass.     Non- 
inflammable. 
(a)     Soluble    in    alcohol;    insoluble    in 

water;    (b)    Insoluble    in    water;    (c) 

Insoluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:      By    the    acetylization    of 

cellulose  in  presence  of  sulfuric  acid. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  boxes. 
Uses:      Artificial    silk;    airplane    dope; 

non-inflammable     photographic     and 

cinematograph    films. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Cement  Rock.  Argillaceous  limestone 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  natural  hy- 
draulic cement.  Contains  lime,  silica, 
and  alumina  in  varying  proportions, 
and  usually  more  or  less  magnesia. 
Alabama,  Arizona,  Arkansas,  Califor- 
nia. Canada,  Colorado,  Connecticut, 
Delaware,  Florida,  Georgia,  Illinois,  In- 
diana, Iowa,  Kansas,  Kentucky,  Maine, 
Maryland,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Mis- 
sissippi, Missouri.  Montana,  Nebraska, 
Nevada,  New  Jersey,  New  Mexico, 
New  York,  North  Carolina,  North  Da- 
kota, Ohio,  Oklahoma,  Oregon,  Penn- 
sylvania, South  Carolina,  South  Da- 
kota, Tennessee,  Texas,  Utah,  Ver- 
mont, Virginia^  Washington,  West  Vir- 
ginia, Wisconsin  and  Wyoming. 

Centaury.     See  Erythaea. 
Cephaelis.     See   Ipecac. 

Cerargyrite  (Horn  silver).  Natural  sil- 
ver chloride,  AgCl.  Contains  75  per 
cent  silver.  Arizona,  California,  Colo- 
rado, Idaho,  Maine,  Montana,  Nevada, 
New  Mexico,  South  Dakota,  Utah, 
Washington  and  Wyoming. 


Cera  Alba 


145 


Cerium 


Cera  Alba,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.  White  wax. 
Cera  Flava,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.  Yellow  wax. 
Ceratum,  U.  S.  P.  Cerate. 

Ceratum  Cantharidis,  U.  S.  P.     Cantha- 
rides  cerate. 

Ceratum  Resinae,  U.  S.  P.    Rosin  cerate. 

Ceresin*  (Ozokerite,  Earth-wax,  Miner- 
al wax,  Cerosin,  Cerm). 

Color  and  properties:  White,  waxy 
cakes;  odorless;  tasteless. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.92-0.94; 
melting-point  74°C.-8o°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  benzol,  chloroform, 
naphtha;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Purification  of  ozokerite 
by  treatment  with  concentrated  sul- 
furic  acid  and  filtration  through  ani- 
mal charcoal. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Boxes. 

Uses:  Candles;  sizing;  substitute  for 
white  wax. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ceric- Ammonium  Nitrate*    (Cerium-am- 
monium nitrate) 
Ce(NO3)4.2NH4NO3. 

Color  and  properties:  Small  prismatic, 
orange-red  crystals. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  mixing  solutions  of 
cerium  nitrate  and  ammonium  ni- 
trate, with  subsequent  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs;  tins. 

Uses:     Incandescent  gas  mantles. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Ceric  Fluoride*   (Cerium  fluoride) 

CeF4.H20. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  amor- 
phous powder. 


Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  so- 
lutions of  cerium  nitrate  and  sodium 
fluoride. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs;  tins. 

Uses:     Ceramics. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ceric  Oxide*  (Cerium  dioxide,  Cerium 
oxide)  CeO2. 

Color  and  properties:  Pale-yellow, 
heavy  powder. 

Constants:      Specific   gravity   7.65. 

Soluble  in  nitric  and  sulfuric  acids;  in- 
soluble in  water  and  dilute  acids. 

Derivation:  By  decomposing  cerium 
nitrate  by  heat. 

Impurities:     Other  rare  metal  oxides. 

Grades:     Technical;  C.  P. 

Containers:      Wooden    kegs. 

Uses:  ^  Incandescent  gas  mantles; 
ceramics. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ceric    Sulfate*    (Cerium    sulfate) 
Ce(SO4)2.4H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Reddish-yellow 
crystals. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  sulfuric 
acid  on  cerium  carbonate. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Boxes;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Reducer  in  photography. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Cerii  Oxalas,  U.  S.  P.    See  Cerous  oxa- 
late. 


Cerin.     See  Ceresin. 

Cerium.*    Ce. 

Color  and  properties:  Gray,  ductile, 
malleable  metal;  tarnishes  in  moist 
air. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  6.92;  melt- 
ing-point 645°  C. 


Cerium-Ammonium 


146 


Cerous  Oxalate 


Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  Reduction  of  the  oxide 
by  magnesium  powder;  (b)  Electrol- 
ysis of  the  fused  chloride. 

Grades:  Technical,  contains  consider- 
able quantities  of  various  of  the  rare 
earth  metals. 

Containers:      Boxes. 

Uses:  Cerium  salts;  cerium-iron  pyro- 
phoric  alloys  ("misch-metall")- 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Cerium-Ammonium  Nitrate.  See  Ceric- 
ammonium  nitrate  and  Cerous-ammo- 
nium  nitrate. 


Cerous   Chloride*    (Cerium   chloride) 
Ce2Cl6.i4H2O. 

Color    and    properties:      Reddish-white 
crystals. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  3.88;  melt- 
ing-point 848°  C. 

Soluble   in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:      By   the    action   of   hydro- 
chloric acid  on  cerium  carbonate. 

Method    of    purification:      Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Kegs. 

Uses:     Incandescent  gas  mantles. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Cerium  Chloride.     See   Cerous  chloride. 


Cerium  Dioxide.     See  Ceric  oxide. 


Cerium  Fluoride.     See   Ceric  fluoride. 


Cerium   Nitrate.     See    Cerous   nitrate. 


Cerium  Oxalate.     See  Cerous  oxalate. 


Cerium  Oxide.    See  Ceric  oxide. 


Cerium  Sulfate.     See  Ceric  sulfate. 


Cerous  Nitrate*   (Cerium  nitrate) 
Ce(N03)3.6H20. 

Color  and  properties:     Red  crystals. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Loses 
3H2O  at  I5O°C.;  boiling-point:  De- 
composes at  200°  C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  nitric 
acid  on  cerium  or  cerium  dioxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Incandescent  gas  mantles. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 


Cerodine.     See  veratrine. 


Cerous- Ammonium     Nitrate*     (Cerium- 
ammonium  nitrate) 
Ce2(N03)63NH4N03.ioH2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  transpar- 
ent crystals. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol;  insoluble 
in  nitric  acid. 

Derivation:  By  adding  ammonium  hy- 
droxide to  a  nitric  acid  solution  of 
cerium  nitrate. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:     Incandescent  gas  mantles. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous: 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 


Cerous  Oxalate   (Cerium  oxalate) 
Ce2(C2O4)3.9H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish- 
white,  odorless,  tasteless,  crystalline 
powder. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Decom- 
poses. 

Soluble  in  dilute  sulfuric  and  hydro- 
chloric acids;  very  slightly  soluble  in 
water;  insoluble  in  oxalic  acid  solu- 
tion, alkalis,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  from  mona- 
zite  sand  with  oxalic  acid  or  with 
hydrochloric  acid  and  conversion  into 
the  oxalate,  followed  by  crystalliza- 
tion. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 


Ceruse 


147 


Chalcopyrite 


Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Wooden  kegs;  tins. 
Uses:     Medicine;  isolation  of  the  met- 
als of  the  cerium  group. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Ceruse.     See  Lead  carbonate. 

Ccrusite.  Natural  lead  carbonate, 
PbO.CO2.  Contains  77.5  per  cent  lead. 
Arizona,  Arkansas,  Colorado,  Connecti- 
cut, Idaho,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Mis- 
souri, Montana,  Nevada,  New  Mexico, 
New  York,  North  Carolina,  Oklahoma, 
Oregon,  Pennsylvania,  South  Dakota, 
Tennessee,  Utah,  Virginia,  Washington, 
Wisconsin  and  Wyoming. 

Cervantite.  A  natural,  infusible  anti- 
mony oxide,  Sb2O4.  Idaho  and  New 
Mexico. 


Cetaceum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See  Sperma- 
ceti. • 

Cetin  (Palmitic  acid  cetyl  ester) 
Ci5H3iCOOCi6H33. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystal- 
line wax-like  substance.  Chief  con- 
stituent of  commercial  purified  sper- 
maceti. 

Constants:  Melting-point  50° C;  boil- 
ing-point 360°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insolu- 
ble in  water. 

Derivation:  By  solution  from  sperma- 
ceti. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  boxes. 

Uses:  Base  for  ointments,  cerates  and 
emulsions;  manufacture  of  candles, 
soaps,  etc. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Cetylacetic  Acid.     See  Acid  stearic. 
Cetylic  Acid.     See  Acid  palmitic. 

Cetylic  Alcohol*  (Ethal,  Ethol,  Cetyl  al- 
cohol,   Hecdecatylic   alcohol,    Normal 


primary  hexadecyl  alcohol,  Palmityl 
alcohol)  CieHssOH. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.8176; 
melting-point  50°  C.;  boiling-point 
344°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  saponifying  sperma- 
ceti with  caustic  alkali. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:     Medicine;  perfumery. 


Cevadilla.     See  Sabadilla. 


Chabert  Oil.*  A  mixture  of  three  parts 
of  turpentine  oil  with  one  part  of  bone 
oil;  used  in  medicine. 

Chalcanthite.  Natural  copper  sulfate. 
CuO.SO3.sH2O.  Arizona,  Califor- 

nia,   Colorado,    Idaho,    Montana,    Ne- 
vada, North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

Chalcocite  (Copper  glance).  A  natural 
copper  sulfide,  Cii2S.  Contains  79.8  per 
cent  copper.  Arizona,  California,  Colo- 
rado, Connecticut,  Georgia,  Idaho, 
Maine,  Maryland,  Minnesota,  Missouri, 
Montana,  Nevada.  New  Hampshire, 
New  Jersey,  New  Mexico,  North  Caro- 
lina, Oregon,  Pennsylvania,  South  Da- 
kota, Tennessee,  Texas,  Utah,  Virginia, 
Washington,  Wisconsin  and  Wyoming. 


Chalcopyrite  (Copper  pyrites,  Yellow 
copper  ore).  A  natural  sulfide  of  cop- 
per and  iron,  CuFeS2.  Contains  34.5 
per  cent  copper.  Alabama,  Arizona, 
California.  Canada.  Colorado.  Connecti- 
cut, Georgia,  Idaho,  Maine,  Massachu- 
setts, Minnesota,  Missouri,  Montana, 
Nevada,  New  Hamoshire,  New  Jersey, 
New  Mexico.  New  York,  North  Caro- 
lina, Oregon,  Pennsylvania,  Rhode 
Island,  South  Carolina.  South  Dakota, 
Tennessee,  Texas,  Utah.  Vermont,  Vir- 
ginia, Washington,  Wisconsin  and 
Wyoming. 


Chalcophanite 


148 


Checkerberry 


Chalcophanite  (Hydrofranklinite).  A 
natural  hydrous  manganese-zinc  oxide 
(Mn,Zn)O.2MnO2.2H2O.  New  Mexico. 


Chalk. 

A  soft,  compact,  light-colored,  natural 
amorphous  calcium  carbonate  composed 
of  the  delicate  skeletons  of  rhizopods 
and  other  marine  organisms.  Alabama, 
Iowa  and  Nebraska.  Much  of  the  chalk 
of  commerce  is  imported  from  England. 


Chalk,   Precipitated.     See    Calcium   car- 
bonate. 


Chamoelirium.     See   Helonias. 
Chamomile.     See  Anthemis. 


Chamomile  Oil,  German.  (Camomile 
oil.) 

Color  and  properties:  The  oil  has  at 
first  a  bluish  color,  which  by  expo- 
sure to  light  turns  into  green  and 
brown;  characteristic  odor  of  cha- 
momile;  bitterish,  aromatic  taste. 

Chief  known  constituent:     A  paraffin. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.930-0.940. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  flower 
heads  of  Matricaria  chamomilla. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Flavoring;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Chamomile  Oil,  Roman. 

Color  and  properties:  See  Chamomile 
oil,  German. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Esters  of 
butyric,  angelic  and  tiglic  acids. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.905-0.915; 
refractive  index  1.4455. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  flower 
heads  of  Anthemis  nobilis. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 


Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Charcoal,  Animal*  (Abaiser,  Bone- 
black). 

Derivation:  By  the  destructive  distil- 
lation of  bones. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Bags;  barrels. 

Uses:  Decolorizing  agent;  filtering 
medium;  sugar  refining. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Charcoal,  Wood.* 

Derivation:  Formerly  the  chief  pro- 
duct now  a  by-product  of  the  de- 
structive distillation  of  wood. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Barrels. 

Uses:  Decolorizing  agent;  filtering 
medium;  component  of  ordinary  gun 
powder;  fuel;  pharmacy. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Charlton  White.     See  Lithopone. 


Chaulmoogra  Oil  (Oleum  chaulmoograe, 
Gynocardia  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Brownish-yel- 
low oil  or  soft  fat;  characteristic 
odor;  somewhat  acrid  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.940;  sa- 
ponification  value  198-213;  iodine 
value  96-104;  acid  value  21-27. 

Soluble  in  ether,  chloroform,  alcohol 
and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  Expressed  from  the  seeds 
of  Taraktogenos  kurzii. 

Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 

Grades:    Technical;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Copper  flasks;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:    Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:     None. 


Checkerberry.     See  Gaultheria. 


Chelandine 


149 


Chestnut  Extract 


Chelandine.    See  Chelidonium. 
Chelene.    See  Ethyl  chloride. 

Chelidonine*  C2oHi9NO5.H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystal- 
line alkaloid;  poisonous. 

Constants:     Melting-point    I35°-I36°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  of  Chelido- 
nium majus  and  subsequent  crystal- 
lization. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Chelidonine  Hydrochloride* 

C2iHi9NO5.HCl. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 
Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  water. 
Derivation:      By   the   action    of   hydro- 
chloric acid  on  chelidonine. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad   shipping   regulations:     None. 

Chelidonium*  (Celandine;  Chelandine; 
Tetterwort). 

Derivation:  The  entire  plant,  Chelido- 
nium majus. 

Habitat:     Europe  and  U.  S. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Bales. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Chelerythrine*   Ci9HiiNO2(OCH8)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals; poisonous. 

Constants:     Melting-point  2O3°C. 

Slightly  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  of  Chelido- 
nium majus  or  Sanguinaria  canaden- 
sis  and  subsequent  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 


Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:      Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  .regulations:     None. 

"Chemick."  A  cold  dilute  solution  of 
bleaching  powder  (Calcium  hypochlor- 
ite)  used  in  the  textile  industry. 

Chenopodium  Oil*  (Oil  of  American 
wormseed;  Goose-foot  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  or  yel- 
lowish liquid;  characteristic  penetrat- 
ing odor;  pungent  and  bitterish  taste. 

Chief  known  constituent:  A  hydro- 
carbon, CioHie. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.965-0.985; 
optical  rotation  • — 5  to  — 18. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  fruit 
of  Chenopodium  ambrosioides. 

Method   of    purification:      Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:     None. 

Cherry  Laurel  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  Pale-yellow 
liquid;  characteristic  odor  of  oil  of 
bitter  almonds. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Benzalde- 
hyde  and  hydrocyanic  acid. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  1.054-1.066. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  leaves 
of  Prunus  lauro-cerasus. 

Method    of  purification:      Rectification. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Flavoring;  liqueurs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Chestnut  Extract.* 
Derivation:      By   leaching   the   bark   of 

Castanea   sativa,  yielding  an  extract, 

the   composition  of  whose   tannin  is 

unknown. 
Grades:     Ordinary  25  per  cent  tannin; 

clarified  25  per  cent  tannin. 


Chestnut  Oak 


150 


Chinoidine 


Containers:  Tank  cars;  wooden  bar- 
rels. 

Uses:     Tanning  industry. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Chestnut  Oak  Extract.* 

Derivation:  From  Quercus  primus. 
Native  of  the  southern  states  of  the 
United  States. 

Grades:     25  per  cent  tannin. 

Containers:  Tank  cars;  wooden  bar- 
rels. 

Uses:     Tanning  industry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Chichory.     See   Cichorum. 
Chili  Niter.     See  Sodium  nitrate. 
Chili  Saltpeter.     See  Sodium  nitrate. 
Chillies.     See   Capsicum. 

Chimaphila*  (Pipsissewa,  Prince's  pine, 
Bitter  wintergreen,  Rheumatism 
weed,  Ground  holly,  Pyrola,  Pine 
tulip). 

Derivation:  Dried  leaves  of  Chima- 
phila umbellata. 

Habitat:  Europe,  Asia  and  North 
America. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Boxes. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

China  Bark.    See  Quillaja. 
China  Clay.     See  Kaolin. 
China  Wood  Oil.    See  Tung  oil. 
Chinaldine.     See  Quinaldine. 
Chinaphthol.     See  Quinaphthol. 
China  Oil.    See  Balsam,  Peru. 


Chinese  Bean  Oil.    See  Soya  bean  oil. 
Chinese  Blistering  Flies.     See  Mylabris. 
Chinese  Cantharides.     See   Mylabris. 
Chinese  Blue.     See   Prussian  blue. 
Chinese  Cinnamon.     See  Cinnamon. 
Chinese  Red.    See  Mercuric  sulfide,  Red. 
Chinese  Root.     See  Galangae. 

Chinese  Wax   (Insect  wax). 

Color  and  properties:  White  to  yel- 
lowish-white solid;  nearly  odorless 
and  tasteless. 

Chief  constituent:     Ceryl  cerotate. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.970; 
melting-point  8o°-83°C;  iodine  num- 
ber 1.4;  saponification  number  80-93. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  chloroform,  benzol 
and  naphtha. 

Derivation:  Secreted  by  an  insect 
(Coccus  ceriferus).  The  wax  is  de- 
posited on  the  branches  of  some 
trees  and  is  removed  by  hand  and 
then  melted  in  boiling  water  to  re- 
move dirt,  bark,  etc. 

Method  of  purification:  Filtration. 

Grades:     Crude. 

Containers:  Burlap  bags,  wooden  bar- 
rels. 

Uses:  Fine  candles;  medicine;  paper 
^size;  furniture  polish. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 

Chinese  White.    See  Zinc  oxide. 
Chinic  Acid.     See  Acid  quinic. 
Chinidine.     See   Quinidine. 
Chinium.     See   Quinium. 
Chinoline.     See  Quinoline. 
Chinoidine.     See    Quinoidine. 


Chinone 


151 


Chlorbenzene 


Chinone.     See  Quinone. 


Chinosol.     See  Quinosol. 


Chirata  (Chiretta  Bitter-stick,  East  In- 
dian balmony).  . 

Derivation:  The  dried  plant,  Swertia 
chirayita. 

Habitat:     East  Indies. 

Grades:     Technical;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Bales. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire   hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Chiretta.     See  Chirata. 
Chittam  Bark.     See  Cascara. 
Chittem  Bark.     See  Cascara. 
Chittim  Bark.     See  Cascara. 

Chloral*    (Tnchloroacetic  aldehyde) 
CC13:CHO. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  mo- 
bile, oily  liquid;  penetrating  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.5121; 
melting-point  -57-5°C.;  boiling-point 
97.7°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  combines 
with  water  forming  chloral  hydrate. 

Derivation:  By  the  chlorination  of  al- 
cohol and  subsequent  distillation. 

Method    of   purification:    Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:      Medicine;    organic    synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 


Chloral    Formamide    (Chloral    formami- 
dum)    CsH4Cl*NOi. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  lus- 
trous crystals. 

Constants:      Melting-point     ii4°-ii5°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  for- 
mamide  and  anhydrous  chloral. 


Method     of     purification:     Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Amber  glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Rairoad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Chloral  Formamidum,  B.  P.  'See  Chloral 
formamide. 


Chloral  Hydrate*  ("Knockout  drops") 
CC13CH(OH)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Transparent, 
colorless  crystals;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.901;  melt- 
ing-point 57°C.;  boiling-point  97.5°C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  1/5  of  its 
volume  of  water  on  chloral. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical,  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine;  liniments. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Chloralum   Hydratum,   U.   S.   P.,   B.   P. 

See    Chloral   hydrate. 

Chloranil*   (Tetrachloroquinone) 
C6C1402. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow  leaflets. 

Constants:     Melting-point  285°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  benzol; 
insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  phe- 
nol or  aniline  with  potassium  chlor- 
ate and  hydrochloric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Oxidizer  in  manufacturing  coal- 
tar  dyes. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Chlorazotic  Acid.     See  Aqua  regia. 
Chlorbenzene.     See   Chlorobenzene. 


Chlorbenzol 


152 


Chloroform 


Chlorbenzol.     See  Chlorobenzene. 


Chlorobenzol.     See  Chlorobenzene. 


Chloride  of  Lime.     See   Calcium  hypo- 
chlorite. 

Chlorine*  Cla. 

Color  and  properties:  Heavy,  green- 
ish-yellow gas  or  liquid;  poisonous  1 

Constants,  gas:  Specilic  gravity  2.491; 
melting-point  -102°  C;  boiling-point 
-33-6°  C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alkalis. 

Derivation:  By  the  electrolysis  of  so- 
dium chloride  in  solution.  The 
chlorine  is  released  at  the  positive 
electrode.  The  chlorine  is  either 
liquefied  by  compression  in  steel  cyl- 
inders or  employed  at  once  for  mak- 
ing bleach  or  bleaching  powder,  or 
for  chlorinating  organic  substances. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Steel  cylinders. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis;  textile 
bleaching  liquor;  water  purification; 
chlorination;  military  poison  gas; 
manufacture  of  hydrochloric  acid. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 


Chloroacetone*          (Monochloroacetone, 
Monochlorinated    acetone) 
CH3COCH2C1. 

Color  and  properties:     Colorless  liquid; 
pungent  odor. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  1.162;  boil- 
ing-point H9°C. 

Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether    and    chloro- 
form;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:      By    the    chlorination    of 
acetone. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:        Organic      synthesis;      military 
poison  gas. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Chloroazotic  Acid.     See  Aqua  regia. 


Chlorobenzal.     See  Benzyl  bichloride. 


Chlorobenzene,  Mono*  (Monochloro- 
benzol)  L6H5C1. 

Color  and  properties:     Clear  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.1064; 
melting-point  -44.9°C;  boiling-point 
I32°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  passing  dry  chlor- 
ine into  benzol  to  which  a  small  alu- 
minum mercury  couple  is  added  as  a 
carrier.  Action  is  stopped  when  the 
additional  weight  corresponding  to 
the  replacement  of  one  hydrogen 
atom  by  one  of  chlorine.  The  liquid 
is  neutralized  with  caustic  soda,  de- 
hydrated over  calcium  chloride  and 
finally  recovered  by  distillation,  (b) 
By  passing  chlorine  into  benzol  in 
presence  of  molybdenum  chloride. 

Method  of  purification.     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  carboys. 

Uses:  Picric  acid,  dyestuffs;  organic 
preparations. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Chloroform*     (Trichloromethane,   Meth- 
enyl  trichloride) 
CHC13. 

Color  and  properties:  Clear,  colorless, 
highly  refractive,  volatile  liquid; 
characteristic  odor;  non-inflammable. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.49887; 
melting-point  -63.2° C.;  boiling-point 
6i.20°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  the  reaction  of  cal- 
cium oxychloride  with  acetone  and 
distillation.  (b)  Chloral  is  treated 
with  an  aqueous  caustic  soda  solu- 
tion and  then  distilled,  (c)  Carbon 
tetrachloride  is  reduced  in  the  heat 
by  hydrogen  and  distilled. 

Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical,  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:     Solvent;   anesthetic;   medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations.:     None, 


Chloroformum 


153 


Cholic  Acid 


Chloroformum,    U.    $.    P.,    B.   P.      Sec 

Chloroform. 

Chlorohydric    Acid.      See    Acid    hydro- 
chloric. 

Chloromethane.      See    Methyl    chloride. 

Chloromethylchloroformate*   (Palite) 
C1COOCH2L1.     A   military  poison  gas 
used  in  the  late  war. 

Chloromethymenthyl    Ester.      See    For- 
man. 


Chloronitrobenzene,  Meta-*  (Meta- 
chloronitrobenzol)  CoH4Cl(NO2)  i  :3. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.534:  melt- 
ing-point 44° C;  boiling-point  236°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  benzol. 

Derivation:  By  chlorinating  nitro- 
benzene in  presence  of  iodine. 

Method  of  purification:  Kecrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:      Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Chloronitrobenzene,      Ortho-      (Ortho- 
chloronitrobenzol) 
C6H4Cl(NO2)i:2. 

Color  and  properties:     Yellow  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.368;  boil- 
ing-point 245. 5°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  benzol. 

Derivation:  By  nitrating  chloroben- 
zene. 

Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron   drums. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Chloronitrobenzene,  Para-  (Para-chloro- 
nitrobenzol) 


Color  and  properties:  Yellowish  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.520;  melt- 
ing-point 83°C.;  boiling-point  242*C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  nitric 
acid  on  chlorobenzene 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs;  tins. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Chloronitrobenzol.     See  Chloronitroben- 
zene. 

Chlorophthalic    Acid.      See    Acid    chlor- 
phthalic. 

Chloropicrin.        See      Nitrotrichlorome- 
thane. 

Chloroplatinic  Acid.      See   Acid   chloro- 
platinic. 

Chloropropyleneglycol.    See  Monochlor- 
ohydrin. 

Chlorosulfonic  Acid.     See  Acid   chloro- 
sulfonic. 

Chlorotoluene,     Omega-.       See     Benzyl 
chloride. 


Chlorotoluol,  Omega-.    See  Benzyl  chlo- 
ride. 

Chlorpicrin.    See  Nitrotrichloromethane. 
Choleic  Acid.     See  Acid  taurocholic. 
Choleinic  Acid.     See  Acid  taurocholic. 
Choliaic  Acid.     See  Acid  taurocholic. 
Cholic  Acid.    See  Acid  glycholic. 


Cholepyrrhin 


154 


Chromic   Hydroxide 


Cholepyrrhin.     See  Bilirubin. 


Cholesterin* 
Color  and  properties:     Unctuous  white, 

pearly  scales. 
Constants:        Specific      gravity      1.067; 

melting-point  I48.5°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:     From  gall,  brain  and  veg- 

etable fats. 
Grades:      Technical. 
Containers:      Tins. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Chondrus*     (Carragheen;     Irish     moss; 

Pig-wrack;      Pearl      moss;      Killeen; 

Rock-salt  moss). 
Derivation:      Dried   plant   of   Chondrus 

crispus. 
Habitat:      Irish    coast,    New    England 

and  Atlantic   Ocean. 
Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Burlap  bags. 
Uses:    Medicine;    nutrient;    demulcent; 

emulsifier;  leather  dressing. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Chrome    Alum.      See    Chromium-potas- 
sium sulfate. 

Chrome  Green.     See  Chromic  oxide. 
Chrome-iron.     See  Chromitron. 

Chrome  Orange.     Basic  lead  chromate, 
PbCrO5. 

Chrome     Red.       See     Lead     chromate, 
Basic. 

Chrome  Yellow.     See  Lead  chromate. 
Chromic  Acid.     See  Acid  chromic. 

Chromic  Chloride*  (Chromium  chloride; 
Chromium  sesquichloride)  CrClq  or 
CrCl3.6H20. 


Color  and  properties:  Reddish-violet, 
crystalline  powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.757;  boil- 
ing-point I20O°-I5OO°C. 

Anhydrous:  Insoluble  in  water,  but  a 
trace  of  chromous  chloride  or  stan- 
nous  chloride  will  cause  it  to  go  into 
solution.  Hydrous:  Soluble  in  water 
and  alcohol.  '»• 

Derivation:  Anhydrous:  Chlorine  is 
passed  over  a  heated  mixture  of 
chromic  oxide  and  carbon,  and  sub- 
limation. Hydrous:  By  the  action 
of  hydrochloric  acid  on  chromium 
hydroxide. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Chromium  salts;  mordant  in  the 
^textile  industry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Chromic  Fluoride*  (Chromium  fluoride) 
CrF3.4H2O. 

Color  and  properties.  Fine,  green 
crystalline  powder. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  3.78. 

Soluble  in  water  and  acids;  insoluble  in 
alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of 
chromium  hydroxide  and  hydrofluor- 
ic acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Wooden    barrels. 

Uses:  Printing  and  dyeing  woolens; 
coloring  and  hardening  marble. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Chromic    Hydrate.       See    Chromic    hy- 
droxide. 


Chromic    Hydroxide*     (Chromium    hy- 
droxide;   Chromium   hydrate) 
Cr(OH)3. 

Color  and  properties:  Green,  gelati- 
nous precipitate. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  adding  a  solution  of 
sodium  hydroxide  to  the  solution  of 
a  chromium  salt. 

Grades:     Technical. 


Chromic  Oxide 


155 


Chromium  Hydrate 


Containers:    Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:      Chromium    salts. 
Fire   hazard:      None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations: 


None. 


Chromic  Oxide*  (Chrome  green) 
Cr203. 

Color  and  properties:  Bright-green, 
crystalline  powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  5.04;  melt- 
ing-point I99O°C. 

Insoluble  in  water  and  acids. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  heating  chromium 
hydroxide,  (b)  By  heating  dry  am- 
monium bichromate,  (c)  By  heating 
potassium  bichromate  with  sulfur  and 
washing  out  the  potassium  sulfate. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Metallurgy;  paint  pigment; 
ceramics. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

See  also  Acid  chromic,  Anhydride. 


Chromic  Phosphate*  (Chromium  phos- 
phate; Arnaudon's  green;  Plessy's 
green)  Cr(PO4). 

Color  and  properties:  Bluish-green 
powder. 

Soluble  in   acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  so- 
lutions of  chromium  chloride  and  so- 
dium phosphate. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Paint  pigment. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Chromic  Sulfate*  (Chromium  sulfate) 

(a)  Cr2(S04)3. 

(b)  Cr2(S04)3.i5H20. 

Color  and  properties:  (a)  Violet  or  red 

powder,     (b)   Dark-green  amorphous 

scales. 
Constants:     Specific  gravity   (a)   3.012. 

(b)   1.867. 
(a)    Insoluble  in  water  and  acids,     (b) 

Soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:     By  the  action   of  sulfuric 

acid    on    chromium    hydroxide,    with 

subsequent   crystallization. 


Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Textile  industries;  green  var- 
nishes; green  ink. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations.:     None. 


Chromii  Trioxidum,  U.  S.  P.    See  Chro- 
mic oxide. 


Chromite.  A  natural  chromate  of  iron, 
FeCr2O4.  Contains  68  per  cent  chro- 
mic oxide.  California,  Georgia,  Mary- 
land, Massachusetts,  New  York,  North 
Carolina,  Oregon,  Pennsylvania,  Vir- 
ginia and  Wyoming. 

Chromitron.*  An  acid-resisting  alloy  of 
chromium  and  iron. 


Chromium*  Cr. 

Color  and  properties:  Shining,  steel- 
gray  metal. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  6.0,2;  melt- 
ing-point 1520°  C. ;  boiling-point 
2200°  C. 

Soluble  in  acids. 

Derivation:  By  reduction  of  the  oxide 
with  aluminum  filings  by  the  Gold- 

>    schmidt  process. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Cars;  barrels. 

Uses:     Metallurgy;  chromium  salts. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 


Chromium  Acetate, 
tate. 


See  Chromous  ace- 


Chromium      Chloride, 
chloride. 


See      Chromic 


Chromium  Fluoride.    See  Chromic  fluor- 
ide. 


Chromium   Hydrate.      See   Chromic  hy- 
droxide. 


Chromium  Hydroxide 


156 


Cimicifuga 


Chromium  Hydroxide.    See  Chromic  hy- 
droxide. 

Chromium   Oxide.     See   Chromic   oxide. 


Chromium     Phosphate. 

phosphate. 


See     Chromic 


Chromium-Potassium  Sulfate*  (Chrome 
alum)  K2SO4.Cr2(SO4)3.24H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Dark,  violet-red 
crystals. 

Constants:      Specific   gravity    1.81278. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  reducing  potassium  bi- 
chromate in  dilute  sulfuric  acid  with 
sulfurous  acid. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  casks. 

Uses:  Tanning  industry;  chrome-tan 
liquors;  textile  industry  as  a  mor- 
dant. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Chromium  Sesquichloride.    See  Chromic 
chloride. 


Chromium    Sulfate. 
fate. 


See    Chromic    sul- 


Chromous  Acetate*  (Chromium  acetate) 


Color  and  properties:  Grayish-green 
powder  or  bluish-green,  pasty  mass. 

Soluble  in  water;   insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  acetic 
acid  on  chromium  hydroxide.  The 
solution  is  evaporated  and  crystal- 
lized. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical;  paste;  powder. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Textile  industry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 


Chrysamine.     A   coal-tar   dyestuff   used 
in  dyeing  textiles  and  leather  yellow. 


Chrysarobin*     (Medicinal  "chrysophanic 
acid";  Purified  goa  powder) 

CsoHjJdOT. 

Derivation:  Neutral  principle  from 
goa  powder,  a  substance  deposited  in 
the  wood  of  Vouacapoua  araroba; 
yielding  chrysophanic  acid  on  oxidi- 
zation. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.920-0.922; 
melting-point  I57°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:      Boxes. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Chrysarobinum,    U.    S.    P.,    B.    P.     See 

Chrysarobin. 

Chrysazine.       See     Dioxyanthraquinone, 


Chrysocolla.  A  natural  hydrous  copper 
silicate.  Contains  about  36  per  cent 
of  copper.  Arizona,  California,  Colo- 
rado, Maryland,  Michigan,  Montana, 
Nevada,  New  Jersey,  New  Mexico, 
North  Carolina,  Oregon,  Utah,  Virginia 
and  Wyoming. 

Chrysoidine.  An  orange  dyestuff  for 
wool,  silk,  cotton  and  leather;  also  used 
in  coloring  confectionery  and  liqueurs. 

Chrysophanic  Acid.     See  Chrysarobin. 

Chrysophenine.*  A  yellow  synthetic 
dyestuff,  used  in  dyeing  textiles  and 
leather. 

Chrysotile  (Fibrous  serpentine).  See 
Asbestos.  Arizona,  Maryland,  Ver- 
mont and  Wyoming. 

Cimicifuga*  (Black  snake  root,  Actaea, 
Black  cohosh,  Bugbane,  Bugwort). 

Derivation^  Dried  rhizome  and  roots 
of  Cimicifuga  racemosa. 

Habitat:    United  States  and  Canada. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P, 

Containers:     Bales. 


Cina 


157 


Cinchonine 


Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Cina.     See  Santonica. 

Cinchona  Bark,  Calisaya  (Peruvian  bark, 

Yel^w  cinchona  bark,  Calisaya  bark, 

Jesuits'  bark). 
Derivation:      Dried    bark    of    Cinchona 

calisaya  or  other  species  of  cinchona. 
Habitat:   South   America;   cultivated  in 

Java,     India,     Jamaica,     Ceylon     and 

West  Africa. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Bales. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Cinchona  Bark,  Loxa  (Loxa  bark,  Cin- 
chona pallida,  Crown  bark,  Pale  cin- 
chona, Loja  bark,  Huanuco  bark, 
Cuenca  bark). 

Derivation:  Bark  of  Cinchona  offici- 
nalis  and  other  species  of  cinchona. 

Habitat:  Loxa  and  other  parts  of 
Ecuador;  cultivated  in  India. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:      Bags. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Cinchona    Bark,    Succirubra    (Red    cin- 

cinchona,    Red    Peruvian    bark,    Red 

bark,  St.  Ann's  bark). 
Derivation:      Dried    bark    of    Cinchona 

succirubra  or  of  its  hybrids. 
Habitat:     South  America;  cultivated  in 

Japan,     Java,     India     and     Western 

Africa. 

Grades:   Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:      Bales. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Cinchona   Pallida.      See    Cinchona   bark, 
Loxa. 


Cinchona  Rubra,  U.   S.  P.,  B.  P.     See 

Cinchona  bark,  Succirubra. 


Cinchpnidmae  Sulfas,  U.  S.  P.    See  Cin- 
chonidine. 


Cinchonidine.* 

(a)  Alkaloid:  Ci9H22N2O. 

(b)  Hydrochloride: 
Ci9H22N2O.HCl.H2O. 

(c)  Bisulfate: 


(d)  Sulfate: 
(Ci9H22N2O)2. 
H2SO4.3H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White  prisms  or 
powder. 

Constants:  Melting-point  (a)  207.2; 
(d)  205-3°C. 

(a)  Soluble  in  alcohol;  slightly  soluble 
in  water  and  ether. 

(b)  Soluble    in    alcohol;    slightly    solu- 
ble in  water. 

(c)  Soluble   in   water   and   alcohol. 

(d)  Soluble     in     water     and     alcohol; 
slightly   soluble   in   ether. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  of  certain 
varieties  of  cinchona  bark,  and  sub- 
sequent crystallization.  The  salts 
are  formed  by  the  action  of  the  re- 
spective acid  on  the  alkaloid. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Amber    glass    bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Cinchoninae  Sulfas,  U.  S.  P.     See  Cin- 

chonine. 


Cinchonine.* 

(a)  Alkaloid: 
Ci9H22N2O. 

(b)  Hydrochloride: 
Ci9H22N2O.HC1.2H20. 

(c)  Nitrate: 


(d)   Bisulfate: 


(e)   Sulfate: 

(Ci9H22N20)2H2S04.2H2O. 
Color  and   properties:     White,   shining 

prisms  or  needles. 
Constants:     Melting-point  (a)  264.3°  C.; 

(e)  198.5. 


Cinchotine 


158 


Cinnamon  Leaf 


(a)  Slightly   soluble   in    water,   alcohol 
and  ether. 

(b)  Soluble     in     water,     alcohol     and 
ether. 

(e)  Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol; 
water. 

(d)  Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  water. 

(e)  Soluble     in     water     and     alcohol; 
slightly  soluble  in  ether. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  of  the  bark 
of  various  species  of  cinchona  and 
subsequent  crystallization.  The  salts 
are  formed  by  the  action  of  the  re- 
spective acid  on  the  alkaloids. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Amber  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Cinchotine.     See  Quinidine. 
Cinene.     See  Dipentene. 
Cineol.     See  Eucalyptol. 

Cinnabar.  A  natural  vermilion  mercury 
sulfide,  HgS,  containing  86  per  cent  of 
mercury.  It  is  the  common  ore  of  mer- 
cury and  forms  hexagonal  crystals.  See 
Metacinnabarite  and  Mercury  sulfide, 
Red.  Arizona,  California,  Colorado, 
Idaho,  Nevada,  New  Mexico,  Oregon, 
South  Dakota,  Texas  and  Utah. 

Cinnabar,  Austrian.  See  Lead  chromate, 
Basic. 

Cinnamaldehyde.  See  Cinnamic  alde- 
hyde. 

Cinnamene.    See  Styrene. 
Cinnamenol.     See  Styrene. 
Cinnamic  Acid.     See  Acid  cinnamic. 

Cinnamic    Aldehyde*    (Cinnamaldehyde, 
Cinnamyl   aldehyde) 


C6H5CH.CH.CH. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish  oil; 
cinnamon  odor.  Keep  well  stop- 
pered. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.129,  melt- 
ing-point -8°C.;  boiling-point  248°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  very 
slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  From  Ceylon  and  Chinese 
cinnamon  oils. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass   bottles. 

Uses:     Extracts. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 

Cinnamic  Ether.     See   Ethyl  cinnamate. 
Cinnamol.     See   Styrene. 

Cinnamon,  Cassia  (Cinnamon,  Cassia 
bark,  Chinese  cinnamon). 

Derivation:  Bark  of  Cinnamomum  cas- 
sia. 

Habitat:     Southern   China  and  Anam. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Boxes. 

Uses:  Medicine;  source  of  cinnamon 
oil;  flavoring;  condiment. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:     None. 


Cinnamon,   Ceylon. 
Derivation:     Inner  bark  of  the   shoots 

of  Cinnamomum  zeylanicum. 
Habitat:     Ceylon,  Sumatra  and  Borneo; 

cultivated  in  tropical  Africa,  America 

and  Asia. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Boxes. 
Uses.    Medicine;    source    of    cinnamon 

oil;   flavoring;   condiment. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Cinnamon  Leaf  Oil. 
Color   and   properties:      A   pale-yellow, 

limpid     liquid;     combined     cinnamon 

and  clove  odor. 
Chief    known    constituents:       Eugenol, 

cinnamic   aldehyde   and   safrol. 
Constants:     Specific  gravity  1.044-1.065; 


Cinnamon  Oil 


159 


Citronella  Oil 


refractive  index  1.535;  optical  rota- 
tion o°5'  to  +1°. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  leaves 
of  Cinnamomum  zeylanicum. 

Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Flavoring.  .  . 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Cinnamon  Oil,  Ceylon. 

Color  and  properties:  A  pale-yellow 
liquid;  characteristic  odor  of  cinna- 
mon; aromatic,  spicy  odor. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Cinnamic 
aldehyde  and  eugenol. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.024-1.040; 
refractive  index  1.590-1.599;  optical 
rotation  o  to  — I. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  bark  of 
Ceylon  cinnamon  bark. 

Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine;  flavoring;  perfumery. 

Fire    hazard:      None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 


Cinnamon,  Saigon. 

Derivation:  Bark  of  an  undetermined 
species  of  Cinnamomum. 

Habitat:  Anam  (Cochin  China);  culti- 
vated in  Java,  Sumatra  and  South 
America. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Boxes. 

Uses:  Medicine;  source  of  cinnamon 
oil;  flavoring;  condiment. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Cinnamon  Wood.     See  Sassafras. 

Cinnamomum  Saigonicum,  U.  S.  P.    See 
Cinnamon,  Saigon. 

Cinnamomum  Zeylanicum,  U.  S.  P.,  B. 
P.     See   Cinnamon,   Ceylon. 


Cinnamyl  Alcohol*  (Styrone,  Styryl  al- 
cohol) C6H5CH:CH:CH2pH. 

Color  and  properties:  White  needles 
or  crystals;  hyacinth-like  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.0397; 
melting-point  33°C.;  boiling-point 
257°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of 
styracin  and  potassium  hydroxide 
and  distillation. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tin  cans;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Perfumery. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Cinnamyl   Aldehyde.     See    Cinnamic   al- 
dehyde. 

Cinnamylic  Acid.     See  Acid  cinnamic. 

Cinnamylic    Ether.      See    Ethyl    cinna- 
mate. 

Citric  Acid.     See  Acid  citric. 

Citronella  Oil*  (Lana  batu). 

Color  and  properties:  A  limpid,  yel- 
lowish or  greenish-yellow  liquid; 
agreeable  odor. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Geraniol; 
citronellal  and  methyl  eugenol. 

Constants:  Refractive  index  1.4811- 
1.4830;  optical  rotation  — 5  to  — 21. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  grass 
of  a  species  of  Andropogon. 

Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:^  Soaps;  perfumes,  medicine;  in- 
sectifuge. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Citronella  Oil,  Singapore. 

Color  and  properties:  A  colorless  oil; 
agreeable  verbena-like  odor. 


Citrullui 


160 


Club-moss 


Chief  known  constituents:  Geraniol 
and  citronellal. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.886-0.900; 
optical  rotation  -o°34'  to  -3°;  re- 
fractive index  1.465-1.468. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  fruit 
of  Tetranthera  citrata. 

Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine;  insectifuge. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping    regulations:      None. 

Citrullus  colocynthis.    See  Colocynth. 
Citrus  aurantium.    See  Orange. 
Citrus  vulgaris.    See  Orange. 


Civet  (Zibeth). 

Derivation:  Unctuous  secretion  from 
the  civet  cat,  Viverra  civetta. 

Habitat:  Asia,  Molucca  Islands  and 
East  Indies. 

Soluble  in  hot  alcohol  and  ether;  insol- 
uble in  water. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Glass   bottles. 

Uses:     Perfumery. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Clay.  A  natural  substance  which,  when 
finely  ground  and  mixed  with  water, 
forms  a  pasty,  moldable  mass  that  pre- 
serves its  shape  when  air  dried;  the 
particles  soften  and  coalesce  upon 
being  highly  heated  and  form  a  stony 
mass  upon  cooling.  Clays  vary  greatly 
mineralogically  and  chemicallv  and 
consequently  in  their  physical  proper- 
ties. Most  of  them  contain  many  im- 
purities, but  their  base  is  hydrous  alu- 
minum silicate. 


Clay,  Ball.  Secondary  plastic  clay, 
readily  forming  balls,  also  known  as 
fat  clay  and  pipe  clay. 


Clay,  Fat.     See  Clay,  Ball. 

Clay,  Fire.  Kaolins  containing  a  con- 
siderable amount  of  free  silica  as 
quartz.  The  deposits  are  found  under- 
lying coal  beds.  Used  for  manufactur- 
ing fire-brick  and  other  refractories. 

Clay,  Pipe.     See  Clay,  Ball. 
Clay,  Porcelain.     See  Kaolin. 
Clay,   Refractory.     See   Clay,   Fire. 

Cleve's  Acid.  See  Acid  naphtholsul- 
fonic,  Alpha-  1:5. 

Climbing  Ivy.    See  Rhus  toxicodendron. 
Clove.    See  Caryophyllus. 


Clove  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  A  pale-yellow, 
thin  liquid;  darkens  and  thickens 
with  age  and  exposure;  strong  aro- 
matic odor;  pungent  and  spicy  tast*e. 
Chief  known  constituent:  Eugenol. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.048-1.0/0; 
boiling-point  250°-26o°C.;  refractive 
index  1.5301-1.5360;  optical  rotation: 
Laevogyrate  to  -i°io/. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  cloves,  the 
unexpanded  flowers  of  Eugenia  aro- 
matica. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  flavoring;  dentistry; 
perfumery;  confectionery;  soaps. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Clotbur.     See  Lappa. 
Club-moss.    See  Lycopodium. 


Coal 


161 


Cobalt   Chloride 


Coal. 

Derivation:  A  carbonaceous  substance 
formed  from  the  remains  of  vegeta- 
tion by  partial,  progressive  decompo- 
sition (oxidation),  the  successive 
stages  being  peat,  lignite  or  brown 
coal,  bituminous  or  soft  coal  and  an- 
thracite or  hard  coal.  These  sub- 
stances vary  primarily  in  their  physi- 
cal structure,  hardness,  volatile  con- 
stituents and  carbon  content,  the 
latter  being  the  most  important  char- 
acteristics. 

Percent  Per  cent 
carbon    volatile 

Peat    24  to  30    49  to  56 

Lignite     27  to  43     31  to  38 

Bituminous    coal.. 50  to  80     14  to  35 
Anthracite    70  to  85       4  to  14 

Uses:  (a)  Bituminous:  Fuel;  coke 
production;  illuminating  and  fuel  gas 
manufacture;  briquet  manufacture. 
(b)  Anthracite:  Fuel. 


Coal  Oil.  Crude  petroleum,  kerosene  or 
the  crude  oil  from  the  destructive  dis- 
tillation of  bituminous  coal. 


Coal-tar.* 

Derivation:  A  black,  viscous  liquid,  by- 
product of  the  destructive  distillation 
of  coal. 

Grades:    Crude;  refined;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Tank-cars;   barrels. 

Uses:  Waterproofing,  paints,  pipe- 
coating,  roads,  roofing,  insulation, 
production  of  benzol,  toluol,  xylol, 
phenol,  anthracene,  lampblack  and 
pitch,  by  distillation;  medicine. 


Coal-tar    Naphtha.      See    Naphtha,    Sol- 
vent. 

Coal-tar  Pitch.     See  Pitch,  Coal-tar. 

Cobalt*  Co. 

Color  and  properties:  Steel-gray,  shin- 
ing, hard,  ductile,  somewhat  malle- 
able metal,  not  found  native.  See 
Cobaltite,  Erythrite,  Linnaeite 
Smaltite.  Canada,  Colorado,  Idaho, 
Missouri,  Nevada,  South  Carolina, 


Tennessee,  Washington  and  Wyom- 
ing. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  Reduction  of  the  ox- 
ide with  carbon  in  the  electric  fur- 
nace. (b)  Reduction  of  the  oxide  by 
the  Goldschmidt  process.  (c)  Re- 
duction of  the  oxalate  or  oxide  with 
hydrogen. 

Grades:  Technical  containing  more  or 
less  nickel  and  iron;  pure  cobalt 
"shot"  (granules  about  98  per  cent 
Co.) 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Metallurgy;  cobalt  salts;  alloys; 
electroplating. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Cobalt  Acetate.     See  Cobaltous  acetate. 
Cobalt-Ammonium  Sulfate* 


Color  and  properties:     Ruby-red  crys- 

tals. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  1.902. 
Soluble   in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 
Derivation:  By  the  action  of  dilute  sul- 

furic  acid  of  ammonio-cobaltous   hy- 

droxide  with    subsequent   crystalliza- 

tion. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Seramics. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Cobalt  Arsenate.    See  Cobaltic  arsenate. 
Cobalt  Bloom.     See  Erythrite. 

Cobalt    Bromide.      See    Cobaltous    bro- 
mide. 


Cobalt   Carbonate.     See   Cobaltous   car- 
bonate. 


Cobalt  Chloride.     See  Cobaltic  chloride 
and  Cobaltous  chloride. 


Cobalt  Green 


162 


Cobaltic  Arsenate 


Cobalt    Green.     See    Cobalt    zincate. 

Cobalt  Hydrate.     See   Cobaltic  hydrox- 
.  ide  and  Cobaltous  hydroxide. 

Cobalt    Hydroxide.      See    Cobaltic    hy- 
droxide and  Cobaltous  hydroxide. 

Cobalt  Iodide.     See  Cobaltous  iodide. 

Cobalt   Linoleate.     See    Cobaltous   lino- 
leate. 


Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:        Medicine;      yellow      pigment; 

painting  on  glass  or  porcelain. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Cobalt  Pyrites.     See  Linnaeite. 

Cobalt    Resinate.      See    Cobaltous    resi- 
nate. 

Cobalt   Sulfate.     See    Cobaltous   sulfate. 


Cobalt  Nitrate.     See   Cobaltous   nitrate. 
Cobalt  Oleate.    See  Cobaltous  oleate. 

Cobalt  Oxide.     See   Cobaltic  oxide  and 
Cobaltous  oxide. 

Cobalt    Oxide,   "A.K.O."      See    Cobaltic 
arsenate. 

Cobalt    Oxide,    "A.K.O."     See    Cobaltic 
carbonate. 

Cobalt  Oxide,  "P.K.O."     See  Cobaltous 
phosphate. 

Cobalt   Peroxide.     Cobaltic    oxide. 


Cobalt  Phosphate.     See  Cobaltous  phos- 
phate. 

Cobalt-Potassium   Nitrite*    (Cobalt   yel- 
low,   Potassium    cobaltinitrite) 
2CoK3(NO2)6.3H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow,  micro- 
crystalline  powder. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Decom- 
poses at  20O°C. 

Slightly  soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in 
alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  adding  potassium  ni- 
trite and  acetic  acid  to  a  solution  of 
a  cobalt  salt. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 


Cobalt  Tungstate.     See  Cobaltous  tung- 
state. 


Cobalt     Wolframate.       See     Cobaltous 
tungstate. 

Cobalt    Yellow.      See    Cobalt-potassium 
nitrite. 

Cobalt  Zincate*  (Rinman's  green,  Co- 
balt green). 

Color  and  properties:  Bright-green 
powder. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  moistening  zinc  oxide 
with  cobalt  nitrate  and  igniting. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Paint  pigments. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Cobaltic  Arsenate*  (Natural  erythrine, 
Cobalt  arsenate,  Cobalt  oxide 
"A.K.O.")  Co3(As04)2.8H20. 

Color  and  properties:  Violet-red  pow- 
der. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.948. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  solu- 
tions of  sodium  arsenate  and  of  a 
cobalt  salt. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  boxes. 

Uses:  Painting  on  glass  and  porcelain 
in  light  blue  colors. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Cobaltic  Chloride 


163 


Cobaltous  Chloride 


Cobaltic  Chloride*  (Cobalt  chloride) 
CoCl3. 

Color  and  properties:  Ruby-red  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.94;  melt- 
ing point:  Sublimes. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  on  cobaltic  oxide  with 
subsequent  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  tins. 

Uses:  Barometers;  hydrometers;  gal- 
vanoplating ;  sympathetic  inks. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Cobaltic  Hydroxide*  (Cobalt  hydroxide; 
Cobalt  hydrate)  Co(OH)3. 

Color  and  properties:  Dark-brown 
powder. 

Soluble  in  cold  concentrated  acids;  in- 
soluble in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  addition  of  sodium 
hydroxide  to  a  solution  of  a  cobaltic 
salt. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Tins;  kegs;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Cobalt  salts. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Cobaltic  Oxide*  (Cobalt  oxide)  Co2O3. 

Color  and  properties:  Steel-gray  pow- 
der. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.81-5.60; 
melting-point:  Decomposes  at  red- 
heat. 

Soluble  in  concentrated  acids;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  cobaltic  hy- 
droxide. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:   Pigment. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Cobaltite  (Cobalt  glance).  A  natural 
sulfarsenide  of  cobalt,  CoAsS.  Con- 
tains 35.5  per  cent  of  cobalt.  Oregon. 


Cobaltous  Acetate*  (Cobalt  acetate) 
Co(C2H3O2)2.4H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Reddish-violet, 
deliquescent  crystals. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  1.7043. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  acetic  acid 
on  cobaltous  hydroxide  with  subse- 
quent crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  pure  crystalline. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Sympathetic  inks. 

Fire  hazard:  None.. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Cobaltous  Bromide*   (Cobalt  bromide) 
CoBr2. 

Color  and  properties:  Red  crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.909;  melt- 
ing-point: Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydro- 
bromic  acid  on  cobalt. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  In  hydrometers. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Cobaltous  Carbonate*  (Cobalt  carbon- 
ate, Cobalt  oxide  "K.O.H.")  CoCO3. 

Color  and  properties:  Light-rose  col- 
ored powder. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  adding  sodium  carbon- 
ate to  a  solution  of  cobaltous  acetate, 
followed  by  filtration  and  drying. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Manufacturing  cobaltic  oxide; 
cobalt  pigments;  cobalt  salts. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Cobaltous  Chloride*   (Cobalt  chloride) 

(a)   CoCl2;   (b)   CoCl2.6H2O. 
Color    and    properties:    Ruby-red   crys- 
tals. 


Constants: 
Specific  gravity 
Melting-point 


(a) 


(b) 


Su 


3.348  1.84 

ablimes  86.7S°C 


Cobaltous  Hydroxide 


164 


Cobaltous  Oxide 


Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  on  cobalt  oxide  with  sub- 
sequent crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  tins. 

Uses:  Barometers;  hydrometers;  ab- 
sorbent for  ammonia,  gas  in  military 
and  industrial  gas-masks;  galvano- 
plating;  sympathetic  inks. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Cobaltous  Hydroxide*  (Cobalt  hydrox- 
ide; Cobalt  hydrate)  Co(OH)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Rose-red  powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.597. 

Soluble  in  acids  and  ammonium  salt 
solutions;  insoluble  in  water  and  al- 
kalis.. 

Derivation:  By  the  addition  of  sodium 
hydroxide  to  a  solution  of  a  cobal- 
tous  salt. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Tins;  kegs;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:   Cobalt  salts. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:   None. 


Cobaltous  Iodide*  (Cobalt  iodide) 

CoI2.6H2O. 
Color     and     properties:     Brownish-red 

crystals. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:   By  the  action  of  hydriodic 

acid  on  cobalt. 

Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 
Grades:   Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  In  hydrometers. 
Fire  hazard:   None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Cobaltous  Linoleate*  (Cobalt  linoleate) 
Co(Ci8H3i02)2: 

Color  and  properties:   Brown,  amorph- 
ous powder. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  acids;  in- 
soluble in  water. 

Derivation:  By  boiling  a  cobalt  salt  and 
sodium  linoleate. 

Grades:  Technical. 


Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Varnish  driers. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Cobaltous  Nitrate*   (Cobalt  nitrate) 
(Co(NO3)2.6H2O). 

Color  and  properties:  Red  crystals, 
deliquescent  in  moist  air. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.83;  melt- 
ing-point s6°C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  in  acids. 

Derivation:  By  the  action -of  nitric  acid 
on  cobalt  with  subsequent  crystalli- 
zation. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Sympathetic  inks;  cobalt  pig- 
ments. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 


Cobaltous  Oleate*  (Cobalt  oleate) 
Co(Ci8H33O2)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Brown,  amorph- 
ous powder. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  cobaltous  chlor- 
ide and  sodium  oleate,  followed  by 
filtration  and  drying. 

Grades:   Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Varnish  driers. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Cobaltous  Oxide*  (Cobalt  oxide)  CoO. 

Color  and  properties:  Blue  or  black 
powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  5.6-5.75; 
melting-point  286o°C. 

Soluble  in  acids  and  alkalis;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  cobaltous  hy- 
droxide. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:    Pigment. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Cobaltous  Phosphate 


165 


Cocaine  Hydrochloride 


Cobaltous  Phosphate*  (Cobalt  phos- 
phate, Cobalt  oxide  "P.K.O.") 
Co3(PO4)2.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Pink  powder. 

Soluble  in  phosphoric  acid;  insoluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  solu- 
tions of  cobalt  salts  and  sodium  phos- 
phate. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Manufacturing  cobalt  pigments; 
coloring  glass;  painting  on  porcelain 
in  light  blue  colors. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:   None. 

Cobaltous   Resinate*    (Cobalt   resinate) 

Co(C44H6204)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Brown  powder. 
Insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:    By    heating    a    cobalt    salt 

and  rosin  oil. 

Grades:  Technical;  pure  precipitated. 
Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:  Varnish  drier. 
Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:    Yellow 

label. 

Cobaltous   Sulfate    (Cobalt   sulfate)    (a) 

CoSO4;  (b)   CoSO4./H2O. 
Color  and  properties:  Red  powder. 

Constants:  (a)  (b) 

Specific  Gravity                       3-472  1.918 

Melting-point                         989°C  g6.8°C 

Boiling-point  42o°C 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:    By   the    action    of   sulfuric 

acid  on  cobaltous  oxide. 
Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  tins. 
Uses:    Ceramics. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Cobaltous  Tungstate*  (Cobalt  tungstate; 

Cobalt   wolframate)    CoWO4. 
Color    and   properties:    Reddish-orange 

powder. 

Insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:  By  adding  a  sodium  tung- 


state    solution    to    a    solution    of    ft 

cobalt  salt. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  tins. 
Uses;  Pigment. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Coca  (Erythroxylon;  Cuca;  Hayo; 
I pa do) 

Derivation:  Dried  leaves  of  Erythrox- 
ylon coca,  known  commercially  as 
Huanaco  coca,  or  Truxillense  Rusby, 
known  commercially  as  Truxillo 
coca.  Contains  a  very  small  amount 
of  cocaine. 

Habitat:  Bolivia,  Chili  and  Peru. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:   Bags. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Cocaina,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Cocaine. 

Cocainae  Hydrochloridum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

See   Cocaine  hydrochloride. 

Cocaine*  Ci7H2iNO4. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
talline alkaloid;  poisonous,  habit- 
forming  drug. 

Constants:  Melting-point  98° C. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  of  the  leaves 
of  Erythroxylon  coca  with  sodium 
carbonate  solution,  treatment  of  the 
latter  with  dilute  acid  and  extraction 
with  ether,  evaporation  of  the  sol- 
velt,  re-solution  of  the  alkaloid  and 
subsequent  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  local  anesthesia;  den- 
tistry (sold  subject  to  strict  govern- 
mental supervision  in  most  coun- 
tries). 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Cocaine  Hydrochloride* 
Ci7H2iNO4.Ha 


Coccus 


166 


Cod-liver  Oil 


Color  and   properties:   White   crystals; 

poisonous,    habit    forming    drug. 
Constants:    Melting-point    i83°-l9i°C. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol;  insoluble 

in  ether. 
Derivation:    By    the    action    of    hydro- 

chloric acid  on  cocaine. 
Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:    Glass   bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine;  dentistry.     (Sold  sub- 

ject   to    strict    governmental    supervi- 

sion in  most  countries). 
Fire  hazard:   None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Coccus,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See  Cochineal. 


Cochineal 

Derivation:  Dried  bodies  of  the  female 
insects  of  Coccus  cacti,  which  live  on 
cactus  plants  in  Mexico,  Central 
America,  Algeria  and  the  East  Indies. 
They  are  collected  and  killed  by  heat. 
The  coloring  principle  is  carminic 
acid  CiTHisOio. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:   Boxes. 

Uses:  Technical;  coloring  food  and 
medicinal  products,  toilet  prepara- 
tions; manufacture  of  red  and  pink 
lakes  and  carmine;  indicator  in  an- 
alytical chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Cocoa.  Indiscriminately  and  incorrectly 
used  to  designate  both  cacao  and  the 
coco-nut. 


Cocoa  Butter.  See  Cacao  butter. 
Cocoa-nut  Oil.  See  Coco-nut  oil. 
Cocoa  Shells.  See  Cacao  shells. 

Coco-nut  Oil  (Coco-nut  palm  oil,  Cocoa- 
nut  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  White,  semi-solid, 
lard-like  fat;  characteristic  odor. 

Constants:    Specific   gravity  0.9115;    sa- 


ponification      value      250-258;      iodine 
value  8.9;  melting-point  20°C-28°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  From  the  coco-nut  (Cocos 
nucifera),  the  chief  commercial  supply 
coming  from  India,  Ceylon  and  the 
South  Sea  Islands.  The  fresh  meat 
of  the  nut  is  pressed,  boiled  in  water 
or  heated  with  solvents  and  the  oil 
extracted. 

Method   of  purification:    Filtration. 

Grades:  Crude;  refined;  Ceylon;  Co- 
chin; Manila.  Free  fatty  acid  con- 
tent: 2  per  cent;  5  per  cent;  7  per 
cent;  72  per  cent. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Marine  soaps;  butter  substitutes; 
foodstuffs;  cosmetics. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 
,  Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

See  also  Copra  oil. 

Coco-nut  Palm   Oil.     See   Coco-nut   oil. 
Cocoic  Ether.     See  Ethyl  cocoinate. 
Cocoinic  Ether.    See  Ethyl  cocoinate. 


Cod-liver  Oil*     (Banks  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-brown 
to  reddish-brown,  liquid,  fixed,  non- 
drying  oil;  characteristic  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.922-0.930; 
saponification  value  182-189;  iodine 
value  141-159;  maumene  test  102-113; 
acid  value  204-207. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  From  the  livers  of  the  cod- 
fish (Gadus  morrhua),  which  are  ren- 
dered by  steam  heat  and  the  oil  sep- 
arated and  chilled  until  the  stearin 
solidifies,  when  it  is  pressed  and  the 
clear  oil  collected. 

Method  of  purification:  Filtration. 

Grades:  U.  S.  P.;  pale;  light-brown; 
dark-brown. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  tank-cars. 

Uses:  Medicine;  leather  dressing; 
chamois  leather  tanning. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Codeina 


167 


Colchicine 


Codeina,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Codeine.          Cohune-nut  Oil.    See    Cohune  oil. 


Codeinae  Phosphas,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See 

Codeine. 

Codeinae  Sulfas,  U.  S.  P.     See  Codeine. 

Codeine*  (a)  Alkaloid: 
Ci8H2iNO3.H2O. 

(b)  Hydrochlonde: 
Ci8H2iNO3.HC1.2H2O. 

(c)  Phosphate: 
Ci8H2iNO3PO4.2H2O. 

(d)  Sulfate: 
(Ci8H21N03)2.H2S04.5H20. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  or  al- 
most colorless  crystals;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Melting-point  (a)  I54.9°C.; 
(b)  264° C;  (c)  235°C.;  (d)  278C°. 

(a)  Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

(b)  Soluble  in  water. 

(c)  Soluble   in   water;    slightly   soluble 
in  ether  and  alcohol. 

(d)  Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alco- 
hol and  ether. 

Derivation:  From  opium  by  extraction 
and  subsequent  crystallization.  The 
salts  are  obtained  by  the  action  of 
the  respective  acid  on  the  alkaloid. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Codoil.     See  Rosin  oil. 

Coffee.     See  Caffea. 

Cognac  Ether.    See  Ethyl  cocoinate. 

Cognac  Oil.     See  Ethyl  cenanthate. 

Cohosh.     See  Caulophyllum. 

Cohosh,  Black.     See  Cimicifuga.  * 


Cohune  Oil*  (Cohune-nut  oil;  Cahoun- 
nut  oil;  Cahune-nut  oil;  Corozo-nut 
oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish,  fixed, 
semi-liquid  fat. 

Constants:  Melting-point  i8°-2O°C.; 
saponification  value  253.9;  iodine  num- 
ber 12.9-13.6. 

Soluble  in  ether  and  benzol;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  From  the  cohune-nut,  At- 
talea  cohune,  by  expression. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:  Candles;  soap;  substitute  for 
coco-nut  oil  in  cooking,  etc. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Coke.  Coal  from  which  the  volatile  con- 
stituents have  been  driven  off  by  heat, 
air  or  oxygen  being  excluded,  so  that 
the  fixed  carbon  and  the  ash  are  fused 
together  and  remain  as  coke.  Com- 
monly artificial,  but  natural  coke  is  also 
known.  New  Mexico  and  Virginia. 

Cola  (Kola;  Soudan  coffee;  Guru). 
Derivation:  Seeds  of  Cola  acuminata. 
Habitat:    West    Africa,     West    Indies, 

Ceylon  and  India. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Colchici  Cormus,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See 

Colchicum. 

Colchici  Semina,  B.  P.    See  Colchicum. 
Colchicina,  U.  S.  P.     See  Colchicine. 

Colchicine*    C22H25NO6. 
Color   and   properties:    Yellow   crystal- 
line alkaloid   or  amorphous  powder; 
poisonous. 

Constants:   Melting-point   I42.5°C. 
Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 


Colchicum 


168 


Colocynthidit 


Derivation:  From  Colchicum  autum- 
nale  by  extraction  and  subsequent 
crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  RecrystalKza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Colchicum  (Meadow  saffron;  Autumn 
crocus;  Wild  saffron;  Meadow  cro- 
cus). 

Derivation:  Dried  corm  of  Colchicum 
autumnale. 

Habitat:  Central  and  Southern  Europe 
and  North  Africa. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Bales. 

Uses:  Medicine;  extraction  of  col- 
chicine. 


Colcothar.    A  red  oxide  of  iron  made  by 
calcining  copperas. 


Colemanite.  A  natural  hydrous  borate 
of  calcium,  2CaO.3B2O3.5H2O.  The 
commonest  source  of  borax  in  the 
United  States.  California  and  Oregon. 

Colic  Root.    See  Galangae. 

Collargol*    (Argentum   Crede;    Colloidal 

silver). 
Derivation:     Soluble     silver     in     finely 

divided  form. 
Grades:  Pure. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:   Antiseptic. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Collaurin*  (Colloidal  gold). 
Derivation:      Soluble     gold     in     finely 

divided  form. 
Grades:  Pure. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Antiseptic. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Collodion*  (Pyroxylin;  Flexible  collo- 
dion). 

Derivation:  Solution  of  nitrated  cellu- 
lose (mixture  of  trinitrocelluiose  and 
tetranitrocellulose)  in  ether  and  al- 
cohol or  other  solvent. 

Color  and  properties:  Pale-yellow, 
sirupy  liquid;  very  inflammable. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles:  iron  drums. 

Uses:  Photographic  films;  cementing; 
coating  wounds  and  abrasions;  manu- 
facturing patent  leather;  solvent  for 
drugs;  corn  removers. 

Fire  hazard:   Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label 

Collodion  Cotton.     See  Pyroxylin. 
Collodion  Wool.     See  Pyroxylin. 

Collodium,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See   Collo- 
dion. 

Collodium     Cantharidatum,     U.     S.     P. 

Cantharidal  collodion. 

Collodium  Flexile,  U.  S.  P.  See  Col- 
lodion. 

Colloidal  Gold.  See  Collaurin. 
Colloidal  Silver.  See  Collargol. 
Colloxylin.  See  Pyroxylin. 

Colocynth  (Bitter  apple;  Bitter  cucum- 
ber; Bitter  gourd). 

Derivation:  Peeled  dried  fruit  of  Citrul- 
lus  colocynthis. 

Habitat:  Mediterranean  region,  Asia 
and  Africa. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Boxes. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Colocynthidis,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Colo- 
cynth, 


Cologne  Spirits 


169 


Conhydrine 


Cologne  Spirits.  A  very  pure  grade  of 
Ethyl  alcohol. 

Colophony*  (Common  rosin). 

Derivation:  A  resin  obtained  by  the 
distillation  of  turpentine  oil  from 
crude  turpentine. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.08;  melt- 
ing-point ioo°-i4O°C. 

Grades:  "Virgin";  .  yellow  dip;  hard. 
Rosin  is  graded  B,  C,  D,  E,  F,  G,  H, 
I,  K,  L,  M,  N,  W-G  (window-glass), 
W-W  (water-white).  The  grading  is 
done  by  color,  B  being  the  darkest 
and  W-W  the  lightest  rosin.  Ordi- 
narily the  first  three  grades,  B,  C 
and  D  are  not  separated.  Occa- 
sionally (e.g.  in  the  case  of  rosin  used 
for  shrapnel)  factors  other  than 
color  are  considered  in  the  grading, 
such  as  the  acidity  and  the  melting- 
point. 

Containers:   Barrels. 

Uses:  The  darker  grades,  B,  C  and  D 
are  used  for  making  rosin  oil,  and 
also  in  the  manufacture  of  linoleum 
and  dark  varnishes;  E.  F  and  G.  (es- 
pecially F)  are  used  for  making  size 
for  the  paper  industry;  the  grades  G 
to  K  are  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
soap,  depending  on  the  quality  of  the 
soap  being  made;  for  some  fine  soaps 
even  lighter  grades  are  occasionally 
used;  the  grades  higher  than  K  (espe- 
cially W-G  and  W-W)  are  used  for 
making  light  varnishes;  sealing  wax; 
munitions  (shrapnel);  adulterating 
other  resins;  fastening  cutlery  into 
handles;  increasing  the  friction  of 
the  horsehair  of  the  bows  of  musical 
string  instruments;  soldering  flux. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Columbian  Spirits.     See  Methyl  alcohol. 

Columbite.  A  natural,  variable  colum- 
bate  and  tantalate  of  iron  and  man- 
ganese containing  preponderant  colum- 
bium  and  grading  into  tantalite,  in 
which  tantalum  preponderates.  Colo- 
rado, Connecticut,  Maine,  North  Caro- 
lina, South  Dakota,  and  Virginia. 


Columbium  (Niobium)  Cb.  A  rare 
metal,  related  to  vanadium  and  tan- 
talum, occurring  in  nature  in  the  form 
of  columbates,  in  columbite  and  other 
rare  minerals. 


Columbo.     See  Calumba. 
Columnian  Spirits.     See  Methyl  alcohol. 
Colza  Oil.    See  Rape-seed  oil. 
Conchinine.     See  Quinidine. 

Condensite.*  A  synthetic  resin  pro- 
duced by  condensing  phenol  and  for- 
maldehyde. 

Condor  Vine.     See  Condurango. 

Condurango    (Cundurango;    Eagle   vine; 

Mata-perro;   Condor  vine). 
Derivation:    Bark    of    Gonolobus    con- 

durango. 

Habitat:  Ecuador  and  Peru. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Bales. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Condy's  Liquid.  A  solution  of  sodium 
permanganate. 

Cone  Flower.    See  Echinacea. 


Conhydrine*  (Oxyconiine) 
Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crystal- 

line  alkaloid;   poisonous. 
Constants:  Melting-point  120.6°  C.;  boil- 

ing-point  22O°-225°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether  and  chlor- 

oform; slightly  soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:   By  extraction  of  the  seeds 

Conium    maculatum    and    subsequent 

crystallization. 
Method    of   purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine, 


Conhydrine,  Pseudo 


170 


Copaiba   Oil 


Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Conhydrine,  Pseudo 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crystal- 

line alkaloid;  poisonous. 
Constants:     Melting-point     ioi°-i02°C.; 

boiling-point  230°  C. 
Soluble    in    water    alcohol,    ether    and 

benzol. 
Derivation:   By  extraction   of  seeds   of 

Conium    maculatum    and    subsequent 

crystallization. 
Method    of   purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Coniine* 
Color    and    properties:    Colorless,    oily 

liquid  alkaloid;  mousy  odor;  poison- 

ous. 
Constants:    Melting-point  -2.5°C;  boil- 

ing-point i66°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:    By   extraction    of    Conium 

maculatum    and    subsequent    distilla- 

tion. 

Grades:   Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:   Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:   None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Coniine  Hydrochloride    CsHijN.HCl. 
Color  and  properties:   White   crystals; 

poisonous. 

Constants:  Melting-point  2o8°-2io°C. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol;  insoluble 

in  ether. 
Derivation:    By   the    action    of   hydro- 

chloric acid  on  coniine. 
Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Conium*    (Hemlock;    Poison    hemlock; 


Spotted     hemlock;     Poison     parsley; 

Spotted  cowbane). 
Derivation:     Full     grown,     but     unripe 

carefully      dried      fruit      of      Conium 

maculatum. 
Habitat:     Europe,     Asia     and     United 

States. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:  Boxes. 

Uses:  Medicine;  extraction  of  coniine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Consumptive's  Weed.     See  Eriodictyon 

Convallaria*  (Lily-of-the-valley;  May 
lily;  Park  lily;  May  blossom). 

Derivation:  Dried  rhizome  and  roots 
of  Convallaria  "majalis." 

Habitat:  United  States,  Europe  and 
Northern  Asia;  cultivated  in  U.  S. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Bags. 

Uses:   Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Convolvulus    Scoparius.     See    Rhodium. 

Copaiba  (Jesuits'  balsam;  Balsam  co- 
paiba; Balsam  capivi). 

Color  and  properties:  Transparent, 
viscous,  light-yellow  to  brownish-yel- 
low liquid;  peculiar  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.940- 
0.990. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform, 
benzol  and  carbon  bisulfide;  insolu- 
ble in  water. 

Derivation:  The  oleoresin  from  one 
or  more  South  American  species  of 
Copaiba. 

Habitat:  Brazil,  Venezuela  and  Co- 
lombia. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:      Iron    drums. 

Uses:  Medicine;  varnishes;  brighten- 
ing old  paintings. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Copaiba  Oil. 
Color    and    properties:      Colorless    or 


Copal 


171 


Copper  Abietinate 


pale-yellowish  liquid;  characteristic 
odor;  aromatic,  bitterish,  pungent 
taste. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Chiefly  ses- 
quiterpenes. 

Constants:  Specific  gravityo  0.895- 
0.905;  boiling-point  25O°-275°C.;  op- 
tical rotation  — 7  to  — 35- 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  so- 
called  balsam  of  copaiba. 

Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire    hazard:      None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Copal  (Gum  Copal,  Resin  Copal,  Anime, 
Kaurie,  Cowrie). 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish  to  yel- 
lowish-brown lumps  of  varying  size; 
hard  or  soft  in  consistency;  conchoi- 
dal  fracture;  odorless  and  tasteless. 

Chief  constituents:  Trachylolic  acid, 
resene,  dammaran. 

Habitat:  Zanzibar  (both  fossil  and  re- 
cent), Manila,  West  Indies  and  Aus- 
tralia. 

Soluble  in  oil  of  turpentine  and  linseed 
oil,  after  fusion.  Hard  copals  are  al- 
most insoluble  in  the  usual  solvents. 
Soft  copals  are  partly  soluble  in  al- 
cohol, chloroform  and  glacial  acetic 
acid. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:    Tins;  bags. 

Uses:  Varnishes;  cements;  amber  sub- 
stitute. 

Fire  hazard^:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:    None. 

Copernicia.     See  Carnuaba. 

Copper*  Cu. 

Color  and  properties:  Reddish,  lus- 
trous, flexible,  ductile,  malleable, 
hard  metal;  sometimes  found  native. 
See  also  Azurite.  Azurmalachite, 
Beaverite,  Bornite,  Brochantite.  Chal- 
canthite,  Chalcocite,  Chalcopyrite, 
Chrysocolla,  Covellite,  Cuprite,  En- 
argite,  Famatinite,  Freibergite,  Gold- 


fieldite,     Linarite,     Malachite,     Mela- 
conite,  Stromeyerite,  Tennantite,  Ten- 
orite  and  Tetrahedrite. 
Constants:     Specific  gravity  8.96;  melt- 
ing-point       1083°  C.;        boiling-point 

2310°C. 

Soluble  in  hot  concentrated  sulfuric 
acid,  hot  concentrated  nitric  acid  and 
dilute  nitric  acid;  slightly  soluble  in 
dilute  sulfuric  acid,  ammonium  hy- 
droxide and  organic  acids;  very 
slightly  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid; 
insoluble  in  cold  concentrated  nitric 
acid,  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  roasting  the  ore  to 
drive  off  sulfur  and  other  volatile 
matter,  the  oxide  remaining.  This  is 
reduced  with  carbon  and  a  siliceous 
flux  in  a  puddling  furnace  or  cupola, 
furnishing  the  "matte"  of  commerce 
containing  40  to  50  per  cent  of  cop- 
per. The  matte  is  bessemerized  in 
a  converter,  "poled"  with  wood  to  re- 
move occluded  gases,  yielding 
"blister"  copper,  containing  96  to  08 
per  cent  of  the  metal.  This  is  melted 
and  cast  into  "anode"  plates  for  elec- 
trolytic refining. 

Method  of  purification:  The  electro- 
lytic refining  is  carried  out  by  the 
"series  system"  in  which  one  side  of 
the  anode  plate  serves  as  anode  and 
the  other  as  cathode.  After  a  suit- 
able amount  of  pure  metal  has  been 
deposited  on  the  cathode  side,  the 
plates  are  "stripped."  i.e.  the  remain- 
ing anode  material  is  split  off.  The 
cathode  metal  is  melted  and  cast  into 
ingots  of  varying  sizes.  These  in- 
gots are  99.90  to  09.94  per  cent  pure, 
and  are  the  usual  commercial  form  of 
copper  for  the  metal-working  indus- 
tries. 

Grades:     Electrolytic;   cast. 

Containers:     Freight   cars. 

Uses:  Electrical  equipment;  chemical 
apparatus  and  equipment;  copper 
salts;  brass,  bronze  and  other  alloys; 
metallurgy;  roofing;  cooking  utensils; 
coinage. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 


Copper   Abietinate*    (Cupric   abietinate) 


Copper  Acetate 


172 


Copper  Borate 


Color  and  properties:  Green  scales; 
poisonous. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  and  in  oils,  with  fine 
green  color;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  copper  hy- 
droxide with  abietinic  acid. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Kegs. 

Uses:     Wood   preservative. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Copper  Acetate*  (Cupric  acetate;  Green 
verdigris;    Crystallized    verdigris) 
Cu(C2H3O2)2.H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Greenish-blue, 
fine  powder;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.9;  melt- 
ing-joint: Decomposes  at  240°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  acetic 
acid  on  copper  and  subsequent  crys- 
tallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical;   U.   S.   P. 

Containers:      Wooden    barrels;    kegs. 

Uses:  Medicine,  insecticide;  textiles; 
ceramics;  reagent  in  analytic  chem- 
istry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Copper  Acetate,  Basic*  (Copper  subace- 
tate;  Green  verdigris) 
CuO-Cu(C2H3O2)2.6H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Greenish-blue, 
very  fine  powder;  poisonous. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  acids. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  acetic 
acid  on  copper. 

Method  of  purification:  'Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Paint  pigment;  insecticide;  dye- 
ing and  printing  fabrics. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Copper  Acetoarsenite*  (Cupric  acetoar- 
senite;  Paris  green;  Schweinfurth 
green;  Imperial  green) 


Color   and   properties:     Emerald-green 

powder;  poisonous. 
Soluble   in   acids;   insoluble   in   alcohol 

and  water. 
Derivation:      By    boiling    copper    basic 

acetate  with   arsenic  trioxide. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:     Pigment;  insecticide. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Copper  Aminosulfate.     See    Copper-am- 
monium sulfate. 

Copper-Ammonium     Sulfate*      (Cupric- 
ammonium       sulfate;       Amino-cupric 
sulfate;   Copper  aminosulfate) 
CuSo4.4NH3.H20. 

Color  and  properties:  Dark  blue,  crys- 
talline powder. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Decom- 
poses. ^ 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  dissolving  copper  sul- 
fate in  ammonium  hydroxide  and  pre- 
cipitating with  alcohol. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Wooden    kegs. 

Uses:  Calico  printing;  manufacturing 
copper  arsenate;  insecticide  "azurin" 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Copper  Arsenite*  (Cupric  arsenite; 
Copper  ortho-arsenite;  Scheele's 
green)  CuHAsO3. 

Color  and  properties:  Fine,  light- 
green  powder;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Decom- 
poses. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of 
copper  sulfate  and  sodium  arsenite. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Pigment:   insecticide. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Copper  Borate*  (Cupric  borate)  CuBO4. 
Color    and     properties:       Bluish-green, 
crystalline  powder. 


Copper  Carbonate 


173 


Copper,  Electrolytic 


Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of 
copper  hydroxide  and  boric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Kegs;   tins. 

Uses:  Oil  pigment;  painting  on  por- 
celain. 

Fire   hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 


Copper    Carbonate*    (Cupric    carbonate; 
Artificial   green    malachite;    Mountain 
green;      Brunswick     green;      Bremen 
green;  Verditer  green) 
Cu2(OH)2CO3. 

Color  and  properties:  Green  powder; 
poisonous. 

Constants:     Specific     gravity     3.7-4.0. 

Soluble  in  acids;   insoluble  in   water. 

Derivation:  By  adding  sodium  carbo- 
nate to  a  solution  of  copper  sulfate, 
filtering  and  drying. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Pigments;   pyrotechnics. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Copper  Chlorate*   (Cupric  chlorate) 

Cu(C103)2.6H20. 
Color    and    properties:      Bluish-green, 

deliquescent       crystals;       poisonous. 

Keep  dry. 

Constants:     Melting-point  6s°C. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:       By     the     interaction     of 

copper  hydroxide  and  chloric  acid. 
Method    of    purification:       Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:     Mordant  in  dyeing  and  printing 

fabrics. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     Yellow 

label. 


Copper  Chloride*   (Cupric  chloride) 

(a)   CuCl2;  (b)   CuCl2.2H2O. 
Color     and     properties:       (a)     Yellow 


powder;    (b)    Greenish-blue,    delique- 
scent crystals;  poisonous. 


(a) 


(b) 
2.47 


Constants: 

Specific  gravity 
Melting-paint 


Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  the  union  of 
copper  and  chlorine,  (b)  Copper  car- 
bonate is  dissociated  with  hydro- 
chloric acid  and  the  product  is  crys- 
tallized. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Mordant  in  dyeing  and  printing 
fabrics;  sympathetic  ink;  aniline 
dyes;  oxidizing  agent;  disinfectant. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Copper  Chromate*  (Basic  cupric  chro- 
mate)  CuCrO4.2CuO.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Light  chocolate- 
brown  powder;  poisonous. 

Soluble  in  nitric  acid;  insoluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  chromic 
acid  on  copper  hydroxide. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Dyeing. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Copper  Cyanide*  (Cupric  cyanide) 
Cu(CN)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Green  powder; 
exceedingly  poisonous;  Keep  well 
stoppered! 

Soluble  in  acids  and  alkalis;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  addition  of  po- 
tassium cyanide  to  a  solution  of 
copper  sulfate,  cupric  cyanide  is  pre- 
cipitated. This  is  dried,  but  is  not 
stable  and  gives  off  cyanogen,  leav- 
ing cuprous  cyanide. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Barrels;   kegs. 

Uses:     Metallurgy. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Copper,    Electrolytic.*      Copper    refined 


Copper  Fluoride 


174 


Copper  Oxide 


by    electrolysis.      The    purest    form    of 
copper  available. 

Copper  Fluoride*   (Cupric  fluoride) 

CuF2.2H2O. 
Color    and    properties:      Blue    crystals; 

poisonous. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  acids. 
Derivation:      By    decomposing    copper 

carbonate  with  hydrofluoric  acid  and 

subsequent   crystallization. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:     Ceramics;  enamels. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Constants: 
Specific  Gravity 
Melting-point 


(a) 

a.i; 

"4-5° 


(b) 

2.07, 

26.4°! 


Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  treating  copper  or 
copper  oxide  with  nitric  acid.  The 
solution  is  evaporated  and  product 
recovered  by  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels;  kegs. 

Uses:  Medicine;  preparation  of  light 
sensitive  papers  for  reproductive  pro- 
cesses. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 


Copper  Fluosilicate.     See  Copper  silico- 
fluoride. 


Copper  Glance.    See  Chalcocite. 
Copper  Hydrate.    See  Copper  hydroxide. 

Copper  Hydroxide*  (Cupric  hydroxide; 
Hydrated  copper  oxide;  Copper  hy- 
drate) Cu(OH)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Blue  powder; 
poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.368; 
melting-point:  Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  acids;   insoluble   in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  a 
solution  of  a  copper  salt  and  an  al- 
kali. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Copper  salts;  pigment. 

Fire    hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Copper  Monoxide.     See    Copper   oxide, 
Black. 


Copper  Nitrate*   (Cupric  nitrate) 

(a)  Cu(NO3)2.3H2O; 

(b)  Cu(NO3)2.6H2O. 

Color    and    properties:      Blue,    delique- 
scent crystals;  poisonous. 


Copper  Oleate*  (Cupric  oleate) 

Cu(Ci8H3302)2. 
Color  and^  properties:     Brown   powder 

or  greenish-blue  mass;  poisonous. 
Soluble  in  ether;  insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:     (a)   By  the  interaction  of 

copper  sulfate  and  sodium  oleate.     (b) 

By    dissolving     10    per    cent    copper 

oxide  in  oleic  acid. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Tins. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Copper  Ortho-arsenite.    See  Copper  ar- 
senite. 


Copper  Oxide,  Black*  (Cupric  oxide, 
Copper  monoxide)  CuO. 

Color  and  properties:  Brownish-black, 
amorphous  powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  6.32;  melt- 
ing-point 1064°  C. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  ignition  of  copper 
carbonate  or  copper  nitrate. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Producing  green  or  blue  colors 
on  glass,  faience,  porcelain  and  stone- 
ware; reagent  in  analytic  chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Copper  Oxide 


175 


Copper  Subacetate 


Copper   Oxide.    Hydrated.     See    Copper 
hydroxide. 

Copper  Oxide,  Red*  (Cuprous  oxide) 
Cu2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Reddish-brown 
crystalline  powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  5-75-6.O9; 
melting-point  1210°  C.;  boiling-point 
1800°  C. 

Soluble  in  acids  and  alkalis;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  Oxidation  of  finely  di- 
vided copper,  (b)  Addition  of  bases 
to  cuprous  chloride,  (c)  Action  of 
glucose  on  cupric  hydroxide. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Copper  salts;  ceramics;  porce- 
lain red  glaze;  red  glass;  electro- 
plating. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:     None. 

Copper  Phosphide*  (Cuprous  phosphide) 
Cu3P2, 
Color    and    properties:      Greyish-black. 

metallic  powder. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  6.67. 
Soluble  in  acid;  insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:      By    heating    copper    and 

phosphorus. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:      Wooden    kegs. 
Uses:     Phosphor  bronze. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Copper    Precipitate.      Trade    name    for 
copper  used  in  electrolytic  processes. 

Copper  Pyrites.     See  Chalcopyrite. 

Copper  Pyrites.     Copper  ores   found   in 
nature  as  sulfide. 

Copper    Resinate*    (Cupric   resinate) 

Cu(C2oH29O2)2. 
Color  and  properties:     Green  powder; 

poisonous. 
Soluble  in  ether  and  oils;  insoluble  in 

water. 


Derivation:  By  heating  copper  sul- 
fate  and  rosin  oil. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Preservative  metal  paint,  par- 
ticularly for  ships'  bottoms. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 


Copper    Sesquicarbonate.      See    Copper 
carbonate,  Blue. 


Copper  Silicide.     See  Silicon  copper. 

Copper    Silicofluoride*    (Cupric    fluosili- 
cate;   Cupric  silicofluoride) 
CuF2SiF4.6H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Blue,  hygro- 
scopic crystals;  poisonous. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  2.182. 

Soluble  in  water;  slightly  soluble  in 
alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  cop- 
per hydroxide  and  hydrofluosilicic 
acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden   kegs. 

Uses:  Dyeing  and  hardening  white 
marble;  treating  grape  vines  for 
"white  disease." 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:     None. 

Copper  Stearate*   (Cupric  stearate) 

Cu(Ci8H3602)2. 
Color     and     properties:       Light     blue, 

amorphous   powder;    poisonous. 
Soluble    in    ether,    chloroform,    benzol 

and  turpentine;  insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:       By     the     interaction     of 

copper   sulfate    and   sodium,  stearate. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:      Wooden    kegs;   tins. 
Uses:      Bronzing   plaster   statues. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Copper  Subacetate.    See  Copper  acetate, 
Basic. 


Copper  Subcarbonate 


176 


Copra  Oil 


Copper  Subcarbonate.     See  Copper  car- 
bonate, Green. 

Copper    Suboxide.      See    Copper    oxide, 
Red. 

Copper  Sulfate*  (Cupric  sulfate;  Blue 
vitriol;  blue  stone)  CuSCUoi^O. 

Color  and  properties:  Blue  crystals, 
.slowly  efflorescing  in  air;  almost 
white  when  dehydrated;  poisonous. 
Found  in  nature  as  chalcanthite. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  2.284. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  dilute 
sulfuric  acid  on  copper  or  copper 
oxide  in  large  quantities,  with  evap- 
oration and  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:      Wooden    barrels. 

Uses:  Textile  industry;  leather  in- 
dustry; germicides;  insecticides;  pig- 
ments; electric  batteries;  electrolytic 
baths;  copper  salts;  metallurgy;  hair 
dyes;  reagent  in  analytical  chemis- 
try; medicine.  The  anhydrous  salt 
is  used  as  a  dehydrating  agent. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Copper  Sulfide  (Cupric  sulfide)  CuS. 
Color     and     properties:       Grayish-blue 

powder  or   lumps;   found   as   such   in 

nature. 
Constants:      Specific    gravity    3.18-4.16 

melting-point    noo°C. 
Soluble     in     nitric     acid;     insoluble    in 

water. 

Derivation:  By  passing  hydrogen  sul- 
fide gas  into  a  solution  of  a  copper 

salt. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:      Copper  metal;   protective  paint 

for  vessels. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Copper  Sulfide  (Cuprous  sulfide)  Cu2S. 
Color  and  properties:     Black  powder  or 
lumps; 'found  as  such  in  nature. 


Constants:     Specific  gravity  5.52-5.82. 
Soluble     in     nitric    acid;     insoluble     in 

water. 
Derivation:      By  heating  cupric  sulfide 

in  a  stream  of  hydrogen. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:      Wooden   barrels. 
Uses:      Copper  metal;   protective  paint 

for  vessels. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Copper  Trisalyt.  Trade  name  for  a  cop- 
per sulfate  preparation  used  in  electro- 
plating. 

Copperah  Oil.    See  Copra  oil. 
Copperas.     See  Ferrous  sulfate. 

Copra. 

Derivation:  The  dried  meat  of  coco- 
nut. Obtained  from  the  South  Sea 
Islands  and  the  East  Indies. 

Grades:  Cebu;  Java;  Macassar;  South 
Sea;  spot,  sundried  Pacific  coast  and 
Padang. 

Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:  For  the  extraction  of  coco-nut 
oil;  confectionery;  food. 

Fire  hazard:    None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 


Copra  Oil*  (Copperah  oil;  Coco-nut  oil, 
not  the  same  as  coco-nut  palm  oil; 
often  erroneously  called  cocoa-nut 
oil). 

Color  and  properties:  White,  wax-like, 
semi-solid;  somewhat  disagreeable 
odor;  mild  taste. 

Chief  constituents:  Trymyristin  and 
trilaurin. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.910-0.926; 
melting-point  23°-27°C;  iodine  num- 
ber 8-9;  saponification  value  251-268; 
refractive  index  1.441. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  From  the  dried  meat  of 
the  coco-nut,  Cocus  nucifera,  by  boil- 
ing and  pressing. 

Method  of  purification:  Decolorization 
with  bone-black  or  fullers'  earth. 


Coptis 


177 


Corundum 


Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Boxes;  wooden  barrels. 
Uses:  Soap;  candles;  food;  medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 
See  also  Coco-nut  oil. 

Coptis    (Gold   thread). 
Derivation:      Roots   of   Coptis  trifolia. 
Habitat:     Canada,  South  to  Maryland; 

Minnesota. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Bales. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Coquina.      A    porous,    coarse    limestone 
composed     of     fragments     of     marine 
shells. 
Florida. 

Cordierite  (lolite,  Water  sapphire).  A 
natural  magnesium-iron-aluminum  sili- 
cate. Sometimes  used  as  a  gem.  Colo- 
rado, Connecticut. 

Coriander. 

Derivation:     Dried,  ripe  fruit  of  Cori- 
andrum  sativum. 
Habitat:     Asia  and  Europe. 
Grades:   Technical;  U.  S.   P.;   B.  P. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine;  condiment. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Coriander  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  or 
slightly  yellowish  liquid;  character- 
istic, aromatic  odor;  warm,  spicy 
taste. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Linalol; 
pinene. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.863- 
0.878;  refractive  index  1.4665. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  fruit 
of  Coriandrum  sativum. 

Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine;  flavoring  compounds. 


Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Coriandrum,  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P.  See  Cori- 
ander. 

Corn.  In  U.  S.:  Indian  corn  or  maize; 
in  England:  oats  or  other  grain. 

Corn  Oil*  (Maize  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Pale-yellow 
liquid;  characteristic  taste. 

Constants: .  Specific  gravity  0.920- 
0.925;  saponifaction  value  188 — 193; 
iodine  value  in — 123. 

Soluble  in  ether,  chloroform,  amyl  ace- 
tate benzol  and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  The  germ  of  common 
corn  (Indian  corn,  Zea  mays)  is  re- 
moved from  the  grain  and  pressed. 

Method   of  purification:     Filtration. 

Grades:     Crude;  refined. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  tank 
cars. 

Uses:  Foodstuffs;  soap;  lubricants; 
leather  dressing;  rubber  substitutes; 
lard  substitutes  (by  hydrogenation). 

Fire   hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Corn  Sugar.    See  Dextrose. 

Cornish  Stone.  A  partially  weathered 
feldspar,  used  as  a  flux  and  fusible  in- 
gredient in  porcelain  and  tiles. 

Coronadite.  A  natural  manganate  ofr 
lead  and  manganese  (Mn,Pb)Mn3O7. 
Resembles  psilomelane  in  general  as- 
pect. Arizona. 


Corozo-nut  oil.     See  Cohune  oil. 

Corrosive      Sublimate.       See      Mercuric 
chloride. 


Corundum  (Aluminum  oxide) 
The  clear  colored  varieties  form  the 
gems,  sapphite,  ruby,  oriental  emerald, 
and  oriental  topaz;  the  granular  im- 
pure variety  is  known  as  emery.  Ala- 


Corypha 


178 


Coumarin 


bama,  California,  Colorado,  Connecti- 
cut, Delaware,  Georgia,  Idaho,  Massa- 
chusetts, Montana,  Nevada,  New  York, 
North  Carolina,  Oregon,  Pennsylvania, 
South  Carolina,  Virginia,  and  Wyom- 
ing. 

Corypha.     See   Carnauba. 

Cosalite.     A  natural  sulfide  of  lead  and 

bismuth,    Pb2JBi2Ss.      Contains    42  per 

cent  bismuth.  Colorado,  Utah  and 
Washington. 

Cosmoline.     See   Petrolatum. 

Cotarninae    Hydrochloridum,    U.    S.    P. 

See  Cotarnine  hydrochloride. 

Cotarnine  Hydrochloride*  (Stypticin) 
Ci2Hi4NO3Cl. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystals; 
poisonous. 

Constants:      Melting-point    I42°-I44°C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  on  the  alkaloid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Glass   bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Cotton  Ball.     See  Ulexite. 

Cotton-root  Bark.     See  Gossypium-root 
bark. 

Cotton-seed  Oil*  (Seed  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Pale  yellow  or 
yellowish-brown  to  dark  ruby-red  or 
black-red  liquid,  fixed>  non-drying  oil 
depending  on  the  nature  and  condi- 
tion of  the  seed. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.922-0.930; 
saponification  value  191-196;  iodine 
value  101-116. 

Soluble  in  ether,  benzol,  chloroform 
and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  The  seeds  of  the  cotton 
plant  (Gossypium  herbaceum),  are 
crushed  in  a  mill,  the  meal  is  heated 


in  iron  kettles  at  75°-9O°C  and 
pressed  in  cloths,  under  3000-4000  Ib. 
per  sq.  in.  The  press  cake  is  sold 
as  a  cattle  food.  The  oil,  after  set- 
tling, is  refined  by  being  heated  with 
a  solution  of  caustic  soda,  to  senar- 
ate  the  foots.  The  sediment  of 
"foots"  containing  lye,  coloring  mat- 
ter and  albuminous  bodies,  settle  "to 
the  bottom.  The  "foots"  are  used 
for  soap.  The  cottonseed  oil  is 
clarified  by  filtration.  On  standing, 
or  by  chilling  below  I2°C.,  the  pal- 
mitin  and  stearin  in  part  crystallize 
and  are  removed  by  pressing.  This 
solid  fat  is  known  as  "cotton-seed 
stearno"  and  is  used  in  making  oleo- 
margarine. 

Method  of  purification:     Filtration. 

Grades:  Crude;  refined;  prime  sum- 
mer yellow;  bleachable. 

Containers:     Barrels;  tank  cars. 

Uses:  Medicine;  leather  dressing;  soap 
stock;  food  product;  lubricant;  pro- 
ducing carron  oil. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Couch  Grass.     See  Triticum. 

Coumarin*  (Cumarin;  Tonka  bean  cam- 
phor; Cumaric  anhydride)  CgH6O2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals, flakes  or  powder;  fragrant  odor. 

Constants:  Melting-point  67° C.;  boil- 
ing-point 290°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  salicylic  alde- 
hyde, sodium  acetate  and  acetic  anhy- 
dride. Condensation  occurs  between 
the  aldehyde  and  the  fatty  acid,  with 
the  elimination  of  water,  which  is 
taken  up  by  the  anhydride.  The  an- 
hydride is  converted  into  the  acid, 
which  liberates  the  coumarin  from  its 
sodium  salt.  The  product  is  finally 
recovered  by  distillation. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:     Flavoring;  perfumery. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Coumai 


179 


Crcsol 


Coumaroir  -.3  Ccan.     See  Tonka. 
Coumarone.     See   Para-coumarone. 

Covellite.  A  natural  indigo-blue  cop- 
per sulfide,  CuS.  Contains  66.4  per  cent 
copper.  Alabama,  Arizona,  Colorado, 
Georgia,  Idaho,  Montana,  Nevada, 
South  Carolina,  Utah  and  Wyoming. 

Cowrie.     See  Copal. 
Cramp   Bark.     See   Viburnum   opulus. 
Cranberry  Tree.     See  Viburnu  mopulus. 
Cranesbill.     See  Geranium. 

Cream  of  Tartar.  See  Potassium  bitar- 
trate. 

Creosote,  Beechwood.* 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  or 
faintly  yellow,  oily  liquid;  character- 
istic smoky  odor;  caustic,  burning 
taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.080;  boil- 
ing-point 205° -220°  C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and   ether. 

Derivation:  A  mixture  of  phenols  and 
phenol  derivatives  obtained  by  the 
destructive  distillation  of  wood-tar, 
preferably  that  of  Fagus  sylvatica  or 
Fagus  ferruginea. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  blue  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire    hazard:      None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Creosote,  Coal-tar.* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish,  oily, 
clear  liquid;  phenol-like  odor;  poiso- 
nous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  i.07;boil- 
ing-point  20O°-225°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  benzol  and  toluol. 

Derivation:  Anthracene  oil,  from  coal- 
tar,  is  treated  to  remove  anthracene, 
carbazol  and  phenanthrene. 

Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron   drums;  tank  cars. 


Uses:  Wood  preservative;  disinfect- 
ants. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regluations:  Red 
label. 

Creosoti  Carbonas,  U.   S.  P.     The   car- 
bonate  of  beechwood  creosote. 

Creosotum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See  Creo- 
sote,   Beechwood. 

Cresol,  Meta-*  (Meta-cresylic  acid; 
Meta-oxytoluene;  Meta-methylphenol; 
Cresylic  acid)  CH3C6H4OH. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  to  yel- 
lowish liquid;  phenol-like  odor;  poi- 
sonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.0419; 
melting-point  10.9°  C;  boiling-point 
202°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form; slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  fractional  distillation 
of  crude  cresol. 

Method   of   purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Disinfectant;  production  of 
synthetic  resins;  photographic  de- 
veloper; nitrocresol  explosives. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Cresol,  Ortho-*  (Cresyl  alcohol;  Ortho- 
cresylic  acid;  Ortho-oxytoluene;  Or- 
tho-methyl-phenol) CH3C(5H4OH. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystals; 
phenol-like  odor;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.0511; 
melting-point  3O.4°C;  boiling-point 
I9I°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form: slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Bv  fractional  distillation 
of  crude  cresol. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:     Disinfectant;  coumarin. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 


Crcsol 


180 


Cryolite 


Cresol,  Para-*  (Para-cresylic  acid;  Para- 

oxytoluene;    Para-methyl   phenol) 

CH3C(jH4OH. 
Color      and      properties:        Crystalline 

mass;  phenol-like  odor;  poisonous. 
Constants:        Specific      gravity      1.039; 

melting-point      36°C.;      boiling-point 

202°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form; slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  fractional  distil- 
lation of  crude  cresol.  (b)  By  fus- 
ing para-toluenesulfonic  acid  with  po- 
tassium hydroxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Disinfectant;  cresotinic  acid; 
dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Cresotic  Acid.    See  Acid  cresotic. 

* 
Cresotinic  Acid.     See  Acid  cresotic. 

Cresylic  Acid.     See  Cresol. 
Cresylol.     See  Cresol. 

Creta  Praeparta,   U.   S.   P.,   B.   P.     See 

Chalk. 

Crimson  Antimony.     See  Antimony  sul- 
fide. 

Crispmint     (Balm    mint;     Curled    mint; 
Cross  mint). 

Derivation:     Leaves  of  Mentha  crispa. 
Habitat:     Germany. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Crocoite.     Natural  lead  chromate, 
PbO.CrOs.       Contains     68.9     per     cent 
PbO  and  31.1  per  cent  CrOa.    Arizona. 

Crocus       (Saffron;       Spanish       saffron; 

French  saffron). 
Derivation:    Stigmas  of  Crocus  sativus. 


Habitat:  Western  Asia,  France  and 
Spain. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Boxes. 

Uses:     Medicine;  coloring;  flavoring. 
,  Fire  hazard:     None. 
'Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Crocus   Antimony.     See   Antimony   ox- 
ide, Brown. 

Crocus    Martis.     See    Ferric   hydroxide. 

Crocus  Martis  Adstringens.     See  Ferric 
oxide,  Red. 

Crocus  Metallorum.     See  Antimony  ox- 
ide, Brown. 

Crocus,  Polishing.     See  Ferric  oxide. 
Cross  Mint.     See  Crisp  mint. 

Croton  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  Brownish-yel- 
low liquid;  poisonous. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.940-0.960. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  By  expression  from  the 
seeds  of  Crotm  tiglium. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Croton  Tiglium.     See  Tiglium. 
Crotonic  Acid.     See  Acid  crotonic. 
Crotonolic  Acid.     See  Acid  tiglic. 
Crown  Bark.    See  Cinchona  bark,  Loxa. 
Crude  Oil.    See  Petroleum. 

Cryolite  (Cryolith,  Kryolith).    A  natural 
fluoride  of  sodium  and  aluminum, 
3NaF.AlFs.       Colorado    and    Green- 
land. 


Cryptopine 


181 


Cucurbita 


Cryptopine* 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystal- 
line alkaloid;  poisonous. 

Constants:      Melting-point   2I7°C. 

Soluble  in  chloroform  and  boiling  al- 
cohol; insoluble  in  water  and  ether. 

Derivation:  From  opium,  by  extrac- 
tion and  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Crystallose.     See  Sodium  benzosulfinide. 

Crystolon*  (Silicon  carbide)  SiC. 

Color  and  properties:  Green  to  bluish- 
black,  irridescent,  porous,  crystalline, 
sharp-grained  platelets  or  mass. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.12*-3.20. 

Derivation:  By  heating  a  mixture  of 
coke,  sand,  shale  and  sawdust  in  the 
electric  furnace. 

Grades:  Grains,  from  10  mesh  to  finest 
powders. 

Containers:   Kegs. 

Uses:  Abrasive;  grindstones;  hones; 
sharpening-stones;  anti-slip  pave- 
ments; grinding  wheels;  refractories. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Cuba  Wood.    See  Fustic  wood. 
Cubeb.    See  Cubeba. 

Cubeb  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  pale- 
greenish  or  yellowish  liquid;  char- 
acteristic odor  of  cubebs;  warm  cam- 
phoraceous  taste. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Cadinene; 
dipentene. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.905- 
0.925;  boiling-point  i75°-28o°C;  re- 
fractive index  1.49-1.496;  optical  ro- 
tation — 25  to  — 40. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  unripe 
fruit  of  Piper  cubeba. 

Method   of  purification:     Rectification. 


Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

F~ire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 

Cubeba    (Cubebs;    Tailed    pepper;    Java 

pepper). 
Derivation:      Dried,    unripe,    but    fully 

grown   fruit  of  Piper  cubeba. 
Habitat:     Southern  Asia  (Java,  Borneo 

and    Sumatra);' cultivated    in    Ceylon 

and  West   Indies. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:      Boxes. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Cubebae  Fructus,  B.  P.  (Cucurbitae 
semina  praeparate;  Melon  pumpkin 
seeds). 

Derivation:  Fresh  ripe  seeds  of  culti- 
vated plants  of  Cucurbitae  maxima. 

Grades-     Technical;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:      Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulation:     None. 

Cubic  Niter.     See  Sodium  nitrate. 
Cubic  Saltpeter.     See  Sodium  nitrate. 
Cuca.    See  Cocoa. 

Cucumber  Oil*  (Gourd  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Greenish-yellow, 
fixed,  drying  oil;  faint  red  fluores- 
cence. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.923;  melt- 
ing-point -i6°C;  saponification  value 
188.7;  iodine  number  121. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  benzol; 
insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  From  the  seeds  of  the  cu- 
cumber, pumpkins,  etc.,  by  pressing. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  tins;  iron 
drums. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Uses:     Medicine;  illumination;  fuel. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Cucurbita.     See  Pepo. 


Cudbear 


182 


Cupric  Salts 


Cudbear.     See -Archil. 

Cuenca  Bark.    See  Cinchona  bark,  Loxa. 

Culvers.     See   Leptandra. 

Cumaric  Anhydride.     See   Coumarin. 

Cumaron.     See  Para-coumarone. 

Cumene*    (Pseudo    cumol;    Pseudo    cu- 
mene;   Trimethylbenzene:   Cumol) 
C6H5CH(CH3)2. 

Color  and  properties:     Colorless  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.8020; 
boiling-point  i52.7°-i69°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  benzol; 
insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  the  interaction  of 
benzol  and  isopropyl  iodide,  (b)  By 
distilling  cuminic  acid.  £c)  By  the 
interaction  of  benzal  chloride  and 
zinc  methyl. 

Method   of   purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Sterilizing  catgut;  organic  syn- 
thesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 

Cumidin*  C6H2(CH3)3NH2   1:2:4:5. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 

Constants:  Melting-point  62°C.;  boil- 
ing-point 236°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  crude  xylidine 
with  methyl  alcohol  and  hydrochloric 
acid  in  an  autoclave.  The  pure  cumi- 
din  is  separated  from  the  product  'by 
means  of  its  sparingly  soluble,  crys- 
talline nitrate. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Cumin   (Cummin). 
Derivation:      Fruit   of   Cuminum   cymi- 

num. 
Habitat:       Mediterranean     region     and 

Northern    Africa. 


Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Boxes. 

Uses:      Medicine;    flavoring. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 

Cumin  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  or  yel- 
lowish, limpid  liquid;  characteristic 
odor  of  cumin;  sharp  spicy  taste. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Cumene; 
cumic  aldehyde. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.900-0.930; 
optical  rotation  +4  to  -r8. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  fruit  of 
Cuminum  cyminum. 

Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Tins;    glass    bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine;  flavoring;  perfumery. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Cuminic  Aldehyde.     See  Cuminol. 

Cummin.     See  Cumin. 

Cumol.     See  Cumene. 

Cumyl  Anhydride.     See   Cuminol. 

Cundurango.     See   Condurango. 

Cupferron*        (Ammpnium-nitroso-beta- 

phenylhydroxylamine) 

C6H5.N.NO.ONH4. 
Color    and    properties:      Creamy-white 

crystals. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:      By    treating    an    ethereal 

solution       of       beta-phenylhydroxyl- 

amine    with    dry    ammonia    gas    and 

amyl  nitrite. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Pure. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Analytical  chemistry. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 

Cupric  Salts.     See  under  Copper. 


Cupri  Sulfas 


183 


Cyanogen  Chloride 


Cupri  Sulfas,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.  See  Copper 
sulfate. 

Cuprite.  A  natural  red  copper  oxide, 
CugO.  Contains  88.8  per  cent  copper. 
Arizona,  California,  Colorado,  Connec- 
ticut, Idaho,  Missouri,  Montana,  Ne- 
vada, New  Jersey,  New  Mexico,  North 
Carolina,  Oregon,  Pennsylvania,  Ten- 
nessee, South  Dakota,  Utah,  Virginia 
and  Wyoming. 

Cupro-Magnesium.  An  alloy  of  copper 
and  magnesium. 

Cupro-Tungsten.  An  alloy  of  copper 
and  tungsten. 

Cupro-Vanadium.  An  alloy  of  copper 
and  vanadium  possessing  great  tough- 
ness. 

Cupro-Vanadium-Aluminum.  An  alloy 
of  copper,  vanadium  and  aluminum. 

Cuprous  Salts.     See  under  Copper. 
Curacao   Aloes.     See   Aloes,   Barbadoes. 

Curcuma  (Turmeric;  Curry;  Indian  saf- 
fron). 

Derivation:  Rhizome  of  Curcuma 
longa. 

Habitat:  China,  East  Indies  and  many 
tropical  countries. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Burlap  bags. 

Uses:  Medicine;  coloring  foodstuffs; 
condiment  (curry  powder);  textile 
dyeing;  indicator  in  analytic  chemis- 
try. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Curled  Mint.     See   Crisp  mint. 
Cuscus   Oil.     See   Vetiver  oil. 
Cusparia.     See   Angostura. 
Cusso.     See  Kousso. 
Cuttle-fish  Bone.    See  Sepia. 


Cyanacetic  Acid.     See  Acid  cyanacetic. 

Cyanegg.  A  proprietary  brand  of  egg- 
shaped  lumps  of  sodium  cyanide. 

Cyangran.  A  proprietary  brand  of  gran- 
ular sodium  cyanide. 

Cyanite  (Disthene).  A  mineral  identi- 
cal in  chemical  composition  with  anda- 
lusite  and  sillimanite,  Al2Oa.SiO2,  but 
differing  in  crystal  form.  Generally  in 
flat-bladed  pieces.  Sometimes  used  as 
a  gem.  Delaware,  Massachusetts  and 
North  Carolina. 


Cyanogen* 

Color   and   properties:      Colorless   gas; 

pungent  penetrating  odor;  burns  with 

a     purple-tinged     flame;     Extremely 

poisonous. 
Constants:        Specific      gravity      1.8064 

(compared  to  air);  liquefaction-point 

2i°C.;  solidification-point  -34°C. 
Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:      Potassium    cyanide    solu- 

tion   is    slowly    dropped    into    copper 

sulfate   solution;    mercury   cyanide   is 

heated. 

Grades:     Technical;   pure. 
Containers:     Liquefied  cyanogen:     Iron 

cylinders. 
Uses:     Organic   synthesis;   poison   gas 

in  warfare. 

Fire  hazard;     Dangerous. 
Railroad     snipping     regulations:       Red 

label. 

Cyanogen  Chloride*  CNC1. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  liquid; 
poisonous! 

Constants:  Melting-point  -5°C.;  boil- 
ing-point I3°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  chlorine  on 
moist  sodium  cyanide  suspended  in 
carbon  tetrachloride  and  kept  cooled 
to  -3°C,  followed  by  distillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron   cylinders. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis;  manufacture 
of  military  poison  gases. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:     None. 


Cyanogen  Iodide 


184 


Cytisine 


Cyanogen  Iodide.     See   Iodine   cyanide. 

Cyan  Salt.    Made  by  fusing  ferrocyanide 
with  sodium  carbonate. 

Cyanuric  Acid.     See  Acid  cyanuric. 
Cyclobutane.     See  Naphthenes. 
Cyclopentane.     See  Naphthenes. 
Cyclopropane.     See  Naphthenes. 

Cydonia    (Quince   seed). 
Derivation:     Seed  of  Cydonia  vulgaris. 
Habitat:      Southern   Asia   and    Europe; 

widely  cultivated. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Bags;   boxes. 
Uses:     Medicine. 

Cymene*       (Cymol,       Isopropyltoluene, 
Para-cymol,      Para-methylpropylben- 
zene)    CHsCeH^CI^CI^CHs. 
Color  and  properties:     Colorless,  trans- 
parent  liquid;   aromatic   odor. 


Constants:  Orth°- 

Specific  gravity  0.8748 

Nie 'ting-point  -i82°C 

Boiling -point  i8icC 


Meta-  Para- 


- 
I75.6°C 


0.8551 
-73.5°C 


Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form; insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  heating  camphor 
with  phosphoric  anhydride,  (b)  By 
the  interaction  of  turpentine  and  io- 
dine with  subsequent  distillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Organic   synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Cymol.     See   Cymene. 

Cymophenol,   Beta-.     See    Carvacrol. 

Cynosbata.     See  Rosa  canina. 

Cypress   Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  Pale-yellow 
liquid;  characteristic  odor. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Pinene; 
cymene;  valeric  acid;  camphene  cy- 
press camphor. 


Constants:  Boiling-point  i6o°-250°C.; 
optical  rotation  +4  to  +31. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  leaves 
of  Cypressus  sempervirens. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Cypripedium*  (Lady's  slipper;  American 
valerian;  Nerve  root;  Noah's  ark; 
Yellow  moccasin  flower). 

Derivation:  Dried  rhizome  and  roots 
of  Cypripedium  hirsutum. 

Habitat:  Nova  Scotia  south  to  Ala- 
bama and  west  to  Nebraska  and  Mis- 
souri. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Cyrtolite.  A  yellowish  to  brownish 
mineral  containing  zirconia,  yttria, 
ceria,  and  other  rare  earths.  Found  in 
pegmatites.  New  York,  North  Caro- 
lina and  Texas. 

Cystamin.  See  Hexamethylenetetra- 
mine. 

Cystogen.  See  Hexamethylenetetra- 
mine. 

Cytisine*   (Ulexine)    CnHi4N2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  yel- 
lowish-white crystals. 

Constants:      Melting-point    I52°-I53°C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol;  insolu- 
ble in  ether. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  of  the  seeds 
of  Cytisus  laburnum  and  many  other 
Papilionaceae  and  subsequent  crys- 
tallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers^  ^  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:   Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:     None. 


Dahlin 


185 


Dchydrothiotoluidine 


Dahlin.     See  Inulin. 
Dammar.     See  Gum  dammar. 
Damson,  Bitter.     See  Simaruba. 
Dandelion.     See   Taraxacum. 
D'Arcet   Metal.     See   Metals,   Fusible. 
Dark  Ruby  Silver.     See  Pyrargyrite. 

Datolite.  A  natural  hydrous  silicate  of 
boron  and  calcium, 

H2O.2CaO.B2O32SiO2.      Used    as    a 
gem.     Michigan. 

Daturae  Folia. 

Derivation:      Dried    leaves    of    Datura 
fastuosa  and  other  species  of  Datura. 
Grades:  Technical;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 

Daturae    Semina. 
Derivation:       Dried     seeds     of     Datura 

fastuosa. 

Grades:  Technical;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Daturine.     See  Atropine. 

Dead  Oil  (Heavy  oil).  The  oil,  with  a 
density  greater  than  that  of  water,  ob- 
tained in  the  distillation  of  coal-tar. 

Decocta.  U.  S.  P.  and  B.  P.  term  for 
decoctions,  the  liquid  produced  by 
boiling  one  or  more  drugs  in  water 
and  filtering. 

Deer's  Tongue.     See  Liatris. 

Degener's  Indicator.     See  Phenacetolin. 


Degras.*  (Sod  oil). 
Color     and     properties:       Dark-brown 

unctuous    fat;   disagreeable   odor. 
Derivation:     Crude  grease  obtained  by 

washing  sheep's  wool. 
Soluble   in   alcohol,   ether  and   benzol. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:      Wooden    barrels. 
Uses:      Leather   stuffing;   belt   dressing 

compound;  producing  lanolin. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Degras,  Moellon.* 

Derivation:  A  by-product  of  the  tan- 
nage of  chamois  leathers  by  impreg- 
nation with  cod  or  menhaden  fish 
oils.  An  oxidation  of  a  part  of  the 
fatty  acids  of  the  oils  takes  place. 
When  the  tannage  is  complete,  the 
excess  of  the  oil  contained  in  the 
skins  is  pressed  out.  This,  when  com- 
pounded forms  the  moellon  degras 
of  commerce. 

Grades:  Anhydrous;  20  per  cent  water; 
30  per  cent  water;  35  per  cent  water. 

Containers:      Wooden    barrels. 

Uses:     Stuffing  leathers;  belt  dressing. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Dehydrothio-para-toluidine  (Amino- 

benzenyl-ortho-aminothiocresol) 

C7HoNSCC«H4(NH2)i:4. 

Color  and  properties:  Long,  yellow- 
ish, iridescent  needles.  Solutions 
have  a  violet-blue  fluorescence. 

Constants:  Melting-point  I9I°C;  boil- 
ing-point 434°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol;  very  slightly  soluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  para-toluidine 
and  primuline  base  with  sulfur  and 
separation  from  the  primuline  base 
by  distillation  in  vacuo. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden   kegs. 

Uses:     Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Dehydrothioxylidine 


186 


Dextrine 


Dehydrothioxylidine        (Aminotoluenyl- 
ortho-aminothioxylenol) 


Color  and  properties:  Yellowish  white 
prisms. 

Constants:  Melting-point  107  C;  boil- 
ing-point 283°  C. 

Soluble  in  hot  alcohol;  insoluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  meta-xylidme 
with  sulfur.  The  product  is  distilled 
in  vacuo  and  separated  from  the 
isohydrothioxylidine  formed  by  ex- 
traction with  hydrochloric  acid. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 


Delphinine* 
Color  and  properties:     White,  crystal- 

line alkaloid;  poisonous. 
Constants:      Melting-point    H9°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:      By    extraction    from    the 

seeds  of  Delphinium  staphisagria. 
Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Delphinium   (Staphisagria;   Larkspur). 
Derivation:     Ripe   seed   of  Delphinium 

staphisagria. 
Habitat:      Mediterranean    basin;    culti- 

vated in  France  and  Italy. 
Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad   shipping   regulations:     None. 

Denatured  Alcohol.     See  Ethyl  alcohol. 
Denver  Mud.     See  Kaolin  cataplasm. 

Deodorized  Oils.  Oils  which  have  been 
subjected  to  hydrogenation^  or  other 
treatment  to  remove  objectionable 


odors,   in   order  to   make   them   fit   for 
human  consumption. 

Depilatories.  Sodium,  potassium  or  bar- 
ium sulfides  used  for  the  removal  of 
hair.  The  leather  industry  uses  large 
amounts  of  sodium  sulfide  as  a  dehair- 
ing  agent.  See  Sodium  sulfide. 

Dermatol.     See  Bismuth  subgallate. 

Descloizite.  A  natural  vanadate  of  lead 
and  zinc.  Arizona,  New  Mexico  and 
South  America. 

Devil's   Apple.     See    Stramonium. 

Dextrine*  (British  gum;  Gommeline; 
Starch  gum;  Artificial  gum;  Vege- 
table gum). 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow  or  white 
amorphous,  powder  or  granules. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol 
and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  dry  starch  to 
200°  to  250°  C.  in  a  revolving  iron 
cylinder  over  a  free  flame,  or  in  an 
oil  bath,  or  in  a  steam-jacketed 
kettle;  or  the  starch  may  be  moist- 
ened with  nitric  or  hydrochloric  acid, 
dried  at  5O°C.  and  the  heated  to 
140°- 1 70° C.,  giving  a  lighter  colored 
product.  The  dextrine  is  powdered 
in  a  mill  and  sieved  through  a  bolt- 
ing cloth.  Dextrine  is  prepared  from 
the  following  starches:  Cassava,  corn, 
potato,  sago  or  wheat. 

Grades:  Technical,  yellow  and  white; 
granulated;  precipitated  by  alcohol. 

Containers:      Bags;    wooden    barrels. 

Uses:        Adhesives^    textile      printing; 

brewing;      confectionery;      thickening 

tanning    extracts;    sizing    paper    and 

textiles;     pharmacy;     substitute     for 

gum  arabic. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Dextrine,  Cassava.* 

Derivation:  A  dextrine  prepared  from 
cassava  starch. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Bags;  barrels. 

Uses:  Adhesives;  textile  printing,  con- 
fectionery, etc. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 


Dextroglucosc 


187 


Diaminodiphenic 


Dextroglucose.     See  Dextrose. 

Dextrose*       (Glucose;       Dextroglucose; 
Grape  sugar;  Corn  sugar;  Corn  sirup) 


Color  and  properties:  White  amor- 
phous anhydrous  lumps  or  powder  or 
thick  sirupy  liquid. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  From  cane  sugar  by  in- 
version and  from  starch  and  starchy 
substances  by  action  of  mineral  acids. 

Impurities:     Dextrin;  gallisin. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Bags;   barrels. 

Uses:  Manufacturing  wine  and  con- 
fectionery; preparing  tobacco; 
chrome  tanning  liquors. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Dextrotartaric  Acid.     See  Acid  tartaric. 

Diabase  A  basic  igneous  rock  usually 
occurring  in  dikes  or  intrusive  sheets, 
and  composed  essentially  of  plagioclase 
feldspar  and  augite  with  small  quanti- 
ties of  magnetite  and  apatite.  The 
plagioclase  forms  lath-shaped  crystals 
lying  in  all  directions  among  the  dark 
irregular  augite  grains,  giving  rise  to 
the  peculiar  diabasic  or  ophitic  texture, 
which  is  a  distinctive  feature  in  the 
coarser-grained  occurrences.  Canada, 
Connecticut,  Maryland,  Massachusetts, 
Newfoundland,  New  Jersey,  New  York 
and  Virginia. 

Diacetylmorphina,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See 

Diacetylmorphine. 

Diacetylmorphinae  Hydrochloridum, 
U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.  Diacetylmorphine  hy- 
drochloride. 

Diacetylmorphine*   (Heroin) 

Ci7H17NO(C2H302)2. 
Color  and  properties:    White  crystalline 

alkaloid;     poisonous;      habit-forming 

drug. 

Constants:     Melting-point  I73°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol. 
Derivation:      By    the    acetylization    of 

morphine. 


Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Tins;   glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine  (The  hydrochloride, 
produced  by  the  action  of  hydro- 
chloric acid,  is  also  extensively  used). 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Diacetyltannin*    (Tannigen;    Acetyltan- 

nin)    Ci4H8(CqCH3)2O<). 
Color  and  properties:    Yellowish-white, 

amorphous,    odorless,    tasteless    pow- 

der. 

Soluble  in  alcohol;  insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:      By    the    acetylization    of 

tannin. 
Method    of    purification:      Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:    Glass  bottles;  tins. 
Uses:      Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Diamalt.*     The  proprietary  name  for  a 
brand  of  diastase. 

Diaminoazotoluene*    (Diaminoazotoluol  ; 
Azoxytoluidene) 


(CH3). 
Color     and      properties:        Yellow      or 

orange   crystals. 

Constants:     Melting-point  i68°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol;   insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:      By   alkaline    reduction    of 

para-nitro-orthp-toluidine. 
Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:     Dyestuffs. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Diaminobenzene.        See      Phenylenedia- 
mine. 

Diaminobenzol.     See   Phenylenediamine. 

Diaminodiphenic  Acid.    See  Acid  diami- 
nodiphenic. 


Diaminodiphenyl 


188 


Diaminonaphthalene 


Diaminodiphenyl.     See  Benzidine. 

Diaminodiphenylamine. 

HN(C6H4KH2)2  1:4- 
Color  and  properties:     Yellowish  crys- 

stals. 

Constants:     Melting-point  I58°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:      By   the    reduction    of   the 

blue    indamine    obtained   by   the   oxi- 

dation  of  the   hydrochlorides  of  ani- 

line and  para-phenylenediamine. 
Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:     Organic   synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 

Diaminodiphenylethylene.    See  Diamino- 
stilbene. 

Diaminodiphenylmethane 


Color    and    properties:      Large    silvery 

crystals. 

Constants:      Melting-point   86°C. 
Soluble    in    water,    alcohol,    ether    and 

benzol. 
Derivation:     By   heating   formaldehyde 

anilide  with  aniline  hydrochloride  and 

aniline. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:     Dyestuffs. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 

Diaminodiphenylthiourea 

C6H4(NH2)NH:C6H4(NH2)NH.CS 
Color  and  properties:     Colorless  plates 

or  crystalline   solid. 
Constants:     Melting-point  .IQ5°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  sparingly 

soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:        By      boiling     para-phen- 

ylenediamine   with    carbon    bisulfide. 
Method   of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 


Uses:    'Organic   synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Diaminodiphenylurea 

Ct5H4(NH2)(NH):C6H4(NH2)(NH) 
Color  and  properties:  Colorless  plates. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  hot  water;  spar- 

ingly soluble  in  cold  water. 
Derivation:      By   the   reduction   of  tet- 

ranitrodiphenylurea. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Diaminoditolylmethane 


Color      and      properties:        Glistening, 

crystalline  plates. 
Constants:     Melting-point  I49°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:      By   heating   formaldehyde 

and  ortho-toluidine. 
Method     of    purification:      Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:     Organic   synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Diaminoethoxydiphenyl.       See     Ethoxy- 
benzidine. 

Diaminonaphthalene*     (Naphthalenedia- 

mine)    CioHr,(NH2)2. 
Color  and  properties:     Colorless  crys- 

tals. 
Constants:     Melting-point  190°  C.;  boil- 

ing-point sublimes. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  hot  water;  very 

sparingly  soluble  in  cold  water. 
Derivation:      (a)    By    the    reduction    of 

alpha-dinitronaphthalene.       (b)        By 

heating  dioxynaphthalene  with  aque- 

ous ammonia. 
Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:      Wooden    kegs. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire   hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Diaminonaphthalene 


189 


Dianisidine 


Diaminonaphthalenedisulfonic  Acid.   See 
Acid    diaminonaphthalenedisulfonic. 

Diaminonaphthalenesulfonic    Acid.      See 
Acid  diaminonaphthalenesulfonic. 

Diaminophenol,  Ortho-.* 
C6H4(NH2).C6H5. 

Color  and  properties:  Gray-white 
crystals. 

Constants:  Melting-point  49°C.;  boil- 
ing-point 29Q°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  reduction  of  dini- 
trophenol. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:  Photographic  developer;  organ- 
ic synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Diaminophenol,  Para-* 
CeH4NHi.C«H». 

Color  and  properties:  Gray-white  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Melting-point  53° C.;  boil- 
ing point  302°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  reduction  of  dinitro- 
phenol. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:  Photographic  developer;  organic 
synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Diaminophenol  Hydrochloride*  (Ami- 
dol) C6H3(NH2)20H.2HC1. 

Color  and  properties:  Grayish-white 
crystals. 

Soluble  in  water;  slightly  soluble  in 
alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  di- 
aminophenol  and  hydrochloric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 


Containers:  Kegs;  boxes;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:   Photographic  developer. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Diaminostilbene,     Para-*        (Diaminodi- 
phenyiethylene) 
C*H4(NHft)CH.CH.C*H4(NH*) 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  needles 

or  plates. 

Constants:     Melting-point  227°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:  By  the  reduction  of  dinitro- 

stilbene. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:  Preparation  of  dyestuffs. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Diaminostilbenesulfonic  Acid.     See  Acid 
diaminostilbenesulfonic. 

Diaminotoluene.      See   Tolylenediamine, 
Meta-. 

Diaminotoluol.        See     Tolylenediamine, 
Meta-. 


Diaminoditolyl.     See   Tolidine.  < 

Diammonium      Ortho-phosphate. 
Ammonium  phosphate,   Dibasic. 

Diamylene.    See  Dipentene. 


See 


Dianisidine* 

1:3:4- 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystals. 

Constants:  Melting-point   I37°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  The  methyl  ether  of  ortho- 
nitrophenpl  is  reduced  by  zinc  dust 
and  caustic  soda  to  the  hydrazp  com- 
pound, which  is  then  boiled  with  hy- 
drochloric acid. 

Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:   Wooden   barrels. 

Uses:   Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Diaphoretic 


190 


Dibromobenzol 


Diaphoretic  Antimony.      See   Potassium 
antimonate. 

Diarsenol.     Trade  name  for  salvarsan. 

Diastase.* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-white 
to  brownish-yellow  amorphous  pow- 
der. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Organic  protein  ferment  in 
wheat  and  barley  malt,  which  con- 
verts insoluble  into  soluble  sugars. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:   Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Fermentation  processes. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Diastase,  Taka*   (Koji). 

Color  and  properties:  Whitish-yellow, 
very  hygroscopic  powder;  converts 
over  100  times  its  weight  of  starch 
into  maltose. 

Derivation:  An  amylolytic  enzyme  pro- 
duced by  the  action  of  Aspergillus 
oryzal  on  rice. 

Grades:   Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Fermentation  agent. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Diastasum,  U.  S.  P.    See  Diastase. 

Diastofor.     The  proprietary  name  for  a 
product  used  as  a  diastasic  ferment. 

Diatomaceous  Earth.     See  Kieselgur. 

Diax.    The  proprietary  name  for  a  prod- 
uct used  as  a  diastasic  ferment. 

Diazoaminobenzene*  (Diazoaminoben- 
zol;  Diazobenzeneanilide,  Benzene- 
azoanilide)  C6H5N.N.NHC6H5. 

Color  and  properties:  Golden-yellow 
scales.  Explodes  on  heating. 

Constants:    Melting-point   96° C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  benzol; 
insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  ni- 
trous acid  and  an  alcoholic  solution 
of  aniline. 


Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:   Organic   synthesis;   dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Diazoaminobenzbl.    See  Diazoaminoben- 
zene. 

Diazobenzeneanilide.      See    Diazoamino- 
benzene. 

Diazobenzenesulfonic    Acid.      See    Acid 
diazobenzenesulfonic. 

Dibromoanthracene*  (Alpha-dibromoan- 
thracene)  CsJ^QjB^CeH^ 

Color  and  properties:   Yellow  crystals. 

Constants:  Meiting-point  22i°C.;  boil- 
ing-point: Sublimes. 

Soluble  in  chloroform;  slightly  soluble 
in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  By  the  bromination  of  an- 
thracene. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:   Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:   None. 

Dibromoethane.     See  Ethylene  bromide. 

Dibromobenzene,  Para-  (Benzene  di- 
bromide,  Para-)  CeH4Br2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Melting-point  8Q0C.;  boil- 
ing-point 2I9°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  Obtained  by  the  interaction 
of  benzol  with  an  excess  of  bromine 
in  presence  of  a  little  iron. 

Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 

Impurities:    Monobromobenzene. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Tins. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Dibromobenzol.     See  Dibromobenzene. 


Dibromoisobutane 


191 


Dichloroethyl 


Dibromoisobutane.  See  Butylene  iso- 
bromide. 

Dibromoketone*  CH3COCHBrCH2Br. 
A  military  poison  gas  used  in  the  late 
war. 

Dibromomethane.  See  Methylene  brom- 
ide. 

Dibromopropane.  See  Trimethylene 
bromide. 

Dicalcium  Ortho-phosphate.  See  Cal- 
cium phosphate,  Dibasic. 

Dichlorbenzene.     See   Dichlorobenzene. 
Dichlorbenzol.     See  Dichlorobenzene. 
Dichlorhydrin.     See  Dichlorohydrin. 

Dichloroacetic  Acid.  See  Acid  dichloro- 
acetic. 

Dichlorobenzaldehyde  C6H3C12CHO. 
Color   and   properties:    White    crystals. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:     By     the     chlorination     of 

benzaldehyde  in  presence  of  iodine  or 

antimony. 

Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:   Wooden   barrels;   tins. 
Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 
Fire   hazard:    None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Dichloroethane.     See  Ethylene  chloride. 

Dichlorobenzene*    (Dichlorobenzol) 

C6H4C12. 

Color  and  properties:  Ortho:  Colorless 
liquid;  Meta-:  Colorless  liquid;  Para-: 
White  crystals. 


Constants: 


Ortho-  Meta-  Para- 


Boiling-point 


xo.    v> 

I79°C 


I73-7°C 


Solubilities:    Water:    Para-:  Very  solu- 
ble. 

Alcohol:    Ortho-:    Soluble.    Meta-: 


Soluble.     Para-:   soluble. 

Ether:      Ortho-:    Soluble.      Meta-: 
Soluble.     Para-:  Soluble. 

Derivation:    By    the    further    chlorina- 
tion of  monochlorobenzene. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Containers:    Iron   drums;   wooden   bar- 
rels. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Uses:   Organic  synthesis;   dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Dichlorobenzidine 

C6H3C1NH2:C6H3C1.NH2. 
Color  and  properties:  Crystalline  solid. 
Constants:  Melting-point  I33°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:  By  the  chlorination  of  di- 

acetylbenzidine    and    subsequent    sa- 

ponification. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 
Fire   hazard:    None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Dichlorobenzol.    See  Dichlorobenzene. 

Dichlorodiethyl    Sulfide*    (Mustard   gas; 
Yperite;  Yellow  cross  gas) 
(CH2C1CH2)2S.    A  military  poison  gas 
used  in  the  late  war. 

Dichloroether*  (Dichloroethyl  oxide) 
CH2C1CHC10C2H5. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  inflam- 
mable liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.174;  boil- 
ing-point I40°-I45°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:     By     the     chlorination     of 
ethyl  ether. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:   Iron   drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad     shipping     regulations:      Red 
label. 

Dichloroethylarsine*  AsC2H5Cl2.   A  mil- 
itary poison  gas  used  in  the  late  war. 


Dichloroethyl 


192 


Diethylaniline 


Dichloroethyl  Oxide.  See  Dichloro- 
ether. 

Dichlorohydrin,  Alpha-*  (Alpha-pro- 
penyldichlorohydrin;  Glycerin  di- 
chlorohydrin;  Dichloroisopropyl  al- 
cohol) CH2C1CH(OH)CH2C1. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  ethe- 
real liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.396;  boil- 
ing-point I74°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of 
glycerin  and  dry  hydrochloric  acid 
gas  and  subsequent  distillation. 

Method  of  purihcation:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Solvent  for  hard  resins  and  nitro- 
cellulose; manufacture  of  photo- 
graphic lacquers,  cement  for  cellu- 
loid; binder  for  water  colors;  organic 
synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Dichloroisopropyl  Alcohol.  See  Di- 
chlorohydrin, Alpha-. 

Dichloromethane.  See  Methylene  chlor- 
ide. 

Dichloromethyl  Ether*  (CH2C1)2O.  A 
military  poison  gas  used  in  the  late 
war. 

Dichlorophthalic  Acid.  See  Acid  di- 
chlorophthalic. 

Dicyandiamine*    NH:C(NH2)NHCN. 
Color     and     properties:     Grayish-white 

powder. 

Constants:   Melting-point  204°-205°C. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol;  sparingly 

soluble  in  ether. 
Derivation:    By    heating    cya  .amide    to 

I50°C. 

Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:   Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:   Fertilizers. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Didymium.        See     Praseodymium     and 
!Neodymium. 

Didymium  Nitrate.* 

Color  and  properties:  Violet-red,  hy- 
groscopic crystals.  Recent  ciiemical 
investigations  show  that  didymium 
nitrate  consists  of  a  mixture  of 
praseodymium  and  neodymium  ni- 
trates. 

Derivation:  From  monazite  sand  ex- 
traction, after  removal  of  cerium  and 
thorium. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:   Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:   Incandescent  gas  mantles. 

Fire  hazard:   Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Diethylacetal.     See  Acetal. 
Diethylaldehyde.     See  Acetal. 

Diethylamine*   (C2H5)2NH. 

Color  and  properties:  Volatile,  color- 
less, inflammable,  strongly  alkaline 
liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.710;  boil- 
ing-point 56°C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  dilute 
potassium  hydroxide  and  dinitrodi- 
etLylaniline. 

Method  of  ourification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:   Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Diethylaniline  ( C2  Hr, ) 2  N C6  H5 . 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish  to 
brownish  inflammable  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.0,351;  melt- 
ing-point 38.8°C.;  boiling-point 
2i3.5°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  aniline,  aniline 
hydrochloride  and  ethyl  alcohol. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:   Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums. 


Diethylbarbituric 


193 


Digitoxin 


Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 
Railroad     shipping     regulations: 
label. 


Red 


Diethylbarbituric  Acid.     See  Veronal. 
Diethylenediamine.     See  Piperazine. 

Diethylglycocollguaiacol    Hydrochloride. 

See  Gujasanol. 

Diethylketone*    (Metacetone;    Propione; 

Ethyl  propionyl)    C2H5COC2H5. 
Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  mobile, 

inflammable  liquid;  acetone-like  odor. 
Constants:    Boiling-point    ioi°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol   and  ether. 
Derivation:  By  distilling  sugar  with  an 

excess  of  lime. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 
Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine;  organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:   Dangerous. 
Railroad      shipping     regulations:      Red 

label. 

Diethylmalonylurea.    See  Veronal. 

Diethyl-raeta-aminophenolphthalein. 
See  Rhodamine  B. 

Diethyl  Oxalate.     See  Ethyl  oxalate. 
Diethyl  Succinate.     See  Ethyl  succinate. 

Diethyl  Sulfate*    (OC2H5)2SO2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  in- 
flammable liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.185;  boil- 
ing-point 2o8°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  fuming 
sulfuric  acid  on  ethyl  alcohol. 

Method  of  purification:   Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:    Iron   drums. 

Uses:    Organic   synthesis. 

Fire   hazard:   Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 


Diethyl  Sulfide.     See  Ethyl  sulfide. 

Diethylsulfonediethylmethane.     See  Tet- 

ronal. 


Diethylsulfonedimethylmethane. 

Sulfonal. 


See 


Diethylsulfonemethylethylmethane.     See 

Sulfoneethylmethane. 

Digallic  Acid.     See  Acid  tannic. 
Digitalin*   (Digitonin;   Digitin) 


Color  and  properties:  Coarsely  granu- 
lar, crystalline  glucoside;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Decomposes 
above  235°C.  without  melting. 

Soluble  in  water  and  in  a  mixture  of 
alcohol  and  chloroform-  slightly  sol- 
uble in  alcohol;  insoluble  in  ether. 

Derivation:  From  Digitalis  purpurea. 

Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:   Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Digitalis*  (Fox-glove;  Purple  fox-glove; 

Fairy  gloves). 
Derivation:    Dried    leaves    of    Digitalis 

purpurea. 
Habitat:  Southern  and  Central  Europe; 

cultivated  in  the  U.  S. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:    Boxes. 
Uses:   Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Folia.     B.  P.  term  for  Digitali 


leaves. 


Digitin.      See    Digitalin. 
Digitonin.     See  Digitalin. 


Digitoxin*  C2846io. 

Color    and    properties:    White,    crystal- 

line   glucoside;    poisonous.      On   boil- 

ing   with    dilute    acid    it    decomposes 

into  digitoxose 


Dihydrated 


194 


Dill  Oil 


Soluble  in  alcohol  and  chloroform; 
slightly  soluble  in  ether;  insoluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:     From  Digitalis,  purpurea. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Dihydrated    Telluric    Hydroxide.      See 

Acid  telluric. 

Dihydroxyanthraquinone.       See     Quina- 
zarin. 

Dihydroxyphthalophenone.    See  Phenol- 
phthalein. 

Diiodaniline*  (Meta-diiodoaniline) 
C6H3l2NH2. 

Color  and  properties:  Shining,  brown 
crystals. 

Constants:     Melting-point  96° C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform, 
acetic  ether  and  carbon  bisulfide;  in- 
soluble in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  iodine 
chloride  on  acetanilide,  saponifica- 
tion  and  distillation  with  steam. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tins. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Diiododithymol.     See  Thymol  iodide. 
Diiodoethane.     See  Ethylene  iodide. 

Diiodoform*        (Ethylene       tetraiodide; 
Ethylene  periodide;  lodoethylene) 

C2I4. 
Color    and    properties:      Fine,    yellow, 

odorless  needles. 
Constants:     Melting-point  i87°C. 
Soluble    in    chloroform,    benzol,    toluol 

and  carbon  bisulfide;  slightly  soluble 

in    alcohol    and    ether;    insoluble    in 

water. 


Derivation:  From  acetylene  iodide  with 
an  excess  of  iodine. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  boxes. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Diiodomethane.     See   Methylene   iodide. 

Diiodosalicylic  Acid.     See  Acid  diiodo- 
salicylic. 

Diisoamylamine.     See   Diamylamine. 

Dilem  Leaf  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  Thick,  yellow- 
ish-green oil;  patchouli-like  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.962;  boil- 
ing-point 250°C.-300°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether;  benzol  and 
chloroform. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  a  Javanese 
plant,  the  botanical  origin  of  which 
is  unknown. 

Method    of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles'. 

Uses:     Perfumery. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Dill.     See  Anethum. 

Dill  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  Pale  yellow,  es- 
sential oil;  characteristic  penetrating 
odor. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Limonene 
and  carvol. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.905-0.915; 
optical  rotation  +70°  to  +80°. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  benzol  and 
chloroform. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  fruit  of 
Anethum  grayeolens. 

Method   of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Flavoring  agent;  perfumery. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:     None. 


Dimagnesium 


195 


Dimethylaminobenzol 


Dimagnesium      Ortho-phosphate. 

Magnesium  phosphate. 


See 


Dimagnesium    Phosphate.     See    Magne- 
sium phosphate. 

Dimethylacetic  Acid.     See  Acid  butyric, 
Iso. 

Dimethylacetal*          (Ethylidenedimethyl 

ester)   CH3  (OCH3)2CH. 
Color    and    properties:      Colorless,    in- 

flammable liquid. 
Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.879;  boil- 

ing-point 62J-63°C. 
Soluble    in    \vater,    alcohol,    ether    and 

chloroform. 
Derivation:     By  the   interaction  of  al- 

dehyde,   methyl    alcohol    and    glacial 

acetic  acid,   with   subsequent  distilla- 

tion. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  iron  drums. 
Uses:     Medicine;  organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad     shipping     regulations:       Red 

label. 

Dimethyl-alpha-naphthylamine 

CioH7N(CH3)2. 
Color     and     properties:       Clear,     oily 

liquid. 

Constants:     Boiling-point  273°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:  By  heating  alpha-naphthyl- 

amine  hydrochloride,  with  methyl  al- 

cohol. 

Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Iron  drums. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

pimethylaminoantipyrine.      See    Pyram- 
idon. 

Dimethylaminoazobenzene*  (Dimethyl- 
aminobenzol ;  Benzeneazodimethylani- 
line)  C6H5.N.N.C6H4.N(CH8)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Golden-yellow 
crystalline  leaflets. 

Constants:     Melting-point   u6°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 


Derivation:  A  solution  of  aniline  hyd- 
rochloride is  diazotized,  then  added 
to  a  solution  of  dimethylahiline  in 
dilute  hydrochloric  acid  and  precipi- 
tated by  a  concentrated  solution  of 
sodium  acetate. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalli- 
zation. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Glass   bottles;   tins. 

Uses:  Coloring  butter;  indicator  in 
volumetric  analysis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Dimethylaminoazobenzene   Sulfpnate* 

(Sulfobenzeneazodimethylaniline) 


Color   and   properties:     Violet  crystals 

or  powder. 
Soluble   in  alcohol;   slightly   soluble   in 

water. 
Derivation:     By  the  sulfonation  of  di- 

methylaminoazpbenzene. 
Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:      Manufacturing    helianthin    and 

related  dyes. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde,    Para-* 
C6H4(N(CH3)2)CHOi:4. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
talline plates. 

Constants:     Melting-point  73°C. 

Soluble  in  hot  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  mixing  dimethylani- 
line,  anhydrous  chloral  and  phenol 
and  allowing  the  mixture  to  stand. 
The  phenol  is  removed  by  shaking 
with  dilute  caustic  soda  and  the  resi- 
due dissolved  in  water  and  hydro- 
chloric acid  and  crystallized. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Dimethylaminobenzol. 
aminobenzene. 


See    Dimethyl- 


Dimethylaminobenzoyl 


196 


Dimethylglyoxime 


Dimethylaminobenzoylpentanol     Hydro- 
chloride.     See  Stovaine. 


Dimethylaniline* 

Color  and  properties:     Colorless  oil. 
Constants:    Specific  gravity  0.954;  melt- 

ing-point 2.5°C;   boiling-point   192.5° 

-I93.5°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:      By   heating   a  mixture   of 

aniline,     aniline     hydrochloride     and 

methyl  alcohol  (free  from  acetone)  in 

an  autoclave  and  distilling. 
Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Iron  drums. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Dimethylaniline    Orange.      See    Methyl 
orange. 

Dimethylarsenic  Acid.    See  Acid  cacody- 
lic. 

Dimethylbenzene.     See  Xylol. 

Dimethybenzol.     See  Xylol. 

Dimethyl-beta-naphthylamine 

Ci0H7N(CH3)2. 
Color      and      properties:        Crystalline 

solid. 
Constants:       Specific       gravity       1.008; 

melting-point      46°  C.;      boiling-point 

305°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:     By  the  interaction   of  di- 

methylamine    and    beta-naphthol. 
Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire   hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Dimethyldiphenylurea*    (Zentralin) 


Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 
Constants:      Melting-point    I20°C. 
Soluble  in  'alcohol,  ether  and  benzol;  in- 
soluble in  water. 


Derivation:  By  saturation  of  mono- 
methylaniline  with  carbonyl  chloride, 
removal  of  benzol  by  distillation, 
washing  the  residue  with  acid  water 
and  crystallizing  from  alcohol.  The 
crystals  are  warmed  with  alcoholic 
ammonia,  diluted  with  water  to  pre- 
cipitate, washed  with  water,  dissolved 
in  alcohol  and  crystallized. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Stabilizer  for  smokeless  powder, 
explosives  and  nitro-compounds. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Dimethyloxyquinizine.     See    Antipyrine. 

Dimethylglyoxime*    (Butane   dioxime) 
(CH3)2C2(NOH)2. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 

Constants:     Melting-point  232°-233°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  very 
slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  methylatmg  gly- 
oxime  which  is  prepared  from  gly- 
oxal  and  hydroxylamine.  (b)  Sulfur 
dioxide  gas  is  passed  into  mixed,  su- 
persaturated, cooled  solutions  of  so- 
dium sulfite  and  nitrite  until  a  water- 
white  solution  results.  This  is 
warmed  on  a  steam  bath  for  a  few 
hours,  cooled  and  a  mixture  of  ethyl- 
methylketone  and  ethyl  nitrite  added, 
with  constant  stirring,  yielding  a 
curdy  precipitate.  This  is  stirred  un- 
til converted  into  a  mass  of  crystals, 
(c)  Nitrosomethylethyl  ketone  is  pre- 
pared from  methylethyl  ketone,  amyl 
alcohol  and  hydrochloric  acid  and  is 
extracted  from  the  reaction  mixing 
with  sodium  hydroxide  solution  under 
continuous  stirring  and  separation  of 
the  amyl  alcohol  formed.  The  solu- 
tion is  neutralized  with  more  sodium 
hydroxide,  if  necessary,  and  heated 
with  a  freshly  prepared  hydroxyl- 
amine sulfate  solution,  yielding  di- 
methylglyoxime.  This  is  filtered  hot, 
washed  with  hot  water,  dried  and 
crystallized. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 


Dimethylketonc 


197 


Dinitroaniline 


Grades:     Technical;  C.  P. 
Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Analytical  chemistry,  especially 

as  a  reagent  for  nickel. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None.  • 

Dimethylketone.     See  Acetone. 


Dimethylnitrobenzene. 

lene. 


See      Nitroxy- 


Dimethylnitrobenzol.      See    Nitroxylene. 

Dimethyl-para-phenylenediamine* 

(Para-aminodimethylaniline) 
C6H4NH2N(CH3)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Brown,  crystal- 
line mass. 

Constants:  Melting-point  4i°C;  boil- 
ing-point 257°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  ether  and 
benzene. 

Derivation:  A  solution  of  sodium  ni- 
trite is  slowly  run  into  a  solution  of 
dimethyaniline  in  hydrochloric  acid 
and  water  mixed  with  chopped  ice. 
The  nitrosodimethylaniline  is  re- 
duced with  zinc  dust.  It  is  then  fil- 
tered and  the  filtrate,  after  concen- 
tration, is  mixed  with  caustic  soda 
and  extracted  with  benzol  and  crystal- 
lized. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Dimethylpiperazine.     See  Lupetazin. 
Dimethylpyridine.      See    Lutidine. 

Dimethyl  Sulfate*  (Methyl  sulfate) 
(CH3)2S04. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  liquid; 
very  poisonous! 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.3516;  melt- 
ing-point -io°C.;  boiling-point  i88°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol;  very  slightly  solu- 
ble in  water. 

Derivation:    By  adding  fuming  sulfuric 


acid  to  methyl  alcohol  and  distilling 

in  vacuo. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Iron  drums. 
Uses:      Methylating    agent    for    amines 

and   phenols;    military   poison   gas   in 

the  late  war. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad   shipping   regulations:      White 

label. 

Dimethyl  Sulfide.     See  Methyl  sulfide. 

Dimethyltrithiocarbonate* 

CSs(CH3)2.     A   military  poison  gas 
used  in  the  late  war. 

Dimethylxanthine.       See     Theobromine 
and  Theophylin. 

Dimethylenemethane,  Alpha-.     See  Flu- 
orene. 

Dmaphthyl-meta-phenylenediamine 

C6H4(NHCioH7)2    1:3. 
Color   and   properties:      Colorless    nee- 

dles. 

Constants:     Melting-point   igi°C. 
Sparingly  soluble  in  alcohol;  insoluble 

in  water  and  ether. 
Derivation:      By    heating    meta-phenyl- 

enediamine    with    beta-naphthol    and 

subsequent  extraction  with  alcohol. 
Method    of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Dinitroaminophenol.    See  Acid  picramic. 


Dinitroaniline* 
Color  and  properties:     Yellow  crystals. 
Constants:        Specific      gravity      1.615; 

melting-point  187.5  °-i88°C. 
Slightly  soluble  in  alcohol,  insoluble  in 

water. 
Derivation:     By  the  nitration  of  para- 

nitraniline  with  hot  mixed  acid. 
Method    of    purification:      Crystalliza- 

tion, 


Dinitrobenzene 


198 


Dinitrotoluene 


Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Dinitrobenzene*   (Dinitrobenzol) 

C6H4(N02)2. 
Color  and  properties:     Yellow  crystals. 


Para- 
1-587 

37a°-373°C 
299°  C 


Constants:  M«*a-  Ortho- 
Specific  gravity  1.546           1.565 
Melting-point  89.9°  1179° 
Boiling-point  302.8°  319° 

Soluble  in  alcohol;  slightly  soluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  By  nitration  of  nitrobenz- 
ene with  hot  mixed  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis;  dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Dinitrobenzol.     See  Dinitrobenzene. 

Dinitrobenzyldisulfonic  Acid.     See  Acid 
dinitrobenzyldisulfonic. 

Dinitrochlorobenzene*  (Dinitrochloro- 
benzol)  C6H3  (NO2)2C1. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless 
needles 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.69;  melt- 
point  37.i°-53°C. 

Soluble   in  alcohol;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  chlorination  of  di- 
nitrobenzene. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Iron   barrels. 

Uses:     DyestufFs;  organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Dinitrochlorobenzol.     See  Dinitrochloro- 
benzene. 

Dinitronaphthalene* 

Ci0H6(NO2)2   (a)  1:5  (b)   1:8. 
Color  and  properties:     (a)    Yellowish- 


white    needles;    (b)    Yellowish-white, 
thick,  crystalline  tablets. 
Constants:      Melting-point    (a)    2i7°C.; 

(b)  i~20C. 

(a)  Sparingly  soluble  in  pyridine;  (b) 
Soluble  in  pyridine. 

Derivation:  By  dissolving  alpha-nitro- 
naphtbalene  in  sulfuric  acid  and  add- 
ing nitric  acid.  The  solution  is 
heated  to  So°-go°C.  and  cooled. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Dinitrophenol*    (Alpha-dinitrophenol) 
C6H3OH(N02)2;    (a)    2:3;    (b)    2:4; 

(c)  2:6. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow  crystal- 
line tablets. 


(a) 


(c) 


(b) 

....  1.683  

I44°C         H4°-iis°C      6i.78°C 


Constants: 
Specific  gravity 
Melting-point 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  heating  phenol 
with  dilute  sulfuric  acid,  cooling  the 
product,  and  then  nitrating,  keeping 
the  temperature  below  so°C.  (b)  By 
nitration  with  mixed  acid  with  very 
careful  temperature  control. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Dyestuffs,  especially  sulfur  col- 
ors; picric  acid;  picramic  acid. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Dinitrostilbenesulfonic   Acid.     See   Acid 
dinitrostilbenesulfonic. 

Dinitrotoluene*    ( Dinitrotoluol) 

C«H3CH3(N02)2       (a)2:4;       (b)3:4; 


Color  and  properties:  Yellow  crystals. 

Constants:                   (»)  0>)            (c) 

Specific  gravity             1.3208  1.33             .... 

Melting-point             To.j°C  6i°C  i.s°C 


Dinitrotoluol 


199 


Dioxynaphthalene 


Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  nitration  of  nitrotol- 
uene  with  hot  nitrosulfuric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Organic  syntheses;  toluidins; 
tolidins;  dyestuffs;  explosives. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Dinitrotoluol.    See  Dinitrotoluene. 

Dionin*  (Ethylmorphine  hydrochloride) 
Ci9H23N03HC1.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystal- 
line powder;  poisonous. 

Constants:     Melting-point  I25°C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol;  insoluble 
in  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  on  ethylmorphine. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Diopside.  A  natural  calcium-magne- 
sium silicate,  CaMg(SiOs)2.  California 
and  Georgia. 

Diorite.  A  granitoid  rock  composed  es- 
sentially of  hornblende  and  feldspar 
which  is  mostly  or  wholly  plagioclase, 
with  accessory  biotite  and  (or)  augite. 
Minute  grains  of  magnetite  and  titanite 
may  be  visible.  Quartz  may  be  pres- 
ent in  considerable  amount,  in  which 
case  the  rock  is  called  quartz  diorite. 
Quarried  for  crushed  rock  in  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  Virginia  and  many 
other  states. 

Diosma.    See  Buchu. 
Dioxyanthraquinone,  1:2.     See  Alizarine. 

Dioxyanthraquinone,  1:4.  ;See  Quina- 
zarin. 


Dioxyanthraquinone*    (Anthrarufine) 
Ci4H602(OH)2   1:5. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow,  crystal- 
line tablets. 

Constants:     Melting-point  28o°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol;  very  sparingly  solu- 
ble in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  anthraquinone* 
with  boric  acid  and  sulfuric  anhy- 
dride. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:  (Dioxyanthraquinone  1:8; 
Chrysazine.) 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden   kegs. 

Uses:     Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Dioxyanthraquinone    (Chrysazine) 
Ci4H602(OH)2   1:8. 

Color  and  properties:  Reddish-brown 
needles. 

Constants:     Melting-point  I9I°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol;  sparingly  soluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  From  dinitroanthraqui- 
none  (1:8)  by  reduction  and  subse- 
quent diazotization. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Dioxybenzene,  Meta-.     See    Resorcin. 
Dioxybenzol,  Meta-.     See  Resorcin. 

Dioxynaphthalene*   CioHe(OH)2    1:2. 
Color  and  properties:     Silvery  plates. 
Constants:     Melting-point  6o°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  sparingly 

soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:       By     reduction     of    beta- 

naphthoquinone   with   sulfurous   acid. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:    Wooden  casks. 
Uses:     Dyestuffs. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad   shipping   regulations:     None. 


Dioxynaphthalene 


200 


Dioxynaphthalene 


Dioxynaphthalene*   (Naphthoresorcin) 

CioHu(OH)2    1:3.. 
Color     and     properties:       Transparent, 

crystalline  plates. 
Constants:      Melting-point    124° 'C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  sparingly 

soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:      By    heating    naphthalene- 

disulfonic  acid  (1:3)  with  dilute  acids 

at  23O°C.     Under  pressure. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  casks. 
Uses:     Dyestuffs. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Dioxynaphthalene*   Ci0H6(9H)2    1:5. 
Color  and  properties:     White  needles. 
Constants:     Melting-point  26o°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  sparingly 

soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:      By    fusing   naphthalenedi- 

sulfonic  acid  (1:5)  with  caustic  soda. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden   casks. 
Uses:     Dyestuffs. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Dioxynaphthalene*   Ci0H6(OH)2    1 :6. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystal- 
line plates. 

Constants:     Melting-point   I36°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  sparingly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  fusing  naphthalenedi- 
sulfonic  acid  (1:6)  with  caustic  soda. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden,  casks. 

Uses:     Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Dioxynaphthalene*   CioH6(OH)2    1:7. 
Color     and     properties:       Fine     white 

needles. 

Constants:     Melting-point  I58°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  sparingly 

soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:      By   fusing   naphthalenedi- 

sulfonic  acid  (1:7)  with  caustic  soda. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  casks. 
Uses:     Dyestuffs. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Dioxynaphthalene*   CioH6(OH)2    i  :8. 
Color   and   properties:      White    needles 

or  plates. 

Constants:     Melting-point  I38°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  sparingly 

soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:      From    naphthosulfone    by 

fusion  with  caustic  soda. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  casks. 
Uses:     Dyestuffs. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Dioxynaphthalene*   Ci0H6(OH)2   2:3. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:      Melting-point    i6o°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  sparingly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  From  beta-naphtholdisul- 
fonic  acid  R  by  fusion  with  caustic 
soda. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  casks. 

Uses:     Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Dioxynaphthalene*   Ci0Ho(OH)2   2:6. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line plates. 

Constants:     Melting-point  2i6°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  sparingly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  From  beta-naphthol-beta- 
sulfonic  acid  by  fusion  with  caustic 
soda. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden   casks. 

Uses:     Dyestuffs; 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Dioxynaphthalene*   Ci0H6(OH)2   2:7. 
Color    and    properties:       Long,    white, 

crystalline  needles  or  plates. 
Constants:     Melting-point   i86°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  sparingly 

soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:        From     beta-naphtholsul- 

fonic   acid   F   by   fusion   with   caustic 

soda. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  casks. 


Dioxystearic 


201 


Diphenylamine 


Uses:     Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Dioxystearic    Acid.      See    Acid    dioxy- 
stearic. 

Dioxystearinic   Acid.     See    Acid    dioxy- 
stearic. 

Dioxysuccinic    Acid.      See    Acid    dioxy- 
succinic. 

Dioxytoluene.     See  Orcin. 
Dioxytoluol.     See  Orcin. 


Dioxytriphenylphthalide. 

phthalein. 


See     Phenol- 


Dip  Oil.*  A  25  per  cent  crude  carbolic 
acid  used  to  manufacture  cattle-dips  and 
disinfectants. 


Di-para-aminodimethoxydiphenyl. 
Dianisidine. 


See 


Di-para-tolyl-meta-phenylcnediaminc* 
C6H4(NHC7H7)2  1:3- 

Color  and  properties:     Long  needles. 

Constants:     Melting-point  I37°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  resorcin  and 
para-toluidine  in  presence  of  zinc 
chloride. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     W°O(ten  kegs. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 

Di-para-tolylnaphthalenediaminc* 
CioH6(NHC7H7)2  2:7. 
Color  and  properties:     Fine  needles. 
Constants:     Melting-point  237°  C. 
Sparingly  soluble  in  alcohol;  insoluble 

in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  dioxynaphtha- 
lene  (2:7)  with  para-toluidine  and 
para-toluidine  hydrochloride. 


Method     of    purification.       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  boxes. 
Uses:    Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Dipcntene*  (Diamylene;  Cinene;  Inactive 

limonene;      Dipentine;      Cajeputene; 

Kautschin)  CioHie. 
Color  and  properties:     Colorless  liquid; 

pleasant,  lemon-like  odor. 
Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.85;  boil- 

ing-point i8i°-i82°C. 
Miscible     with     alcohol;     insoluble     in 

water. 
Derivation:       From     various     ethereal 

oils,    particularly    Levant    wormseed 

oil. 

Method   of   purification:      Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Extracts. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Dipenteneglycol.     See   Terpin   hydrate. 
Dipentine.     See   Dipentene. 


Diphcnyl* 

Color   and    properties:      White    scales; 

pleasant  odor. 
Constants:       Specific     gravity     0.9845; 

melting-point      70°  C.;      boiling-point 

255  C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:  (a)  By  slowly  passing  ben- 

zol through  a  red  hot  iron  tube,     (b) 

By    heating    bromobenzene    and    so- 

dium, with  subsequent  distillation. 
Method    of    purification:      Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Tins. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Diphenylamine*    (Phenylaniline) 

(C6H5)2NH. 

Color    and    properties:       Colorless    tg 
grayish  crystals, 


Diphenylethylene 


202 


Diphenylurea 


Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.159; 
melting-point  52.85°  C.;  boiling-point 
3io°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  equal  formula 
weights  of  aniline  and  aniline  hydro- 
chloride  in  an  autoclave.  The  prod- 
uct is  boiled  with  dilute  hydro- 
chloric acid  to  remove  the  unaltered 
aniline,  and  the  residue  is  distilled. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
ation. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:       Organic     synthesis;     dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Diphenylethylene.     See  Stilbene. 

Diphenylchloroarsine*  (CeHs^AsCl.  A 
military  poison  gas  used  in  the  late 
war. 


Diphenylcyanoarsine* 

A  military  poison  gas  used  in  the  late 
war. 

Diphenylimide.     See  Carbazol. 
Diphenylketone.     See  Benzophenone. 

Diphenyl-meta-phenylenediamine* 

C6H4(NHC6H5)2  1:3- 
Color  and  properties:     Flat  crystalline 

needles. 

Constants:     Melting-point  95°C. 
Soluble    in    hot    alcohol;    insoluble    in 

water. 
Derivation:     By  heating  resorcin  with 

aniline  in  presence  of  calcium  chlo- 

ride and  zinc  chloride. 
Method    of    purification:      Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:    Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Diphenylmethane*    (Benzylbenzene) 

(C6H6)2CH2. 

Color  and   properties:    Long   colorless 
needles. 


Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.0056;  melt- 
ing-point 26.5° C.;  boiling-point  264.7° 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  condensation  of  two 
formula  weights  of  benzol  with  alde- 
hydes or  of  one  formula  weight  of 
aromatic  aldehyde  with  one  of  benzol 
under  the  influence  of  concentrated 
sulfuric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  barrels. 

Uses:   Organic  synthesis;   dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Diphenylnaphthylenediamine* 
Ci0H6(NHC6H5)     2:7. 

Color  and  properties:  Silvery,  crystal- 
line plates. 

Constants:  Melting-point  164° C. 

Slightly  soluble  in  alcohol;  insoluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  dioxynaphtha- 
lene  with  aniline  and  aniline  hydro- 
chloride. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Diphenyl   Oxide*    (C6H5)2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.0728;  melt- 
ing-point 27° C.;  boiling-point  25Q°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  oxidation  of  di- 
phenyl  with  chromic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:   Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Diphenylurea*  (Carbanilide) 

(NHC6H5)CO(NHC6H5). 
Color  and  properties:  Colorless  prisms. 
Constants:   Melting-point  235°C;   boil- 
ing-point 260°  C. 


Diphosgene 


203 


Dogwood 


Soluble    in    alcohol    and    ether;    very 

slightly  soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:   From   aniline   and   phenyl- 

cyanate. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Diphosgene.   See  Trichloromethylchloro- 
formate. 

Dipotassium       Ortho-phosphate.         See 

Potassium  phosphate. 

Dippel's   Oil.      See   Bone   oil. 
Dipping  Acid.     See  Acid  sulfuric. 
Dipropylenediamine.    See  Lupetazin. 
Dipropylmethane.     See  Heptane. 
Dipterix.    See  Tonka. 

Diresorcin*   (Tetroxydiphenyl) 

(OH)2C6H3:C6H3(OH)2. 
Color  and  properties:  White  crystalline 

powder. 

Constants:  Melting-point  310° C. 
Soluble  in  hot  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:     By     fusing     resorcin     and 

phenol  with  caustic  soda. 
Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Diresorcinphthalein.     See  Fluorescein. 

Disodium     Ortho-phosphate.       See     So- 
dium phosphate. 

Disodium  Pyrophosphate.     See   Sodium 
phosphate. 

Disthene.     See  Cyanite, 


Ditaine*   (Echitamine.) 
C22H28N2O4.4H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  thick, 
glistening,  crystalline  alkaloid;  poi- 
sonous. 

Constants:  Melting-point  2o6°'C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol;  very 
slightly  soluble  in  ether. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  from  the 
bark  of  Alstonia  scholaris. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:   Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:    Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

<* 
Dithymol  Diiodide.     See  Thymol  iodide. 

Divanadyl  Tetrachloride.    See  Vanadium 
chloride. 

Divi  Divi  Fruit. 

Derivation:  The  fruit  of  a  West  Indian 
tree,  Caesalpinia  copiaria.  Forms 
very  thin  pods  about  3  inches  in 
length. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:   Burlap  bags. 

Uses:  Tanning  industry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

See   also    Extract   Divi   Divi. 

Djamboe.     See  Guava. 
Dog-fish  Oil.    See  Shark  oil. 
Dog-grass.    See  Triticum. 
Dog-tooth  Spar.     See  Calcite. 

Dogwood*    (Cornus    florida;    Flowering 

dogwood). 
Derivation:      Root     bark      of      Cornus 

florida. 
Habitat:     Eastern    United    States    and 

Ontario. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:   Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Dolomite 


204 


Dyscrasite 


Dolomite.  A  natural  carbonate  of  cal- 
cium and  magnesium,  (Ca,  Mg)COs. 
Alabama,  Connecticut,  Indiana,  Iowa, 
Kentucky,  Maryland,  Rhode  Island, 
Tennessee  and  Virginia. 

Dolphin  Oil.     See  Porpoise  oil. 

Donovan's  Solution.  Solution  of  arse- 
nous  and  mercuric  iodides. 

Dover's  Powder. 

Derivation:  Powdered  ipecac  and 
opium  together  with  powdered  milk 
sugar. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:    Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Dragon's  Blood.  See  Gum  dragon's 
blood. 

Drop  Chalk.    See  Calcium  carbonate. 
Drumstick.    See  Cassia  fistula. 
Dryopteris.     See  Aspidium. 

Dufrenoysite.  A  natural  sulfarsenide  of 
lead,  Pb2As2S5.  Arizona  and  Idaho. 

Dulcin.     See  Dulcite. 

Dulcite*  (Dulcitol;  Melampyrit;  Dulcin; 
Dulcose;  Euonymit)  CeHgCOH^. 
Color  and  properties:  White,  glistening 

crystals;  slightly  sweet  taste. 
Constants:  Melting-point  i88°-i8g  C. 
Soluble    in    water;    slightly    soluble    in 

alcohol. 
Derivation:  A  sugar  from  Melampyrum 

nemorosum. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Tins. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Dulcitol.  See  Dulcite. 
Dulcose.  See  Dulcite. 
Duotal.  See  Guaiacol  carbonate. 

Durene*  (Durol;  Symmetrical  tetra- 
methylbenzene)  Ce^CCHs)^ 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals; camphor-like  odor. 

Constants:  Melting-point  79°-8i°C.; 
boiling-point  i89°-i9i°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  benzol;  in- 
soluble in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  ortho-xylene 
arid  methyl  chloride  in  presence  of 
aluminum  chloride. 

Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Tins. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Durol.     See  Durene. 

Dutch  Drops.  See  Linseed  oil,  Sulfu- 
rated  and  terebinthinated. 

Dutch  Liquid.     See  Ethylene  chloride. 

Dutch  Metal.  A  cheap  imitation  of  gold- 
leaf  made  of  an  alloy  of  copper  and 
zinc. 

Dutch  Oil.  See  Linseed  oil,  Sulfurated 
and  terebinthated. 

Dwarf  Bay.     See  Mezereum. 
Dwarf  Elder.     See  Ebulus. 
Dyer's  Saffron.    See  Carthannis. 

Dyscrasite.  A  variable,  natural  silver 
antimonide,  including  Ag2Sb.  Arizona. 


Eagle  Vine 


205 


Egg  Yolk 


E 


Eagle  Vine.     See  Condurango. 
Earth,  Diatomaceous.    See  Kieselgur. 
Earth,   Infusorial.      See    Kieselgur. 
Earth-nut  Oil.     See  Peanut  oil. 
Earth,  Siliceous.     See  Kieselgur. 
Earth  Wax.     See  Ceresin. 
East  Indian  Balmony.     $ee  Chirata. 
Eau  de  Javelle.     See  Javelle  water. 

Eau  de  Labarraque.  See  Sodium  hypo- 
chiorite. 

Ebonite.*  Black,  hard,  vulcanized  rubber 
used  for  valves,  faucets,  pipes,  electrical 
equipment,  fountain-pens,  toilet  articles, 
handles,  etc.,  made  from  the  cheaper 
grades  of  rubber. 

Ebulus  (Blood  elder:  bloodwort;  Dwarf 
elder). 
Derivation:    Fruit,    herb    and    root    of 

Sambucus  ebulus. 
Habitat:  Europe. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Bags;  boxes. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ecboline.     See  Cornutine. 

Echinacea*  (Cone  flower;  Black  samp- 
son;  Purple  cone  flower. 

Derivation:  Root  of  Echinacea  angusti- 
folia. 

Habitat:  North  America. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Bags;  boxes. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Eehitamine.     See  Ditaine. 


Eclipse.     See  Benzopurpurine. 


Ecgonine* 

Color   and    properties:    White,    crystal- 

line alkaloid;  poisonous. 
Constants:  Melting-point  io8°C. 
Soluble    in    water    and    alcohol;    very 

slightly  soluble  in  ether. 
Derivation:    By    decomposition    of    co- 

caine with  hydrochloric  acid. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ecgonine  Hydrochloride* 

C9Hi5N03HCl. 
Color   and    properties:    White,    crystal- 

line tablets;  poisonous. 
Constants:  Melting-point  246°  C. 
Soluble    in    water;    slightly    soluble    in 

alcohol. 
Derivation:    By    the    action    of    hydro- 

chloric acid  on  ecgonine. 
Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Edible  Oils,  Vegetable  or  animal  oils, 
containing  not  over  o.i  per  cent  of  free 
fatty  acid,  used  for  food  purposes  (cook- 
ing, salad-dressing  and  manufacture  of 
oleomargarine  or  other  butter  substi- 
tutes), such  as  butter  oils,  deodorized 
oils,  margarine  oils,  salad  oils. 

Edinol.  A  photographic  developer  com- 
posed of  aminosaligenineacetone  sulfite, 
potassium  hydroxide  and  potassium 
bromide. 

Egg  Oil.     See  Egg  yolk. 

Egg  Yolk.*  (Egg  oil). 

Derivation:    From    the    eggs    of    hens, 

ducks  and  geese.     The  yolks  are  sep- 

arated from  the  whites  and  the  yolks 

are   then   mixed   with   common   salt; 


Eglestonite 


206 


Elemi  Oil 


sometimes  a  small  amount  of  borax 

is  added  as  a  preservative. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:       Leather     dressing;     bakeries; 

soap;  medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


A    natural    mecury    oxy- 
Texas. 


Eglestonite. 
chloride,  H 


Egyptian  Privet.    See  Henna. 

Eikonogen*  (Sodium  salt  of  amino-beta- 
naphthol-beta-monosulfonic    acid) 


Color  and  properties:  White  powder. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  so- 
dium carbonate  and  amino-beta- 
naphthol-beta-monosulfonic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Photographic  developer. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Elastica.     See  Rubber. 


Elaterin* 
Color   and   properties:    White,    crystal- 

line powder. 

Constants:  Melting-point  2i6°C. 
Soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  ether,  chloro- 

form and  benzol. 
Derivation:   From  the  juice   of   Echal- 

lium  elaterium. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:   Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Elaterinum,  U.  S.  P.    See  Elaterin. 

Elaterium    (White,    English   or   Clutter- 

buck's  elaterium). 

Color  and^  properties:  Grayish-green, 
flat  or  slightly  curled  small  pieces  or 
powder. 


Derivation:  Sediment  from  the  juice  of 

Ecballium  elaterium. 
Partially  soluble  in  hot  alcohol. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:   Tins. 
Uses:   Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Elayl  Chloride.    See  Ethlyene  chloride. 
Elder.    See  Sambucus. 
Elder,  Blood.     See  Ebulus. 
Elder,  Dwarf.    See  Ebulus. 
Elecampane.     See  Inula. 
Elecampane  Camphor.     See  Helenin. 

Electrolon*    (Silicon   carbide)    SiC. 

Color  and  properties:  Green  to  bluish- 
black,  irridescent,  porous,  crystalline, 
sharp-grained  platelets  or  mass. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.12-3.20. 

Derivation:  By  heating  a  mixture  of 
coke,  sand,  shale  and  sawdust  in  the 
electric  furnace. 

Grades:  Grains,  from  10  mesh  to  finest 
powders. 

Containers:  Kegs. 

Uses:  Abrasive;  grindstones;  hones, 
sharpening-stones;  anti-slip  pave- 
ments; grinding  wheels;  refractories. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Electmm.  A  natural  alloy  of  gold  and 
silver  containing  approximately  40  per 
cent  of  silver.  California  and  Nevada. 

Elemi.     See  Gum  elemi. 

Elemi  OU. 

Color  and  properties:  An  almost  color- 
less, liquid  oil;  agreeable  aromatic 
odor  and  taste. 

Chief  known  constituent:   Dipentene. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.870-0.910. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:      Distilled      from      Manila 


Elcuthera 


207 


Emplastrum  Resinae 


elemi,     an     oleoresin     of     uncertain 

botanical  origin. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine;  perfumes. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Eleuthera  Bark.     See  Cascarilla. 
Elfwort.    See  Cascarilla. 

Elixir  Aromaticum,  U.  S.  P.  Aromatic 
Elixir. 

Elixir  Glycyrrhizae,  U.  S.  P.  Elixir  of 
glycyrrhiza. 

Elixir  of  Vitrol.  See  Acid  sulfuric,  Aro- 
matic. 

Elm.     See  Ulmus. 

Eluteria  Bark.    See  Cascarilla. 

Embelia. 
Derivation:  Dried  fruit  of  Embelia  ribes 

or   Embelia   robusta. 
Grades:     Technical;  B.  P. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Embolite.  A  natural  chlorobromide  of 
silver,  Ag(ClBr).  Arizona,  Colorado 
and  New  Mexico. 

Emerald  Green.  See  Copper  acetoarsen- 
ate. 

Emery. 

Derivation:  An  impure  natural  corun- 
dum(Al2Os).  Canada,  Massachu- 
setts, New  York,  Virginia,  Europe 
and  Asia  Minor. 

Grades:  According  to  degree  of  fine- 
ness. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:   Abrasive. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Emetic  Root    See  Euphorbia  corollata. 

Emetin.* 

Derivation:  Purified  extract  of  the  res- 
inoid  from  root  Cephaelis  ipecac- 
uanha. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-brown, 
light  lumps. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Boxes. 

Uses:  Medicine;  dentistry. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Emetinae  Hydrochloridum,  U.  S.  P.    See 

Emetine. 

Emetine*  C3oH4oN2O5. 

Color  and  properties:  Whitish,  pulveru- 
lent mixture  of  alkaloids;  very  bitter 
taste;  darkens  on  exposure  to  light; 
poisonous. 

Constants:   Melting-point  62°-65°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  and  crystalli- 
zation from  root  of  Cephaelis  ipecac- 
uanha. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  dentistry;  the  hydro- 
chloride  is  extensively  used. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Emplastrum  Belladonna,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

Belladonna  plaster. 

Emplastrum  Cantharidis,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

Cantharides  plaster. 

Emplastrum  Capsici,  U.  S.  P.    Capsicum 
plaster. 

Emplastrum  Elasticum,  U.  S.  P.     Rub- 
ber plaster. 

Emplastrum    Plumbi,    U.    S.    P.,    B.    P. 

Lead  plaster. 

Emplastrum    Resins,    U.    S.    P.,    B.    P. 

Rosin  plaster. 


Emplastrum  Sinapis 


208 


Ergot  Oil 


Emplastrum  Sinapis,  U.  S.  P.  Mustard 
plaster. 

Emussum  Amygdalae,  U.  S.  P.  Emul- 
sion of  almond. 

Emulsum  Asafcetidae,  U.  S.  P.  Emul- 
sion of  asafetida. 

Emulsum  Olei  Morrhuae,  U.  S.  P.  Emul- 
sion of  cod  liver  oil. 

Emulsum  Olei  Terebinthinae,  U.  S.  P., 
B.  P.  Emulsion  of  oil  of  turpentine. 

Enargite.  A  natural  copper  sulfarsen- 
ide,  CusAsS4.  Contains  48.4  per  cent 
copper.  Colorado,  Montana,  Nevada, 
South  Carolina,  South  Dakota,  and 
Utah. 

Endlichite.  See  Vanadinite.  New  Mex- 
ico. 

Eosine*  C2oH8Br4O5. 

Color  and  properties:  Red,  crystalline 
powder. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  acetic  acid;  in- 
soluble in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  bromination  of 
fluorescein. 

Grades:     Technical;  pure. 

Containers:     Barrels;   boxes. 

Uses:  Dyeing  silk,  cotton  and  wool; 
making  red  writing  ink. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ephedrine*    Ci0Hi5NO. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys' 
tals. 

Constants:   Boiling-point  225°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  from  the 
leaves  of  Ephedra  helvetica  and  crys- 
tallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:   Glass   bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard :  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Epigaea*  (Trailing  arbutus,  Gravel  plant, 

Ground  laurel). 

Derivation:  Leaves  of  Epigaea  repens. 
Habitat:    U.    S.    (Florida   to    Michigan 

and  northwards). 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Bags;  boxes. 
Uses:   Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Epsom  Salt.    See  Magnesium  sulfate. 

Epsomite.  A  natural,  hydrous  mag- 
nesium sulfate  MgSO4-7H2O.  New 
Mexico,  Tennessee  and  Wyoming. 

Equisetum*    (Horsetail,    Field   horsetail, 

Bottlerush). 
Derivation:  Whole  plant  of  Equisetum 

aryense  and  of  Equisetum  hyemale. 
Habitat:    Northern    Europe,    Asia    and 

North    America     (south    to    Virginia 

and  California). 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:   Boxes. 
Uses:    Medicine;    polishing    agent    for 

tinware. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ergot  (Secale  cornutum,  Spurred  rye). 
Derivation:     Sclerotium     of     Claviceps 

purpurea. 
Habitat:    Europe;    cultivated    in    Spain 

and   Russia. 
Grades:    Spanish;    Russian;    U.    S.    P.; 

B.  P. 

Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine;  ergot  oil. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ergot  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  Brown,  liquid, 
fixed  oil. 

Chief  constituents:  Cholesterin,  tri- 
glycerides  of  olein  and  palmitin. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.924. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  alkaline  solu- 
tions; insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  From  the  ergot  of  rye, 
Claviceps  purpurea,  by  extraction 
with  alcohol,  and  evaporation  of  the 
latter. 

Method  of  purification:     Distillation. 


Ergota 


209 


Eserine 


Grades  :    Technical. 

Containers:     Tins:  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ergota,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Ergot. 


Ergotinine* 
Color  and  properties:     Yellowish,  crys- 

talline alkaloid;  poisonous. 
Constants:  Melting-point  205°  C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:  By  extraction  of  sclerotium 

of     ergot,     Claviceps     purpurea     and 

crystallization. 
Method    of   purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:   Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ericin.     See  Mesotan. 

Erigeron*  (Fleabane,  Horseweed,  Scabi- 

ous). 
Derivation:   Leaves   and  tops   of   Erig- 

eron canadensis. 

Habitat:  Northern  and  central  U.  S. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Boxes. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Erigeron  Oil*   (Oil  of  fleabane). 
Color     and     properties:     Pale,     yellow, 

limpid  liquid;  darkening  and  thicken- 

ing with  age  and  exposure;  peculiar 

aromatic,    persistent    odor;    aromatic, 

slightly  pungent  taste. 
Chief  known  constituents:  D-limonene; 

terpineol;  esters. 
Constants:   Specific  gravity  0.850;  boil- 

ing-point   i75°-i8o  C.;    optical    rota- 

tion: +45. 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether,    chloroform 

and  carbon  bisulfide. 
Derivation:    Distilled    from    the    fresh, 

flowering    herb    of    Erigeron    cana- 

dense. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 
Grades:  Technical. 


Containers:  Glass  bottles;  copper  flasks. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Eriodictyon*  (Yerba  santa;  Consump- 
tives' weed;  Bear's  weed;  Mountain 
balm;  Gum  plant). 

Derivation:  Dried  leaves  of  Eriodictyon 
californicum. 

Habitat:    California. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:   Boxes. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations1*:  None. 

Erubescite.    See  Bornite. 

Erythraea*    (European   centaury;    Bitter 

herb;  Bloodwort). 
Derivation:    Leaves    and    tops    of    Ery- 

thaea  centaurium. 

Habitat:  Europe  and  United  States. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Boxes. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Erythrite  (Cobalt  bloom).  A  natural 
hydrous  cobalt  arsenate,  Co3As2Og.- 
8HaO,  of  a  purple-pink  color.  Found 
in  the  oxidized  parts  of  cobalt  and 
arsenic  bearing  veins.  California,  Colo- 
rado, Idaho,  Nevada,  Ontario. 

Ery  thro  sine.* 

Derivation:  A  dyestuff  prepared  by  the 
iodization  of  fluroescein. 

Grades:  Dependent  on  strength  of  dye- 
stuff. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  tin  cans. 

Uses:  Textile  and  leather  dyeing. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Erythroxylon.     Cee  Coca. 
Eserine.     See  Physostigmine. 

Eserine-Pilocarpine.  See  Physostigmine- 
pilocarpine. 


Esparto 


210 


Ether,    Cocoic 


Esparto.  A  grass  with  a  tough  fibre, 
cultivated  in  Spain,  and  used  chiefly  for 
cordage  and  papermaking. 

Essence  of  Mirbane.    See  Nitrobenzene. 
Essence  of  Niobe.    See  Methyl  benzoate. 

Estragon  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  Clear,  colorless 
oil;  peculiar  odor;  aromatic  taste. 

Chief  known  constituent:  Para-meth- 
oxyallylbenzene. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.906  to 
0.932;  optical  rotation:  5°  15'  to  8°  10' 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  herb, 
Artemisa  dracunculus. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Copper  flasks;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Flavoring;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ethal.    See  Cetyl  alcohol. 
Ethanediamine.    See  Oxamine. 

Ethanethiolic  Acid.  See  Acid  thio- 
acetic. 

Etching  Ink.    See  Diamond  ink. 

Ether*  (Sulfuric  ether;  Anesthesia  ether; 
Ethyl  ether;  Ethyl  oxide)  (C2H5)2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Very  light,  trans- 
parent, colorless,  volatile,  exceedingly 
inflammable,  mobile  liquid;  pleasant 
aromatic  odor.  Note:  Have  no 
flames  or  sparking  electrical  equip- 
ment anywhere  that  ether  is  being 
used! 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.71994; 
melting-point  -ii6.2°C;  boiling- 
point  34.97°  C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  sulfuric 
acid  on  ethyl  alcohol,  followed  by 
distillation. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 


Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P.; 
C.  P. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  glass  bottles; 
tin  cans. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  smokeless  pow- 
der; medicine;  anesthetic;  organic 
synthesis;  solvent;  analytical  chem- 
istry. 

Fire  hazard:   Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Ether,  Acetic.     See  Ethyl  acetate. 

Ether,  Acetolsalicylic.    See  Salacetol. 

Ether,  Amyl.     See  Amyl  oxide. 

Ether,  Amylic.     See  Amyl     oxide. 

Ether,  Amylacetic.    See  Amyl  acetate. 

Ether,  Anesthesia.     See  Ether. 

Ether,  Benzoic.     See   Ethyl  benzoate. 

Ether,  Beta-naphtholmethyl.    See  Naph- 
tholmethyl  ether,  Beta-. 

Ether,  Beta-naphthylmethyl.    See  Naph- 
thylmethyl  ether,  Beta-. 

Ether,  Bromic.     See  Ethyl  bromide. 
Ether,  Butyric.    See  Ethyl  butyrate. 
Ether,  Capric.    See  Etftyl  caprate. 
Ether,  Caprinic.    See  Ethyl  caprate. 
Ether,  Caproic.    See  Ethyl  caproate. 
Ether,  Capronic.     See  Ethyl  capronate. 
Ether,  Caprylic.     See  Ethyl  caprylate. 
Ether,  Carbanilic.    See  Euphorin. 
Ether,  Carbonic.    See  Ethyl  carbonate. 

Ether,  Chloroformic.    See  Ethyl  chloro- 
carbonate. 

Ether,  Cinnamic.    See  Ethyl  cinnamate. 
Ether,  Cocoic.     See  Ethyl  cocoinate. 


Ether,  Cocoinic 


211 


Ethyl  Acetoacetate 


Ether,   Cocoinic.     See   Ethyl  cocoinate. 
Ether,  Cognac.    See  Ethyl  cocoinate. 
Ether,  Diacetic.    See  Ethyl  acetoacetate. 
Ether,  Diamyl.    See  Amyl  oxide. 

Ether,  Diethylcarbonic.     See  Ethyl  car- 
bonate. 

Ether,  Ethyl.    See  Ether. 

Ether,  Formic.     See  Ethyl  formate. 

Ether,  Hydriodic.     See  Ethyl  iodide. 

Ether,  Hydrobromic.     See   Ethyl  brom- 
ide. 

Ether,  Hydrocyanic.    See  Ethyl  cyanide. 

Ether,  Isobutyric.     See  Ethyl  butyrate, 
Iso. 

Ether,     Methenyltriethyl.        See     Ethyl 
formate,  Ortho-. 

Ether,  Nitric.    See  Ethyl  nitrate. 
Ether,  Nitrous.     See  Nitrous  ether. 
Ether,  Oenanthic.     See  Oenanthic  ether. 

Ether,    Ortho-formic.      See    Ethyl    for- 
mate, Ortho-. 

Ether,  Ozonized.     See  Hydrogen  perox- 
ide, ethereal  solution. 

Ether,  Petroleum.    See  Petroleum  ether. 
Ether,  Pyroacetic.     See  Acetone. 
Ether,  Quininecarbonic.     See  Equinine. 


Ether,  Sulfuric.     See  Ether. 

Ethidene    Bichloride.      See     Ethylidene 
chloride. 

Ethiops  Mineral.     See  Mercuric  sulfide, 
Black. 

Ethol.     See  Cetyl   alcohol. 

Ethoxybenzidine  (Diaminotheoxydi- 

phenyl) 
C6H4NH2:C6H3(OC2H5)NH2. 

Color  and  properties:  Glistening,  flat 
needles. 

Constants:      Melting-point    I35°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol;  sparingly  soluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  ethpxybenzi- 
dine  monosulfonic  acid,  obtained  from 
benzeneazophenetolsulfonic  acid,  with 
water  in  an  autoclave. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:      Organic    synthesis;    dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:     None. 

Ethyl   Acetate*    (Acetic   ether;   Vinegar 

naphtha)  CH8COaC2H5. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  fra- 
grant, inflammable  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9003; 
melting-point  -82.4°  C;  boiling-point 

7M5°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  acetic  acid  and 
ethyl  alcohol  in  presence  of  sulfuric 
acid. 

Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Medicine;  solvent;  organic  syn- 
thesis; flavoring;  perfumery. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Ethylacetic  Acid.     See  Acid  butyric. 
Ethyl  Acetoacetate*  (Diacetic  ether) 


nyl  Acetoacetate*  (Diaci 
CH3COCH2COOC2H5. 


Ethyl  Alcohol 


212 


Ethylaniline 


Color  and  properties:     Colorless  liquid1, 

fruity  odor. 
Constants:       Specific     gravity     1.0212; 

melting-point     -80°  C;     boiling-point 

i8o°-i8i*C. 
Soluble   in  alcohol;   slightly   soluble   in 

water. 
Derivation:     By  the  action  of  metallic 

sodium    on    ethyl   acetate    and    acetic 

acid,  with   subsequent  distillation. 
Method  of  purification:     Redistillation. 
Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis;  antipyrine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 


Ethyl  Alcohol*  (Grain  alcohol;  Fermen- 
tation alcohol;  Cologne  spirit;  Spirits 
of  wine)  C2H5OH. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  lim- 
pid, volatile  liquid;  ethereal,  vinous 
odor;  pungent  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.78510; 
melting-point  -H2.3°C.;  boiling-point 
78.4°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  methyl  alcohol  and 
ether. 

Derivation:  Alcohol  is  prepared  by 
fermentation  of  the  sugars  derived 
from  starch  by  conversion  with  di- 
astase, or  of  molasses,  etc.  Yeasts 
(saccharomycetes)  decompose  them 
into  alcohol  and  carbon  dioxide. 
When  yeast  is  added  to  a  solution  of 
cane  sugar,  hydrolysis  into  dextrose 
and  levulose  first  occurs,  followed  by 
the  immediate  decomposition  of  the 
dextrose  and  levulose  by  the  enzyme 
of  the  starch  into  alcohol  and  carbon 
dioxide.  The  alcohol  is  separated 
from  the  water  and  other  products  of 
fermentation  by  distillation  and  puri- 
fied by  further  fractional  distillation. 
The  manufacture  of  ethyl  alcohol 
from  wood  waste  and  from  waste 
liquors  of  the  sulfite  pulp  process  is 
being  carried  on  commercially  on  a 
small  scale. 

Impurities:  Higher  alcohols,  empyreu- 
matic  substances,  esters,  etc.. 

Method  of  purification:  Filtration 
through  wood-charcoal  or  bone-black 
and  repeated  distillation. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.  (the  phar- 


macopoeia permits  I  per  cent  water) ; 
B.  P.;  absolute  alcohol  (an  alcohol 
which  has  been  dehydrated  to  99.8 
per  cent  by  distillation  with  a  water- 
removing  substance,  such  as  lime,  so- 
dium, etc.);  proof  spirit  (U.  S.:  a  di- 
lute alcohol  containing  42.52  per  cent 
of  alcohol  by  weight,  or  50  per  cent 
by  volume;  Gt.  Britain:  a  dilute  al- 
cohol containing  49.24  per  cent  of  al- 
cohol by  weight  or  57.06  per  cent  by 
volume);  , under-proof  (U.P.)  and 
overproof  spirit  (O.P.)  spirit  are  re- 
spectively weaker  and  stronger  than 
proof  spirit:  denatured  alcohol  (an 
alcohol  rendered  unfit  for  human  con- 
sumption by  the  addition  of  methyl 
alcohol,  pyridine  or  other  authorized 
denaturant);  rectified  spirit  (an  al- 
cohol containing  95  or  more  per  cent 
of  pure  alcohol) ;  Cologne  spirit  (a 
very  pure  distillate  containing  95  to  96 
per  cent  of  alcohol). 

Containers:  Barrels;  iron  drums;  tank 
cars;  carboys;  tin  cans;  wooden  bar- 
rels. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis;  explosives; 
perfumes;  food  extracts;  medicine; 
preserving  anatomical  specimens;  sol- 
vent; fuel;  liquors  and  liqueurs;  prep- 
aration of  tinctures  for  pharmaceu- 
tical purposes. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 


Ethylaniline*   (Monoethylaniline) 

C2H5NH.C5H6. 
Color  and  properties:     Colorless  liquid, 

becoming     brown     on     exposure     to 

light. 
Constants:       Specific     gravity     0.9631; 

melting-point    — 8o°C.;     boiling-point 

200  \^, 
Soluble   in   alcohol;   insoluble   in  water 

and  ether. 
Derivation:      By    heating    aniline    and 

ethyl  alcohol  in  presence  of  sulfuric 

acid,  with  subsequent  distillation. 
Method   of   purification:      Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Iron  drums. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Ethylbenzene 


213 


Ethyl  Butyratc 


Ethylbenzene*    (Ethylbenzol) 

C6H5C2H5. 

Color  and  properties:     Colorless  liquid. 
Constants:        Specific      gravity     0.867; 

melting-point    —  94°  C.;     boiling-point 

I36°C. 
Soluble   in   alcohol   and   ether;   slightly 

soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:       By    heating    benzol    and 

ethyl  chloride  in  presence  of  alumi- 

num   chloride,    with    subsequent    dis- 

tillation. 

Method   of   purification:      Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Ethyl  Benzoate*  (Benzoic  ether) 


Color   and   properties:     Colorless,   aro- 

matic liquid. 
Constants:       Specific     gravity     1.0509; 

melting-point  —  32.7°  C.]  boiling-point 

2I2.9°C 

Soluble   in   alcohol   and   ether;   slightly 

soluble  in  hot  water. 
Derivation:     By  heating  ethyl  alcohol 

and  benzoic  acid  in  presence  of  sul- 

furic  acid. 

Method   of   purification:     Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Flavoring  extracts;  "Peau  d'Es- 

pagne"      perfumery;       "Essence      of 

Niobe." 

Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ethylbenzol.     See  Ethybenzene. 

Ethylbenzoylecgonine.      See     Cocaethy- 
line. 

Ethylbenzylanilin* 


Color  and  properties:     Clear  colorless 

oil. 
Constants:        Specific      gravity      1.034; 

boiling-point  286°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:       By     heating     monoethyl 


aniline,  benzyl  chloride  and  aqueous 
caustic  soda,  with  subsequent  distil- 
lation. 

Method  of  purification:     Redistillation. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:     Dyestuffs;  organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ethyl      Bromide*      (Monobromoethane, 
Hydrobromic  ether,  Bromic  ether) 
C2H5Br. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  in- 
flammable, volatile  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.4384; 
melting-point  -ii5o°C.;  boiling-point 
38.4°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  sparingly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Red  phosphorus  is  added 
to  absolute  ethyl  alcohol,  bromine  is 
then  slowly  added  to  the  mixture 
which  is  then  distilled. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Iron   drums. 

Uses:     Organic   synthesis;   medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Ethyl  Butyrate*  (Butyric  ether) 
C3H7C02C2H5. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  vola- 
tile liquid;  pine-apple-like  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.8788; 
melting-point  -93-3° C.;  boiling-point 
1 20.6°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Ethyl  alcohol  and  butyric 
acid  are  heated  together  in  presence 
of  sulfuric  acid,  with  subsequent  dis- 
tillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades :     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Flavoring  extracts. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ethyl  Butyrate*    (Isobutyric  ether) 

(CH3)2CHCOOC2H5. 
Color  and  properties:     Colorless,  vola- 
tile liquid. 


Ethyl  Caprate 


214 


Ethyl  Carbonate 


Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.889; 
boiling-point  iio°-iii°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  isobutyric 
acid  and  ethyl  alcohol,  with  subse- 
quent distillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Redistillation. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Organic  syntrTesis;  flavoring 
extracts. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ethyl  Caprate*    (Capric   ether,   Caprinic 
ether;   Ethyl  caprinate) 
C9Hi9COOC2H5. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  liquid; 
fragrant  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.870;  boil- 
ing-point 243°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  capric  acid, 
absolute  alcohol  and  sulfuric  acid, 
with  subsequent  distillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Redistillation 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis;  manufactur- 
ing wine-bouquet  and  cognac  essence. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ethyl  Caprinate.     See  Ethyl  caprate. 

Ethyl  Caproate*   (Ethyl  capronate;   Ca- 
proic  ether;  Capronic  ether) 
C5HiiCOOC2H5. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  to  yel- 
lowish liquid;  pleasant  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.872;  boil- 
ing-point 167°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  absolute  al- 
cohol, normal  caproic  acid  in  pres- 
ence of  sulfuric  acid,  with  subsequent 
distillation. 

Method   of   purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Ethyl  Capronate.     See  Ethyl  caproate. 

Ethyl  Caprylate*  (Ethyl  octoate;  Capry- 
hc  ether)  CH3(CH2)6COOC2H5. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  liquid; 
pineapple  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.873;  melt- 
ing-point -48° C.;  boiling-point  205°- 
206°^ 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  caprylic  acid 
alcohol  and  sulfuric  acid,  with  sub- 
sequent distillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Flavoring. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ethyl  Carbamate*  (Urethane;  Ethylure- 
thane)  CO(NH2)OC2H5. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals; odorless;  saltpeter-like  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9862; 
melting-point  49°C.;  boiling-point 
i8o°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  ether  and 
chloroform. 

Derivation:  By  heating  ethyl  alcohol 
and  urea. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:     Technical;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:    None. 

Ethyl  Carbonate*  (Carbonic  ether;  Die- 
thylcarbonic  ether)  (C2H5)2COa. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  in- 
flammable liquid;  pleasant  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.978;  boil- 
ing-point I26°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  heating  of  ethyl 
iodide  and  silver  carbonate,  with  sub- 
sequent distillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 


Ethyl  Chloride 


215 


Ethylic 


Ethyl  Chloride*  (Monochlorethane; 
Kelene;  Chelene)  C2H5C1. 

Color  and  properties:  Gas  at  ordinary 
temperature;  compressed  colorless, 
highly  inflammable,  volatile  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9214; 
melting-point  — 140.85°  C;  boiling- 
point  I2.5°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  By-product  in  the 
manufacture  of  chloral,  (b)  By  pass- 
ing hydrogen  chloride  into  a  solution 
of  zinc  chloride  and  ethyl  alcohol. 

Method  of  purification:     Distillation. 

Grades:     Technical;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Steel  cylinders;  small  glass 
tubes. 

Uses:  Medicine;  local  anesthetic;  den- 
tistry; organic  synthesis;  refrigera- 
tion. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
(Gas)  label. 


Ethyl    Chloridum,    B.    P. 

chloride. 


See    Ethyl 


Ethylcarbonic  Acid.    See  Acid  propionic. 

Ethyl  Cinnamate*    (Cinnamic  ether) 

C6H5C2H2C02C2H5< 
Color    and    properties:      Limpid,    oily 

liquid;  strawberry-like  odor. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.0546;  melt- 

ing-point I2°C.;  boiling-point  27i°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble. 
Derivation:     By  heating  ethyl   alcohol 

and  cinnamic  acid  in  presence  of  sul- 

furic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Extracts. 
Fire  hazard;     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ethyl   Cocoinate*    (Cocoinic   ether;   Co- 
coic  ether;  Cognac  ether) 


Color  and  properties:  Yellow,  oily 
liquid;  odor  of  russet  apples. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.855. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 


Derivation:  By  the  action  of  dry  hy- 
drochloric acid  gas  on  an  alcoholic 
solution  of  the  fatty  acids  of  cocoa- 
nut  oil. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Flavoring  cognac. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Ethyl  Cyanide*    (Propionitrile;   Propan- 
enitrile;  Hydrocyanic  ether) 
C2H5CN. 

Color  and  properties:  Mobile,  color- 
less liquid;  etheral  odor;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.7799; 
melting-point  — 103.5°  C.;  boiling- 
point  97.08°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  barium-ethyl 
sulfate  and  potassium  cyanide,  with 
subsequent  distillation. 

Method   of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles.- 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ethyldimethylaminopentanolbenzoyl 
Hydrochloride.     See  Stovaine. 

Ethyl  Formate*  (Formic  ether) 
HC02.C2H5. 

Color  and  properties:  ^Mobile,  color- 
less liquid;  peach-kernel  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9231; 
melting-point  — 8o.5°C;  boiling-point 
54.05°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  ethyl  alcohol 
with  formic  acid  in  presence  of  sul- 
furic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:     Flavoring  extracts;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ethyl  Hydroxide.     See  Ethyl  alcohol. 
Ethylic.     See  Ethyl. 


Ethyl  Iodide 


216 


Ethyl  Sulfide 


Ethyl  Iodide*  (Monolodoethane) 
CH8CH2I. 

Color  and  properties:  Clear,  colorless 
liquid;  turns  brown  on  exposure  to 
light. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.9228; 
melting-point  -uo.9°C.;  boiling-point 
72.34°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  digesting  red  phos- 
phorus with  absolute  ethyl  alcohol, 
after  which  iodine  is  added.  The 
mixture  is  heated  under  a  reflux  con- 
denser and  finally  distilled. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  amber  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:      Medicine;    organic    synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ethylmalonic  Acid.     See  Acid  ethylma- 
lonic. 

Ethylmethyl   Ketone.     See   Methylethyl 
ketone. 

Ethylmorphine  Hydrochloride.     See  Di- 

onin. 

Ethylmustard   Oil.     See    Ethyl   thiocar- 
bamide. 

Ethyl  Nitrate*   (Nitric  ether) 
C2H5N03. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  in- 
flammable liquid;  pleasant  odor; 
sweet  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.116;  melt- 
ing-point U2°C.;  boiling-point  87.6°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  water;  insoluble 
in^  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  alcohol,  urea 
nitrate  ^and  nitric  acid,  with  subse- 
quent distillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Ethyl  Nitrite.    See  Nitrous  ether. 


Ethyl  Octoate.    See  Ethyl  caprylate. 

Ethyl-ortho-toluidine* 

C6H4(CH3)NH2C2H5. 
Color   and   properties:      Colorless   oil. 
Constants:       Specific     gravity     0.9534; 

boiling-point  214° C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:     By  heating  ethyl   alcohol 

with  ortho-toluidine  and  hydrochloric 

acid. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Iron  drums. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis;  dyestuffs. 
Fire  hazard:    None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Ethyl  Oxide.     See  Ether. 

Ethylphenyl  Alcohol* 
C6H5CH2CH2qH. 

Color  and  properties:     Colorless  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.0235; 
melting  point  — 27°C;  boiling-point 
259°  C.. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of 
ethyl  alcohol  and  phenol  in  presence 
of  sulfuric  acid,  with  subsequent  dis- 
tillation. 

Method   of  purification:      Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:    Tin  cans  and  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ethylpropionyl.     See   Diethylketone. 

Ethyl  Sulfide*   (Diethyl  sulfide) 
(C2H5)2S. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  oily 
liquid;  garlic-like  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.837; 
melting-point  -99.5°C.;  boiling-point 
92°-93°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  potassium- 
ethyl  sulfate  and  potassium  sulfide, 
with  subsequent  distillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 


Ethylsulfuric  Acid 


217 


Ethylene  Chloride 


Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:     None. 

Ethylsulfuric  Acid.     See   Acid  ethybul- 
furic. 

Ethylsulfurous  Acid.  .See  Acid  ethylsul- 
furous. 

Ethyltartaric  Acid.     See  Acid   ethyltar- 
taric. 

Ethyl  Thiocarbimide*  (Ethylmustard 
oil)  C2H5N:CS. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  li- 
quid; pungent  odor;  inflames  the 
skin. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9952,  boil- 
ing-point i3i°-i32°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol;   insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  thio- 
cyanic  ether  and  phosphorus  penta- 
chloride,  with  subsequent  distillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:    None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

(Ethyl  Urethane.     See  Urethane. 
Ethyl  Valeriate*   C5H9p2C2H5. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless 
liquid;  pleasant,  fruity  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.8765; 
boiling-point  I44.5°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  valeric  acid 
and  ethyl  alcohol  in  presence  of  sul- 
furic  acid,  with  subsequent  distilla- 
tion. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Iron   drums. 

Uses:     Essential  oils. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ethylene*  C2H4. 
Color   and  properties:     Colorless  gas. 


Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.5650; 
melting-point  -169°  C;  boiling-point 
-I02.5°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  passing  carbon  mo- 
noxide and  hydrogen  over  finely  di- 
vided nickel  or  platinum  at  100  C. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Steel  cylinders. 

Uses:  Organic  preparations;  produc- 
tion of  mustard  gas. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
(Gas)  label. 

Ethylene  Alcohol.     See  Glycol. 

Ethylene  Bromide*  (Dibromoethane) 
CH2BrCH2Br. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  vola- 
tile, emulsifiable  liquid;  chloroform- 
like  odor;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.189;  boil- 
ing-point I29°-I3I°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  bromine 
on  ethylene  gas. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:     Organic   synthesis;   medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 


Ethylene    Chloride*    (Dichloroethylene; 
Dutch  liquor;   Elayl  chloride) 
CH2C1.CH2C1. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  oily, 
liquid;  garlic-like  odor;  sweet  taste; 
irritating  vapor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1,2823;  melt- 
ing-point -35-3°C.;  boiling-point  83.7° 
C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  chlorine 
on  acetylene,  with  subsequent  distil- 
lation. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drugs;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Organic   synthesis;   anesthetic. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Ethylene  Cyanide 


218 


Eucaine,  Beta 


Ethylene   Cyanide*    (Succinonitrile) 
C2H4(CN)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  de- 
liquescent crystals. 

Constants:  Melting-point  5i°-55°C.; 
boiling-point  is80-i6o°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  water  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  ethy- 
lene  bromide  and  potassium  cyanide 
in  presence  of  alcohol. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:      Organic   synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ethylenediamine*  NH2CH2.CH2NH2. 

Color  and  properties:  Volatile,  alkaline 
liquid;  ammonia  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.902° C.; 
boiling-point  ii7°C. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  ethylene  chlor- 
ide and  ammonia,  with  subsequent 
distillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Redistillation. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:     Solvent  for  albumin  and  fibrin. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Ethylenedicarboxylic    Acid.      See    Acid 
succinic. 

Ethylene     Glycol*     (Ethylene     alcohol; 
Glycol;    Glycohol   alcohol) 
CH2OH.CH2OH. 

Color  and  properties:  Clear,  colorless, 
sirupy  liquid;  sweet  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.125;  melt- 
ing-point -I2°C.;  boiling-point 
I97.37°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  From  ethylene  iodide  by 
silver  acetate  and  saponification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Organic   synthesis;   medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 


Ethyleneimine.     See  Piperazine. 

Ethylene  Monochlorochloride*  (Mono- 
chloroethylene  chloride;  Monochlor- 
inated  Dutch  liquid;  Vinyl  trichlor- 
ide) CH2C1CH2C12. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  liquid; 
pleasant  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.458;  boil- 
ing-point 114°. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  antimony 
pentachloride  on  vinyl  chloride,  with 
subsequent  distillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Organic   synthesis;    anesthetic. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ethylenenaphthalene.        See      Acenaph- 
thene. 

Ethylenenaphthene.     See  Acenaphthene. 
Ethylene  Periodide.     See  Dii'odoform. 
Ethylene  Tetraiodide.     See  Diiodoform. 
Ethylic.     See  Ethyl. 
Ethylidenediethyl  Ether.     See  Acetal. 

Ethylidenedimethyl    Ether.      See    Dime- 
thylacetal. 

Ethylidenelactic  Acid.     See  Acid  lactic. 

Eucaine,*  Beta-   (Benzoylvinyldiacetone- 

alkamine)   Ci5H2iNO2. 
Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 
Constants:     Melting-point  78° C. 
Derivation:       By     benzoylating     vinyl- 

diacetonealkamine      (prepared      from 

diacetoneamine  and  paraldehyde   and 

reducing  the  product). 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Eucaine,    Beta-,    Hydrochloride*    (Ben- 
zoylvinylacetonealkamine   hydro- 
chloride)    Ci5H2iN02.HCl. 


Eucalyptol 


219 


Euonymi 


Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 
Constants:      Melting-point   268°C. 
Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:      By    the    action    of   hydro- 

chloric acid  on  beta-eucaine. 
Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:      Glass   bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Eucalyptol*  (Cineol;  Cajeputol) 


Color    and    properties:      Colorless    oil, 

camphor-like   odor. 
Constants:        Specific     gravity     0.9267; 

melting-point    -i°    to    3°C;    boiling- 

point  I76°C. 
Soluble    in    ether;    slightly    soluble    in 

ether.  « 

Derivation:     By  heating  eucalyptus  oil 

with    caustic   potash    and    subsequent 

treatment  with  sulfuric  acid,  followed 

by  distillation. 

Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.   P. 
Containers:     Iron  drums. 
Uses:     Pharmacy. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Eucalyptus*  (Gum-wood;  Australian 
fever  tree;  Blue  gum  tree). 

Derivation:  Dried  leaves  of  Eucalyp- 
tus globulus. 

Habitat:  Australia;  cultivated  in  the 
subtropics,  Europe,  Northern  Africa 
and  Southern  and  Western  United 
States. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Boxes. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Eucalyptus  Oil*  (Oleum  eucalypti). 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  or 
faintly  yellowish  liquid  oil;  charac- 
teristic, aromatic,  somewhat  cam- 
phoraceous  odor;  pungent,  spicy  and 
cooling  taste. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Phelland- 
rene,  cineal,  citral,  pinene,  terpenes. 


Constants:        Specific      gravity      0.850- 

0.940. 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether,    chloroform 

and  carbon  bisulfide. 
Derivation:      Distilled    from    the    fresh 

leaves     of     Eucalyptus     globulus,     or 

other  species  of  Eucalyptus. 
Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:      Medicine;    flotation    process    of 

ore  concentration;  perfumes;  soap. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Eucasin    (Casein-ammonia). 

Color  and  properties:  Fine  white  pow- 
der. 

Derivation:  By  passing  ammonia  gas 
over  casein. 

Soluble  in  warm  water. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Euchinin.     See  Euquinone. 
Eugenic  Acid.     See   Eugenol. 

Eugenol*  (Para-oxy-meta-methoxyallyl- 
benzene;  Eugenic  acid;  Caryophyllic 
acid)  C3H5C6H3(OH)OCH3. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  or  yel- 
lowish, oily  liquid,  becomes  brown 
in  the  air,  spicy  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.0696; 
boiling-point  253. 5°C. 

Slightly  soluble  in  alcohol;  very  slight- 
ly soluble  in  water  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  of  clove  oil 
with  aqueous  potash,  liberation  with 
acid  and  rectification  in  a  stream  of 
carbon  dioxide. 

Method   of  purification.     Redistillation. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Perfumes;  essential  oils;  medi- 
cine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None 

Euonymi    Cortex    (Euonymus    bark). 
Derivation:    Dried  root  bark  of  Euony 
mus  atropurpureus. 


Euonymit 


220 


Extractum  Cascarae 


Grades:    Technical;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Euonymit.     See   Dulcit. 

Euonymus*  (Wahoo;  Arrow  wood;  In- 
dian arrow  wood;  Bitter  ash;  Burn- 
ing bush;  Strawberry  tree;  Spindle 
tree). 

Derivation:  Dried  root  bark  of  Euony- 
mus atropurpureus. 

Habitat:  United  States,  east  of  the 
Mississippi. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Boxes. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Euonymus  Bark.     See   Euonymi  cortex. 

Eupatorium*   (Boneset;  Thoroughwort). 
Derivation:    Dried  leaves  and  flowering 

tops  of  Eupatorium  perfoliatum. 
Habitat:     Canada  to  Florida  and  west 

to  Texas  and  Nebraska. 
Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Boxes. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Eupatorium  Purpureum*  (Trumpet 
weed;  Queen  of  the  meadow;  Gravel 
root;  Purple  boneset). 

Derivation:  Root  of  Eupatorium  pur- 
pureum. 

Habitat:     U.  S. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Boxes;  bags. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 

Euphorbia         Pilulifera         (Pill-bearing 

spurge;     Snake     weed;     Cat's     hair; 

Queensland   asthma   weed;    Flowery 

head  spurge). 
Derivation:      Whole    plant,    Euphorbia 

pilulifera. 
Habitat:     Queensland. 


Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Boxes. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Euphorbium   (Gum  resin   Euphorbium). 
Derivation:     Gum  resin  from  Euphor- 
bia resinfera. 
Habitat:     Morocco. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Boxes. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

European  Ash.     See  Fraxinus  excelsior. 
European  Centaury.     See  Erythaea. 

European  Huckleberry.     See  Vaccinium. 

"Explon."  Proprietary  name  for  an  ab- 
rasive, made  in  the  electric  furnace, 
similar  to  carborundum,  alundum,  etc. 

Extracta,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.  Extracts  pre- 
pared according  to  the  requirements  of 
the  U.  S.  and  British  Pharmacopeias. 

Extracts,  Tanning.  These  are  now  pre- 
pared from  nearly  all  of  the  tannin 
substances  by  extraction  with  water  in 
specially  designed  extracting  equipment 
and  then  evaporating  the  tannin  solu- 
tion to  a  thick  sirup  or  even  to  dry- 
ness,  generally  by  aid  of  vacuum.  See 
Chestnut;  fustic;  sumac;  gambier;  my- 
rabolans;  larch;  hemlock;  logwood; 
mangrove;  oak;  chestnut-oak;  que- 
bracho; quercitron;  young  fustic,  pal- 
metto; spruce  sulfite;  osage  orange. 

Extractum  Aconiti,  U.  S.  P.  See  Aco- 
nite. 

Extractum  Belladonnae  Foliorum,  U.  S. 
P.,  B.  P.  See  Belladonna. 

Extractum  Cannabis,  U.  S.  P.  See  Can- 
nabis. 

Extractum  Cascarae  Sagradae,  U.  S.  P., 
Pf  P.  See  Cascara  sagrada. 


Extractum  Cimicifugae 


221 


Feldspar 


Extractum   Cimicifugae,   U.   S.   P.     See  Extractum  Hyoscyami,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

Cimicifuga.  See  Hyoscyamus. 

Extractum    Colchici    Cormi,    U.    S.    P.,  Extractum  Malti   u.  s.  p.    See  Malt 
B.  P.     See  Colcnicum. 

Extractum  Colocynthidis,  U.  S.  P.     See  Extractum    Nucis    Vomicae,    U.    S.    P., 

Colocynth.  B-  P-     See  Nux  vomica. 

Extractum    Colocynthidis    Compositum,  Extractum   Opii,  U.   S.  P.,   B.  P.      See 

U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Colocynth.  Opium. 

Extractum  Ergotae,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Extractum  PhysoStigmatis,  U.  S.  P.    See 

ErSQt-  Physostigma. 

Extractum   Felis   Bovis,   U.   S.  P.     See 

Oxgall.  Extractum   Rhei,  U.   S.   P.,  B.  P.     See 

Rhubarb. 
Extractum  Felsemii,  U.  S.  P.    See  Gel- 

semium.  Extractum  Stramonii,  U.  S.  P.   See  Stra- 

Extractum   Gentianae,   U.    S.   P.,   B.   P. 

See  Gentian.  _                   _ 

Extractum  Sumbul,  U.  S.  P.    See  Sum- 

Extractum  Glycerrhizae,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.  bul. 
See  Glycyrrhiza. 

_,          ,  .        _»            TT  o.   T»  Extractum  Taraxaci,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See 

Extractum  Glycyrrhizae  Purum,  U.  S.  P.  Taraxacum 
See  Glycyrrhiza. 

Extractum  Hydrastis,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.  See  Extractum  Viburni  Prunifolii,  U.  S.  P. 

Hydrastis.  See  Viburnum  prunifolium. 


F  Acid.     See  Acid  beta-naphthylamine- 
monosulfonic  2:7. 

False  Bittersweet.     See  Celastrus. 
False  Grape.     See  Ampelopsis. 
False  Saffron.     See  Carthamus. 
False  Unicorn  Root.    See  Aletris. 
False  Winter's  Bark.    See  Canella. 
Famatinite.     A  natural  copper-antimony 


sulfide,     3Cu2S.Sb2S5.       Contains     43.3 
per  cent  copper.     Nevada. 

Fel  Bovis,  U.  S.  P.    See  Oxgall. 

Fel    Bovinum   Purificatum,    B.    P.     See 
Oxgall. 

Feldspar.  A  general  name  for  a  group 
of  abundant  rock-forming  minerals,  the 
names  and  compositions  of  which  are 
as  follows:  Orthoclase,  a  monoclinic 
potassium-aluminum  silicate, 
K2O.Al2Os6SiO2;  varieties  are  known 
as  adularia  and  sanidine. 


Felon-grass 


222 


Ferri   Hydroxidum 


Microcline,  a  triclinic  variety  of  the 
same  composition  as  orthoclase.  An- 
prthoclase,  a  triclinic  feldspar  contain- 
ing both  sodium  and  potassium.  Pla- 
gipclase  feldspars  are  a  subgroup  of 
triclinic  minerals  at  one  end  of  which 
is  albite,  a  sodium-aluminum  silicate, 
Na2O.Al2p36SiO2;  and  at  the  other 
end  anorthite,  a  calcium-aluminum  sili- 
cate, CaO.Al2Os.2SiO2.  Mixtures  of 
these  two  molecules,  which  may  be 
represented  by  Ab  and  Ah,  respectively, 
form: 

Oligoclase,  AbeAni  to  AbsAn-i. 

Andesine,  AbsAni   to 

Labradprite,  AbiAni  to 

Bytpwnite,    AbiAns    to 

Celsian  is  similar  to  anorthite,  but 
contains  barium  in  place  of  calcium, 
BaO.Al2O3.2SiO2. 

Hyalophane  is  a  monpclinic  form  con- 
taining barium  and  calcium.  Feldspar  is 
found  in  practically  all  igneous  rocks 
throughout  the  United  States  and  Can- 
ada. Numerous  attempts  have  been 
made  to  utilize  the  potash  in  feldspar, 
none  of  which  as  yet  are  permanently 
commercially  successful. 

Felon-grass.     See  Imperatoria. 
Felon-wort.     See   Imperatoria. 

Fennel*  (Large  fennel;  Sweet  fennel). 
Derivation:     Dried,  nearly  ripe  fruit  of 
Foeniculum  vulgare. 
Habitat:     Southern  Europe  and  West- 
ern  Asia;   widely   cultivated. 
Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:      Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Fennel  Oil.* 
Color   and  properties:     A   colorless   or 

pale    yellowish    liquid;    characteristic 

aromatic    odor;    sweetish,    mild    and 

spicy  taste. 
Chief    known     constituents:       Anethol, 

fenchone,  limonene  and  phellandrene 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.965-0.975; 

boiling-point    i6o°-22O°C.;    refractive 

index  1.525-1.534. 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether,    chloroform 

and   carbon  bisulfide. 


Derivation:      Distilled    from    the    fruit 

of  Foeniculum  capillaceum. 
Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Tins';  glass  bottles. 
Uses:      Medicine;    liqueurs;   perfumery; 

soap-making. 
Fire   hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Fennel  Flower.    See  Nigella  damascena. 

Fenugreek    (Foenum   graecum). 
Derivation:     Seeds   of  Trigonella. 
Habitat:      Egypt,    Asia    Minor,    France 

and  Germany. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:      Medicine;    veterinary   medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     Ntfne. 

Ferberite.  A  natural  iron  tungstate, 
FeWO4.  Name  applied  to  the  wolfra- 
mites which  carry  little  or  no  manga- 
nese. Ferberite  contains  76.3  per  cent 
tungsten  trioxide,  WOg.  Colorado  and 
South  Dakota. 

Fergusonite.  A  natural  metacolumbate 
and  tantalate  of  yttrium,  with  erbium, 
cerium,  uranium,  etc.  Found  in  peg- 
matites. Texas  and  Virginia. 

Fernambuco.      See    Pernambuco. 

Ferri  Carbonas  Saccharatus,  U.  S.  P., 
B.  P.  Saccharated  ferrous  carbonate. 

Ferri  Chloridum,  U.  S.  P.  See  Ferric 
chloride. 


Ferri  et  Ammonii  Citras,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

Iron-ammonium  citrate. 


Ferri    et    Potassi    Tartras,    B.    P.       See 

Ferric-potassium  tartrate. 

Ferri  et  Quininae  Citras,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

Iron-quinine  citrate. 

Ferri  Hydroxidum  cum  Magnesii  Oxido, 
U.  S.  P.  Ferric  hydroxide  with  magne- 
sium oxide. 


Ferri  Phosphas 


223 


Ferric-Ammonium  Sulfate 


Ferri   Phosphas,    U.    S.    P.      See    Ferric 
phosphate. 

Ferri  Phosphas  Saccharatas,  B.  P.    Fer- 
ric phosphate,   Saccharated. 

Ferri  Sulphas,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See  Fer- 
rous sulfate. 

Ferri  Sulphas  Exsiccatus,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

Ferrous  sulfate,  Dried. 

Ferri  Sulphas  Granulatus,  U.  S.  P.    Fer- 
rous sulfate,   Granulated. 

Ferric  Acetate*  Fe2(C2H3O2)6. 

Color  and  propertied:  Brownish-red 
crystalline  scales. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  acetic 
acid  on  iron,  with  subsequent  crystal- 
lization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:     Textile    dyeing;    medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Ferric    Acetate,    Basic*     (Iron    acetate, 

Basic)    Fe(C2H3O2)2OH. 
Color  and  properties:     Red  powder. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  acids;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:     By  the  action  of  pyrplig- 

neous    acid    or    acetic    acid    on    iron, 

with    subsequent    crystallization. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:     Medicine;  textile  industries. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Ferric  Albuminate*   (Iron  albuminate). 

Color  and  properties:  Brown,  very 
stable  powder. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  ferric  hydrox- 
ide with  a  serum-albumin  under  pres- 
sure. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;   glass  bottles. 


Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ferric- Ammonium  Citrate*  (Iron-am- 
monium citrate;  Ammonioferric  cit- 
rate). 

Color  and  properties:  Reddish-brown, 
transparent,  hygroscopic  crystalline 
scales;  saline  taste;  deliquescent  in 
moist  air. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:     By   the   addition   of  citric 

acid  to  ferric  hydroxide,  then  adding 

ammonium    hydroxide,    followed    by 

Alteration. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Amber  glass  bottles. 
Uses:        Medicine;     blueprint     photog- 
raphy. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ferric-Ammonium  Oxalate  (Iron-ammo- 
nium oxalate;  Ammonioferric  oxa- 
late)  (NH4)3Fe(C204)3.3H20. 

Color  and  properties:     Green   crystals. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  am- 
monium binoxalate  and  ferric  hy- 
droxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass   bottles;   tins. 

Uses:  Blueprint  photography. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ferric- Ammonium  Sulfate*  (Iron-am- 
monium sulfate;  Ammonioferric  sul- 
fate) FeNH4(SO4)2.i2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Lilac  to  violet, 
efflorescent  crystals. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  mixing  solutions  of 
ferric  sulfate  and  ammonium  sulfate, 
followed  by  evaporation  and  crystal- 
lization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical;  C.  P. 

Containers:     Wooden   kegs. 

Uses:  Medicine;  analytical  chemistry; 
textile  dyeing. 


Ferric  Benzoate 


224 


Ferric  Citrate 


Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:     None. 

Ferric  Benzoate*  (Iron  benzoate) 


. 

Color  and  properties:     Brown  powder. 
Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:     By  the  interaction  of  fer- 

ric hydroxide  and  benzoic  acid. 
Method    of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers  :     Boxes;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:    None. 
Railroad   shipping   regulations:      None. 

Ferric    Bichromate*    (Iron    dichromate; 

Ferric  dichromate)    Fe2(Cr2C>7)3. 
Color  and  properties:     Reddish-brown 

granules. 

Soluble  in  water  and  acids. 
Derivation:     By  heating  aqueous  chro- 

mic acid  and  moist  ferric  hydroxide. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:     Preparation  of  pigments. 
Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     Yellow 

label. 

Ferric     Bromide*     (Ferric     tribromide, 

Ferric  sesquibromide,  Iron  bromide) 

FeBr3. 
Color   and    properties:      Dark-red,    de- 

liquescent crystals. 

Constants:      Melting-point:      Sublimes. 
Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:     By  the  action  of  bromine 

on  iron  filings. 
Method    of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Boxes;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:    ^Medicine;  analytical  chemistry; 

bromine  salts. 
Fire  hazard:    None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ferric  Chloride*  (Ferric  trichloride; 
Iron  chloride;  Iron  sesquichloride; 
Flores  martis;  Iron  perchloride)  (a) 
FeG8;  (b)  FeCls.6H20. 


Color  and  properties:  Very  deliques- 
cent, orange-yellow  crystals. 

Constants:  (a)  (b) 

Specific  gravity  2.804 

Melting-point  3oi°C  37°C 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  the  action  of  hy- 
drochloric acid  on  iron  oxides  or 
ferrous  carbonate,  with  subsequent 
crystallization,  (b)  By  passing  chlo- 
rine into  a  solution  of  ferrous  chlo- 
ride, (c)  By  oxidizing  a  solution  of 
ferrous  chloride  with  nitric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P.; 
sublimed. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Medicine;  organic  synthesis; 
reagent  in  analytic  chemistry;  chlori- 
nating silver  and  copper  ores;  mor- 
dant in  dyeing;  purifying  factory  ef- 
fluents. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ferric     Chloride-Antipyrine.      See    Fer- 
ropyrine. 

Ferric  Chromate*  (Iron  chromate) 
Fe2(Cr04)3. 

Color  and  properties:  Reddish-brown 
crystals. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water  and 
alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  adding  sodium  chro- 
mate to  a  solution  of  a  ferric  salt. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Metallurgy. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ferric  Citrate*  (Iron  citrate) 
Fe2(C6H5O7)2.6H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Reddish-brown 
scales.  Keep  away  from  light. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  citric 
acid  on  ferric  hydroxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  amber  glass  bottles. 


Ferric  Bichromate 


225 


Ferric   Oxide 


Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Ferric  Bichromate.     See  Ferric  bichro- 
mate. 

Ferric  Ferrocyanide*  (Prussian  blue, 
Iron  ferrocyanide)  Fe4(F€pN)e)3. 

Color  and  properties:  Blue,  amor- 
phous powder. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Decom- 
poses. 

Soluble  in  acids  and  alkalis;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  so- 
lutions of  a  ferric  salt  and  of  po- 
tassium ferrocyanide.  The  product  is 
filtered  and  then  dried. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels.    . 

Uses:  Paints;  inks;  dyeing. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ferric  Hydrate.    See  Ferric  hydroxide. 

Ferric  Hydroxide*  (Ferric  hydrate;  Iron 
hydrate;  Ferric  sesquioxide,  Hy- 
drated;  Hydrated  iron  oxide;  Hy- 
drous iron  peroxide).  Fe(OH)g. 

Color  and  properties:  Brownish  powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3-4-3-9  J  melt- 
ing-point: Loses  H2O  at  500° C. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water, 
alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  solu- 
tions of  a  ferric  salt  and  of  sodium 
hydroxide,  with  subsequent  filtration 
and  drying. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Manufacturing  pigments;  rubber 
industry. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ferric  Nitrate*  (Iron  nitrate). 
Fe(N03)3.9H20. 

Color  and  properties:  Gray-white  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.6835;  melt- 
ing-point 47.2° C.;  boiling-point:  De- 
composes. 

Soluble  in  water. 


Derivation:  By  the  action  of  nitric  acid 

on  iron  filings,  with  subsequent  crys- 

tallization. 
Method    of   purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:     Textile  industries;  medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:    Yellow 

label. 

Ferric  Malate*  (Iron  malate). 


Color  and  properties:  Brown,  hygro- 
scopic crystals.  Keep  well  stoppered. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  ferric 
hydroxide  and  malic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Amber  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  Shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ferric  Oleate*  (Iron  oleate). 

Fe(Ci8H3302)3. 
Color     and     properties:     Brownish-red 

lumps. 
Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  acids;  in- 

soluble in  water. 
Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  solu- 

tions  of   ferrous   sulfate   and   sodium 

oleate. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Boxes;  kegs. 
Uses:  Medicine;  varnish  dryer. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ferric  Oxide,  Black*  (Ferrosoferric  ox- 

ide,  Magnetic  iron   oxide,    Iron   ethi- 

ops)    FeO.Fe2O3. 
Color    and    properties:    Reddish-black, 

amorphous  powder. 
Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water,  al- 

cohol and  ether. 
Derivation:   (a)   By  burning  iron  in  an 

excess  of  oxygen. 

(b)  Occurs  in  nature  as  the  mineral 

magnetite. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:    Metallurgy;    medicine;   pigment; 

polishing  compound. 


Ferric  Oxide 


226 


Ferric  Sesquisulfate 


Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ferric  Oxide,  Brown*  (Iron  oxide, 
brown;  "Iron  subcarbonate";  "Iron 
carbonate,  Precipitated")  Fe2O3. 

Color  and  properties:  Reddish-brown 
powder,  containing  ferric  carbonate 
with  ferric  hydroxide,  Fe(OH)s,  and 
Fe(OH>2  in  varying  quantities.  Not 
a  true  oxide. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water 
and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  so- 
lution of  ferrous  sulfate  and  sodium 
carbonate. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Paint  pigment. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ferric  Oxide,  Red*  (Iron  oxide,  Red; 
Iron  ore;  Indian  red;  Venetian  red; 
Colcothan;  Iron  trioxide;  Iron  sesqui- 
oxide;  Crocus  martis;  Rouge;  Hema- 
tite). Fe2Os. 

Color  and  properties:  Dense  dark-red 
powder  or  lumps. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  5.12-5.24; 
melting-point  1548°  C. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  Found  in  nature  as 
hematite  ore. 

(b)  By  calcining  ferrous  sulfate  or 
oxalate. 

(c)  By   dehydrating  ferric  hydrox- 
ide. 

(d)  By-product  in  some  industries. 
Grades:  Technical — sold  on  iron  oxide 

content  and  covering  properties. 
Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:       Metallurgy;     gas     purification; 

paint  pigment;  polishing  compounds; 

theatrical  rouge;  grease  paints. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ferric  Oxide,  Hydrated.     See  Ferric  hy- 
droxide. 

Ferric  Oxide,  Magnetic.     See  Ferric  ox- 
ide, Black. 


Ferric   Peroxide,   Hydrous.      See   Ferric 
hydroxide. 

Ferric    Persulfate.       See    Ferric    sulfate, 
Basic. 

Ferric  Phosphate*  (Iron  phosphate). 

FePO4.4H2O. 
Color   and   properties:    Yellowish-white 

powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.87. 
Insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:    By    adding    a    solution    of 

sodium    phosphate    to    a    solution    of 

ferric    chloride.      The    product    is    fil- 

tered and  then  dried. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:   None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ferric-  Potassium    Sulfate*     (Iron-potas- 
sium sulfate;  Iron  alum). 


Color  and  properties:   Pale-violet  crys- 

tals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.806. 
Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 
Derivation:     By     mixing     solutions     of 

potassium    sulfate    and    ferric    sulfate 

and  crystallizing. 
Method    of    purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ferric  Sesquibromide.    See  F'erric  brom- 
ide. 

Ferric  Sesquichloride.    See  Ferric  chlor- 
ide. 

Ferric    Sesquioxide.      See    Ferric    oxide, 
Red. 

Ferric  Sesquioxide,  Hydrated.    See  Fer- 
ric hydroxide. 


Ferric  Perchloride.    See  Ferric  chloride.      Ferric  Sesquisulfate.    See  Ferric  sulfate 


Ferric-Sodium 


227 


Ferric  Tungstate 


Ferric-Sodium  Oxalate*  (Iron-sodium 
oxalate).  Na3Fe(C2O4)3.4^H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Emerald-green 
crystals. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  so- 
dium acid  oxalate  and  ferric  hydrox- 
ide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:   Photography. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ferric  Stearate*  (Iron  stearate). 
Fe(Ci8H3502)3. 

Color  and  properties:  Light-brown 
powder. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  solu- 
tions of  ferrous  sulfate  and  sodium 
stearate. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:   Wooden   kegs. 

Uses:  Varnish  dryers. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping,  regulations:   None. 

Ferric   Sulfate*   (Iron   sulfate;   Iron   ter- 
sulfate;      Iron      sesquisulfatc).        (a) 
Fe2(SO4)3;  (b)  Fe2(SO4)8.9HjO. 
Color     and     properties:     Grayish-white 
powder. 


Constants: 
Specific  gravity 
Melting-point 


(a) 


(b) 


3.0Q7  2-2.1 

Decomposes        Decomposes 


Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  adding  sulfuric  acid  to 
a  solution  of  ferrous  sulfate. 

Impurities:  Ferrous  sulfate;  water;  sul- 
furic acid. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Pigments;  medicine;  reagent  in 
analytic  chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ferric  Sulfate,  Basic*  (Iron  sulfate;  Fer- 
ric  subsulfate;    Monsel's    salt;    Ferric 
persulfate).   Fe4O(SO4)5. 
Color   and    properties:    Yellow,    hygro- 
scopic powder. 


Derivation:  By  adding  ferrous  sulfate 
to  hot  dilute  sulfuric  and  nitric  acids 
and  boiling  until  all  the  nitric  acid 
is  driven  off  and  filtering  if  necessary. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine,  in  the  form  of  a  solu- 
tion. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ferric  Tannate*  (Iron  tannate). 
Fe2(Ci4H709)(OH)3. 

Color  and  properties:  Dark-brown 
powder. 

Soluble  in  alkalis;  insoluble  in  water, 
alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  fer- 
ric acetate  and  tannic  acid  solutions. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:   None. 

Ferric  Tantalate*   (Iron  tantalate). 

Fe2(Ta04)3. 
Color    and    properties:    Grayish-brown 

powder. 

Insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:  By  adding  sodium  tantalate 

to  a  solution  of  a  ferric  salt. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:  Metallurgy. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ferric  Tersulfate.    See  Ferric  sulfate. 
Ferric  Tribromide.     See  Ferric  bromide. 
Ferric  Trichloride.     See  Ferric  chloride. 
Ferric  Trioxide.     See  Ferric  oxide,  Red. 

Ferric  Tungstate*  (Iron  tungstate;  Iron 
wolframate).  Fe2(WoO4)3. 

Color  and  properties:  Brown  powder. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water  and 
alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  adding  sodium  tung- 
state to  a  solution  of  ferric  salt. 

Grades:   Technical. 


Ferric  Vanadate 


228 


Ferroso-Ferric 


Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Metallurgy. 

Fire   hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ferric  Vanadate*  (Iron  vanadate). 
FeVO3. 

Color  and  properties:  Grayish-brown 
powder. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water  and 
alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  adding  a  solution  of  a 
ferric  salt  to  the  liquor  obtained  by 
leaching  vanadium  ores  with  caustic 
soda  solution  or  by  lixiviating  the 
slags  obtained  when  vanadium  ores 
are  fused  with  soda  ash,  etc. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Metallurgy. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ferripyrine.     See  Ferropyrine. 

Ferro-Carbon-Titanium.*  An  alloy  of 
iron  and  titanium  containing  carbon, 
sometimes  added  to  steel  to  make  it 
tougher. 

Ferro-Cerium*  (Auer  metal).  Pyro- 
phoric  alloys  of  iron  and  cerium  with 
other  metals  of  the  cerium  group 
("misch-metall"),  used  in  strike-a-Hghts, 
cigar  lighters,  etc. 

Ferro-Chrome.*  Alloys  of  iron  and 
chromium  containing  50  to  65  per  cent 
of  chromium  and  5  to  9  per  cent  of 
carbon.  They  are  added  to  steel  to 
produce  great  hardness. 

Ferro-Chromium.     See  Ferro-Chrome. 

Ferre-Magnesite.* 
Derivation:      By      dead-burning      mag- 

nesite  mixed  with  iron  ore. 
Uses:   Refractory  linings   for  steel  and 

copper  furnaces. 

Ferro-Manganese*  (Spiegeleisen).  Al- 
loys of  iron  and  manganese,  actually 
manganese  carbide  with  iron,  contain- 
ing 20  to  80  per  cent  of  manganese  and 


5  to  7  per  cent  of  carbon,  produced 
from  ores  or  iron  and  manganese  in  the 
blast  furnace  and  extensively  used  in 
steel-making  for  the  production  of  man- 
ganese steel,  non-magnetic  steel,  and  in 
conjunction  with  ferro-silicon  as  a  de- 
oxidizing agent,  to  prevent  blowholes. 

Ferro-Molybdenum.*  Alloys  of  iron  and 
molybdenum  used  in  steel  making  for 
producing  hard  tool  steels  and  for  per- 
manent magnets. 

Ferro-Nickel*  (Invar).  Alloys  of  iron 
and  nickel  containing  25  or  more  per 
cent  of  nickel,  used  in  rheostats  and  in 
steel-making  for  reducing  the  linear  ex- 
pansion. 

Ferro-Phosphorus.*  Alloys  of  iron  and 
phosphorus  used  in  steel-making  when 
very  thin  castings  are  to  be  produced, 
by  increasing  the  fluidity  of  the  metal. 

Ferropyrine*  (Ferripyrine;  Ferric 
chloride-antipyrine;  Iron  chloride- 
antipyrine)  (CiiHi2N2O)3.Fe2Cl6. 

Color  and  properties:  Red,  crystalline 
powder,  containing  64  per  cent  anti- 
pyrine,  12  per  cent  iron  and  24  per 
cent  chlorine. 

Constants:  Melting-point  22o°-225°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  benzol; 
insoluble  in  ether. 

Derivation:  By  mixing  ferric  chloride 
and  antipyrine  solutions  and  crystal- 
lizing. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ferro-Silicon.*  Alloys  of  iron  and  silica 
containing  30  or  more  per  cent  of  sili- 
con; but  practically  no  carbon,  used  in 
the  production  of  hydrogen  and  steel- 
making  in  conjunction  with  ferro-man- 
ganese  as  a  deoxidizing  agent,  for 
converting  white  cast  iron  into  gray 
iron. 

Ferroso-Ferric  Oxide.  See  Ferric  oxide, 
Black. 


Ferrostyptin 


229 


Ferrous  Carbonate 


Ferrostyptin  (CH2)6H4.HCl.FeCl8. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow,  crystal- 
line powder. 

Constants:  Melting-point  m°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  ether  and  ace- 
tone. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  formalde- 
hyde on  ferric  chloride. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:   Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ferro-Titanium.*  Alloys  of  iron  and 
titanium  used  in  steel-making  for  re- 
moving occluded  gases  and  impurities. 

Ferro-Tungsten.*  Alloys  of  iron  and 
tungsten  containing  65  to  85  per  cent 
of  tungsten  and  i  to  2  per  cent  of 
carbon,  used  in  steel-making  for  pro- 
ducing tool  steels,  magnet  steels  and 
"self-hardening"  steels. 

Ferro-Uranium.*  Alloys  of  iron  and 
uranium  containing  35  to  50  per  cent  of 
uranium  and  1.5  to  4  per  cent  of  carbon, 
used  for  making  high-speed  steels. 

Ferro-Vanadium*.  Alloys  of  iron  and 
vanadium  containing  25  to  40  per  cent 
of  vanadium  and  o  to  7  per  cent  of  car- 
bon, used  in  steel-making  for  making 
steels  possessing  great  strength  and 
ability  to  resist  "fatigue,"  without  de- 
creasing their  ductility.  Also  used  in 
breaking  cast  iron. 


Ferrous- Ammonium     Sulfate*      (Mohr's 
salt;  Iron-ammonium  sulfate) 
Fe(SO4).(NH4)2SO4.6H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Light-green  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.865. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  mixing  solutions  of  fer- 
rous sulfate  and  ammonium  sulfate, 
followed  by  evaporation  and  subse- 
quent crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tipn. 


Grades:  Technical;  C.  P. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  analytical  chemistry; 
metallurgy. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ferrous  Arsenate*  (Iron  arsenate) 
Fe3(AsO4)2.6H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Green,  amorphous 
powder. 

Insoluble  in  water. 

•Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  solu- 
tions of  sodium  arsenate  and  ferrous 
sulfate. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Boxes;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ferrous  Bromide*  (Iron  bromide) 
FeBr2.6H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Reddish,  crystal- 
line powder.  Keep  well  stoppered. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.636;  melt- 
ing-point 27°  C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  bromine 
on  iron  filings. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:   Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ferrous    Carbonate*     (Iron     carbonate; 
Iron  protocarbonate) 
(a)  FeCO3;  (b)  FeCO3.H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Greenish-brown 
crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.70-3.87; 
melting-point  470°  C.;  boiling-point: 
Decomposes  at  88o°C. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  Found  as  such  in  na- 
ture (siderite) 

(b)  By  precipitation  of  a  solution 
of  a  ferrous  salt  with  sodium  carbon- 
ate, yielding  a  slightly  hydrolyzed 
salt. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels, 


Ferrous  Chloride 


230 


Ferrous  Sulfate 


Uses:  Iron  salts. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ferrous  Chloride*  (Iron  chloride;  Iron 
dichloride;  Iron  protochloride) 

(a)  FeCl2;  (b)  FeCl2.4H2O. 

Color    and    properties:    Greenish-white 

crystals. 
Constants:    Specific    gravity    (a)    2.988; 

(b)  1.93. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  on  an  excess  of  iron,  with 
subsequent  crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Mordant  in  dyeing;  metallurgy. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ferrous  Fluoride*  (Iron  fluoride) 

FeF2.8H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White  powder. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.09. 
Soluble    in    acids;    slightly    soluble    in 

water;  insoluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:  By  the  action  of  fluorine  on 

iron  filings. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Boxes. 
Uses:  Ceramics;  manufacturing  alkaline 

fluorides. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ferrous  Iodide*  (Iron  iodide;  Ferrous 
protoiodide)  FeI2.4H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Crystalline,  gray- 
ish-black masses. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.873;  melt- 
ing-point I77°C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  iodine  on 
iron  filings. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  alkali  metal 
iodides. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ferrous  Oxalate*  (Iron  oxalate) 

FeC2O4.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Pale-yellow,  odor- 
less, crystalline  powder. 


Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  solu- 
tions of  ferrous  sulfate  and  sodium 
oxalate. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  boxes. 

Uses:  Medicine;  photographic  devel- 
oper. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ferrous-Potassium  Tartrate*  (Iron- 
potassium  tartrate). 

Color  and  properties:  Green  powder  or 
black,  lustrous  scales. 

Soluble  in  water  and  acids;  insoluble  in 
alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  mixing  the  solutions  of 
ferrous  tartrate  and  potassium  bi- 
tartrate,  with  subsequent  crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  B.  P. 

Containers:   Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ferrous  Protiodide.    See  Ferrous  iodide. 


Ferrous     Protochloride. 

chloride. 


See     Ferrous 
Ferrous  Protoi'odide.  See  Ferrous  iodide. 


Ferrous  Protosulfide.     See   Ferrous  sul- 
fide. 

Ferrous-Quinine  Citrate*  (Ferri  et  quin- 
inae  citras;  Iron-quinine  citrate) 

Color  and  properties:  Greenish-yellow, 
thin  scales;  somewhat  deliquescent  in 
air. 

Slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  adding  quinine  to  a  so- 
lution of  ferric  citrate. 

Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ferrous    Sulfate*     (Iron    sulfate;     Cop- 
peras; Green  vitriol)  FeSO4.7H2O. 
Color  and  properties:  Greenish  crystals, 


Ferrous  Sulfide 


231 


Flagstone 


often  musty  in  color  from  oxidation 
and  efflorescence. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.8987;  melt- 
ing-point 64°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  (a)  A  by-product  from  the 
pickeling  of  steel. 

(b)  By  the  action  of  dilute  sulfuric 
acid  on  iron  and  with  subsequent 
crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  sugar  sulfate  (an- 
hydrous); U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:   Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Water  purification;  writing  inks; 
pigments;  medicine;  Prussian  blue; 
textile  industry;  leather  industry;  pho- 
tography; iron  salts;  deodorizer;  dis- 
infectant; reagent  in  analytical  chem- 
istry. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ferrous  Sulfide*  (Iron  sulfide;  Iron  pro- 
tosulfide;  Iron  sulfuret)  FeS. 

Color  and  properties:  Dark-brown  or 
black  metallic  pieces,  sticks  or  gran- 
ules. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.75-5.40; 
melting-point  U79°C. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:   By  fusing  iron  and  sulfur. 

Impurities:  Arsenic. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  The  manufactured  sulfide  is  used 
for  generating  hydrogen  sulfide;  the 
natural  pyrites  is  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  sulfuric  acid,  liquid  sulfur 
dioxide  and  in  the  sulfite  process  for 
making  wood  pulp. 

Fire   hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

See  also  Pyrites. 

Ferrum,  U.   S.    P.,   B.    P.      See    Ferrum 
reductum. 

Ferrum  Reductum  (Reduced  iron). 
Color  and  properties:  Gray,  amorphous. 

fine  granular  powder. 
Derivation:    By    reducing    ferric    oxide, 
heated  to  a  dull  redness,  in  a  stream 
pf  dry  hydrogen, 


Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Fibrin,  Muscle.    See  Syntonin. 
Field  Horsetail.    See  Equisetum. 

Fig.* 

Derivation:  The  partially  dried  fruit  of 
Ficus  carica. 

Habitat:  Western  Asia;  cultivated  in 
subtropics,  Italy,  France  and  Cali- 
fornia. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:   Boxes. 

Uses:     Medicine;  food;  confectionery. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Filix  Mas,  B.  P.     See  Aspidium. 

Filt-Char.*  Proprietary  name  of  a  brand 
of  bone  charcoal  used  as  a  filtering, 
decolorizing  and  deodorizing  medium. 

"Filter-Cell."*  Proprietary  name  of  a 
brand  of  infusorial  earth  used  as  a  fil- 
tering medium. 

Fire  Clay.    See  Clay,  Fire. 

Fir-wood  Oil.     See  Pine  oil. 

Fish  Berries.    See  Cocculus  indicus. 

Fish  Oil.  See  Black-fish,  halibut,  herr- 
ing, menhaden,  salmon,  sardine  and  tuna 
oils. 

Flag,  Sweet.     See  Calamus. 

Flagstone.  A  rock  which  may  be  cleft 
into  large  slabs  suitable  for  sidewalks. 
See  Bluestone.  Alabama,  Connecticut, 
Illinois,  Indiana,  Maine,  Maryland, 
Massachusetts,  Michigan,  Minnesota, 
New  Hampshire,  New  Jersey,  New 
York,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  Rhode 
Island,  Tennessee,  Vermont,  Virginia 
and  Wyoming. 


Flake  Lead 


232 


Fluidextractum  Glycyrrhizas 


Flake  Lead.    See  Lead  carbonate. 
Flax-seed.    See  Linseed. 
Flax-seed  Oil.    See  Linseed  oil. 
Fleabane.     See  Erigeron. 
Fleabane  Oil.    See  Erigeron  oil. 
Flea  Mint.     See  Pulegium. 
Flea-seed.    See  Psyllium. 
Flea-wort.     See  Psyllium. 

Flint.  A  rather  loose  term,  used  in 
United  States  for  a  dense  fine-grained 
form  of  silica  which  is  very  tough  and 
breaks  with  a  conchoidal  fracture  and 
cutting  edges.  Of  various  colors,  white, 
yellow,  gray  and  black.  Canada,  Mary- 
land, Nebraska  and  Wisconsin.  True 
flint  is  not  found  in  the  western  hemi- 
sphere. See  Chert. 

Florence  Oil.     See  Olive  oil. 
Flores  Martis.     See  Ferric  chloride. 
Flower  of  Paradise.     See  Henna. 
Flowers  of  Sulfur.    See  Sulfur. 
Flowers  of  Tin.    See  Stannic  Anhydride. 
Flowers  of  Zinc.    See  Zinc  oxide. 

Flowery  Head  Spurge.  See  Euphorbia 
pilulifera. 

Fluidextracta,  U.  S.  P.  Fluid  extracts  of 
drugs. 

Fluidextractum  Aconiti,  U.  S.  P.  Fluid 
extract  of  aconite. 

Fluidextractum    Aromaticum,    U.    S.    P. 

Aromatic  fluid  extract. 


Fluidextractum  Aurantii  Amari,  U.  S.  P. 
Fluid  extract  of  bitter  orange  peel. 

Fluidextractum  Belladonna  Radicis,  U. 
S.  P.  Fluid  extract  of  belladonna  root. 

Fluidextractum  Buchu,  U.  S.  P.  Fluid 
extract  of  buchu. 

Fluidextractum  Cannabis,  U.  S.  P. 
Fluid  extract  of  cannabis. 

Fluidextractum  Cascarae  Sagradae,  U.  S. 
P.  Fluid  extract  of  cascara  sagrada. 

Fluidextractum  Cascarae  Sagradae  Aro- 
maticum, U.  S.  P.  Aromatic  fluid  ex- 
tract of  cascara  sagrada. 

Fluidextractum    Cimicifugae,    U.    S.    P. 

Fluid  extract  of  cimicifuga. 

Fluidextractum  Cinchonas,  U.  S.  P.  Fluid 
extract  of  cinchona  bark. 

Fluidextractum  Colchici  Seminis,  U.  S.  P. 

Fluid  extract  of  colchicum  seed. 

Fluidextractum  Digitalis,  U.  S.  P.  Fluid 
extract  of  digitalis. 

Fluidextractum  Ergotae,  U.  S.  P.  Fluid 
extract  of  ergot. 

Fluidextractum     Eriodictyi,     U.     S.     P. 

Fluid  extract  of  eriodictyon. 

Fluidextractum  Eucalypti,  U.  S.  P.  Fluid 
extract  of  eucalyptus. 

Fluidextractum  Frangulae,  U.  S.  P.  Fluid 
extract  of  frangula. 

Fluidextractum  Gelsemii,  U.  S.  P.  Fluid 
extract  of  gelsemium. 

Fluidextractum  Gentianae,  U.  S.  P.  Fluid 
extract  of  gentian. 


Fluidextractum  Aspidospermatis,  U.  S.  P. 

Fluid  extract  of  aspidosperma, 


Fluidextractum    Glycyrrhizae,    U.    S.    P. 

Fluid  extract  of  glycyrrhiza. 


Fluidcxtractum  Granati 


233 


Fluorene 


Fluidextractum  Granati,  U.  S.  P.    Fluid  Fluidcxtractum  Senna,  U.  8.  P.     Fluid 

extract  of  pomegranate.  extract  of  senna. 

Fluidextractum  Grindeliae,  U.  S.  P.   Fluid  Fluidextractum  Spigellae,  U.  S.  P.   Fluid 

extract  of  grindelia.  extract  of  spigeha. 

Fluidextractum  Guaranae,  U.  S.  P.  Fluid  Fluidextractum    Staphisagriae,   U.    S.    P. 

extract  of  guarana.  Fluid  extract   of  staphisagria. 

Fluidextractum     Hydrastis,     U.     S.     P.  Fluidextractum     Stillingiae      U      S      P 

Fluid  extract  of  hydrastis.  Fluid  extract  of  stillingia. 

Fluidextractum    Hyoscyami,    U.    S.    P.  Fluidextractum  Sumbul,  U.  S.  P.    Fluid 

Fluid  extract  of  hyoscyamus.  extract  of  sumbul. 

Fluidextractum   Ipecacuanha,   U.    S.   P.  Fluidextractum  Taraxaci,  U.  S.  P.    Fluid 


Fluid  extract  of  ipecac. 


Fluidextractum  Nucis  Vomicae,  U.  S.  P. 

Fluid  extract  of  nux  vomica. 

Fluidextractum  Pilocarpi,  U.  S.  P.    Fluid 
extract  of  pilocarpus. 

Fluidextractum    Podophylli,    U.    S.    P. 

Fluid  extract  of  podophyllum. 


extract  of  taraxacum. 

Fluidextractum  Tritici,  U.  S.  P.     Fluid 
extract  of  triticum. 

Fluid   extractum    Uvae    Ursi,    U.    S.    P. 

Fluid  extract  of  uva  ursi. 


Fluidextractum  Veratri  Viridis,  U.  S.  P. 

Fluid  extract  of  veratrum  viride. 

Fluidextractum  Viburni  Prunifolii,  U.  S. 
P.  Fluid  extract  of  viburnum  pruni- 
folium. 


Fluidextractum  Rhei,  U.  S.  P.    Fluid  ex- 
tract of  rhubarb. 

Fluidextractum    Zanthtoxyli,    U.    S.    P. 

Fluidextractum  Rosas,  U.  S.  P.    Fluid  ex-        Fluid  extract  of  zanthoxylum. 
tract  of  rose. 

Fluidextractum    Zingiberis,     U.     S.     P. 

Fluidextractum  Sabal,  U.  S.  P.    Fluid  ex-        Fluid  extract  of  ginger, 
tract  of  sabal. 


Fluidextractum    Sarsaparillae,    U.    S.    P. 

Fluid  extract  of  sarsasparilla. 

Fluidextractum  Sarsaparillae  Composi- 
tum,  U.  S.  P.  Compound  fluid  extract 
of  sarsaparilla. 

Fluidextractum  Scillae,  U.  S.  P.  Fluid 
extract  of  squill. 

Fluidextractum  Senegas,  U.  S,  P.  Fluid 
extract  of  senega. 


Fluorene*   ( Dimethyl enemethane, 
Alpha-)  C6H4CeH4CH. 

Color  and  properties:  Small,  white,  crys- 
talline plates;  fluorescent  when  im- 
pure. 

Constants:  Melting-point  u6°C;  boil- 
ing-point 295°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  benzol  and 
carbon  bisulfide;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  reduction  of  diphenylene 
ketone  with  zinc. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Woxxlen  kegs. 


Fluorescein 


234 


Formaldehyde 


Uses:   Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Fluorescein*     (Resorcinolphthalein;.  Di- 
resorcinolphthalein  ;  Tetraoxyphthalo- 
henonanhydride) 


Color  and  properties:  Orange-red,  crys- 
talline powder;  very  dilute  alkaline 
solutions  exhibit  a  very  intense, 
greenish-yellow  fluorescence  by  re- 
flected light,  while  the  solution  is 
reddish-orange  by  transmitted  light. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Decomposes 
at  290°  C. 

Soluble  in  dilute  alkalis,  boiling  alcohol, 
ether  and  dilute  acids. 

Derivation:  By  heating  phthalic  anhy- 
dride and  resorcinol. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Preparation  of  dyestuffs;  dyeing. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Fluorescem-Sodium.     See  Uranine. 
Fluorhydric  Acid.   See  Acid  hydrofluoric. 

Fluorine*    F2. 
Color    and    properties:    Colorless    gas; 

corrosive;  poisonous! 
Constants:        Specific       gravity        1.14 

(Air=i);  melting-point  -223°C.;  boil- 

ing-point -187°  C. 
Insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:  By  electrical  decomposition 

of    anhydrous    hydrofluoric    acid    at 

-23°  C. 
Containers:  Made  where  and  as  used,  as 

no  practical   container  has   been  de- 

vised. 
Uses:    Organic  synthesis;  fluorine  com- 

pounds. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:    Green 

label. 

Fluorite.     See  Fluorspar. 
Fluorol.    See  Sodium  fluoride. 
Florspar  (Fluorite).     A  natural  calcium 


fluoride,  CaF2.  Color  commonly  pur- 
ple, green  or  white.  Arizona,  Califor- 
nia, Canada,  Colorado,  Connecticut,  Illi- 
nois, Kentucky,  Maryland,  Massachu- 
setts, Missouri,  New  Hampshire,  New 
Jersey,  New  Mexico,  New  York, 
Pennsylvania,  South  Dakota,  Tennessee, 
Texas,  Utah,  Virginia,  Washington  and 
West  Virginia. 

Flux,  Black.* 

Derivation:  Potassium  carbonate  or  so- 
dium carbonate,  sodium  nitrate  and 
carbon. 

Containers:  Tin  cans. 

Uses:  Assaying. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:    Yellow 

label. 

Flux,  White.* 
Sodium  carbonate,   sodium   nitrate  and 

sodium  nitrite. 
Color   and   properties:    White   powder; 

strong  oxidizer. 
Containers:  Tin  cans. 
Uses:   Metallurgy;  welding. 
Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 
Railroad   shipping   regulations:   Yellow 

label. 

Fceniculum,  U.  S.  P.    See  Fennel. 
Fceniculi  Fructus,  B.  P.    See  Fennel. 
Foenum  Graecum.    See  Fenugreek. 
Fool's  Gold.     See  Pyrites 
Formal.    See  Methylal. 

Formaldehyde*  (Oxymethylene;  Forma- 
lin; Formalith;  Formic  aldehyde) 
H.CO.H. 

Color  and  properties:  Clear,  colorless 
liquid;  suffocating  pungent  odor;  poi- 
sonous. An  aqueous  solution  of  for- 
maldehyde gas. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.075-1.081; 
boiling-point:  (gas)  -21  °C. 

Miscible  with  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  passing  the  vapors  of 
methyl  alcohol  through  a  heated  cop- 
per tube  and  subsequent  absorption 
m  water. 


Formaldehydeacetamide 


235 


Formin 


Grades:  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P.;  in  the  U.  S.  all 
formaldehyde  is  sold  on  the  basis  of 
the  U.  S.  P.  specification  of  a  mini- 
mum of  37  per  cent,  absolute  CH2O 
by  weight,  40  per  cent  by  volume. 
Actually  the  content  varies  from  40 
to  42  per  cent  by  volume. 

Containers:  Wood  barrels;  carboys. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis,  dyestuffs; 
phenol  and  cresol  synthetic  resins  and 
lacquers;  rubber  goods;  inks;  leather 
tanning;  photography;  disinfecting; 
preservative  for  adhesives,  anatomical 
speciments,  etc.;  hexmethylenetetra- 
mine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Formaldehydeacetamide.     See  Formicin. 

Formaldehyde  Acetate.     See  Methylene 
diacetate. 

Formaldehyde  Gelatine.    See  Glutol. 

Formaldehyde,  Para-.     See  Trioxymeth- 
ylene. 

Formaldehyde,   Polymerized.      See   Tri- 
oxymethylene. 

Formalin.     See  Formaldehyde. 
Formalith.     See  Formaldehyde. 

Formamidated    Chloral.      See    Chloral- 
formamide. 

Formamide*     (Methanamine) 
H.CO.NH2. 

Color  and  properties:  Clear,  colorless, 
oily  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.146;  btfil- 
ing-point  2OO°-2i2°C,  with  partial  de- 
composition. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  ethyl 
formate  and  ammonia,  with  subse- 
quent distillation. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 

Fire   hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Forman*  (Chloromethylmenthyl  ester) 
CioHi9OCH2Cl. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  oily 
liquid;  fumes  slightly  in  the  air. 

Soluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  for- 
maldehyde and  menthol  in  presence 
of  hydrochloric  acid  gas,  with  subse- 
quent distillation. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:   None. 

Formanilide*   (Phenylformamide) 
C6H5NH.CHO. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  to  yel- 
lowish crystals. 

Constants:  Melting-point  46°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  reaction  of  aniline 
and  formic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:   Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Formic  Acid.    See  Acid  formic. 

Formic  Aldehyde.    See  Formaldehyde. 
Formic  Ether.     See  Ethyl  formate. 

Formicin   (Formaldehydeacetamide) 
CH3CO.NHCH2OH. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  sirupy 
liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.25. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  chloro- 
form; insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  aceta- 
mide  and  formaldehyde,  with  subse- 
quent distillation. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Disinfectant. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Formin.    See  Hexamethylenetetramine. 


Formin  Salicylate 


236 


Fuchsine 


Formin  Salicylate.    See  Saliformin. 
Formol.     See  Formaldehyde. 
Formonitrile.    See  Acid  hydrocyanic. 

Formopyrine*    (Methylenediantipyrine) 

(CnHiiN20)2CH2. 
Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crystals. 
Constants:  Melting-point  I76°-I77°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol;  insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:    By  the  interaction  of  form- 
aldehyde and  antipyrine. 
Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Antiseptic. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Formosa  Camphor.     See  Camphor. 
Formyl  Tribromide.     See  Bromoform. 
Formyl  Trichloride.    See  Chloroform. 
Formyl  Triiodide.    See  lodoform. 
Fossil  Flour.    See  Kieselgur. 
Fossil  Wax.    See  Ozokerite. 
Franciscea.    See  Manaca. 

Frangula  (Buckthorn;  Alder  buckthorn; 
Black  dogwood;  Berrv  alder;  Arrow 
wood;  Persian  berries). 

Derivation:  Dried  bark  of  Rhamnus 
frangula;  collected  at  least  one  year 
before  use. 

Habitat:  Europe,  Siberia  and  Mediter- 
ranean coast  of  Africa. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Bags. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard^  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Frankincense.    See  Gum  thus. 

Franklinite.  A  natural  iron-manganese- 
zinc  oxide.  (Fe,Zn,Mn)O.(Fe,Mn)2Os. 
New  Jersey. 


Fraude's  Reagent.     See  Acid  perchloric. 

Fraxinus  Excelsior  (European  ash). 
Derivation:  Bark  and  herb  of  Fraxinus 

excelsior. 
Habitat:  Europe. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Dyeing;  medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Freestone.     See   Sandstone. 

Freibergite.      A    silver-rich    tetrahedrite. 
See  Tetrahedrite.    Idaho,  Nevada. 

Freieslebenite.       A     natural     lead-silver 
sulfantimonide,    approximately 
5(Pb.Ag2)S.2Sb2Ss.       Contains     24.5 
per   cent   silver.     Arizona   and   Colo- 
rado. 

French  Chalk.    See  Talc. 
French  Saffron.    See  Crocus. 

French    Turpentine.       See    Turpentine, 
French. 

Fructose*  (Fruit  sugar;  Levulose) 
C6Hi206. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish,  white 
crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.555;  melt- 
ing-point 95°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  (a)  Found  together  with 
glucose  in  sweet  fruits  and  in  large 
quantities  in  honey. 

(b)   By  the  hydrolysis  of  inulin. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  tins. 

Uses:  Foodstuffs;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Fruit  Sugar.    See  Fructose. 
Fuchsiacine.    See  Fuchsine. 

Fuchsine*    (Magenta,    Roseine,   Fuchsia- 
cine,     Harmaline,    Aniline     red).      A 


Fuller's  Earth 


237 


Gabian  Oil 


synthetic,  roseaniline  dyestuff.     Used 

in  the  coloring  of  silk,  wool,  cotton 

and  leather  a  blush  red. 
Grades:      Technical,      based      on      the 

strength. 

Containers:   Wooden  kegs;   tin  boxes. 
Uses:  Textile  and  leather  industries. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Fuller's  Earth.* 

Derivation:  An  imperfectly  understood 
clay  relatively  high  in  magnesia.  It 
may  or  may  not  be  plastic.  Arkansas, 
Colorado,  Florida,  Georgia,  Massa- 
chusetts and  South  Carolina,  South 
Dakota  and  Texas. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Bags;  barrels. 

Uses:  Decolorizing  agent;  filtering 
medium. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Furfural*  (Furfuraldehyde;  Furol;  Fur- 
furol;  Artificial  oil  of  ants;  Pyromucic 
aldehyde;  Furfuranecarboxylic  alde- 
hyde) (CH)3OC.COH. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  aro- 
matic liquid;  turns  reddish-brown  on 
exposure. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.1594;  boil- 
ing-point i62°C. 


Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:  By  distilling  bran  or  carbo- 
hydrates with  dilute  sulfuric  acid. 
Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Analytical  chemistry. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Furfuraldehyde,    See  Furfural. 

Furfuranecarboxylic  Aldehyde.    See  Fur- 
fural. 

Furfurol.    See  Furfural. 
Furol.    See  Furfural. 


Fusel  Oil. 
tation. 


See  Amyl  alcohol,  Fermen- 


Fustic,  Old.    See  Morus  tinctoria. 

Fustic  Wood  (Cuba  wood). 

Derivation:  The  heart-wood  of  Chloro- 
phpra  tinctoria  or  Manchura  tinctoria. 

Habitat:  West  Indies  and  South  Amer- 
ica. 

Uses:  Textile  dyeing;  leather  industry. 

Containers:  Burlap  bags. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


G  Acid.      See   Acid   Naphtholdisulfonic, 
Beta  2:6:8. 

G  Salt.    The  sodium  salt  of  Acid  naph- 
tholdisulfonic, Beta-  2:6:8. 

G  R  Acid.    See  Acid  naphtholdisulfonic, 
Alpha-. 

G  R  Salt.    The  sodium  salt  of  Acid  naph- 
tholdisulfonic,  Alpha-. 


Gabbro.  A  finely  to  coarsely  crystalline 
igneous  rock  composed  mainly  of  lime- 
soda  feldspar  (labradorite  or  anorthite), 
pyroxene,  and  frequently  olivine.  Mag- 
netite or  ilmenite,  or  both,  and  apatite 
are  accessory  minerals.  It  is  generally 
dark  colored.  California,  Canada,  Mary- 
land, South  Dakota  and  Virginia. 

Gabian  Oil.  A  very  inflammable,  mineral 
naphtha.  * 


Gadolinite 


238 


Gallipoli 


Gadolinite.  A  natural  complex  silicate 
of  glucinum,  iron  and  the  yttrium  and 
cerium  rare-earth  metals.  Occurs  in 
pegmatites.  Arizona,  Colorado  and 
Texas. 

Gahnite.  A  natural  zinc  aluminate, 
Zn(AlO2)2. 

Galactose*     C6Hi2O6. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  crys- 
talline tablets. 

Constants:  Melting-point  i7o°-i7i°C. 

Soluble  in  water;  slightly  soluble  in  al- 
cohol. 

Derivation:  By  oxidation  of  dulcitol. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Boxes;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Galangae  (Galangal;  Colic  root;  East 
India  root;  Chinese  ginger). 

Derivation:  Rhizome  of  Alpinia  offici- 
narum. 

Habitat:  China. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Bales. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Galangal.    See  Galangae. 

Galangal  Oil. 
Color  and  properties:  A  reddish-yellow 

liquid;    aromatic    cajuput-like    odor; 

strong  camphoraceous  taste. 
Chief  known  constituent:  Cineol. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.921. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  rhizome 

of  Alpinia  officmarum. 
Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Galbanum. 
Derivation:    Gum    resin    obtained    from 

Ferula  galbaniflua. 
Habitat:  Persia. 


Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Tins. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Galega  (Goat's  rue). 

Derivation:  Whole  plant  of  Galega  offi- 
cinalis. 

Habitat:  Mediterranean  region  to  Cen- 
tral Europe. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Bags. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Galena.  Natural  lead  sulfide,  PbS,  in 
massive  formation.  Contains  86.6  per 
cent  lead.  The  principal  lead  ore  of 
commerce  also  frequently  worked  for 
the  silver  it  carries.  Found  throughout 
United  States  and  Canada. 

Galenite.  The  mineral  lead  sulfide, 
PbS,  which  forms  the  ore  galena. 

Gall,  Hog.* 

Color  and  properties:  A  yellowish  pow- 
der;  disagreeable,   bitter  taste. 
Soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:    Dried   purified   bile    of  the 

hog. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Gall,  Ox.* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-green, 
thick  extract;  unpleasant  odor,  dis- 
agreeable, bitter  tas.te. 

Derivation:  Thickened  bile  of  the  ox. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Galla,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Galls. 
Gallic  Acid.    See  Acid  gallic. 

Gallipoli.     An  impure  olive  oil  used  in 
the  textile  industries. 


Gallotannic  Acid 


239 


Garnierite 


Gallotannic  Acid.    See  Acid  tanriic. 

Galls  (Nutgalls;  Galla;  Aleppo  galls; 
Mecca  galls;  Turkey  galls). 

Derivation:  Excresences  on  various 
kinds  of  oak  trees.  The  best  grades 
(55-6o  per  cent  tannic  acid)  come 
from  Persia,  Syria,  Turkey  and 
Tripoli.  The  poorer  grades  come 
from  Italy,  France,  Germany  and 
Austria. 

Grades:  55-60  per  cent  tannin;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  bags. 

Uses:  Tanning  industry;  ink  manufac- 
ture; medicine;  textile  dyeing. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Gambicr,  U.  S.  P.     See  Gambir. 

Gambir  (Gambier). 
Derivation:   Extracted  from  the  leaves 

of  an   Indian   shrub,   Uncaria   dacyo- 

neura. 
Grades:    25    per    cent    Tannin    extract; 

Common;  No.  i  Cubes;  No.  2  Cubes; 

U.  S.  P. 
Containers:   Extract:    Wooden   barrels; 

Cube:  Matted  bags. 
Uses:  Textile  dyeing;  tanning  industry; 

medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Gamene.    See  Madder. 

Canister.  A  highly  refractory  siliceous 
sedimentary  rock  used  for  metallur- 
gical furnace  linings.  Pennsylvania. 

Garanceaux. 
Derivation:    A    preparation    of    madder 

from  the  exhausted  madder,  collected 

from  the  dye-becks. 
Uses:  Dyeing. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Garancine.  A  dye  material  prepared 
from  fresh  madder. 

Garantose.    See  Saccharin. 
Garden  Lavender.    See  Lavender. 


Garganine.  A  madder  extract,  obtained 
by  use  of  the  sulfuric  acid  process. 

Garlic  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  Pale  yellowish 
liquid;  characteristic,  exceedingly 
penetrating  odor. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Allylpropyl 
bisulfide  and  diallyl  bisulfide. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.053. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  carbon  bi- 
sulfide. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  bulb  and 
herb  of  Allium  satiyum. 

Method    of    purification:    Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Flavoring;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Garnet.  A  group  of  silicate  minerals 
including  several  species  with  related 
chemical  structure  commonly  crys- 
tallized in  dodecahedrons  or  trapezo- 
hedrons.  Garnets  are  not  always  pure 
but  may  be  a  mixture  of  two  species, 
giving  rise  to  intermediate  types,  as 
the  gem  rhodolite.  Common  varieties 
are: 

Almandite,  iron-aluminum  garnet  (abra- 
sive and  gem,  precious  garnet). 

Andradite,  lime-iron  garnet. 

Essonite,  gem,  variety  of  grossularite. 

Grossulariet,  lime-aluminum  garnet. 

Pyrope,  magnesium-aluminum  garnet; 
gems  "Arizona  ruby,"  "Cape  ruby," 
etc. 

Rhodolite,  isomorphous  mixture  of  2 
molecules  of  pyrope  and  I  molecule 
of  almandite. 

Spessartite,  manganese-aluminum  gar- 
net; used  as  a  gem,  sometimes  called 
hyacinth. 

Arizona,  California,  Canada,  Colo- 
rado, Connecticut,  Georgia,  Green- 
land, Idaho,  Kentucky,  Massachusetts, 
Montana,  New  Hampshire,  New  Jer- 
sey, New  Mexico,  New  York,  North 
Carolina,  Oregon,  Pennsylvania  and 
Virginia. 

Garnierite.  A  natural  silicate  of  nickel 
and  magnesium.  New  Caledonia  and 
Oregon. 


Gas  Black 


240 


Gelsemin 


Gas  Black.   See  Lampblack. 

Gas  Liquor.    See  Ammonia  liquor. 

Gas  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow  to  brown 
oily  liquid;  kerosene-like  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.3063  to 
1.4078;  boiling-point  3I5°-343°C. 

Derivation:  From  petroleum  by  distil- 
lation. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  tank  cars. 

Uses:     Gas  manufacture. 

Fire  ha2ard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

"Gasol." 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish,  mobile 
liquid;  gas-like  odor. 

Derivation:  Condensed  from  casing- 
head  gas  by  pressure. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  tank  cars. 

Uses:  Fuel-gas  manufacture. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Gasoline*  (Petrol,  Motor  spirit). 

Derivation:  (a)  From  the  distillation  of 
petroleum,  the  products  ranging  in 
gravity  from  50° Be  to  90° Be  and  over, 
which  are  extracted  from  the  still 
gases  by  the  compression  method. 
There  are  two  general  grades  of  gas- 
oline: The  normal  gasoline  which  ex- 
ists naturally  in  petroleum  and  the 
"cracked"  gasoline  formed  by  the 
decomposition  of  the  heavier  prod- 
ucts. 

(b)  From  natural  gas,  by  compres- 
sion  and   fractionation. 

Grades:  60°,  62°,  63°,  64°,  68°  and  72°Be 

Containers:    Iron  drums;  tank  cars. 

Uses:  Fuel  for  internal  combustion  en- 
gines; solvent;  cleansing  clothing, 
etc.;  paint  mixing;  rubber  cements. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Gaultheria   Oil,   Artificial.      See   Methyl 
salicylate. 

Gaultheria  Oil*  (Wintergreen  oil). 
Color  and  properties:  A  colorless,  yel- 


low or  reddish  liquid;  characteristic, 
strongly  aromatic  odor;  sweetish, 
warm  and  aromatic  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.175-1.185; 
boiling-point  2i8°-22i°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  leaves  of 
Gaultheria  procumbens  (Checker- 
berry,  partridge-berry  or  boxberry). 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:   Iro,n  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Flavoring  compounds;  medicine; 
perfumery;  confectionery. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Gedanite.  A  resin  resembling  rosin,  not 
containing  succinic  acid.  Found  on  the 
shores  of  the  Baltic. 

Gelatine.* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow,  translu- 
cent sheets  or  flakes. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  with  water 
from  certain  kinds  of  bones  and  parts 
of  the  skin  of  cattle,  selected,  washed 
and  treated  with  especial  care  so  that 
the  resulting  product  is  cleaner  and 
purer  than  ordinary  glue. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Paper  packages;  boxes; 
barrels. 

Uses:  Foodstuffs;  confectionery;  clari- 
fying agent;  leather  finishing  com- 
pounds; adhesives;  ^medicine;  medic- 
inal capsules;  containers. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Gelatine,  Insoluble.  Gelatine  treated 
with  formaldehyde,  not  soluble  in  water. 

Gelatinum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    Gelatine. 

Gelatinum  Glycerinatum,  U.  S.  P. 
Glycerinated  gelatin. 

Gelsemii  Radix,  B.  P.     Gelsemium  root. 

Gelsemin. 
Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-brown 

powder. 
Soluble  in  alcohol. 


Gelscminine 


241 


Geranium  Oil 


Derivation:  From  the  rhizome  and  root 

of  Gelsemium  sempervirens. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Tins. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Gelseminine*  €22 £[26^03. 
Color  and  properties:  White  crystalline 

alkaloid;  poisonous. 
Constants:  Melting-point   I72°C. 
Soluble  in  benzol;  insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:     By    extraction     from     the 

root  of  Gelsemium. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire   hazard:   None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Gelseminine   Hydrochloride* 
C22H26N2O3.HCL 

Color  and  properties:     White   crystal- 
line powder. 

Constants:  Melting-point  330° C. 

Soluble  in  water;  very  slightly  soluble 
in  alcohol. 

Derivation:    By    the    action    of    hydro- 
chloric acid  on  gelseminine. 

Method  of  purification;  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Genthite.  A  natural  hydrous  nickel- 
magnesium  silicate,  theoretically 
2NiO.2MgO.3SiO2.6H2O,  but  the  nickel 
content  is  variable.  Georgia  and  Ore- 
gon. 

Gentian  (Gentiana;  Yellow  gentian;  Bit- 
ter root). 
Derivation:  Dried  rhizome  and  roots  of 

Gentiana  lutea. 

Habitat:  Central  and  Southern  Europe. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:  Tins. 
Uses:   Medicine;  liqueurs. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Gentiana,  U.  S.  P.    Gentian. 


Gentiana,  Radix,  B.  P.    Gentian  root. 
Geoform.      See   Methylenediguaiacol. 

Geraniol*  C9Hi5CH2pH. 
Color     and     properties:     Pale     yellow, 

liquid     oil;     pleasant     geranium-like 

odor. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.8812;  melt- 

ing-point -15°  C.;  boiling-point  23O°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 

Derivation:  From  geranium  oil. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:    Copper    flasks;    glass    bot- 

tles. 

Uses:  Perfumery. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Geraniol  Acetate* 


Color   and    properties:    Clear,   colorless 

liquid. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:      By     the      acetylation      of 

geraniol. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:     Copper  flasks;  glass.  bot- 

tles. 

Uses:  Essential  oils. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Raihoad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Geranium*  (Cranes-bill;  Storksbill;  Alum 

root). 
Derivation:  Dried  rhizome  of  Geranium 

maculatum. 
Habitat:     Canada  and   Eastern  United 

States,  south  to  Georgia. 
Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:    None. 

Geranium,  Blood.    See  Sanguinaria  herb. 

Geranium  Oil,  Rose*   (Africa,   Algeria). 
Color    and    properties:    Pale-yellowish 

or  greenish  liquid;  exceedingly  agree- 

able rose-like  odor. 
Chief  known  constituent:  Geraniol. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.886-0.898; 

optical  rotation  -7°  to  12°. 


Geranium  Oil 


242 


Gingili  Oil 


Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  herb  of 
several  species  of  Pelargonium,  espe- 
cially P.  radula,  P.  capitatum  and  P. 
odoratissumum. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Copper  flasks,  glass  bottles. 

Uses:    Perfumery. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Geranium  Oil,  Turkish  (East  Indian). 

Color  and  properties:  A  nearly  color- 
less or  pale-yellowish  liquid. 

Chief  known  constituent:  Geraniol. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.890  to 
0.900. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  grass  of 
a  species  of  Andropogon. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Copper  flasks;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Perfumery. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Geratacaca.    See  Manaca. 

German  Chamomiles.     See  Matricaria. 

German  Sarsaparilla.     See  Carex. 

German  Silver*  (Victory  silver;  Pack 
long;  New  silver).  An  alloy  of  zinc, 
nickel  and  copper. 

Germantown  Black.     See  Lampblack. 

Gillenia*      (American      ipecac,      Indian 

physic). 
Derivation:    Root    of    Gillenia    triofoli- 

ata. 

Habitat:  Canada  to  Florida. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:   Boxes. 
Uses:    Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:   None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Gilsonite  (Uintahite;  Uintaite). 
Color  and  properties:  A  brilliant  black, 
lustrous,  very  brittle   asphalt  having 


a  marked  conchoidal  fracture;  is  the 
purest  natural  bitumen.  On  exposure 
to  air  it  readily  breaks  down  into  a 
brown  powder.  It  is  plastic  when 
warmed,  decrepitates,  but  fuses 
easily  in  a  candleflame. 

Constants:    Specific   gravity    1.065-1.070. 

Soluble  in  carbon  bisulfide,  alcohol  and 
hot  turpentine. 

Derivation:  Obtained  from  a  deposit  in 
Utah. 

Grades:   Technical. 

Containers:   Barrels. 

Uses:  Coach  and  other  varnishes;  pav- 
ing; insulation;  waterproofing. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Gingelly  Oil.    See  Sesame  oil. 

Ginger  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  A  pale-yellow 
liquid;  characteristic  odor;  aromatic, 
somewhat  burning  taste. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Camphene; 
phellandrene. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.880-0.885; 
optical  rotation  -25°  to  -45°. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  rhizome 
of  Zingiber  officinale. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Flavoring;  preparation  of  li- 
queurs. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ginger-grass  Oil. 

CoTor  and  properties:  A  pale  yellow 
liquid  oil.  It  is  less  valuable  than 
Turkish  geranium  oil,  and  is  often 
grossly  adulterated,  especially  with 
fatty  oils. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  grass  of 
a  species  of  Andropogon. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Perfumes. 

Fire  hazard :  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Gingili  Oil.    See  Sesame  oil. 


Ginseng 


243 


Glue,  Fish 


Ginseng*  (Panax;  American  ginseng). 

Derivation:  Root  of  Panax  quinque- 
folium. 

Habitat:  North  America. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Bags. 

Uses:  Technical;  by  the  Chinese,  medi- 
cinally. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:   None. 

Glass,  Soluble.     See  Sodium  silicate. 
Glass,  Volcanic.     See  Obsidianite. 
Glass,  Water.     See  Sodium  silicate. 

Glass-makers'  Soap.  See  Manganese  di- 
oxide. 

Glauber's  Salt.     See  Sodium  sulfate. 

Glauberite.  A  natural  sodium-calcium 
sulfate,  Na2SO4.CaSO4.  Arizona,  New 
Mexico. 

Glauconite  (Greensand).  Essentially  a 
hydrous  silicate  of  iron  and  potassium, 
but  the  material  is  usually  a  mixture, 
and  consequently  varies  much  in  com- 
position. The  potash  ranges  from  2.2. 
to  7.9  per  cent.  See  Marl. 

Glucinum  (Beryllium)   Gl. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.85;  melt- 
ing-point 1280°  C. 

Soluble  in  acids. 

Derivation:  By  electrolysis  of  the 
double  fluoride  of  glucinum  and 
potassium. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:    Boxes. 

Uses:  Glucinum  salts;  copper  alloys, 
used  in  musical  instruments. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:   None. 

Glucinum     Nitrate     (Beryllium     nitrate) 

G1(N03)2.3H20. 
Color  and  properties:  White  to  faintly 

yellowish,  deliquescent  mass. 
Constants:    Melting-point  90° C. 
Soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:  By  the  action  of  nitric  acid 

on   glucinum   oxide,  with   subsequent 

evaporation   and   crystallization. 


Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Chemical  reagent. 
Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 
Railroad   shipping   regulations:    Yellow 

label. 

Glucinum  Ore.    See  Beryl. 

Glucinum  Oxide  (Beryllium  oxide)  G1O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  amor- 
phous powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.016. 

Soluble  in  acids  and  alkalis;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  glucinum 
nitrate. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Glucinum  salts. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Glucose.    See  Dextrose. 

Glucosum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Dextrose. 

Glue,  Animal.* 

Derivation:  Made  from  tannery  and 
slaughter-house  offal,  such  as  flesh- 
ings, pates,  ear-laps,  sinews,  feet  and 
tails  of  cattle  and  sheep. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Adhesives;  finishing  textiles;  felt- 
hat  manufacture;  plastics;  sand-paper. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Glue,  Cold.    See  Glue,  Liquid. 

Glue,  Fish.* 

Derivation:  By  boiling  the  heads,  fins 
and  tails  of  fish.  It  has  weak  jelly- 
ing properties  and  is  generally  made 
into  liquid  glue.  The  disagreeable 
odor  is  masked  with  oil  of  sassafras. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Barrels;  tins. 

Uses:  Adhesives. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Glue,  Liquid 


244 


Glycerinum  Aluminis 


Glue,  Liquid.* 

Derivation:  By  treating  fish  or  com- 
mon glue  with  acetic,  nitric  or  hydro- 
chloric acid.  The  property  of  gela- 
tinizing is  lost,  but  the  adhesiveness 
is  not  changed. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs;  tins. 

Uses:     Adhesives. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Glue,  Stick.    A  crude  glue  made  by  evap- 
oration of  packing  house  refuse. 

Glue,  Vegetable  (Aparatine;  Agar-agar 
is  sometimes  erroneously  called 
vegetable  glue). 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow,  thick, 
semi-liquid  mass. 

Derivation:  By  treatment  cf  starch 
with  caustic  soda,  with  heat  and  stir- 
ring. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels;  tins. 

Uses:  Adhesive,  particularly  for  ve- 
neering wood;  finishing  textiles. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Gluside.     See   Saccharin. 
Glusidum,  B.  P.     See  Saccharin. 
Glusimide.     See  Saccharin. 
Glutaric  Acid.     See  Acid  glutaric. 

Glutin. 

Color  and  properties:  Amorphous 
odorless,  tasteless  protein,  having 
great  adhesive  strength. 

Soluble  in  hot  water. 

Derivation:    A  constituent  of  glue. 

Glycol.     See  Ethylene  glycol. 

Glycol  Alcohol.     See   Ethylene  glycol. 

Green  Oil.    See  Anthracene  oil. 

Glycerin  Dichlorohydrin.     See  Dichloro- 
hydrin,  Alpha-. 


Glycerine*   (Glycerol)    C3H5(OH)3. 

Color  and  properties:  Clear,  colorless, 
or  pale  yellow,  odorless,  sirupy  liquid; 
sweet,  warm  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.2604; 
melting-point  17°  C;  boiling-point 
290°  C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol;  insoluble 
in  ether. 

Derivation:  From  the  spent  lye  liquor 
from  the  saponification  of  fats  and 
oils  in  the  soap  industry,  by  precipi- 
tation of  salt,  albuminoids  and  me- 
tallic soaps  of  the  higher  fatty  acids 
by  iron  persulfate  (crude)  or  alumi- 
num sulfate  and  concentration  with 
subsequent  steam  distillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Redistillation. 

Grades:  Crude;  Technical;  Dynamite; 
U,  S.  P.;  B.  P.;  C.  P. 

Containers:  Iron  drums,  olain  or  gal- 
vanized; boxed  tin  cans. 

Uses:  Explosives;  medicine;  phar- 
macy; perfumery;  cosmetics;  food- 
stuffs, flavoring  tobacco;  liqueurs; 
sugar  substitute;  solvent;  printers' 
ink  rolls;  confectionery;  rubber  stamp 
inks. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Glycerine  Substitute.     See  Nulomoline. 

Glycerin  ocarbolic   Acid.     See   Acid   gly- 
cerocarbolic. 

Glycerinophosphoric    Acid.      See    Acid 
glycerophosphoric. 

Glycerinum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Glycer- 
ine. 


Glycerinum  Acidi  Borici,  B.  P.  Glyceryl- 
boric  acid. 

Glycerinum  Acidi  Carbolici,  B.  P.     Gly- 
cerylphenol. 

Glycerinum  Acidi  Tannici,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

Glyceryltannic  acid. 

Glycerinum  Aluminis,   B.   P.     Glyceryl- 
alum. 


Glycerinum  Amyl 


245 


Gold,  Artificial 


Glycerinum     Amyl,    B.    P.      Glyceryl- 
starch. 

Glycerinum  Amyli,  U.  S.  P.     Glyceryl- 
starch. 

Glycerinum    Boracis,    B.    P.      Glyceryl 
borax. 

Glycerinum  Boroglycerini,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

Glyceryl-boroglycerin. 

Glycerinum   Hydrastis,   U.   S.   P.     Gly- 
ceryl-hydrastis. 

Glycerinum    Pepsini,    B.    P.      Glyceryl- 
pepsin. 

Glycerinum   Phenolis,   U.    S.    P.,   B.   P. 

Glyceryl-phenol. 

Glycerinum   Plumbi    Subacetatis,    B.    P. 

Glyceryl  lead  acetate. 

Glycerinum   Tragacanthae,    B.   P.     Gly- 
ceryl-tragacanth. 

Glycerocarbolic  Acid.    See  Acid  glycero- 
carbolic. 

Glycerol.    See  Glycerine. 

Glycerophosphoric  Acid.    See  Acid  gly- 
cerophosphoric. 

Glyceryl  Stearic  Ester.     See  Stearine. 
Glyceryl  Trinitrate.    See  Nitroglycerine. 
Glycine.     See  Acid  aminoacetic. 
Glycocholic  Acid.    See  Acid  glycocholic. 
Glycocoll.     See   Acid   aminoacetic. 
Glycol  Alcohol.     See  Ethyleneglycol. 
Glycolic  Acid.     See  Acid  glycolic. 
Glycolin.    See  Petrolatum,  Liquid. 
Glycollic  Acid.     See  Acid  glycolic. 
Glycophenol.    See  Saccharine. 
Glycosine.     See  Saccharine. 


Glycyl  Alcohol.    See  Glycerine. 

Glycyrrhiza  (Licorice;  Sweet-root) 
Derivation:     Dried  rhizomes  and  roots 

of  Glycyrrhiza  glabra  or  glandulifera. 
Habitat:     Southern  Europe  to   Central 

Asia. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine;  confectionery. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Glycerrhizae  Radix,  B.  P.     See  Liquor- 
ice root. 

Glycyrrhizinum  Ammoniatum,  U.   S.  P. 

Ammoniated  glycyrrhizin. 

Goa  Powder,  Purified.    See  Chrysarobin. 
Goat's  Rue.    See  Galega. 

Gold*  (Au). 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow,  ductile 
metal. 

Constants:  Snecific  gravity  19.2;  melt- 
ing-point 1062°  C.;  boiling-point  2530° 

Soluble  in  aqua  regia;  insoluble  in  acids. 

Derivation:  Generally  found  native  en- 
closed in  quartz  with  iron  pyrite  and 
other  minerals,  or  as  gold  telluride 
and  recovered  by  amalgamation  with 
mercury  or  solution  in  cyanide  (so- 
dium or  potassium),  followed  by  pre- 
cipitation and  fusion.  See  also  Amal- 
gam, Calaverite,  Electrum,  Krenner- 
ite,  Nagyagite,  Petzite,  Sylvanite. 
Gold  is  found  all  over  the  world,  but 
the  great  producing  centers  today 
are  Alaska  (Klondike),  California, 
South  Africa,  Colorado,  British  Co- 
lumbia. Australasia,  Canada,  India, 
China,  Russia  and  Mexico. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Canvas  sacks;  wooden 
boxes. 

Uses:  Coins;  jewelry;  gold  salts;  den- 
tistry; amalgams;  gilding;  decora- 
tion; gold  leaf;  gold  plating. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Gold,  Artificial.     See  Stannic  sulfide. 


Goldbloom 


246 


Gossypium  Bark 


Goldbloom.     See  Calendula. 

Gold  Chloride.* 

(a)  AuQ3   (b)  AuCl3.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:     Yellow  crystals. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  decomposing  chloro- 
auric  acid  with  heat. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass   bottles. 

Uses:  Photography;  gold  plating;  medi- 
cine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Gold,  Colloidal.     See  Collaurin. 

Gold-Potassium  Chloride*  (Potassium 
aurichloride)  AuCl3.KCl.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow  crys- 
tals. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:     By  neutralizing  chloroau- 

•  ric  acid  with  potassium  carbonate. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Photography;  painting  porcelain 
and  glass;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Gold-Potassium  Cyanide*  (Potassium 
cyanaurate)  KAu(CN)2. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder;  poisonous. 

Soluble  in  water;  slightly  soluble  in  al- 
cohol; insoluble  in  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydro- 
cyanic acid  on  potassium  aurate. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:      Medicine;   electrogilding. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Gold-Sodium  Chloride*  NaAuCl4.2H2O. 
Color  and  properties:     Yellow  crystals. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:     By  neutralizing  chlorauric 

acid  with  sodium  carbonate. 
Method  of  purification:     Crystallization. 


Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Uses:       Photography;     staining     glass; 

decorating  porcelain;  medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Gold  Thread.     See  Coptis. 

Gold-Tin      Precipitate. 

purple. 


See      Gold-tin 


Gold-Tin  Purple  (Purple  of  Cassius; 
Gold-tin  precipitate). 

Color  and  properties:     Brown  powder. 

Soluble  in  ammonia. 

Derivation:  By  the  reaction  of  a  neu- 
tral solution  of  gold  chloride  with 
stannous  and  stannic  chlorides,  yield- 
ing a  mixture  of  gold  chloride  and 
tin  oxide  in  varying  proportions. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  ruby  glass;  col- 
oring enamels;  painting  porcelain. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Golden  Antimony.  See  Antimony  sul- 
fide. 

Golden  Seal.     See  Hydrastis. 
Goldenthread.     See  Coptis. 

Goldfieldite.  A  natural  sulfantimonide 
of  copper  in  which  part  of  the  antimony 
is  replaced  by  arsenic  and  bismuth  and 
part  of  the  sulfur  by  tellurium.  Nevada. 

Gommeline.     See  Dextrine. 
Goose-foot  Oil.     See  Chenopodium  oil. 

Gossypii  Radicis  Cortex,  B.  P.  Cotton- 
root  bark. 

Gossypium,  B.  P.     Cotton. 

Gossypium  Bark*  (Cotton-root  bark). 

Derivation:  Dried  bark  of  the  root  of 
Gossypium  herbaceum  and  other  cul- 
tivated species  of  Gossypium. 

Habitat:  India,  China,  Arabia,  Egypt, 
West  Indies,  Spain,  Australia,  South 
America  and  United  States. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P, 


Gossypium  Purificatum 


247 


Gray  Antimony 


Containers:     Boxes. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Gossypium  Purificatum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

Punned  cotton. 

Gossypose.    See  Raffinose. 

Goulard's  Extract.  A  25  per  cent  solu- 
tion of  lead  subacetate. 

Gourd  Oil.    See  Cucumber  oil. 

Grahamite.  A  natural  hydrocarbon  re- 
sembling albertite  in  its  jet-black  luster, 
occurring  in  veinlike  masses.  Is  solu- 
ble in  carbon  bisulfide  and  chloroform 
but  not  in  alcohol,  and  is  fusible.  Spe- 
cific gravity  1.145.  Has  a  conchoidal 
fracture  and  is  brittle.  Colorado,  Okla- 
homa and  West  Virginia. 

Grain  Alcohol.     See  Ethyl  alcohol. 
Grain  Oil.    See  Amyl  alcohol. 

Grains  of  Paradise.  See  Amomum  mele- 
gueta. 

Graminis.     See  Triticum. 

Granatonine.      See    Pseudo    pelletierine. 

Granatum*  (Pomegranate). 
Derivation:     Bark  of  stem  and  root  of 

Punica  granatum. 
Habitat:       Mediterranean     region     and 

Eastern,  Western  ajnd  Southern  Asia; 

cultivated  in  semi  tropical  countries. 
Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Grape-seed  Oil  (Grape-stone  oil;  Wine- 
stones  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow,  liquid, 
fixed  oil;  unpleasant  odor;  bitter  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9202- 
0.9350;  solidification-point  -10°  to 
-I5°C.;  saponification  value  178-180; 
iodine  number  94-06.5;  Maumene 
number  52-54. 


Soluble  in  benzol,  benzine  and  carbon 

bisulfide. 
Derivation:      From    the    dried,    ground 

seeds  of  the  grape,  Vitis  vinifera,  by 

steeping  in  water,  heating  and  press"- 

ing,  or  by  extraction  with  a  volatile 

solvent. 
Method  of  purification:     Decolorization 

with  bone-black. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:    Tins;  iron  drums. 
Uses:       Lubricant;    fuel;     illumination; 

food;  soap-making. 
Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Grape-stone  Oil.     See  Grape-seed  oil. 
Grape  Sugar.     See   Dextrose. 

Graphite*   (Black  lead,   Mineral  carbon, 
Plumbago,  Wad). 

Color  and  properties:  A  soft,  steel- 
gray  to  black,  more  or  less  impure, 
native  form  of  carbon. 

Derivation:  The  best  grades  of  com- 
mercial, natural  graphite  come  from 
Ceylon,  but  it  is  also  found  in  Ala- 
bama, Arizona,  Austria,  Brazil,  Cali- 
fornia, Canada,  Colorado,  Connecticut, 
Cumberland,  Georgia,  Maine,  Massa- 
chusetts, Michigan,  Montana,  Nevada, 
New  Hampshire,  New  Jersey,  New 
Mexico,  New  York,  North  Carolina, 
Pennsylvania,  Rhode  Island,  Siberia, 
South  Carolina,  South  Dakota,  Ten- 
nessee, Texas,  Vermont,  Virginia, 
Wisconsin  and  Wyoming. 

Graphite  is  now  also  made  arti- 
ficially from  other  forms  of  carbon  in 
the  electric  furnace.  It  also  separ- 
ates out  in  certain  grades  of  iron. 

Uses:  Pencil  manufacture;  anodes  for 
electric  cells;  arc-light  carbons;  lu- 
bricants; paint  pigment;  crucibles. 

Grades:     Powder;  flake. 

Containers:    Wooden  kegs;  boxes. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Gravel  Plant.    See  Epigaea. 

Gravel   Root.     Eupatorium   purpureum. 

Gray  Antimony.     See  Stibnite. 


Gray  Copper 


248 


Guaiac  Wood 


Gray  Copper  Ore.  See  Tennantite  and 
Tetrahedrite. 

Gray  Manganese  Ore.     See  Manganite. 
Grease.    See  Fatty  acids. 
Green,  Paris.    See  Copper  acetoarsenite. 
Green  Hellebore.    See  Veratrum. 
Green  Lead  Ore.    See  Pyromorphite. 
Green  Soap.     See  Soap,  Soft. 

Green  Verdigris.  See  Copper  acetate, 
Basic. 

Green  Vitriol.     See  Ferrous  sulfate. 

Greenockite.  A  natural  cadmium  sul- 
fide,  CdS.  Contains  77.7  per  cent  cad- 
mium. Greenockite  occurs  as  a  second- 
ary mineral  in  zinc  deposits  in  various 
parts  of  the  United  States,  but  not  as 
a  commercial  deposit  at  any  place.  The 
majority  of  sphalerite  deposits  are  cad- 
miferous,  and  cadmium  in  commercial 
quantity  is  obtained  as  a  by-product  in 
smelting  these  ores  at  certain  plants. 
Arkansas,  Colorado,  Missouri  and 
Pennsylvania. 

Greensand.     See  Glauconite. 

Greensand  Marl.  Sands  of  marl  con- 
taining glauconite.  See  Marl. 

Griffiths'  White.     See  Lithopone. 

Grindelia*  (Gum  plant). 
Derivation:     Dried  leaves   and   flower- 
ing   tops    of    Grindelia    robusta    and 
Grindelia  squamosa. 
Habitat:     California. 
Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Grindstone.  A  tough  sandstone  of  fine 
and  even  grain,  composed  almost  en- 
tirely of  quartz,  mostly  in  angular 
grains.  It  must  have  sufficient  cement- 


ing material  to  hold  the  grains  together 
but  not  enough  to  fill  the  pores  and 
cause  the  surface  to  wear  smooth.  The 
finest  grindstones  come  from  certain 
localities  in  New  York,  Ohio  and  Great 
Britain,  but  usable  grindstones  are  also 
found  in  Colorado,  Connecticut,  Indi- 
ana, Massachusetts,  Michigan,  Missouri, 
Montana,  South  Dakota,  West  Virginia, 
Wyoming  and  Canada. 

Ground  Holly.     See  Chimaphila. 
Ground  Laurel.     See  Epigaea. 
Ground-nut.    See  Peanut. 
Ground-nut  Oil.     See  Peanut  oil. 

Guacamphol   (Guaiacol  camphorate) 
C8Hi4(COOC6H4OCH3)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  odor- 
less, tasteless,  crystalline  needles. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form; insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of 
guaiacol  and  camphoric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Guacetin.     See  Guaiacetin. 

Guaiaci  Lignum,  B.  P.    Guaiac  wood. 

Guaiaci  Resina,  B.  P.    Crtiaiac  resin. 

Guaiac  Wood  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  A  very  thick  and 
viscid  oil,  becoming  crystalline  at  or- 
dinary temperatures;  very  agreeable 
violet  and  tea-like  odor. 

Chief  known  constituent:     Guaiol. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.965-0.975; 
optical  rotation  -6y  to  -7°. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  wood  of 
an  undetermined  species  of  guaiacum 


Guaiacetin 


249 


Guaiacyl 


from    South    America,    where    it    is 

known  as  balsam  wood. 
Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:   Perfumes. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Guaiacetin*     (Guacetin,     Sodium     pyro- 

catechin    monacetate;    Sodium    phen- 

oneacetate) 

C6H4(OH)OCH2COONa. 
Color  and  properties:  White  powder. 
Soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:    By    the    action    of    sodium 

carbonate  on  phenoneacetate. 
Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Guaiacol*  (Monomethylcatechol;  Pyro- 
catechin  monomethylester;  Protoca- 
techin  methylester)  OHC6H4OCH3. 

Color  and  properties:  Faintly  yellowish, 
limpid,  oily  liquid;  characteristic  aro- 
matic odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.1395;  melt- 
ing-point 27.9°  C;  boiling-point 
205°  C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  shaking  beechwood 
creosote  with  ammonia,  treating  with 
alcoholic  potash,  washing  with  ether, 
crystallizing  the  potash  compound 
from  alcohol  and  decomposing  it  with 
dilute  sulfuric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Guaiacol  Camphorate.    See  Guacamphol. 

Guaiacol  Carbonas,  B.  P.     See  Guaiacol 
carbonate. 

Guaiacol    Carbonate*    (Neutral    guaiacol 


carbonate,   Duotal,   Guaiacol  ester  of 

carbonic  acid)   (QI^OCHshCOs. 
Color  and  properties:     White,  crystal- 

line powder. 

Constants:  Melting-point  84°-87°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:   By  the  action  of  carbonyl 

chloride  on  sodium  guaiacolate. 
Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:  Bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Guaiacol  Salicylate.     See  Guaiacol-salol. 
Guaiacol-Salol*  (Guaiacol  salicylate) 


Color  and  properties:  White  crystals. 
Constants:  Melting-point  65°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol;  insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  guaia- 

col and  salicylic  acid. 
Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Boxes;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Guaiacolis  Carbonas,  U.  S.  P.   See  Guaia- 
col carbonate. 

Guaiacum.   (Gum  guaiac,  Resin  guaiac). 
Derivation:  A  resin  from  certain  West 

Indian     trees,     especially     Guaiacum 

sanctum  and  G.  omcinale. 
Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  acetone,  chlor- 

oform and  caustic  soda. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:  Kegs. 
Uses:   Medicine;   varnishes. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Guaiacyl*  (Calcium  guaiacolmonosulfon- 

ate)    Ca(C6H3OH.OCH3S03)2. 
Color  and  properties:  Bluish-gray  pow- 

der. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  water. 
Derivation:   By  the  interaction  of  cal- 

cium hydroxide  and  guaiacolmonosul- 

fonic  acid, 


Guaiaform 


250 


Gujasanol 


Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Local  anesthetic. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Guaiaform.     See  Methylene  diguaiacol. 

Guaiasanol*        (Diethylolycocollguaiacol 

hydrochloride) 

CH3O.C6H4.0.CO.CH2.N(C2H5)2HC1. 
Color  and  properties:  White  crystals. 
Constants:      Melting-point    i84°C. 
Soluble   in  water;   sparingly  soluble   in 

alcohol;  insoluble  in  ether. 
Derivation:    Guaiacol    is    treated    with 

chloroacetyl  chloride  and  the  reaction 

product  is  treated  with  diethylamine. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Guajava.    See  Guava. 

Guanidine*  (Iminourea)  NHC(NH2)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  heating  cyanamide 
with  ammonium  iodide;  (b)  By  heat- 
ing thiourea  with  ammonium  thiocy- 
anite;  (c)  By  the  action  of  aqua  regia 
on  dicyanodiamine. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Tins. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Guano. 

Derivation:  The  dried  excrements, 
feathers  and  carcasses  of  sea  fowl. 
Formed  on  certain  islands  near  the 
coast  of  Peru  and  Chili. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Burlap  bags;  barrels. 

tjses:   Fertilizer. 

Fir,e  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Guarana  (Brazilian  cacao). 
Derivation:       Dried     paste     consisting 

chiefly  of  crushed  seeds  of  Paullinia 

cupana. 

Habitat:    Brazil. 
Grades:    U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Tins. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Guaranham.    See  Monesia. 
Guaranhem.     See  Monesia  bark. 

Guava  (Common  guava,  Bay  plum,  Gua- 
java, Djamboe). 

Derivation:  Leaves  of  Psidium  pyri- 
ferum. 

Habitat:  Tropical  Asia  and  America. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Bags. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Guhr.    See  Kieselgur. 

Guignet's  Green.* 

Derivation:  Chrome  green  made  by  fus- 
ing potassium  chromate  and  boric 
acid.  The  mass  is  washed,  ground 
and  dried.  The  chromium  borate 
formed  is  decomposed  by  water. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Paint  pigment. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Guinea   Grains.      See   Ammonium  mele- 
gueta. 

Gujasanol*  (Diethylglycocollguaiacol  hy- 
drochloride) 
OCH8C6H40.COCH2N(C2HB)2.HC1. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals; faint  guaiacol  odor. 

Constants:     Melting-point  184°  C. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol 
and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  on  diethylglyococollguai- 
acol. 


Gum  Acacia 


251 


Gum  Damar 


Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Antiseptic. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Gum  Acacia.    See  Gum  Arabic. 

Gum  Accroides  (Black-boy  gum,  Xan- 
thorrhea  resin). 

Derivation:  A  resin  obtained  from  sev- 
eral species  of  the  Xanthorrhea  trees. 

Habitat:  Australia. 

Soluble  in  alcohol. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Bags. 

Uses:  Varnishes. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Gum  Animi. 
Derivation:  A  resin  found  in  two  forms 

"fossil"  and  "recent,"  on  the  island  of 

Zanzibar   and    the    adjoining   African 

mainland. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity   1.062-1.068; 

melting-point  240° -250° C. 
Insoluble  in  most  solvents. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Varnishes. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Gum  Arabic  (Gum  acacia,  Gum  Sene- 
gal). 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow,  translu- 
cent tears  or  powder. 

Derivation:  From  numerous  plants  of 
the  Acacia  family,  mostly  native  in 
Africa. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol 
and  ether. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  bags. 

Uses:  Pharmacy;  adhesives;  inks;  tex- 
tile printing;  confectionery. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Gum,  Artificial.     See  Dextrine. 


Gum  Benzoin,  Siam  (Benzoin,  Gum  ben- 
jamin, Resin  benzoin,  Bitter-almond 
oil  camphor). 

Color  and  properties:  Almond  shaped, 
pale,  reddish-brown  tears. 

Chief  constituents:  An  ethereal  oil,  ben- 
zoic  acid,  vanillin,  resins. 

Derivation:  Balsamic  resin  from  Styrax 
benzoin  and  other  species. 

Habitat:  Siam,  Cambodia,  Cochin, 
China  and  Sumatra. 

Soluble  in  warm  alcohol  and  carbon  bi- 
sulfide; insoluble  in  water. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:   Tins. 

Uses:  Medicine;  perfumery;  cosmetics. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Gum  Benzoin,  Sumatra. 

Differs  from  Gum  benzoin,  Siam,  in 
many  respects.  The  odor  is  not  so 
strong  and  it  does  not  melt  so  easily. 
Generally  contains  12  per  cent  to  15 
per  cent  of  woody  matter. 

Chief  constituents:  Cinnamic  acid,  ben- 
zoic  acid,  vanillin,  resins. 

Soluble  in  warm  alcohol  and  carbon  bi- 
sulfide; insoluble  in  water. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.  . 

Containers:  Bags. 

Uses:  Cinnamic  acid;  varnishes. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Gum,  British,  See  Dextrine. 

Gum,  Brown,  Barbary. 

Derivation:  A  gum  obtained  from  a  cer- 
tain species  of  Acacia. 
See  Gum  arabic. 

Gum  Camphor.     See  Camphor. 

Gum,  Cape. 

Derivation:  A  gum  obtained  from  a  cer- 
tain species  of  the  Acacia  tree. 
See  Gum  arabic. 

Gum    Copal.    See  Copal. 


Gum  Barbary,  Brown.    See  Gum  arabic.      Gum  Cowrie.    See  Copal. 

Gum  Benjamin.    See  Gum  benzoin.  Gum  Damar.    See  Gum  dammar. 


Gum  Dammar 


252 


Gum  Plant 


Gum     Dammar     (Gum     damar,     Resin 

damar). 
Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-white, 

semi-transparent,      roundish,      friable 

masses. 
Constants:     Specific    gravity     1.04-1.12; 

melting-point   120°  C. 
Soluble   in   alcohol,    ether,    chloroform, 

carbon     bisulfide,     concentrated     sul- 

furic  acid  and  oil  of  turpentine. 
Derivation:  A  resinous  exudation  from 

Shorea  wiesneri. 

Habitat:  East  Indies  and  Philippines. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:   Bags. 
Uses:     Varnishes;  lacquers. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Gum  Elemi. 

Derivation:  A  resin  from  certain  trees, 
Canarium  commune,  in  the  Philippine 
Islands,  Canarium  maritanum  in 
Mauritius  and  Amyris  elemifera  in 
Mexico  and  Brazil. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  benzol  and  turpen- 
tine; insoluble  in  water. 

Grades:   Technical. 

Containers:  Bags. 

Uses:  Varnishes;  lacquers. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Gum  Frankincense.    Gum  thus. 

Gum  Gallipot. 

Derivation:  A  resin  similar  to  Bur- 
gundy pitch  obtained  from  the  Pinus 
maritiana. 

Gum  Ghatti.  One  of  the  acacia  gums. 
See  Gum  arabic. 

Gum  Indian.  A  gum  obtained  from  a 
certain  species  of  the  Acacia  tree.  See 
Gum  arabic. 

Gum  Jelutong.     See  Gum  pontianak. 
Gum  Juniper.     See  Gum  sandarac. 

Gum  Kauri. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.050;  melt- 


Soluble  in  alcohol,  turpentine,  petro- 
leum spirit  and  benzol;  insoluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  A  fossil  resin  from  Auck- 
land, New  Zealand. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:    Bags. 

Uses:  Varnishes. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Gum  Kaurie.    See  Copal. 
Gum  Kino.    See  Kino. 

Gum  Manila  Copal. 

Color  and  properties:  Generally  pebble- 
like  pieces  of  a  pale  brownish  color. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.062;  melt- 
ing-point 230°-250  C. 

Soluble  in  ether,  methyl  alcohol  and 
ethyl  alcohol;  partially  soluble  in 
amyl  alcohol;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  A  copal  resin  imported 
from  the  Philippine  Islands. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:    Bags. 

Uses:    Spirit  varnishes;   enamel   paints. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Gum  Mastic. 
Color    and    properties:    Small,    yellow, 

translucent  tears. 
Soluble   in  acetone,   alcohol  and  oil  of 

turpentine;  insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:  From  Pistaci  alentiscus. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Varnishes. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 
See  also  Mastic. 

Gum  Mogador. 

Derivation:  A  gum  from  a  certain  spe- 
cies of  Acacia. 
See  Gum  Arabic. 

Gum  Opium.    See  Opium. 

Gum  Oriental,  Sweet.    See  Styrax, 

Gum  P}ant.     See  Grindelia. 


Gum  Pontianak 


253 


Gutta-percha 


Gum  Pontianak   (Jelutong). 

Derivation:  From  species  of  Dyera  in- 
digenous to  Malacca  and  Borneo  and 
from  the  quayule  from  Parthenium,  a 
shrub  indigenous  to  the  Chihuahuan 
Desert  of  Mexico. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Bags. 

Uses:  Rubber  manufacture;  chewing 
gum. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Gum  Resin  Euphorbium.     See  Euphor- 
bium. 

Gum  Sandarac. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow,  brittle, 
translucent,  amorphous  lumps  or  pow- 
der. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  amyl  alcohol 
and  hot  caustic  alkali;  partially  solu- 
ble in  volatile  oils,  carbon  bisulfide, 
choroform  and  oil  of  turpentine;  in- 
soluble in  benzine,  benzol  and  water. 

Derivation:  The  resin  from  Callitris 
quadrivalvis,  indigenous  in  Morocco 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:  Incense;  varnishes,  lacquers, 
dental  cements. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Gum  Senegal.     See  Gum  arabic. 

Gum  Sennaar. 
Derivation:    A    gum    obtained    from    a 

certain  species  of  Acacia. 
See  Gum  arabic. 

Gum  Shellac.    See  Shellac. 

Gum,  Soft  Copal. 
Derivation:  A  gum  from  living  trees  in 

Java,  Sumatra,  the  Philippine  Islands 

and  New  Zealand. 
Grades:   Technical. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Varnishes. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Gum,  Starch,    See  Dextrine. 
Gum  Sweet,  Oriental.    See  Styrax. 
Gum  Thus  (Gum  Frankincense). 


Derivation:  A  resin  from  Boswellia 
carterii  and  other  species  of  Bos- 
wellia. 

Habitat:  Nubia,  Egypt  and  Somaliland. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:   Kegs. 

Uses:  Pharmacy;  incense. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Gum  Tragacanth. 

Color  and  properties:  Dull  white,  trans- 
lucent plates  or  yellowish  powder. 

Soluble  in  alkaline  solutions,  aqueous 
hydrogen  peroxide  solution;  swells 
up  with  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  An  exudation  from  Astrag- 
alus gummifer. 

Habitat:   Levant. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Kegs. 

Uses:  Pharmacy;  adhesives;  leather 
dressing;  calico  printing;  emulsifying 
agent. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Gum  Vegetable.     See  Dextrine. 

Gum  Wattle.  A  gum  obtained  from  a 
certain  species  of  Acacia.  See  Gum 
arabic. 

Gum-wood.     See  Eucalyptus. 
Gum  Zanzibar.    See  Gum  animi. 
Gummi  Indicum,  B.  P.    See  Gum  arabic. 
Guncotton.     See  Nitrocellulose. 
Guru.     See  Cola. 

Gutta-percha. 
Color    and    properties:      Yellowish    or 

grayish,  hard,  leathery  sticks. 
Constants:  Melting-point  I20°C. 
Soluble  in  carbon  bisulfide,  chloroform 

and  warm  benzol;  insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:    From  the  juice  of  Isonon- 

dra  gutta,  a  tree  native  in  the  East 

Indies. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:  Bags. 


Gynocardia  Oil 


254 


Halibut  Oil 


Uses:  Insulating  electric  wires,  cables 
arid  conduits;  dentistry;  making  im- 
pressions of  medals;  waterproofing; 
fastening  incandescent  electric  bulbs 
into  their  sockets;  machinery  belting; 
cutlery  handles. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Gynocardia  Oil.     See  Chaulmoogra  oil. 
Gypsite.    See  Gypsum. 

Gypsophila  (Levant  soapwort;  Spanish 
Soapwort;  Radix  saponaria  alba). 

Derivation:  Root  of  Gypsophila  stru- 
thium. 

Habitat:     Mediterranean  region. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Bags. 

Uses:  Medicine;  detergent;  source  of 
saponin. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Gypsum. 
Derivation:    Natural,    hydrous    calcium 


sulfate,  CaSO4.2H2O.  Contains  32.5 
per  cent  lime,  46.6  per  cent  sulfur 
trioxide  and  20.9  per  cent  water. 
Alabaster  is  a  fine-grained,  compact 
variety,  white,  shaded  or  tinted. 

Gypsite  is  an  incoherent  mass  of 
very  small  gypsum  crystals  or  par- 
ticles, and  has  a  soft,  earthy  appear- 
ance; contains  various  impurities, 
generally  silica  and  clay.  Satin  spar 
is  a  fine  fibrous  variety  which  has  a 
pearly,  opalescent  appearance.  Se- 
lenite  is  a  variety  which  occurs  in 
distinct  crystals  or  in  broad  folia. 
Some  crystals  are  3  or  4  feet  long 
and  clear  throughout.  Also  see  Cal- 
cium sulfate. 

The  principal  American  sources  are 
New  York,  California,  Iowa,  Kansas, 
Michigan,  Ohio,  Oklahoma,  Texas, 
Wyoming,  Nova  Scotia  and  New 
Brunswick. 

Uses:  Plaster  of  Paris;  Keene's  cement; 
fireproof  building  blocks;  fertilizer; 
sulfur;  foundry  cores. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


H 


H  Acid.     See  Acid  aminonaphtholdisul- 
fonic  1:8:3:6. 

Haarlem  Oil*  (Linseed  oil,  sulfurated 
and  terebinthinated). 

Color  and  properties:  Brownish-red  oil. 

Soluble  in  oil  of  turpentine;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  mixing  sulfurated  lin- 
seed oil  with  oil  of  turpentine. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Antiseptic. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Haematoidin.     See   Bilirubin. 

Haematoxyli   Lignum,  B.  P. 
wood. 


See   Log- 


Haematoxylin 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  to  yel- 
lowish crystals. 

Constants:  Melting-point  140° C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  From  the  heartwood  of 
Hematoxylon  campechianum. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Coloring  agent. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Hahnemann's     Soluble     Mercury.       See 
Mercuric  oxide,  Black,  Hahnemann's. 

Halibut  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  Pale-yellow  to 
dark-red  liquid. 


Halite 


255 


Helenin 


Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether,    chloroform 

and  carbon  bisulfide. 
Derivation:   By  expressing  and  boiling 

halibut  livers. 

Method   of  purification:   Filtration. 
Grades:  Crude,  refined. 
Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:  Leather  dressing. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Halite.     See  Sodium  chloride. 

Halloysite.     A   clay-like,   natural   alumi- 
num   silicate,    resembling   kaolinite   but 
amorphous  and  containing  a  larger,  but 
uncertain  quantity  of  water, 
2H2  O.  A12  O3 .2SiO2  .Aq. 
Alabama  and  Georgia. 

Halotrichite.     A  natural  hydrous  sulfate 
of  iron  and  aluminum, 
FeSO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O.     New    Mex- 
ico. 

"Halowax."  A  proprietary  name  for  a 
chlorinated  naphthalene  (hexa),  non-in- 
flammable. 

Hamamelidis  Cortex,  B.  P.  See  Hama- 
melis. 

Hamamelidis  Folia,  B.  P.  See  Hama- 
melis. 

Hamamelis*  (Witch-hazel;  Winter 
bloom;  Snapping  hazel;  Striped  alder; 
Tobacco  wood;  Wych-hazel). 

Derivation:  Dried  leaves  and  bark  (also 
twigs)  of  Hamamelis  virginiana. 

Habitat:  North  America  (New  England 
to  Minnesota,  southward  to  Louisi- 
ana. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P.;  Ex- 
tract. 

Containers:  Bags. 

Uses:  Medicine;  pharmacy;  toilet  prep- 
arations. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Hard  Coal.    See  Anthracite. 
"Hardened"  Oil.     See  Hydrogenated  oil. 
Harmaline.     See  Fuchsine. 


Hartshorn.     See  Ammonium  carbonate. 

Hartshorn,  Spirit  of,  Ammonium  hy- 
droxide. 

Hatchetin,  also  called  "Hatchettite,"  an 
inflammable  mineral  tallow,  found  in 
bogs  and  coal  beds. 

Hayo.    See  Coca. 

Heavy  Spar.     See  Barite. 

Hecdecatylic  Alcohol.  See  Cetylic  alco- 
hol. 

Hedeoma*   (Pennyroyal;   Squaw  mint). 
Derivation:  Dried  leaves  and  flowering 

tops    of   Hedeoma   pulegioides. 
Habitat:  U.  S. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Hedeoma  Oil*  (American  pennyroyal 
oil). 

Color  and  properties:  A  pale  yellowish 
limpid  liquid,  essential  oil;  character- 
istic, pungent,  mint-like  odor  and 
taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.930-0.940; 
optical  rotation  +18°  to  +21°. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  leaves 
and  tops  of  Hedeoma  pulegioides. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification; 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  insectifuge. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Helcosol.     See  Bismuth  pyrogallate. 

Helenin    (Inula;    Elecampane    camphor; 

Alant  camphor;  Alant  acid  anhydride; 

Alantolactone). 

Color  and  properties:     Wh*te  crystals. 
Constants:       Melting-point     64°-66°C; 

boiling-point  I92°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 


Helenin 


256 


Hemlock 


Derivation:  A  stearoptene  from  Inula 
helenium. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:     None. 

Helenin.    See  Inulin. 
Helenium.    See  Inula. 
Helianthine.    See  Methyl  orange. 

Helianthus*  (Sunflower). 

Derivation:  Flowers  and  seeds  of  He- 
lianthus annuus. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:  Source  of  sunflower-seed  oil; 
medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Helichrysum  (Immortelles). 
Derivati9n:      Flowers    of    Helichrysum 

arenarium. 
Habitat:    Europe. 
Grades:    Technical. 
Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:     Medicine;  preservative  for  furs. 
Fire  hazard:    None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Heliotropin*  (Piperonal;  Piperonyl  al- 
dehyde) C6H3(CH200)  COH.  m 

Color  and  properties:  White,  shining 
crystals. 

Constants:  Melting-point  37°C.;  boil- 
ing-point 263°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Synthetically  from  piper- 
ine. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine;  perfumery. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Helium*  He. 
Color  and  properties:     Colorless  odor- 

less, non-inflammable  gas. 
Constants:    Specific  gravity  0.1368  (Air) 

1.98         (Hydrogen);        melting-point 

-26o°C.;   boiling-point  -268.75°  C. 
Soluble   in  water. 
Derivation:      From   natural    gas   or   ni- 

trogen (from  air). 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Steel  bottles. 
Uses:      Balloon    and    airship    filler    in- 

stead of  hydrogen;  electric  lamps. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:      Green 

label. 

Helmet  Flower.    See  Scutellaria. 


Hematine  Crystals. 

tals. 

Hematine   Extract. 

tract. 

Hematine    Liquid. 

tract. 


See  Logwood  crys- 


See   Logwood    ex- 


See   Logwood    ex- 


Hematine  Paste.     See  Logwood  paste. 

Hematite  (Specular  iron;  Red  iron  ore) 
Natural  iron  oxide  Fe2Oa.  Contains 
70  per  cent  iron  (also  see  Ferric  oxide, 
Red).  The  principal  American  sources 
are  Minnesota,  Michigan,  Alabama, 
New  York,  Wisconsin,  Cuba,  Canada 
and  New  Foundland. 

Hematoidin.     See  Bilirubin. 
Hematoxylin.     See    Haematoxylin. 

Hemlock  (Conium). 

Derivation:  From  the  bark  of  the  hem- 
lock fir,  Pinus  canadensis. 

Habitat:  Northern  and  Western  parts 
of  the  United  States  and  Canada. 

Grades:    25  per  cent  Tannin. 

Containers:  Extract;  wooden  barrels; 
tank  cars. 

Uses:     Tanning  industry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Hemlock  Oil 


257 


Heroin 


Hemlock  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  A  colorless 
liquid;  agreeable  odor,  resembling 
spruce  oil. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.913;  op- 
tical rotation  -23°  55'. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  leaves 
and  twigs  of  Tsuga  canadensis. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Hemp,  Canadian.    See  Apocynum. 
Hemp  Oil.    See  Hemp-seed  oil. 

Hemp-seed  Oil  (Hemp  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Light  green, 
fixed,  non-drying  liquid;  becomes 
brownish-yellow  on  standing. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9255- 
0.9280;  saponification  value  172-192; 
Maumene  number  97;  iodine  number 
148. 

Soluble  in  ether,  benzol  and  carbon  bi- 
sulfide. 

Derivation:  From  hemp-seed,  Cannabis 
sativa,  by  pressing  or  extraction. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  iron  drums. 

Uses:  Illumination;  soft  soap;  paints; 
varnishes. 

Fire   hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:    None. 

Henbane.    See  Hyoscyamus. 

Henna  (Egyptian  privet;  Flower-of- 
paradise). 

Derivation:     Leaves  of  Lawsonia  alba. 

Habitat:  Orient;  Mediterranean  re- 
gion; Southern  Asia  and  Australia. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:     Medicine;   hair  dye. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Hepar   Antimony.     Potassium-antimony 
sulfide  or  Sodium-antimony  sulfide. 


Hepar  Calcis.    See  Calcium  sulfide. 
Hepar  Sulfuris.     See  Potassium  sulfide. 
Hepatica.    See  Liverwort. 
Hepotic  Acid.    See  Acid  oenanthic. 

Heptane*  (Heptyl  hydride;  Methyl  hex- 
ane;  Normal  heptane;  Dipropylme- 
thane)  CHstCH^CHs. 

Color  and  properties:  Volatile,  color- 
less liquid;  highly  inflammable. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.694;  boil- 
ing-point 95°-98°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form; insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  fractional  distillation 
of  petroleum. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  tins. 

Uses:     Anesthetic;   solvent. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Heptanal.    See  (Enanthol. 
Heptoic  Acid.     See  Acid  oenanthic. 
Heptoic  Aldehyde.     See  (Enanthol. 
Heptyl  Hydride.    See  Heptane. 
Heptylic  Acid.    See  Acid  oenanthic. 

Heptylic  Alcohol*  CH3(CH2)6OH. 
Color   and   properties:      Colorless,   fra- 
grant liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.830;  melt- 
ing-point -36.5°C;  boiling-point 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:       From    oenanthol    by    re- 
duction. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  iron  drums. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Heroin*    (Diacetylmorphine) 


Herring  Oil 


258 


Hexoic  Acid 


Color  and  properties:     White,  crystal- 

line, odorless,  bitter  powder;  poison- 
-  ous;  habit  forming  drug. 
Constants:     Melting-point  i7i°C. 
Soluble  in  hot  alcohol,  chloroform  and 

benzol;  insoluble  in  water  and  ether. 
Derivation:     By  the  acetylation  of  mor- 

phine. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tins. 
Uses:     Medicine  (also  used  extensively 

in  the  form  of  the  hydrochloride). 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Herring  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:     Pale  yellow  to 

dark-red  liquid. 
Constants:    •  Specific     gravity     0.9202- 

0.932;     saponification    value     179-194; 

iodine    value    130-142;    refractive    in- 

dex 1.478. 
Soluble    in    ether,    chloroform,   benzine 

and  carbon  bisulfide. 
Derivation:      By    boiling    and    pressing 

herring. 

Method  of  purification:     Filtration. 
Grades:     No.   i;  No.  2;  No.  2,  blown; 

winter-pressed. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:     Soap,  leather  dressing. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Hexachlorobenzene* 

Color  and  properties.     White   needles. 
Constants:     Melting-point  229°  C;  boil- 

ing-point 326°  C. 
Soluble  in  benzol  and  boiling  alcohol; 

insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:      By   heating    hexyl    iodide 

with  iodine  chloride. 
Method    of    purification;       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tins. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Hexachlorobenzol.     See  Hexachloroben- 
zene. 

Hexachloroethane.       See      Carbon     tri- 
chloride. 


Hexahydropyridine.     See   Piperidine. 
Hexahydrothymol.     See   Menthol. 

Hexamethylenamma,  U.  S.  P.     Hexame- 
thylenetetramine. 

Hexamethylenetetramine*        (  Cy  stamin ; 
Cystogen;  Formin;  Aminoform;  Uro- 
tropin;         Hexamine;         erroneously, 
"Hexamethylenamine"). 
(CH2)6N4. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol;  insoluble 
in  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  ammonia 
on  formaldehyde. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical,  B.  P. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  rubber  accelerator; 
mixed 'with  sodium  phenate  and  so- 
dium hydroxide,  as  an  absorbent  for 
phosgene  in  military  gas  masks;  syn- 
thetic resins. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Hexamina,  B.  P.     See   Hexamethylene- 
tetramine. 

Hexamine.       See     Hexamethylenetetra- 
mine. 

Hexane*  (Hexyl  hydride;  Caproyl  hy- 
dride) C6Hi4. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  vola- 
tile liquid;  faint,  peculiar  odor; 
highly  inflammable. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.660;  boil- 
ing-point 69°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  fractional  distillation 
from  petroleum. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:     Solvent. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations :  Red 
label. 

Hexoic  Acid.     See  Acid  caproic. 


Hexyl  Hydride 


259 


Horse  Oil 


Hexyl  Hydride.     See  Hexane. 
Hexylic  Acid.    See  Acid  caproic. 

Hiddenite.  An  emerald-green  spodu- 
mene.  Used  as  a  gem.  See  Spodu- 
mene.  North  Carolina. 

"Hi-Flash"  Naphtha.  See  Naphtha, 
Coal-tar. 

High  Cranberry.     See  Viburnum  opulus. 

Hinsdalite.      A    mineral    related    to    alu- 
nite,  but  with  replacements  as  indicated 
in  the  following  formula: 
2PbO.3  A12  O3  .P2  O5  -6H2  O.      Colorado. 

Hippuric  Acid.     See  Acid  hippuric. 

"Hirathiol."*  Proprietary  name  of  a  com- 
pound used  as  a  substitute  for  ichthyol. 

Hirudo,  B.  P.     Leeches. 
Hoarhound.     See   Marribium. 
Hog's  Bean.    See  Hyoscyamus. 
Hog-weed.     See   Scoparius. 

Homatropinae  Hydrobromidum,  U.  S.  P., 
B.  P.  See  Homatropine  hydrobromide. 


Homatropine* 
Color  and  properties:     White  crystals; 

poisonous. 

Constants:     Melting-point  95.5°C. 
Slightly  soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:     By  evaporating  a  mixture 

of  atropine-mandelic  acid  with  dilute 

hydrochloric  acid. 
Grades:    Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Homatropine  Hydrobromide 

Ci6H2iNO3Br. 
Color  and  properties:     White  crystals; 

poisonous. 

Constants:     Melting-point  213.8°  C. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol;  insoluble 

in  ether. 


Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydro- 
bromic  acid  on  homatropine. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Homopyrocatecholmonomethyl  ester.  See 

Creosol. 

Homoguaiacol.    See  Creosol. 
Honduras  Bark.     Cascara  amarga. 
Honey  Sugar.    See  Dextrose. 
Hops.    See  Humulus. 

Hop  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  A  green  essen- 
tial oil;  strong  penetrating  odor. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Humulene, 
geraniol,  terpenes. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.855-0.880. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  strobiles 
of  Humulus  lupulus. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  iron  drums. 

Uses:     Aromatizing  beer. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Horehound.     See  Marribium. 
Horn  Silver.     See  Cerargyrite. 
Hornstone.     See  Chert. 
Horse-heal.    See  Inula. 

Horse  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow-brown- 
ish yellow  liquid. 

Soluble  in  chloroform,  benzol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  pressing  horse  fat  and 
filtering. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 


Horsemint  Oil 


260 


Hydrastinae 


Uses:     Soap  stock. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Horsemint  Oil*   (Monarda  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  A  yellowish-red 
or  brownish-red  essential  oil;  strong 
thyme-like  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.920  to 
0.936. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  herb, 
Monarda  punctata. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Glass   bottles. 

Uses:     Preparation  of  liniments. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Horseradish  Root.  See  Armoraciae  radix. 
Horsetail.     See  Equisetum. 
Horseweed.     See   Erigeron. 

Huanuco  Bark.  See  Cinchona  bark, 
Loxa. 

Huberts  Reagent.  For  free  mineral  acid. 
An  aqueous  solution  of  ammonium 
molybdate  and  potassium  ferrocyanide. 
With  the  exception  of  boric  acid  and  ar- 
senic trioxide,  free  mineral  acids  afford 
a  reddish-brown  precipitate,  or  a  tur- 
bidity with  the  reagent. 

Hubnerite.  Nearly  pure,  natural  man- 
ganese tungstate,  MnWO-t.  When  pure 
it  contains  76.6  per  cent  tungsten  tri- 
oxide, WOs.  Arizona,  California,  Colo- 
rado, Idaho,  Montana,  Nevada,  New 
Mexico,  South  Dakota,  Utah  and  Wash- 
ington. 

Humulus*  (Hops). 
Derivation:      Carefully    dried    strobiles 

of  Humulus  lupulus. 
Habitat:       Europe,     Asia     and     North 

America. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:       Medicine;    brewing    beer     and 

beer  substitutes. 


Fire  hazafd:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Hyalite.  A  variety  of  opal  (hydrous 
silica)  which  occurs  in  clear  globular  or 
botryoidal  forms  resembling  drops  of 
melted  glass.  Georgia  and  Kansas. 

Hydrargyri  Chloridum  Corrosivum,  U. 
S.  P.  See  Mercuric  chloride. 

Hydrargyri  Chloridum  Mite,  U.  S.  P., 
B.  P.  See  Mercurous  chloride. 

Hydrargyri  lodidum  Flavum,  U.  S.  P. 
See  Mercurous  iodide,  Yellow. 

Hydrargyri  lodidum  Rubrum,  U.  S.  P., 
B.  P.  See  Mercuric  iodide,  Red. 

Hydrargyri  Oxidum  Flavum,  U.  S.  P., 
B.  P.  See  Mercuric  oxide,  Yellow. 

Hydrargyri  Oxidum  Rubrum,  U.  S.  P., 
B.  P.  See  Mercuric  oxide,  Red. 

Hydrargyri    Perchloridum,    B.    P.      See 

Mercuric  chloride. 

Hydrargyri  Salicylas,  U.  S.  P.  Mercuric 
salicylate. 

Hydrargyri    Subchloridum,    B.    P.      See 

Mercurous  chloride. 

Hydrargyrum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.  See  Mer- 
cury. 

Hydrargyrum  Ammoniatum,  U.  S.  P., 
B.  P.  Ammoniated  mercury. 

Hydrargyrum  cum  Greta,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

Mercury  with  chalk. 

Hydrargyrum  Oleatum,  B.  P.  Oleated 
mercury. 

Hydrastina,  U.  S.  P.     See  Hydrastine. 

Hydrastinae   Hydrochloridum,   U.   S.   P. 

See   Hydrastine  hydrochloride. 


Hydrastine 


261 


Hydrocotarninc 


Hydrastine*  C2iH2iNO6. 
C©lor  and  properties:     White  pulveru- 

lent alkaloid;  poisonous. 
Constants:     Melting-point  I3I°C. 
Slightly  soluble  in  water,  alcohol   and 

ether. 
Derivation:     By  extraction  of  the  root 

of  Hydrastis  canadensis,  with  subse- 

quent crystallization. 
Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Hydrastine  Hydrochloride 

C2iH2iN06.HCl. 
Color  and  properties:     White  crystals; 

poisonous. 

Soluble  in  water  and  ether. 
Derivation:      By   the   action   of  hydro- 

chloric acid  on  hydrastine. 
Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Glass   bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations: 


None. 


Hydrastinine* 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystal- 
line alkaloid;  poisonous. 

Constants:      Melting-point    n6°-ii7°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  of  the  root 
of  Hydrastis  canadensis,  with  sub- 
sequent crystallization.  The  salts  are 
obtained  by  the  action  of  the  respec- 
tive acid  on  the  alkaloid. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Hydrastis*  (Golden  seal;  Orange  root; 
Yellow  root;  Yellow  puccoon;  Tur- 
meric root;  Indian  turmeric). 

Derivation:  Dried  rhizomes  and  roots 
of  Hydrastis  canadensis. 

Habitat:     North  America. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Bags. 


Hydrastis  Rhizoma,  B.  P.     See  Hydras- 

tis. 

Hydrazine*  NH2NH2. 
Color  and  properties:     Colorless  liquid. 
Constants:    Specific  gravity  1.013;  melt- 
ing-point         1.4°  C;          boiling-point 

ii3.5°C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:      By    reduction    of   nitrosa- 

mine  with  zinc  dust  and  acetic  acj_d. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:      Iron   Drums. 
Uses:    Organic  synthesis;  phenylhydra- 

zine. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad     shipping     regulations:       Red 

label. 

Hydriodic  Acid.     See  Acid  hydriodic. 


Hydroberberine* 

Color  and  properties:     White   crystal- 

line alkaloid;  poisonous. 
Constants:     Melting-point  167°  C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol;  insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:       By     reducing     berberine 

with  nascent  hydrogen. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tins. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Hydrobromic  Acid.    See  Acid  hydrobro- 
mic. 

Hydrobromic    Ether.      See    Ethyl    bro- 
mide. 

Hydrochinone.     See   Hydroquinone. 

Hydrochloric    Acid.      See    Acid    hydro- 
chloric. 


Hydrocotarnine* 

Color  and   properties:     White   crysta.1- 
line  alkaloid;  poisonous, 


Hydrocyanic  Acid 


262 


Hydrogen  Sulfide 


Constants:     Melting-point  5o°-55°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:     From  op'ium. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Hydrocyanic   Acid.     See   Acid   hydrocy- 
anic. 

Hydrodisodium  Phosphate.    See  Sodium 
phosphate. 

Hydrofluoric  Acid.     See  Acid  hydrofluo- 
ric. 

Hydrofluosilicic  Acid.     See  Acid  hydro- 
fluosilicic. 

Hydrogen*  H£. 

Color  and  properties:  ^  Colorless  gas; 
highly  inflammable. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.06949; 
melting-point  — 259°  C.;  boiling-point 
— 252°  C 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  the  electrolytic  dis- 
sociation of  water,  (b)  By  passing  a 
current  of  steam  through  heated  iron 
pipes,  (c)  By  the  action  of  dilute  sul- 
furic acid  on  iron  filings,  (d)  By 
the  silicol  process  in  which  a  silicon 
alloy  (ferro-silicon,  mangano-silicon 
or  silico-spiegel)  is  allowed  to  act  on 
a  hot,  strong  solution  of  caustic  soda, 
(e)  By  the  action  of  water  on  an  alloy 
of  magnesium  and  lead. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Steel  bottles. 

Uses:  Hydrogenation  of  oils;  oxy-hy- 
drogen  flame  for  welding;  balloons 
and  airships;  organic  preparations. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Hydrogen    Bromide.      See    Acid    hydro- 
bromic. 

Hydrogen    Carboxylic   Acid.     See    Acid 
formic. 

Hydrogen    Chloride.      See    Acid    hydro- 
chloric, 


Hydrogen  Cyanide.     See  Acid  hydrocy- 
anic. 

Hydrogen  Dioxide.     See  Hydrogen  per- 
oxide. 

Hydrogen    Fluoride.      See    Acid   hydro- 
fluoric. 

Hydrogen  Iodide.     See  Acid  hydriodic. 
Hydrogen  Nitrate.    See  Acid  nitric. 

Hydrogen  Peroxide*  H2O2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  heavy 
liquid,  appearing  in  commerce  in  the 
form  of  an  aqueous  solution.  Keep 
cool  and  dark.  A  powerful  oxidizing 
agent. 

Constants:  (Anhydrous);  Specific 
gravity  1.4584;  melting-point  -2°C.; 
boiling-point  80.2°  C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  the  action  of  dilute 
mineral  acid,  usually  sulfuric,  on 
barium  peroxide,  (b)  By  treating 
barium  peroxide  with  carbon  dioxide 
under  pressure,  in  presence  of  water. 

Impurities:  The  commercial  article 
generally  contains  a  little  acetanilide, 
added  to  preserve  the  peroxide  solu- 
tion. Inferior  brands  sometimes  con- 
tain free  sulfuric  acid. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  30  per 
cent  by  weight,  Sp.  G.  i.ui;  3  per 
cent  by  weight. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  iron  drums. 

Uses:  Bleaching;  antiseptic;  oxidizing 
agent. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Hydrogen  Sulfide  (Sulfuretted  hydro- 
gen) HgS. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  in- 
flammable gas;  offensive  odor;  sweet- 
ish taste. 

Constants:  m  Specific  gravity  1.1895; 
melting-point  — 83.8°C;  boiling-point 
— 60.2°  C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  the  action  of  di- 
lute sulfuric  acid  on  a  sulficje,  usually 


Hydrogen  Tellurate 


263 


Hydroxylamine   Hydrochloride 


iron  sulfide.  (b)  By  direct  union  of 
hydrogen  and  sulfur  vapor  at  a  defi- 
nite temperature  and  pressure. 

Containers:  Not  an  article  of  com- 
merce, prepared  as  wanted  or  kept  in 
glass  bottles  in  aqueous  solution. 

Uses:  Purification  of  hydrochloric  and 
sulfuric  acids;  precipitating  sulfides 
of  metals;  reagent  in  analytic  chem- 
istry. 

Hydrogen  Tellurate.     See  Acid  telluric. 

Hydrogenated  Oils*  ("Hardened"  oils) 
Oils  treated  with  hydrogen  in  presence 
of  a  catalyst,  thereby  converting  all 
or  part  of  the  oleic  acid  or  olein  into 
stearic  acid  or  stearin.  The  oils  thus 
treated  are  rendered  suitable  for  hu- 
man consumption,  the  manufacture 
of  hard  soaps  (where  previously  they 
could  only  be  used  for  making  soft 
soaps),  and  for  making  lubricants. 
Hydrogenated  oils  are  also  used  for 
making  lard  substitutes,  tanner's 
greases,  varnishes,  etc. 

Hydrohydrastinine*   CnHi3NO2. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystal- 
line alkaloid;  poisonous. 

Constants:     Melting-point  66° C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  of  Hydras- 
tis  canadensis,  and  subsequent  crys- 
tallization. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass   bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Hydrol,  Michler's.     See  Tetramethyldia- 
minobenzhydrol. 

Hydrolite.     See  Calcium  hydride. 

Hydroquinone*    (Para-dioxybenzene) 
C6H4(OH)2. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.330;  melt- 
ing-point i69°C.;  boiling-point  285°C. 

Soluble  in  water,   alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  oxidizing  aniline  in 
the  cold  with  sulfuric  and  chromic 


acids,  (b)  By  reducing  quinone  with 
sulfurous  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical;  pure. 

Containers:  Barrels;  boxes;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:  Photographic  developer;  organ- 
ic synthesis;  adurol. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Hydrosilicofluoric   Acid.     See   Acid   hy- 
drofluosilicic. 

Hydroxyacetic  Acid.     See  Acid  glycolic. 

Hydroxylamine*  (Oxammonium) 
NH2OH. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals; decomposes  when  heated  and 
explodes  at  130°  C. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.227; 
melting-point  33°C.;  boiling-point 
70°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  acids  and  cold  water. 

Derivation:  By  decomposing  hydroxyl- 
amine  hydrochloride  with  a  base  and 
distilling  in  vacuo. 

Method  of  purification:     Redistillation. 

Grades:     Technical;  pure. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Reducing  agent;  organic  synthe- 
sis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Hydroxylamine  Hydrochloride*   (Oxam- 
monium hydrochloride) 
NH2OH2HC1. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Melting-point  i5i°C;  boil- 
ing-point: Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol;  insoluble 
in  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  on  moist  mercury  fulmi- 
nate. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Glass   bottles;   tins. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis;  photographic 
developer;  medicine. 


Hydroxylamine  Sulfate 


264 


Hyoscyamine 


Fire  hazard:    None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Hydroxylamine  Sulfate*  (Oxammonium 
sulfate)  (NH2OH)2.H2S04. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals; solution  has  a  corrosive  action 
on  the  skin. 

Constants:     Melting-point  140°  C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  the  electrolytic  re- 
duction of  nitric  acid  in  presence  of 
hydrochloric  acid,  (b)  Soda  ash  is 
added  to  a  cooled  solution  of  sodium 
nitrite  and  sulfur  dioxide  passed  into 
the  solution  which  must  constantly 
be  kept  cooled  below  o°C.  The  solu- 
tion of  disulfonic  acid  is  decanted, 
concentrated,  acidified  if  necessary 
and  heated.  It  is  then  almost  com- 
pletely neutralized  with  sodium  car- 
bonate, allowed  to  stand  for  a  time, 
then  filtered. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tins. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis;  dimethylgly- 
oxime. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Hydroxybenzene.     See   Phenol. 
Hydroxybenzol.     See  Phenol. 

Hydrozincite  (Zinc  bloom).     A  natural, 
basic    zinc    carbonate,    exact    composi- 
tion undertain,  perhaps 
3ZnO.CO2.2H2O.       Arkansas,     Kansas 
and  New  Mexico. 

Hyoscinae  Hydrobromidum,  B.  P.     See 
Hyoscine  hydrobromide. 


Hyoscine*    (Scopolamine) 
Color  and  properties:    Thick,  colorless, 

sirupy  liquid  alkaloid;  poisonous. 
Constants:     Melting-point  50°-59°C. 
Soluble  ^  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:      By   extraction   of  various 

solanaceae,    and    subsequent    crystal- 

lization. 
Graces:     Technical 


Containers:     Glass   bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Hyoscine  Hydrobromide* 
Ci7H2iN04HBr.3H20. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals; 
poisonous. 

Constants:     Melting-point  191  °C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol;  insoluble 
in  ether. 

Derivation:      By   the   action   of   hydro- 
bromic  acid  on  hyoscine. 

Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:    Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Hyoscine  Sulfate* 

(Ci7H2iN04)2.H2SO4.2H20. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals; 
poisonous. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:     By  the  action   of  sulfuric 
acid  on  hyoscine. 

Method    of    purification:      Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:  ^  Glass   bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Hyoscyami  Folia,  B.  P.  See  Hyoscya- 
mus. 

Hyoscyaminae  Hydrobromidum,  U.  S. 
P.,  B.  P.  See  Hyoscyamine  hydrobro- 
mide. 


Hyoscyaminae  Sulfas,  B.  P.     See  Hyos- 
cyamine sulfate. 


Hyoscyamine* 

Color   and   properties:      White    crystal- 

line alkaloid;  poisonous. 
Constants:     Melting-point  io8.5°C. 
Derivation:      By    extraction    of    Bella- 

donna  or   Scopola   roots,   and   subse- 

quent crystallization. 


Hyoscyamine  Hydrobromide 


265 


Hyssop  Oil 


Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Hyoscyamine  Hydrobromide* 
Ci7H2«NO«.HBr. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystals; 
poisonous. 

Constants:      Melting-point    igi°-ig2°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydro- 
bromic  acid  on  Jiyoscyamine. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Hyoscyamine   Hydrochloride* 
Ci7H23N03.HCl. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystals; 
poisonous. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  on  hyoscyamine. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Hyoscyamine  Sulfate* 
(Ci7H23N03)2.H2S04. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystals; 
poisonous. 

Constants:     Melting-point  198.9°  C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  sulfuric 
acid  on  hyoscyamine. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion, 


Grades:     Technical;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Hyoscyamus*  (Henbane;  Hog's  bean; 
Insane  root;  Poison  tobacco;  Black 
henbane). 

Derivation:  Dried  leaves  and  flower- 
ing tops  of  Hyoscyamus  niger. 

Habitat:  Europe,  Asia  and  United 
States;  cultivated  in  England. 

Grade:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Bags. 

U?es:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Hypnone.     See  Acetophenone. 
"Hypo."     See  Sodium  thiosulfate. 

Hypophosphorous  Acid.     See   Acid  hy- 

pophosphorous. 

Hypophysis  Sicca,  U.  S.  P.     Hypophy- 
sis, Desiccated. 

Hypovanadic  Hydrochloride.     See  Van- 
adium chloride. 

Hyssop  Oil. 
Color    and     properties:      A     colorless, 

liquid  essential  oil. 
Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.932. 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether,    chloroform 

and  benzol. 
Derivation:      Distilled    from    the    herb, 

Hyssopus   officinalis. 
Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:         Medicine;       preparation       of 

liqueurs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None, 


latrol 


266 


Immortelles 


latrol* 

Color  and  properties:  Grayish-white, 
odorless  powder. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form; insoluble  in  water  and  glycer- 
ine. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  nascent 
iodine  on  certain  coal-tar  derivatives. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades :    Technical. 

Containers:     Boxes;  tins. 

Uses:    Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ibit*  (Bismuth  oxyiodotannate). 
Color   and    properties:      Greenish-gray, 

odorless,  tasteless  powder. 
Insoluble  in  alcohol,  water  or  ether. 
Derivation:      By    the    interaction    of    a 

bismuth  salt  and  iodotannic  acid. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tins. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Iceland  Moss.     See  Cetraria. 
Iceland  Spar.    See  Calcite. 

Ichthalbin*   (Ichthyol  albuminate). 
Color  and  ^properties:     Grayish-brown, 

odorless,' tasteless  powder. 
Insoluble  in  all  solvents. 
Grades:    Technical. 
Containers:    Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:    None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ichthoform*   (Ichthyol-formaldehyde). 
Color  and  properties:     Brownish-black, 

odorless  and  tasteless  powder. 
Insoluble  in  all  solvents. 
Derivation:     By  the  interaction  of  ich- 

thyol  and  formaldehyde. 
Grades:    Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:    None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Ichthyocolla.     See   Isinglass. 

Ichthyol*  (So-called  "Ammonium  sul- 
foichthyolate"  or  "Ammonium-ich- 
thyol  sulfonate"). 

Color  and  properties:  Thick,  blackish- 
brown  liquid;  bituminous  odor. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  water  and 
glycerine. 

Derivation:  An  undefinable  chemical 
combination  of  sulfonated  hydrocar- 
bons, obtained  by  dry  distillation  of 
bituminous  shale  found  in  Seefeld, 
Tyrol. 

Grades:      Crude;   refined. 

Containers:     Barrels. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ichthyol  Albuminate.     See  Ichthalbin. 

Ichthyol-Formaldehyde.  See  Ichtho- 
form. 

Ilang-ilang  Oil.    See  Cananga  oil. 

Illicium    (Star    anise;    Chinese   anise). 
Derivation:     Fruit  of  Illicium  verum. 
Habitat:     China. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:        Medicine;       manufacture       of 

liqueurs  and  volatile  oils. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:     None. 

Illicium  Oil.    See  Anise  oil. 

Ilmenite  (Menaccanite).  Natural  iron- 
titanium  oxide,  FeTiOs.  Contains  36.8 
per  cent  iron  and  31.6  per  cent  titanium 
(52.7  per  cent  TiO2).  South  Carolina, 
Texas,  Virginia  and  Wyoming. 

Iminodiphenyl.     See  Carbazol. 
Iminourea.     See  Guanidine. 
Immortelles.     See  Helichrysum.       ^ 


Imperatoria 


267 


Indigotin 


Imperatoria*  (Master-wort;  Felon  grass; 

Felon-wort). 
Derivation:      Rhizome    of    Imperatoria 

ostruthium. 
Habitat:     Central  and  Southern  Europe 

and  U.  S. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Boxes. 
Uses:  Medicine;  manufacture  of 

liqueurs. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Imperial  Green.  See  Copper  acetoar- 
senite. 

Impsonite.  An  asphalt  much  like  alber- 
tite,  but  almost  insoluble  in  turpentine. 
Oklahoma. 

Inderie.     See  Para-coumarone. 
India-rubber.     See  Caoutchouc. 
Indian  Arrow-wood.     See  Euonymus. 
Indian  Balsam.     See  Balsam,  Peru. 
Indian    Barley    Caustic.      See    Sabadilla. 
Indian   Cannabis.     See   Cannabis  indica. 
Indian  Corn.    Maize. 
Indian  Hemp.     See  Cannabis  indica. 
Indian  Laburnum.     See  Cassia  fistula. 
Indian  Physic.     See  Gillenia. 
Indian  Pink.     See  Spigelia. 
Indian  Pole.     See  Veratrum  viride. 

Indian  Red.* 

Color  and  properties:  A  pale  red  pow- 
der. 

Derivation:  Obtained  as  such  in  nature 
as  an  iron  ore. 

Grades:  Depending  on  content  of  iron 
oxide  (75  per  cent.) 


Containers:    Wooden  barrels. 
.Uses:     Pigment;  polishing  compound. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Indian  Saffron.     See  Curanna. 
Indian  Shot.     See  Canna. 
Indian  Tobacco.     See  Lobelia. 
Indian  Tumeric.     See  Hydrastis. 

Indigo*  (Crude  indigo  blue). 
Color  and  properties:    Dark-blue,  odor- 

less, tasteless  powder. 
Soluble  in  concentrated  sulfuric  acid. 
Derivation:     (a)    From  various  species 

of  Indigofera.     (b)    From  phenylgly- 

cin.     (c)  From  anthranilic  acid. 
Grades:     Technical;  natural;  synthetic. 
Containers:     Barrels;  tins. 
Uses:      Textile    dyeing    and    printing; 

inks. 

Fire  hazard:    None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Indigo  Blue.     See  Indigotin. 

Indigo  Carmine*  (Soluble  indigo;  In- 
digo extract;  Sodium  indigotindisul- 
fonate;  Sodium  coerulinsulfate) 


Color  and  properties:     Blue  powder  or 

pasty  mass. 
Soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:     Indigotindisulfonic  acid  is 

treated  with  soda. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:     Dyeing. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Indigo  Extract.     See  Indigo  carmine. 
Indigo,  Soluble.    See  Indigo  carmine. 

Indigotin*   (Indigo  blue)    Ci6Hi0N2O2. 
Color  and  properties:     Dark-blue,  crys- 
talline powder;  bronze  lustre. 


Indium 


268 


Infusum  Krameriae 


Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.35;  melt- 
ing-point: Sublimes  at  300°C;  boil- 
ing-point 390°C. 

Soluble  in  aniline,  nitrobenzene,  chloro- 
form, glacial  acetic  acid  and  concen- 
trated sulfuric  acid;  insoluble  in  water 
and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  fusing  phenylglyco- 
coll-ortho-carboxylic  acid  with  al- 
kali, (b)  Extraction  of  leaves  and 
branches  of  Indiofera  tinctoria. 

Grades:     Technical;   natural;  synthetic. 

Containers:     Wood  kegs. 

Uses:     Dyeing. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Indium  In. 

Color  and  properties:  Ductile,  shiny, 
silver-white  metal;  softer  than  lead. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  7.362;  melt- 
ing-point I55°C;  boiling-point  700°C. 

Soluble  in  acids. 

Derivation:  By  the  reduction  of  in- 
dium oxide. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Boxes;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Indium  salts. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Indoform*     (Salicylic     acid     methylene 
acetate). 

Color  and  properties:  White  powder; 
acid,  astringent  taste. 

Constants:      Melting-point    io8-i09°C. 

Soluble  in  hot  water;  very  slightly  sol- 
uble in  cold  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  for 
maldehyde  on  acetylsalicylic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Glass   bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Indole*  (Ketole)   C6H4(CH.NH)CH. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  to 
yellowish  scales;  intense  fecal  odor. 

Constants:  Melting-point  52°C.;  boil- 
ing-point 254°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  hot  water. 

Derivation:       By    heating    ortho-nitro- 


cinnamic  acid  with  potassium  hydrox- 
ide and  iron  filings. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Chemical  reagent;  perfumery; 
medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Infusa,  U.  S.  P.     Infusions. 
Infusorial  Earth.    See  Kieselgur. 

Infusum  Alstoniae,  B.  P.    Infusion  of  al- 
stonia. 

Infusum    Aurantii,    B.    P.     Infusion    of 
orange  peel. 

Infusum    Aurantii    Compositum,    B.    P. 
Compound  infusion  of  orange  peel. 

Infusum  Buchu,  B.  P.     Infusion  of  bu- 
chu. 

Infusum   Calumbae,   B.  P.     Infusion   of 
calumba. 

Infusum  Caryophylli,  B.  P.     Infusion  of 
cloves. 

Infusum  Cascarillae,  B.  P.     Infusion  of 
cascarilla. 

Infusum    Chiratae,    B.    P.      Infusion    of 

chiretta. 

Infusum  Cinchona  Acidum,  B.  P.    Acid 
infusion  of  cinchona  bark. 

Infusum  Digitalis,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    Infu- 
sion of  digitalis. 

Infusum  Ergots,  B.  P.     Infusion  of  er- 
got. 

Infusum    Gentianae    Compositum,    3.    P. 

Compound  infusion  of  gentian, 

Infusum   Krameriae,  B.   P.     Infusipn   of 
krameria. 


Infusum  Quassiae 


209 


lodeosine 


Infusum  Quassias,  B.  P.  Infusion  of 
quassia. 

Infusum  Rhei,  B.  P.  Infusion  of  rhu- 
barb. 

Infusum  Rosse  Acidum,  B.  P.  Acid  in- 
fusion of  roses. 

Infusum  Scopari,  B.  P.  Infusion  of 
broom. 

Infusum  Senegae,  B.  P.  Infusion  of  sen- 
ega. 

Infusum  Sennae,  B.  P.  Infusion  of  sen- 
na. 

Infusum  Sennae  Composition,  U.  S.  P., 
B.  P.  Compound  infusion  of  senna. 

Infusum  Uvae  Ursi,  B.  P.  Infusion  of 
bear-berry. 

Injectio  Apomorphinae  Hypodermica,  B. 
P.  Hypodermic  injection  of  apomor- 
phine. 

Injectio  Cocainae  Hypodermica,  B.  P. 
Hypodermic  injection  of  cocaine. 

Injectio    Ergotae    Hypodermica,    B.    P. 

Hypodermic  injection  of  ergot. 

Injectio  Morphinae  Hypodermica,  B.  P. 
Hypodermic  injection  of  morphine. 

Injectio  Strychininae  Hypodermica,  B.  P. 

Hypodermic  injection  of  strychnine. 

Ink,  Diamond.     See  Diamond  ink. 
Ink,  Etching.     See  Diamond  ink. 
Insane  Root.     See  Hyoscyamus. 

Insect  Powder.  See  Chrysanthemum 
pyrethrum. 

Insect  Wax.    See  Chinese  wax. 

Inula*  (Scab-wort,  Elf-wort,  Horse-heal, 

Helenium). 
Derivation:    Root  of  Inula  helenium. 


Habitat:      Central    Asia,    Europe    and 

U.  S. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Inula  Camphor.    See  Helenin. 

Inulin   (Alant  starch). 
Color   and    properties:      Horny,    color- 

less, amorphous  lumps  or  white  pow- 

der. 

Soluble  in  hot  water. 
Derivation:     A  carbohydrate   from  the 

bulbs  of  Dahlia  variabilis. 
Grades:    Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:     Diabetic  bread;  manufacture  of 

fructose. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Invar.     See  Ferro-nickel. 
Invertase.     See  Invertin. 

Invertin*  (Invertin  zymase,  Invertase). 
Color   and   properties:    Whitish,   pulve- 

rulent enzyme. 
Soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:  From  yeasts  of  the  sac- 

charomyces  species. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tins. 
Uses:      Converting    sucrose    into    dex- 

trose and  levulose. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

lodeosine*  (Tetraiodofluorescein) 


Color  and  properties:     Red  powder. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:     By  the  interaction  of  fluor- 

escein  and  iodine  in  presence  of  iodic 

acid. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Indicator  in  analytic  chemistry. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


lodethylene 


270 


Iodine  Tribromide 


lodethylene.    See  Diiodoform. 
Jodie  Acid.    See  Acid  iodic. 

Iodine*  12. 

Color  and  properties:  Purplish-black 
flat,  volatile  crystals;  poisonous;  cor- 
rosive. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.98;  melt- 
ing-point II4.2°C;  boiling-point  184° C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  carbon  bisulfide, 
chloroform,  ether,  glycerine  and  al- 
kaline iodide  solutions;  insoluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  From  the  ashes  of  sea- 
weeds or  mother  liquors  of  Chili  salt- 
peter by  the  addition  of  sodium  by- 
sulfite  solution.  The  precipitated  io- 
dine is  collected  and  dried. 

Method  of  purification:     Sublimation. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tins. 

Uses:  Medicine;  organic  compounds; 
dyestuffs;  iodides;  iodates;  tincture 
of  iodine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Iodine  Bromide.     See  Iodine   monobro- 
mide,  tribromide  and  pentabromide. 

Iodine  Chloride.    See  Iodine  monochlor- 
ide  and  trichloride. 

Iodine  Cyanide*  (Cyanogen  iodide)  ICN. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless 
needles;  very  pungent  odor;  acrid 
taste;  violent  poison. 

Constants:     Melting-point  I46.5°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  a  metal  cya- 
nide with  iodine. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass   bottles. 

Uses:     Taxidermists'   preservative. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Iodine  Monobromide*  (Bromine  iodide) 

IBr. 

Color  and  properties:  Crystalline, 
purplish-black  mass. 


Constants:     Melting-point  36°  C. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:     By  the  interaction  of  io- 

dine and  bromine. 
Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:    Glass  bottles;  metal  boxes. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Iodine  Monochloride*  IC1. 
Color  and  properties:     Reddish-brown, 

oily  liquid. 
Constants:      Melting-point   25°C;    boil- 

ing-point ioi°C. 
Soluble    in    alcohol    and    dilute    hydro- 

chloric acid. 
Derivation:     By  the  action  of  dry  chlor- 

ine on  iodine. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:      Analytical    chemistry;    organic 

synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad     shipping     regulations:       Red 

label. 


Iodine  Pentabromide* 
Color  and  properties:     Brown  liquid. 
Soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:     By  the  interaction  of  bro- 

mine and  iodine. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass   bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Iodine  Tincture,  U.  S.  P.  A  solution  of 
iodine  and  potassium  iodide  in  alcohol. 

Iodine  Tincture,  Colorless.  A  solution 
of  iodine  and  potassium  iodide  in  an 
aqueous  solution  of  sodium  thiosul- 
fate. 


Iodine  Tribromide* 
Color  and  properties:     Brown  liquid. 
Soluble  in  alcohol. 
Derivation:     By  the   interaction   of  io- 

dine and  bromine. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass   bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Iodine  Trichloride 


271 


Iridium 


Iodine  Trichloride*  IC18. 

Color  and  properties:  Orange-yellow, 
deliquescent,  crystalline  powder;  pun- 
gent, irritating  odor;  poisonous. 

Constants:     Melting-point  33°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  benzol. 

Derivation:  By  interaction  of  iodine 
and  chlorine. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Amber  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

lodistol.     See  Thymol  iodide. 

Iodized  Oil.*  Almond  oil,  containing 
dissolved  iodine,  used  for  linimental 
purposes  in  medicine. 

lodoethylene.     See   Diiodoform. 

lodoform*  (Triiodomethane;  Methenyl 
triiodide;  Formyl  triiodide). 

Color  and  properties:  Small,  yellow 
crystals;  characteristic,  penetrating 
odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.08;  melt- 
ing-point H9°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  heating,  acetone  or 
methyl  alcohol  with  iodine  in  pres- 
ence of  an  alkali  or  alkaline  carbo- 
nate, (b)  Electrolytically,  by  pass- 
ing a  current  through  a  solution  con- 
taining potassium  iodide,  methyl  al- 
cohol and  sodium  carbonate. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

lodoformum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.  See  lodo- 
form. 

lodohydromol.     See  Thymol  iodide, 
lodomethane.     See  Methyl  iodide, 
lodosol.     See  Thymol  iodide. 
lodotannic   Acid.     See   Acid   iodotannic. 


lodotannin.  See  Acid  iodotannic. 
lodothymol.  See  Thymol  iodide, 
lodum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.  See  Iodine. 

lodyrite.     Natural  silver  iodide,  Agl. 
Contains  46  per  cent  silver.     New  Mex- 
ico. 

lolite.     See  Cordierite. 
losol.     See  Thymol  iodide, 
lothymol.     See  Thymol  iodide. 
Ipado.    See  Coca. 

Ipecac,*  U.  S.  P.     (Ipecacuanha  hippo). 
Derivation:      Dried    root    of    Cephaelis 

ipecacuanha. 
Habitat:     Brazil  and  Bolivia;  cultivated 

in  India. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Boxes. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ipecacuanha,  U.  S.  P.     See  Ipecac. 
Ipecacuanhae  Radix,  B.  P.     See  Ipecac. 

Ipomoeae   Radix,  B.  P.     Orizaba  jalap 
(Mexican   scammony  root). 

Iridium*  Ir. 

Color  and  properties:  Silvery,  ductile 
metal. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity:  (a) 
White  spongy,  15.86;  (b)  Crystalline, 
22.42.  Melting-point:  (a)  White 
spongy,  2250°C;  (b)  Crystalline, 
1950°  C. 

(a)  Soluble  in  acids,  (b)  Insoluble  in 
aqua  regia  and  other  acids. 

Derivation:  Separated  from  platinum 
by  dissolving  native  platinum  or  its 
ores  in  aqua  regia,  iridium  being  in- 
soluble. 

Impurities:  Palladium;  platinum;  os- 
mium. 

Grades:     Technical. 


Iridosmine 


272 


Iron 


Containers:     Boxes. 

Uses:     Alloys;  points  on  gold  pens. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Iridosmine.  A  natural  alloy  of  iridium 
and  osmium.  Analyses  show  43  to  77 
per  cent  of  iridium,  17  to  49  per  cent 
osmium,  and  a  little  rhodium,  ruthe- 
nium, platinum,  iron  and  copper.  Wash- 
ington. 

Irish   Mpss*    (Chondrus    crispus). 
Derivation:     A  kelp  found  along  coast 

of  Ireland  and  New  England. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Burlap  bags. 
Uses:     Medicine;  leather  dressing. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Iron  and  Steel*  (Ferrum)  Fe. 

Color  and  properties:  Silvery-white, 
tenacious,  lustrous,  malleable,  duc- 
tile metal,  rarely  found  native  except 
in  basalts  and  meteorites.  The  only 
metal  which  can  be  tempered,  i.  e., 
hardened  by  heating  and  sudden  cool- 
ing; heating  and  slow  cooling  make  it 
very  pliable.  It  is  magnetic  and  can 
be  magnetized,  but  soon  loses  its 
magnetism  (steel  retains  it).  It 
rapidly  oxidizes  (rusts)  in  damp  or 
salty  air.  Water  is  decomposed  by 
iron  at  all  temperatures  from  o°  to 
ioo°C.,  yielding  hydrogen.  It  is  very 
brittle  at  very  low  temperatures,  soft- 
ens at  red-heat,  can  be  welded  at 
white-heat  and  becomes  brittle  above 
white  heat. 

Constants:  (a)  Pure  iron:  Specific 
gravity  7.85-7.88;  melting-point  1530°- 
C;  boiling-point  2450°C.  (b) 
Wrought-iron:  Specific  gravity  7.80; 
melting-point  1600° C.  (c)  White  pig- 
iron:  Specific  gravity  7.58-7.73; 
melting-point  IO75°C.  (d)  Gray  pig- 
iron:  Specific  gravity  7.03-7.13;  melt- 
ing-point I27^°C.  (e)  Steel:  Specific 
gravity  7.60-7.80;  melting-point 
I375°C. 

Soluble  in  dilute  acids;  insoluble  in 
water,  alcohol,  ether  and  alkalis. 

Derivation:  By  smelting-  the  ores  (ox- 
ides, carbonates  or  sulfides)  (Brown 
iron  ore.  Hematite,  Ilmenite,  Limon- 
ite,  Magnetite,  Marcasite,  Pisanite, 


Pyrite,  Pyrrhotite,  Siderite,  Specular- 
ite)  with  carbon  (coke,  charcoal  or 
coal)  in  blast  or  electric  furnaces, 
yielding  iron  with  combined  and  free 
carbon  in  solution.  The  proportion 
and  condition  of  the  carbon  and 
amount  of  dissolved  slag  determine 
the  properties  of  the  resulting  metal 
and  yield  cast-iron,  wrought-iron  or 
steel.  The  iron  is  run  into  moulds 
("sows")  or  sent  in  molten  condition 
in  ladles  to  the  steel  plants.  The 
crude  (cast)  iron  is  converted  into 
wrought-iron  by  burning  out  the  car- 
bon, silicon,  manganese,  phosphorus 
and  sulfur  present  in  reverberatory 
furnaces.  Steel  is  produced  (a)  by 
bessemerizing  (oxidizing  by  means  of 
an  air-blast  in  a  "converter");  (b)  by 
the  open-hearth  process  (smelting  in 
a  regenerative-reverberatory  furnace; 
(c)  by  the  crucible  process  in  which 
the  best  quality  wrought-iron  is 
melted  in  graphite  or  clay  crucibles 
with  charcoal;  (d)  By  the  cementa- 
tion processes  in  which  bars  of 
wrought-iron  are  kept  at  yellow  heat 
for  a  long  time  in  long  fire-brick 
chests  in  which  the  iron  is  imbedded 
in  charcoal.  The  Bessemer  and  open- 
hearth  processes  produce  mild  (low 
carbon)  steel.  The  crucible  and  ce- 
mentation processes  produce  the  best 
steel,  free  from  slag. 
Grades:  Cast-iron,  gray  and  white  (pig- 
iron);  wrought-iron;  mild  steel;  pud- 
dled steel;  blister  steel;  weld  steel; 
ingot  steel;  alloy  steels;  spiegeleisen; 
silico-spiegel. 
Uses:  Alloy  steels: 

Nickel  steel:  great  tensile  strength, 
hardness,  high  limit  of  elasticity  and 
great  ductility.  For  war-ship  armor, 
etc. 

Manganese  steel:  Very  hard  and 
tough.  For  rock-crushing  machinery, 
safes,  car-wheels,  etc. 

Chrome  steel:  Great  hardness  and 
high  elastic  limit.  For  armor-piercing 
shells,  projectiles,  shoes  and  dies  of 
stamp-mills,  safes,  etc. 

Vanadium  steel:  For  making  equip- 
ment which  must  resist  great  strains 
and  shocks. 

Tungsten  steel:  For  making  mag- 
nets. 


Iron  Acetate 


273 


Iron  Liquor 


Chrome-tungsten  (high-speed)  steel: 
Retains  its  hardness  when  heat- 
ed to  6oo°C.  by  the  friction  of  the 
work  performed.  For  lathe  tools  for 
cutting  iron  and  other  metals  and 
hard  substances. 

Iron  filings  and  powder  all  used  as 
concrete  hardeners  and  as  reducing 
agents. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Iron  Acetate.     See  Ferric  acetate. 

Iron  Acetate,  Basic.    See  Ferric  acetate, 
Basic. 

Iron  Acetate  Liquor.* 
Derivation:     By  the  action  of  pyrolig- 

neous  acid  on  iron  filings. 
Grades:     Technical;  25°Tw. 
Containers:     Wooden .  barrels. 
Uses:     Textile  industries;  mordanting. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Iron    Albuminate. 
nate. 


See    Ferric    albumi- 


Iron  Alum.  See  Ferric-potassium  sul- 
fate. 

Iron-Ammonium  Citrate.  See  Ferric- 
ammonium  citrate. 

Iron-Ammonium  Oxalate.  See  Ferric- 
ammonium  oxalate. 

Iron-Ammonium  Sulfate.  See  Ferric- 
ammonium  sulfate. 

Iron  Arsenate.     See   Ferrous  arsenate. 
Iron  Benzoate.     See  Ferric  benzoate. 

Iron  Bromide.  See  Ferric  bromide  and 
Ferrous  bromide. 

Iron  Buff*  (Nankin  yellow)  Ferric  hy- 
droxide dyed  on  cotton  or  cotton  goods 
by  steeping  the  latter  in  a  solution  of 
ferrous  sulfate,  basic  ferric  sulfate  or 
ferric  nitrate  and  precipitating  the  hy- 


droxide on  the  fiber  by  means  of  cal- 
cium hydroxide  solution,  sodium  hy- 
droxide solution  or  soda-ash. 

Iron  Carbonate.    See  Ferrous  carbonate, 
Green. 

Iron  Carbonate,  Precipitated.    See  Ferric 
oxide,  Brown. 

Iron  Chloride.     See  Ferric  chloride  and 
ferrous  chloride. 

Iron  Citrate.    See  Ferric  citrate. 

Iron  "Cyanide."     See  Ferric  ferrocyan- 
ide. 

Iron  Bichloride.     See  Ferrous  chloride. 

Iron  Bichromate.     See  Ferric  dichrom- 
ate. 

Iron  Ethiops.    See  Ferric  oxide,  Black. 

Iron  Ferrocyanide.     See  Ferric  ferrocy- 
anide. 

Iron  Fluoride.    See  Ferrous  fluoride. 
Iron  Gallotannate.     See  Ferric  tannate. 

Iron  Glycerinophosphate.  See  Iron  Glyc- 
erophosphate. 

Iron  Glycerophosphate*  (Iron  glycerino- 

phosphate). 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  a  sol- 
uble ferric  salt  and  glycerphosphoric 
acid. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish  scales. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  sirups. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:    Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Iron  Hydroxide.     See  Ferric  hydroxide. 
Iron  Iodide.     See  Ferrous  iodide. 
Iron  Liquor.     See  Iron  acetate  liquor. 


Iron  Malate 


274 


Iron-Sodium 


Iron  Malate.    Se«  Ferric  malate. 
Iron  Monosulfide.    See  Ferrous  sulfide. 
Iron  Nitrate.    See  Ferric  nitrate. 
Iron  Oleate.     See  Ferric  oleate. 
Iron  Oxalate.     See  Ferrous  oxalate. 

Iron   Oxide,   Black.      See    Ferric   oxide, 
Black. 

Iron  Oxide,  Brown.     See  Ferric  oxide, 
Brown. 

Iron  Oxide,  Hydrated.      See  Ferric  hy- 
droxide. 

Iron  Oxide  Magnetic.    See  Ferric  oxide, 
Black. 

Iron  Oxide,  Red.    See  Ferric  oxide,  Red. 
Iron  Perchloride.    See  Ferric  chloride. 

Iron  Oxide,  Yellow*  (Umber;  Sienna). 
Derivation:    Natural    mineral    product, 

varying  from  bright  yellow  to  brown. 
Grades*.  Based  on   covering  properties 

and  iron  oxide  content. 
Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:  Pigments. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Iron  Peroxide,  Hydrous.    See  Ferric  hy- 
droxide. 

Iron   Persulfate.      See    Ferrous    sulfate, 
Basic. 

Iron  Phosphate.     See  Ferric  phosphate. 

Iron-Potassium    Tartrate.      See    Ferric- 
potassium  tartrate. 

Iron  Protocarbonate.    See  Ferrous  Car- 
bonate. 

Iron  Protochloride.     See  Ferrous  chlor- 
ide. 


Iron  Protoiodide.     See  Ferrous  iodide. 
Iron  Protosulfide.    See  Ferrous  sulfide. 

Iron  Pyrites  (Pyrite;  Iron  sulfide; 
Fool's  gold).  A  natural,  pale-yellow, 
crystallized  iron  bisulfide,  FeS2,  con- 
taining 15  per  cent  of  iron.  See  also 
ferrous  sulfide.  Found  in  Canada, 
Cuba,  Virginia,  Massachusetts,  Spain, 
etc. 

Grades:  Technical  (Based  on  sulfur 
content). 

Containers:  Freight  cars;  tramp  steam- 
ers. 

Uses:  Manufacturing  sulfuric  acid  and 
liquid  sulfur  dioxide;  in  the  sulfite 
process  for  making  paper  pulp. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 
See  also  Ferrous  sulfide. 

Iron   Pyrolignite.      See    Iron   acetate   li- 
quor. 

Iron  Pyrophosphate*  Fe4 (1*207)3. 
Color  and  properties:  White  powder. 
Soluble  in  acids  and  carbonated  water. 
Derivation:  By  the  addition  of  a  ferric 

salt  to  a  solution  of  pyrophosphoric 

acid. 

Grades:      Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Iron,  Reduced.    See  Ferrum  reductum. 
Iron  Salts.    See  Ferric  and  Ferrous. 
Iron  Sesquibromide.   See  Ferric  bromide. 

Iron  Sesquichloride.     See   Ferric   chlor- 
ide. 

Iron  Sesquioxide.    See  Ferric  oxide. 

Iron  Sesquioxide,  Hydrated.    See  Ferric 
oxide. 

Iron  Sesquisulfate.    See  Ferric  sulfate. 

Iron-Sodium  Oxalate.   See  Ferric-sodium 
oxalate. 


Iron  Sponge 


275 


Isocyanuric  Acid 


Iron  Sponge.  Iron  oxide  used  for  ab- 
sorbing sulfur  in  the  purification  of 
coal  gas. 

Iron  Stearate.    See  Ferric  stearate. 

Iron  Subcarbonate.  See  Ferric  oxide, 
Brown. 

Iron  Subsulfate.  See  Ferric  sulfate, 
Basic. 

Iron  Sulfate.  See  Ferric  sulfate  and  Fer- 
rous sulfate. 

Iron  Sulfate  Basic.  See  Ferric  sulfate, 
Basic. 

Iron  Sulfide.     See  Ferrous  sulfide. 
Iron  Sulfuret.    See  Ferrous  sulfide. 
Iron  Tannate.    See  Ferric  tannate. 
Iron  Tersulfate.     See  Ferric  sulfate. 
Iron  Tribromide.    See  Ferric  bromide. 
Iron  Trichloride.    See  Ferric  chloride. 
Iron  Trioxide.     See  Ferric  oxide. 
Iron  Vanadate.    See  Ferrous  vanadate. 

Isatin   (Ortho-aminobenzoylformic   acid; 
Isatic  acid,  Anhydride;  Isatic  acid  lac- 
time)   C6H4CO:C(OH).N. 
Color     and     properties:     Yellowish-red 

crystals;  bitter  taste. 
Constants:   Melting-point  200° C. 
Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:   From  indigo  by  oxidation. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:  Dyestuffs. 
Fire  hazard:   None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Isinglass*    (Ichthyocolla,    Fish    glue). 
Derivation:    A    pure     white,     odorless, 
tasteless   gelatine  prepared   from  the 
inner  skins  of  the  swimming  bladders 


of  fish,  usually  the  sturgepn.    Mica  is 
often  erroneously  called  isinglasi. 

Grades.    Technical. 

Containers:  Boxes. 

Uses:  Adhesive;   clarifying  agent. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Isobutyl  Alcohol*  (Isopropylcarbinol) 
(CH3)2CHCH2OH. 

Color  and  properties:  Clear,  mobile 
liquid;  inflammable. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.806;  boil- 
ing-point IO7°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  formation  of  the 
corresponding  iodic  compound  from 
the  fusel  oil  from  potato  alcohol. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  barrels;  iron 
drums. 

Uses:  Manufacturing  fruit  essences;  or- 
ganic synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Isobutyl  Aldehyde*  (Tsobutyryl  alde- 
hyde) (CH3)2CH.CHO. 

Color  and  properties:  Transparent, 
colorless  highly  refractive  liquid; 
pungent  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.797;  boil- 
ing-point 63°-64°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  oxidizing  isobutyl  alco- 
hol with  chromic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Distillation. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  iron  drums. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Isobutylcarbinol.     See  Amyl  alcohol. 
Isobutylcarboxyl.     See  Acid  Isovaleric. 

Isobutyryl  Aldehyde.    See  Isobutyl  alde- 
hyde. 

Isocaproic  Acid.     See  Acid  butylacetic. 
Isocyanuric  Acid.    See  Acid  cyanuric. 


tsohexoic  Acid 


276 


Ivy,  Three-leaved 


Isohexoic  Acid.     See  Acid  isohexoic. 
Isonandra  Gutta.     See  Gutta-percha. 

Isopropyl  Alcohol*  CH3CHOHCH3. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  clear, 
mobile  liquid;  inflammable. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.80;  boil- 
ing-point 82.8°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  reduction  of  acetone 
with  sodium  amalgam. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  barrels;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Isopropylbenzoic  Aldehyde,  Para-.     See 

Cunimol. 

Isopropylcarbinol.      See     Isobutyl    alco- 
hol. 

Isopropyl-meta-cresol.     See  Thymol. 
Isopropyltoluene.    See  Cymene. 
Isopropyltoluol.     See   Cymene. 
Isotartaric  Acid.    See  Acid  meta-tartaric. 
Isovaleral.    See  Isovaleric  aldehyde. 

Isovaleric  Aldehyde*    (Isovaleral) 
(CH3)2CHCH2CHO. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  liquid; 
apple-like  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.804;  boil- 
ing-point Q2°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  oxidation  of  amyl 
acetate  or  the  distillation  of  isovaler- 
ates. 

Method  of  purification:   Distillation. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:   Iron   drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Flavoring  compounds;  perfumes. 


Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Isoxylene.    See  Xylol,  Meta-. 
Isoxylol.     See  Xylol,  Meta-. 

Ispaghula. 
Derivation:    Dried    seeds    of    Plantago 

ovata. 

Grades:  Technical;  B.  P. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Itrol.     See  Silver  citrate. 

Iva  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  Bluish-green 
liquid  oil;  aromatic  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.934. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  flowering 
herb  of  Achillea  moschata. 

Method    of   purification:    Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  iron  drums. 

Uses:    Preparation  of  Swiss  iva  liqueur. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ivory  Black.* 

Derivation:  By  heating  the  refuse  from 
ivory  working  in  closed  retorts  until 
all  of  the  organic  constituents  are  de- 
composed. The  charred  mass  is 
ground  very  fine. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Boxes;   barrels. 

Uses:  Decolorizing  agent;  filtering  me- 
dium. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Ivy,  Climbing.    See  Rhus  toxicodendron. 
Ivy,  Poison.      See   Rhus  toxicodendron. 

Ivy,  Three-leaved.    See  Rhus  toxicoden- 
dron. 


Jaborandi 


277 


Japan  Lacquer 


Jaborandi.    See  Pilocarpus. 

Jaborandi  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  Bright  yellow 
liquid;  penetrating  odor. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Pilocarpene; 
ketones. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.865-0.895; 
boiling-point  i8o0-2QO0C;  optical  ro- 
tation +3°  25'. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  leaves  of 
Pilocarpus  pennatifolius. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:    Glass   bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  hair  tonics. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Jack.    See  Sphalerite. 

Jacquemart's  Reagent.  For  ethyl  alco- 
hol. An  aqueous  solution  of  mercur- 
ic nitrate  with  nitric  acid.  On  heating 
the  liquid  with  the  reagent,  the  mercury 
salt  is  partially  reduced  and  if  ethyl 
alcohol  is  present,  yields  a  black  pre- 
cipitate on  the  addition  of  ammonia 
water.  Methyl  alcohol  does  not  pro- 
duce this  reaction. 

Jade  (Jadeite,  Nephrite).  A  hard  and 
extremely  tough  material  of  varying 
composition,  greenish  white  to  deep 
green  in  color,  used  in  making  orna- 
ments. Part  of  the  so-called  jade  is 
jadeite,  a  variety  of  pyroxene,  essen- 
tially a  meta-silicate  of  sodium  and 
aluminum.  Part  is  nephrite,  a  variety 
of  amphibole,  and  essentially  a  meta- 
silicate  of  iron,  lime  and  magnesium; 
and  part  is  a  variety  of  saussurite, 
which  is  commonly  a  complex  altera- 
tion product  of  plagioclase  feldspar. 
Williamsite,  a  variety  of  serpentine,  is 
sometimes  mistaken  for  jade.  Massa- 
chusetts, China  and  Philippine  Islands. 

"Jaggary"  Sugar.  A  low  grade  crude 
sugar  produced  in  India  from  the  date 
palm. 


Jalap. 
Derivation:  Dried  tuberous  root  of  Ex- 

ogonium  purga. 

Habitat:  Mexico;  cultivated  in  India. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B    P. 
Containers:    Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Jalap,      Orizaba      (Mexican     scammony 

root). 
Derivation:  Dried  root  of  Ipomoea  ori- 

zabensis. 

Grades:  Technical;  B.  P. 
Containers:   Bags. 
Uses:    Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Jalapa,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Jalap. 
Jalapae  Resina,  B.  P.    Jalap  resin. 

James*  Febrile  Powder.  Calcium  phos- 
phate, Antimoniated. 

Jamesonite  (Feather  ore).  A  natural  sul- 
fide  of  lead  and  antimony,  Pb2Sb2Ss. 
Arizona,  Nevada  and  South  Dakota. 

Jamestown  Weed.    See  Stramonium. 
Japaconitine.     See  Aconite. 

Japan* 

Derivation:  A  lacquer  or  varnish  pre- 
pared by  heating  linseed  oil  with  lith- 
arge and  Prussian  blue  and  thinning 
down  the  mixture  with  a  solvent 
(naphtha,  turpentine,  etc.). 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Tin  cans. 

Uses:  Lacquer  for  metal  and  wood; 
patent  leather. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Japan  Camphor.    See  Camphor. 
Japan  Lacquer.    See  Japan, 


Japan  Wax 


278 


Juniper-berry 


Japan  Wax. 
Derivation:  From  a  species  of  Rhui  by 

boiling  the  fruit  in  water. 
Color    and    properties:    A    pale-yellow 

solid  wax. 
Constants:   Specific  gravity  0.970-0.980; 

melting-point  53°C. 
Soluble  in  benzol  and  naphtha. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  boxes. 
Uses:  Candles;  wax  matches;  furniture 

polish;  leather  dressing. 
Fire   hazard:    Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Japanese  Belladonna.     See  Scopola. 
Japanese  Gelatine.      See  Agar-agar. 

Jasmine  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  t  Colorless,  light 
yellow  oil;  characteristic  odor. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Benzal  ace- 
tate; linalyl  acetate;  linalol. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.007-1.018; 
optical  rotation  +2.5°  to  3.5°. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  flowers 
of  Jasmium  grandiflorum. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  copper  flasks. 

Uses:  Perfumery. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Jateorhiza.     See  Calumba. 

Jaulingite.    A  mineral  resin  from  a  vari- 
ety of  lignite;  very  inflammable. 

Jaune  Brilliant.    See  Cadmium  sulfide. 
Jaune  D'or.    See  Martius  yellow. 
Java  Pepper.     See  Cubeba. 

Javelle  Water*  (Eau  de  Javelle). 

Derivation:  A  solution  of  sodium  hypo- 
chlorite,  prepared  by  adding  soda  ash 
to  a  solution  of  calcium  hypochlorite. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 


Grades:  Technical. 

Uses:  Bleaching  agent;   disinfectant. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Jaw  Oil.     See  Black-fish  oil. 

"Jellitac."  A  prepared  starch-gluten  sold 
in  powder  form,  and  forming  an  ad- 
hesive paste  when  stirred  with  cold 
water. 

Jelutong.     See  Gum  pontianak. 
Jeppel's  Oil.    See  Bone  oil. 
Jesuits'  Balsam.    See  Copaiba. 
Jesuits'  Bark.     See  Cinchona  bark. 

Jet.  A  dense  black  lignite,  taking  a  good 
polish.  Sometimes  used  for  jewelry. 
Colorado. 

Jews'  Pitch.     See  Asphalt. 
Jimson  Weed.    See  Stramonium. 
Jimpson  Weed.    See  Stramonium. 

Josephinite.  A  natural  iron-nickel  alloy, 
Fe2Ni5.  Oregon. 

Judean  Pitch.     See  Asphalt. 
Juniper.     See  Juniperus. 

Juniper-berry  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  A  colorless  or 
faintly  greenish-yellow  liquid;  be- 
comes darker  and  thicker  with  age 
and  exposure  to  air;  characteristic 
odor. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Pinene;  cadi- 
nene;  juniper  camphor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.865-0.882; 
optical  rotation  — n  to  — 15;  refrac- 
tive index  1.474-1.488. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  carbon  bi- 
sulfide. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  fruit  of 
Juniperus  communis. 


Juniperus 


279 


Kaolin 


Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 
Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine;  preparation  of  gin  and 

liqueurs. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Juniperus*  (Juniper). 
Derivation:   Berries,  wood  and  tops  of 

Juniperus  communus. 
Habitat:    Northern    Europe,    Asia    and 

North  America. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Bags. 


Uses:  Medicine;  gin;  cordials;  fumigat- 
ing. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Non«. 

Jute. 

Derivation:  The  bast  fiber  of  several 
species  of  Corchorus  of  which  C.  cap- 
sularis  is  the  most  important. 

Habitat:  India. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Bales. 

Uses:   Bags;  twine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Kainite. 

Derivation:  A  mineral  found  in  the 
Stassfurt  deposits  containing  potas- 
sium sulfate,  magnesium  sulfate  and 
magnesium  chloride. 

Grades:   Based  on  potash  content. 

Containers:  Bags. 

Uses:  Potash;  magnesium;  fertilizers. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Kakodylic  Acid.     See  Acid  cacodylic. 

Kaladana.  (Pharbitis  seeds). 
Derivation:      Dried    seeds    of    Ipomcea 

hederacea. 

Grades:  Technical;  B.  P. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Kaladana  Resin  (Pharbitisin). 
Derivation:    A    mixture    of    resins    ob- 
tained from   Kaladana. 
Grades:  Technical;  B.  P. 
Containers:    Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Kaladanae  Resinae,  B,  P, 

resin. 


See  Kaladana 


Kalinite  (Potash  alum).  Natural  hy- 
drous aluminum-potassium  sulfate, 
K2  SO4 .  A12  (SO4  )3 .24H2  O.  California 
and  Nevada. 

Kaolin   (Terra  alba;   White   bole;   Kao- 
linite;    China    clay;    Bolus    alba;    Ar- 
gilla;  Porcelain  clay) 
Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  A  white  clay, 
mainly  hydrous  aluminum  silicate, 
from  which  porcelain  may  be  made. 
Alabama,  Arizona,  Arkansas,  Califor- 
nia, Colorado,  Delaware,  Georgia,  In- 
diana, Minnesota,  Missouri,  Nevada, 
Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  Wisconsin 
and  Wyoming. 

Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  Quarried. 

Grades:  Technical;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Barrels;  boxes. 

Uses:  Ceramics;  pigments;  pencil  man- 
ufacture, for  mixing  with  graphite; 
filler  for  paper  and  textiles. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Kaolin  Cataplasm  (Antiphlogistine,  Den- 
ver mud). 

Derivation:  By  the  mixing  of  the  fol- 
lowing ingredients:  Kaolin  577  parts; 
Boric  acid  45  parts;  Thymol  0.5  parts; 


Kaolinite 


280 


Kieselgur 


Methyl  salicylate  2,  parts;  Peppermint 
oil  0.5  parts;  Glycerine  375  parts. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Tins. 

Uses:    Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Kaolinite.     See   Kaolin. 
Kaolinum,  B.  P.    See  Kaolin. 

Kapoc  Oil  (Kapok  oil). 

Derivation:  By  pressing  the  seeds  of 
Eriodendron  anfractuosium  and  Bom- 
bax  ceila. 

Habitat:  The  tropics. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-green 
oil;  pleasant  odor  and  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9235;  sa- 
ponification  number  181-205;  iodine 
value  117-129. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Barrels. 

Uses:  Edible  oil;  soap  stock. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Kapok  Oil.     See  Kapoc  oil. 
Katchung  Oil.     See  Peanut  oil. 
Kauri.     See  Gum  Kauri. 
Kaurie.     See  Copal. 

Kautschin.     See  Dipentene. 

Kava. 

Derivation:   The   peeled,   dried   and   di- 
vided rhizome  of  Piper  methysticum. 
Grades:  Technical;  B.  P. 
Containers:   Bags. 
Uses:   Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Kavae  Rhizoma,  B.  P.     See  Kava. 

Kelene.     See  Ethyl  chloride. 

Keene's  Cement.    Produced  by  calcining 


gypsum  or  by  partially  calcining  lump 
gypsum,  soaking  the  lumps  in  a  solu- 
tion of  alum  or  aluminum  sulfate,  re- 
calcining  and  grinding.  Used  as  a 
building  material. 

Kelp. 

Derivation:  Large,  coarse  seaweed. 
Uses:  Production  of  iodine,  potash,  ace- 
tone and  other  solvents. 

Kerite,  Artificial  caoutchouc. 

Kermes   Mineral.      See   Antimony,   Sul- 
furated. 

Kerosene*    (Astral   oil,    Crude   oil,    Coal 

oil,  sometimes  called  Paraffin  oil. 

Color  and  properties:  A  white,  mobile 
liquid  consisting  of  a  mixture  of  hy- 
drocarbons; free  of  gasoline,  naphtha 
and  heavy  oils. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity:  About 
1.440;  boiling-point:  About  230°- 
235°C. 

Derivation:  By  fractional  distillation 
from  petroleum. 

Grades:   150° C.  flash-point,  water-white. 

Containers:  Barrels;  tank  cars;  tank 
ships. 

Uses:     Fuel;  illuminant. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Kesso  Oil.     See  Valerian  oil,  Japanese. 
Ketole.     See  Indole. 

Ketone,  Ethylmethyl.  See  Ethyl  methyl- 
ketone. 

Ketone,   Michler's.     See   Tetramethyldi- 
aminobenzophenone. 

Ketopropane.     See  Acetone. 

Kieselgur  (Kieselguhr,  Guhr,  Infusor- 
ial earth,  Siliceous  earth,  Diatoma- 
ceous  earth,  Fossil  flour,  Tripolite). 
Color  and  properties:  White  powder 
or  lumps,  capable  of  taking  up  and 
holding  four  times  its  weight  of 
water.  Alabama,  California,  Colora- 
do, Delaware,  Florida,  Maryland, 
Maine,  Massachusetts,  Nebraska,  Ne- 


Kidney  Liverleaf 


281 


Krenneritc 


vada,  New  Hampshire,  New  York, 
Oregon,  South  Carolina,  South  Da- 
kota, Utah,  Vermont,  Virginia  and 
Washington. 

Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  A  soft,  white,  earthy  rock 
composed  of  the  siliceous  skeletons 
of  small  aquatic  plants  called  diatoms. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:      Bags;   barrels. 

Uses:  Dynamite  absorbent;  packing 
for  inflammable  or  caustic  sub- 
stances; heat  insulation;  filtering  me- 
dium; ceramics;  abrasive  soaps;  medi- 
cine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Kidney   Liverleaf.     See   Liverwort. 

Kieserite.  A  natural  magnesium  sulfate, 
MgSO^.HoO,  occurring  in  the  Stass- 
furt  salt  beds. 

Killeen.     See  Chondrus. 

King's  Yellow.  See  Arsenic  sulfide,  Yel- 
low. 

Kinic  Acid.     See  Acid  quinic. 

Kino  (Resin  kino;  Gum  kino). 

Derivation:  Inspissated  juice  of  Ptero- 
carpus  marsupium. 

Habitat:  Western  Africa,  East  India, 
Ceylon  and  Bengal. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Boxes. 

Uses:  Medicine;  textile  industry;  tan- 
ning industry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Kish.     See  Graphite. 

Kittool  Fiber. 

Derivation:     From  the  leaves  of  a  spe- 
cies of  palm  from  Ceylon. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Brush  manufacture. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Kleinenberg's  Fat  Mixture.     A  solution 


of  cacao-butter  and  spermaceti  in  castor 
oil.  used  as  an  imbedding  material  in 
microscopy. 

Kleinite.     A  natural  mercury  ammonium 
chloride   of  uncertain   formula.     Texas. 

Klein's  Reagent. 

Derivation:  A  saturated  solution  of  cad- 
mium borotungstate. 


. 

Specific  gravity  3.28. 
Uses:     For  the  separation  of  minerals 
by  specific  gravity. 

"Klucine."  A  proprietary  waterproofing 
compound. 

Kola.    See  Cola. 

Kola  Nuts.     See  Cola  nuts. 

Kool.  Mat  bags,  used  in  Russia  for 
packing  linseed  for  export. 

Kooringa  Fiber.  A  substitute  for  flax, 
prepared  in  Tanjore. 

"Koreon."  A  proprietary  brand  of  basic 
chromium  sulfate,  Cr(OH)SC>4,  used  in 
the  tanning  industry. 

Kousso    (Cusso:   Brayera). 
Derivation:       Female    inflorescence    of 

Hagenia  abyssinica. 
Habitat:     Abyssinia. 
Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:.    Boxes. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Krameria  (Rhatany;  Payta). 
Derivation:      Dried    root    of    Krameria 

triandra  and   Krameria  argentia. 
Habitat:     Peru:  Bolivia  and  Brazil. 
Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Krennerite.  A  natural  telluride  of  gold 
and  silver  of  variable  composition, 


Kreosol 


282 


Ladanum  Oil 


(AuAg)Te2.     At  Cripple  Creek,  analy-      Kresalol,  Ortho-.     See  Cresalol,  Ortho-. 

sis  gives  gold  43.86  per  cent,  silver  0.46 

per  cent,  tellurium  55.68  per  cent.    Col-      Kresalol,  Para-.    See  Creealol,  Para*. 

orado. 


Kreosol.     See  Cresol. 

Kreosote.     See   Creosote. 

Kresalol,  Meta-.    See  Cresalol,  Meta-. 


Kresol.    See  Cresol. 

Kresotic  Acid.     See  Acid  cresotic. 

Kryolith.     See  Cryolite. 


Labradorite.    A  lime-soda  feldspar.     See 
Feldspar  and  Moonstone. 

Lac.    See  Shellac. 
Lacca.     See  Shellac. 

Lacmoid*  (Resorcinol  blue) 
C6H3(OH)2NOOH.C6H3. 

Color  and  properties:  Lustrous,  dark- 
violet,  crystalline  scales. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  acetone,  phe- 
nol and  glacial  acetic  acid;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  From  resorcinol  by  treat- 
ment with  sodium  nitrite. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Indicator  in  analytical  chem- 
istry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lacmus.     See  Litmus. 
Lac  Sulphuris.    See  Sulfur. 
Lactic  Acid.    See  Acid  lactic. 
Lactoglucose.     See  Galactose. 

Lactone  of  Cantharidic  Acid.     See  Can- 
tharidin. 


Lactophenine*   (Lactylphenetidine) 
OC2H5.C6H4.NHCOCH(OH)CH3. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder. 

Constants:     Melting-point  n8°C. 

Soluble  in  water;  slightly  soluble  in  al- 
cohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  lactic 
acid  on  phenetidine. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lactose.     See  Milk  sugar. 
Lactylphenetidine.      See    Lactophenine. 

Ladanum  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  A  golden-yellow, 
essential  oil;  fine,  ambergris  odor.  A 
crystalline  body  separates  on  stand- 
ing. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  i.on. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  By  distillation  of  the  gum 
resin  of  Cistus  creticus. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tins. 

Uses:     Perfumes. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Lady's  Slipper 


283 


Lapis  Lazuli 


Lady's  Slipper.    See  Cypripedium. 

Lakes.*  A  class  of  pigments  which  are 
indefinite  compounds  of  metallic  salts 
with  organic  chromophoric  com- 
pounds. 

Derivation:  By  adding  freshly  pre- 
pared aluminum  hydroxide  to  a  solu- 
tion of  dyestuff  bases,  alizarine  or  an- 
thracene. The  precipitate  is  washed, 
filtered,  dried  and  finely  ground. 

Grades:  Based  on  color  and  tinctorial 
value. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Paint  pigments;  lithographic 
and  printing  inks. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lampblack.* 

Derivation:  From  natural  gas  or  oils 
by  burning  under  plates  or  rollers. 

Grades:  According  to  coloring  prop- 
erties. 

Containers:     Barrels. 

Uses:    Paint;  inks;  rubber. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Lanain.     See  Lanum. 
Lanalin.     See  Lanum. 
Lanesin.     See  Lanum. 
Lanichol.     See  Lanum. 
Laniol.     See  Lanum. 
Lanolin.     See  Lanum. 

Lanthanite,    Artificial.     See    Lanthanum 
carbonate. 

Lanthanum.*     La. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  malle- 
able, ductile  metal;  oxidizes  rapidly 
in  air. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  6.154;  melt- 
ing-point 8io°C. 

Soluble  in  acids. 

Derivation:  By  electrolysis  of  lantha- 
num chloride. 


Grades:    Technical, 

Containers:     Boxes. 

Uses:     Lanthanum  salts. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lanthanum    Carbonate*    (Artificial    lan- 

thanite)   La2(CO3)3.3H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  adding  sodium  carbo- 
nate to  a  solution  of  lanthanum  ni- 
trate. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Boxes. 

Uses:     Incandescent  gas  mantles. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lanthanum  Oxide*  (Lanthanum  triox- 
ide;  Lanthanum  sesquioxide)  La2Og. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  amor- 
phous powder. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  from  mona- 
zite  sand. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Boxes. 

Uses:  Instead  of  lime  in  calcium  lights; 
incandescent  gas  mantles. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lanthanum  Sesquioxide.  See  Lantha- 
num oxide. 

Lanthanum  Trioxide.  See  Lanthanum 
oxide. 

Lanum*  (Lanolin,  Lanalin,  Lanain,  Lane- 
sin,  Laniol,  Lanichol). 
Derivation:     Purified  wool  grease. 
Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Wooden  barrels;  tins. 
Uses:     Medicine;  pharmacy;  cosmetics. 
Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lapis  Calaminaris.     See  Calamine. 

Lapis  Lazuli. 

Derivation:  A  translucent,  rich,  berlin- 
blue,  azure-blue,  violet-blue,  or  green- 
ish-blue stone.  It  is  a  mixture  of  U- 


Lapis  Smiridis 


284 


Laurel  Oil 


zurite,  hauynite  and  other  blue  miner- 
als.    California. 

Uses:  Ornaments;  jewelry;  pigment 
(ultramarine). 

Lapis  Smiridis.    See  Emery. 

Lappa*  (Clotbur;  Bardana;  Burdock). 

Derivation:  Dried  root  of  Arctium 
lappa  and  some  other  species  of  Arc- 
tium, from  plants  of  the  first  year's 
growth. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Boxes. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Larch  Extract.* 

Derivation:  By  leaching  the  bark  of 
the  Pinus  larix. 

Grades:  Larch  extract,  25  per  cent 
Tannin.  Larch  crystals,  50  per  cent 
Tannin. 

Containers:  Extract:  Wooden  bar- 
rels; Crystals:  Bags. 

Uses:     Tanning  industry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lard  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:    Colorless  or  yel- 
lowish oil. 
Chief  constituents:    Olein,  with  a  small 

percentage  of  the  glycerides  of  solid 

fatty  acids. 
Constants:      Specific   gravity   0.915;   sa- 

ponification     value      195-196;      iodine 

value  56-74. 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether,    chloroform 

and  carbon  bisulfide. 
Derivation:     By  cold  pressing  lard. 
Impurities:      Cotton    seed;    petroleum 

oils. 
Grades:      Prime    winter    edible;    Prime 

winter  inedible;  off  prime;  Extra  No. 

i;  No.  i;  No.  2. 
Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:       Lubricant;     illuminant;     metal 

cutting  compounds;  oiling  wool. 
Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Large  Fennel.     See  Fennel. 
Larix  Cedrus.     See  Cedrus. 


Larkspur.    See  Delphinum. 


Laudanine* 
Color   and   properties:      Small   prisms; 

poisonous. 

Constants:     Melting-point  i66°C. 
Soluble     in     benzol     and     chloroform; 

slightly  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:  By  extraction  from  opium. 
Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:      Glass    bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Laudanosine* 
Color  and  properties:     White  needles; 

poisonous. 

Constants:    Melting-point  89°C. 
Soluble   in    alcohol,    ether   and   benzol; 

insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:     From  opium. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Laudanum*    (Tincture  of  opium). 
Color   and   properties:      Brown   liquid; 

poisonous. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:       Granulated     opium     dis- 

solved in  dilute  alcohol. 
Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Laughing  Gas.     See  Nitrous  oxide. 
Laurel.     See  Laurus. 
Laurel  Camphor.     See  Camphor. 
Laurene.     See  Pinene. 

Laurel  Oil,  Volatile*  (Bay  oil). 
Color  and  properties:    A  bright  yellow 
liquid;  aromatic  odor, 


Laurent's  Acid 


285 


Lead  Acetate 


Chief     known     constituents:       Cineol; 

pinene. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.924. 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether,    chloroform 

and  benzol. 
Derivation:     Distilled   from  the   leaves 

or  berries  of  Laurus  nobilis. 
Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:      Glass    bottles;    tins;    iron 

drums. 

Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Laurent's    Acid.      See    Acid    nitronaph- 
thalenesulfonic  1:5. 

Laurus  (Sweet  bay;  Bay;  Noble  laurel; 
Bay  berry). 

Derivation:  Leaves  and  fruit  of  Laurus 
nobilis. 

Habitat:  Mediterranean  region;  culti- 
vated in  Mexico. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:  Medicine;  source  of  expressed 
bay  oil. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lava.    A  rock  that  has  reached  the  sur- 
face of  the  earth  while  molten. 

Lavender  Flower  Oil*   (Oleum  lavandu- 

lae  florum). 
Color  and  properties:     A  colorless   or 

yellowish    liquid;    fragrant,    lavender 

odor. 
Chief    known    constituents:      Linalool; 

linaloyl  acetate;  gerariiol;  cineol. 
Constants:      Specific    gravity    0.885    to 

0.897;  optical  rotation  — 5°  to  — 8°. 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether,    chloroform 

and  benzol. 
Derivation:      Distilled    from    the    fresh 

flowers  of  Lavandula  officinalis. 
Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:        Glass      bottles;      copper 

flasks. 

Uses:     Perfumes. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lavender  Spike  Oil*. 
Color   and   properties:     A   colorless   or 


yellowish    liquid,    less    fragrant    than 

the  official  lavender  oil. 
Chief     known     constituents:       Pinene; 

camphene;  cineol;  linalool;  camphor: 

borneol;  geraniol 
Constants:    Specific  gravity:  0.905-0.920; 

optical  rotation  o°  to  +3°. 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether,    chloroform 

and  benzol. 

Derivation:     Distilled  from  the  flower- 
ing herb,   Lavandula -spica. 
Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:         Copper      flasks;       glass 

bottles;   iron   drums. 

Uses:     Veterinary  medicine;   liniments. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lawsonia  Alba.     See  Henna. 

Lead*  (Plumbum)  Pb.  A  heavy,  malle- 
able, ductile,  gray,  soft  metal  of  small 
tensile  strength,  rarely  found  native. 
See  also  Altaite,  Anglesite,  Brong- 
niardite,  Cerusite,  Crocoite,  Dufre- 
noysite,  Galena,  Jamesonite,  Leadhil- 
lite,  Linarite,  Massicot,  Mimetite, 
Minium,  Plumbojarosite,  Pyromor- 
phite. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  II-34;  melt- 
ing-point 327°C;  boiling-point 
I525°C. 

Soluble  in  nitric  acid;  insoluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:      By   roasting   galena. 

Method  of  purification:     Roasting. 

Impurities:     Zinc;   silver;   cadmium. 

Grades:  Technical;  sold  in  pigs,  sheets, 
granules  and  powder. 

Containers:     Freight  cars. 

Uses:  Chemical  apparatus;  water 
pipes;  lead  pigments;  white  lead;  stor- 
age batteries;  lining  for  acid-proof 
vessels;  piping,  valves,  etc.;  making 
cables;  insulator  in  electrotechnic 
apparatus;  solder;  alloys. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lead  Acetate*  (Sugar  of  lead) 

Pb(C2H302)2.3H20. 
Color  and   properties:     White   crystals 
(Commercial    grades    are    frequently 
brown  or  gray  lumps);  poisonous. 


Lead  Acetate 


286 


Lead  Carbonate 


Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.50;  melt- 
ing-point: Loses  3H2O  at  75°C; 
boiling-point  28o°C. 

Soluble   in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  acetic 
acid  on  litharge. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:     Lead  carbonate. 

Grades:  Brown,  broken;  white,  broken; 
granular;  white  crystals;  U.  S.  P.; 
B.  P. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Medicine;  lead  salts;  dyeing 
and  printing  cottons;  manufacturing 
varnishes. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lead  Acetate,  Monobasic*  (Lead  subace- 
tate)  Pb2O(CH3COO)2. 

Color  and  properties:  White  powder; 
poisonous. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  acids. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  lead 
oxide  and  acetic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Tins;,  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Lead  salts;  analytical  chemis- 
try; medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lead  Acetate,  Tribasic*  (Tribasic  lead 
acetate)  Pb(C2H3O2)2.2PbO.H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Lustrous,  white, 
microscopic  needles;  poisonous. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  acetic 
acid  on  lead  oxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Weighting  silk;  textile  printing. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lead  Antimonate*  (Naples  yellow) 

Pb3(Sb04)2. 
Color    and   properties:      Orange-yellow 

powder;  very  poisonous. 
Insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:     By  the  interaction  of  so- 


lutions of  lead  nitrate  and  potassium 
antimonate,  concentration  and  crys- 
tallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Paint  pigment;  staining  glass, 
crockery  and  porcelain. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lead  Arsenate*    Pb3(AsO4)2. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystals; 
very  poisonous. 

Specific  gravity  6.42. 

Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  a  solu- 
ble lead  salt  on  a  solution  of  sodium 
arsenate,  concentration  and  crystalli- 
zation. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Insecticide. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lead     Beta-naphthalenesulfonate.       See 
Lead  naphthalenesulfonate,   Beta-. 

Lead,  Black.    See  Graphite. 

Lead  Borate*  (Pb(BO2)2.H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White  powder; 
poisonous. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  5.598. 

Soluble  in  dilute  nitric  acid;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  so- 
lutions of  lead  hydroxide  and  boric 
acid,  with  subsequent  crystallization 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Varnish  and  paint  drier. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lead  Carbolate.    See  Lead  phenate. 

Lead  Carbonate*  PbCO3. 
Color  and  properties:     White,  powdery 
crystals;   poisonous. 


Lead  Carbonate 


287 


Lead  Hydroxide 


Constants:     Specific  gravity  6.43. 
Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water  and 

alcohol. 
Derivation:      By   adding   a   solution    of 

sodium   bicarbonate   to  a  solution   of 

lead  nitrate. 

Impurities:      Basic   lead  carbonate. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:     Paint  pigment. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lead  Carbonate,  Basic*  (Lead  subcarbo- 
nate;  White  lead;  Ceruse,  Lead  flake) 
2PbCO3.Pb(OH)?. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  amor- 
phous powder;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Decom- 
poses. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  Dutch  process.  By 
the  corrosion  of  lead  buckles  in  pots 
by  means  of  acetic  acid  and  carbon 
dioxide  generated  by  the  fermenta- 
tion of  waste  tan-bark,  (b)  Carter 
process.  By  treating  very  finely  di- 
vided lead  in  revolving  wooden  cyl- 
inders with  vinegar  (dilute  acetic 
acid)  and  carbon  dioxide. 

Grades:     Dry;  ground  in  oil. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Paint  pigment;  putty. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lead  Chloride*  PbCl2. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystals; 
poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  5.88;  melt- 
ing-point 498°C.;  boiling-point  86i°- 
954°C. 

Slightly  soluble  in  hot  water  and  dilute 
hydrochloric  acid;  insoluble  in  alco- 
hol and  cold  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  addition  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  or  sodium  chloride  to  a 
solution  of  a  lead  salt,  with  subse- 
quent crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:    Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:    Preparation  of  lead  salts. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Lead  Chromate*  (Leipzig  yellow) 
PbCrO4. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow  crystals; 
poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  6.123;  melt- 
ing-point: Decomposes  at  600° C. 

Soluble   in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  interaction  of  solu- 
tions of  sodium  chromate  and  lead  ni- 
trate. 

Method  of  purification:     Washing. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels;  tin  cans. 

Uses:     Paint  pigment. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lead  Cyanide*  Pb(CN)2. 

Color  and  properties:  White  powder; 
very  poisonous. 

Slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  so- 
lutions of  potassium  cyanide  and 
lead  acetate. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Metallurgy. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Lead  Dioxide.     See  Lead  oxide,  Brown. 

Lead  Dust.  Lead  in  very  finely  pow- 
dered form. 

Lead,  Electrolytic.     Pure  lead  obtained 
by  electrolytic  deposition. 

Lead  Flake.    See  Lead  carbonate,  Basic. 
Lead  Hydrate.     See  Lead  hydroxide. 

Lead  Hydroxide*  (Lead  hydrate,  Hydrat- 
ed  lead  oxide)  2PbO.H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  bulky 
powder;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  7.502; 
melting-point:  Decomposes  at  145  C. 

Soluble  in  alkalis;  slightly  soluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  By  the  addition  of  sodium 
or  ammonium  hydroxide  to  a  solu- 
tion of  a  lead  salt  with  subsequent 
filtration  and  drying. 


Lead  Hyposulfite 


288 


Lead  Oleate 


Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Cans. 

Uses:     Lead  salts. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lead  Hyposulfite.    See  Lead  thiosulfate. 

Lead  Iodide*  PbI2. 

Color  and  properties:  Golden-yellow 
crystals  or  powder;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  6.12;  melt- 
ing-point 358° C;  boiling-point  86i°- 
954°  C.  . 

Soluble  in  potassium  iodide;  insoluble 
in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  lead 
acetate  and  potassium  iodide. 

Method  of  purification:     Crystallization. 

Grades:     Technical;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Tin  boxes. 

Uses:  Bronzing;  mosaic  gold;  print- 
ing; photography;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lead  Linoleate*  (Lead  plaster) 

Pb(Ci8H3i02)2. 
Color  and  properties:     Yellowish-white 

paste;  poisonous. 
Soluble  in  acids. 
Derivation:     By  heating  a   solution   of 

lead  nitrate  with  sodium  linoleate. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Tins. 
'Uses:     Medicine;  varnish. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lead  Molybdate*  PbMoO4. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow  powder; 
poisonous. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water  and 
alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  adding  a  solution  of 
lead  nitrate  to  a  solution  of  ammo- 
nium molybdate,  concentration  and 
crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical;  C.  P. 

Containers:     Boxes. 

Uses:     Analytical   chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Lead  Monosulfide.    See  Lead  sulfide. 

Lead  Monoxide.     See  Lead  oxide,  Yel- 
low. 

Lead        Naphthalenesulfonate,       Beta-* 

(Lead  beta-naphthalenesulfonate) 

Pb(CioH7S03)2. 
Color  and   progenies:      White   crystal- 

line powder;  poisonous. 
Soluble  in  alcohol;  insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:     By  the  action  of  lead  ace- 

tate on  beta-naphthalenemonosulfonic 

acid. 
Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Kegs. 
Uses:     Organic  preparations: 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lead  Nitrate*  Pb(NO3)2. 
Color  and  properties:     White  crystals; 

promotes  combustion  in  contact  with 

organic  matter;   poisonous. 
Constants:     Specific  gravity  4.53;  melt- 

ing-point:    Decomposes  between  205° 

and  223°C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:      By    the    action    of    nitric 

acid  on  lead. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Wood  barrels. 
Uses:     Lead   salts;    medicine;   mordant 

in  dyeing  and  printing  calico;  match- 

es; paint  pigment;  mordant  for  stain- 

ing  mother-of-pearl;    oxidizer   in    the 

dyestuff   industry;    sensitizer   in   pho- 

tography. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     Yellow 

label. 


Lead  Oleate* 

Color  and  properties:  White,  ointment- 
like  granules  or  mass;  poisonous. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  turpentine  and 
benzol;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  lead 
acetate  and  sodium  oleate. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Varnishes;  lacquers;  paint  drier. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Lead  Oxide 


289 


Lead  Sesquioxide 


Lead  Oxide,  Brown*  (Lead  dioxide;  An- 
hydrous plumbic  acid;  Lead  peroxide; 
Lead  superoxide)  PbO2. 

Color  and  properties:  Brown,  hexago- 
nal crystals;  will  cause  many  mater- 
ials to  take  fire  if  merely  mixed  with 
them  owing  to  its  strong  oxidizing 
action  hence  care  needed  in  storing 
and  shipping;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  8.91;  melt- 
ing-point: Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  glacial  acetic  acid;  insoluble 
in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  adding  bleaching  pow- 
der to  an  alkaline  solution  of  lead 
hydroxide. 

Impurities:     Lead  chloride. 

Grades:     Technical;  U..S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:     Oxidizing  agent;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Lead   Oxide,   Hydrated.     See   Lead   hy- 
droxide. 

Lead  Oxide,  Red*  (Red  lead;  Minium; 
Plumbo-plumbic  oxide)  PbaO-j. 

Color  and  properties:  Bright-red 
powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  9.096;  melt- 
ing-point: Decomposes  between  500° 
and  53p°C. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble' in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  litharge  in  a 
furnace  in  a  current  of  air. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Medicine;  ceramics;  ceramic  ce- 
ments; matches;  red  pencils;  lead  per- 
oxide; paint  pigment. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lead  Oxide,  Yellow*  CPlumbous  oxide; 
Lead  protoxide;  Litharge;  Massicot; 
Lead  monoxide)  PbO. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow  to  yel- 
lowish-red powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  9-375;  melt- 
ing-point 888°C. 

Soluble  in  alkalis  and  acids;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  gently  heating  lead  in 
a  reverberatory  furnace. 


Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Medicine;  ceramics;  metallurgy; 
varnishes;  ceramic  cements;  paint 
pigment;  lutes;  acid-resisting  ce- 
ments; rubber  manufacture. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lead  Peroxide.    See  Lead  oxide,  Brown. 

Lead   Phenate*    (Lead   phenolate;   Lead 

carbolate)  Pb(OH)OC6H5. 
Color    and    properties:      Yellowish    to 

grayish-white   powder;    poisonous. 
Soluble  in  nitric  acid;  insoluble  in  water 

and  alcohol. 
Derivation:      By    boiling    phenol    with 

litharge. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  boxes. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lead  Phenolate.     See  Lead  phenate. 
Lead  Plaster.     See  Lead  linoleate. 

Lead  Protoxide.     See  Lead  oxide,  Yel- 
low. 

Lead  Resinate*  Pb(C2oH29O2)2. 
Color  and  properties:     Yellowish-white 

paste;  poisonous. 
Insoluble  in  most  solvents. 
Derivation:     By   heating  a   solution  of 

lead  acetate  and  rosin  oil. 
Impurities:    .Lead  oxide. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Barrels. 
Uses:     Paint  and  varnish  drier. 
Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     Yellow 

label. 


Lead  Sesquioxide* 
Color  and  properties:     Reddish-yellow 

powder. 

Constants:      Melting-point    370°  C. 
Soluble   in  alkalis  and  acids;   insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:     By  gently  heating  metallic 

lead. 


Lead  Silicate 


290 


Lead  Tungstate 


Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Medicine,  ceramics,  ceramic  ce- 
ments; metallurgy,  varnishes;  paint 
pigment. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lead  Silicate*  PbSiO3. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder. 

Insoluble  in  most  solvents. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  lead 
acetate  and  sodium  silicate. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Ceramics;  fireproofing  fabrics. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lead  Stearate*  PbCdsHssC^. 
Color  and  properties:     Yellowish-white 

paste. 

Soluble  in  ether  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:     By  heating  a  solution   of 

lead  acetate  with   sodium   stearate. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Tin  cans. 
Uses:    Varnish  and  lacquer  drier. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lead    Subacetate.      See    Lead    acetate, 
Monobasic. 

Lead    Subcarbonate.      See    Lead    carbo- 
nate, Basic. 

Lead,  Sugar  of.    See  Lead  acetate. 

Lead  Sulfate*  PbSO4. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  rhombic 
crystals;  poisonous. 

Slightly  soluble  in  hot  water;  insoluble 
in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  so- 
lutions of  lead  nitrate  and  sodium 
sulfate. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Paint  pigments. 

Fire  hazard;     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lead  Sulfide*  CGalenite;  Galena)  PbS. 


Color  and  properties:    Silvery,  metallic 

crystals  or  black  powder. 
Constants:       Specific    gravity     7.13-7.7; 

melting-point:     Decomposes. 
Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water  and 

alkalis. 
Derivation:     (a)  Found  in  nature  as  the 

mineral  galenite.   (b)   By  passing  hy- 

drogen sulfide  gas  into  an  acid  solu- 

tion of  lead  nitrate. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:     Ceramics;  metallic  lead. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad   shipping   regulations:     None. 

Lead     Superoxide.     See     Lead       oxide, 
Brown. 

Lead  Tetrachloride*  PbCl4. 
Color    and    properties:      Yellow,    oily 

liquid;  poisonous. 
Constants:     Specific  gravity  3.18;  melt- 

ing-point -15°  C. 

Decomposes  in  contact  with  water. 
Derivation:      By    passing    chlorine    gas 

into  lead  chloride  dissolved  in  concen- 

trated hydrochloric  acid. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Iron  drums. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lead  Thiosulfate*   (Lead  hyposulfite) 


. 
Color  and  properties:     White  crystals; 

poisonous. 

Melting-point:     Decomppses. 
Soluble  in  acids  and  sodium  thiosulfate 

solution;  insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:     By  the  interaction  of  so- 

lutions   of    lead    nitrate    and    sodium 

thiosulfate,    concentration    and    crys- 

tallization. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lead  Tungstate*   (Lead  wolframate) 


4. 

Color  and  properties:     Yellowish  pow 
der;  poisonous. 


Lead  Wolframate 


291 


Lepidine 


Constants:      Specific  gravity  8.235. 

Soluble  in  acid;   insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  mixing  solutions  of 
lead  nitrate  and  sodium  tungstate, 
concentrating  and  crystallizing. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Pigment. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lead  Wolframate.     See  Lead  tungstate. 

Lead  Water.     A   i  per  cent  solution  of 
basic  lead  acetate. 


Lead,     White. 
Basic. 


See     Lead     carbonate. 


Lead  Yellow.     See  Lead  chromate. 

Leadhillite.  Natural  sulfato-carbonate 
of  lead,  perhaps  4PbO.SO3.2SO2.H2O. 
Arizona. 

Lecithin*  (Ova-lecithin).  The  phos- 
phorus-containing constituent  of  brain 
substance. 

Derivation:  Obtained  from  egg  yolk 
or  cereal  grains. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-white 
waxy  mass. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  chloroform  and 
ether;  insoluble  in  water. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Glass   bottles 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Leiocom.     See  Dextrin. 

Leipzig  Yellow.     See  Lead  chromate. 

Lemeet.     See    Aluminum   acetate. 

Lemon  Oil*    (Oleum  limonis). 

Color  and  properties:  A  pale  yellow, 
limpid  liquid;  fragrant  odor;  aro- 
matic, bitterish  taste. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Limonene; 
pinene;  citral;  citronellal. 


Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.858-0.859; 
optical  rotation  +60  to  +64. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  By  expression  from  fresh 
lemon  peel,  the  rind  of  the  recent 
fruit  of  Citrus  limonum. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  copper 
flasks. 

Uses:  Flavoring  agent;  soft  drinks; 
perfumery;  confectionary. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lemon  Peel*  (Limonis  cortex). 

Derivation:  The  outer  rind  of  the  ripe 
fruit,  Citrus  limonum. 

Habitat:  Northern  India,  cultivated  in 
Italy  and  West  Indies,  Spain,  U.  S. 
and  other  semi-tropical  countries. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:      Boxes. 

Uses:  Medicine;  cooking;  confection- 
ery; lemon  oil. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lemon,   Salt   of,  Essential.     See   Potas- 
sium binoxalate. 

Lemon  Yellow.    See  Lead  chromate. 

Lempngrass  Oil  (Verbena  oil;  Melissa 
oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  yel- 
lowish or  brownish-yellow,  liquid,  es- 
sential oil;  fragrant  odor. 

Chief  known  constituent:     Citral. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.895-0.905. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform, 
acetone  and  benzol. 

Derivation:  Distilled  in  the  East  In- 
dies from  the  grass,  Andropogon  ci- 
tratus. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Food  extracts;  perfumes. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lepidine*  (  Gamma-methyl  quinoline; 
Cincholepidine) 


Lepidolite 


292 


Lily-of-the-Valley 


C6H4C(CH3)CH.CH.N. 
Color  and  properties:     An  oily  liquid; 

quinoline-like   odor;   turns   red-brown 

on  exposure  to  light. 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether    and   benzol; 

slightly  soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:      From  cinchonine. 
Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Amber  glass  bottles. 
Uses:      Organic   preparations. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lepidolite.  A  light-colored  (pearly,  rose- 
red,  violet-gray,  lilac,  yellowish)  lithi- 
um-bearing mica.  Contains  from  3.9 
to  5.9  per  cent  lithia,  Li2O.  California, 
Connecticut,  Maine  and  South  Dakota. 

Leptandra*  (Culver's  root;  Black  root). 
Derivation:  Dried  rhizome  and  roots 

of  Veronica  virginica. 
Habitat:     North   America. 
Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:      Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Leucite.  A  mineral  found  in  nature  con- 
taining aluminum  and  potassium  sili- 
cates. 

Leucogen.     See  Sodium  bisulfite. 
Leucoline.     See  Quinoline. 
Levant  Soapwort.     See  Gypsophila. 
Levant  Wormseed.     See  Santonica. 
Levisticum.     See  Lovage. 
Levisticum  Oil.     See  Lovage  oil. 

"Levuline."  The  proprietary  name  of  a 
preparation  used  in  the  textile  industry 
for  finishing. 

Lewisite.  A"  military  poison  gas  devel- 
oped by  the  Chemical  Warfare  Service 
of  the  U.  S.  Army  during  the  late  war. 


Ley.  See  Sodium  hydroxide  and  Potas- 
sium hydroxide. 

Liatris*  (Deer's  tongue;  Vanilla  plant). 
Derivation:  Leaves  of  Liatris  odora- 

tissima. 
Habitat:     U.   S.      (Virginia   to   Florida 

and    Louisiana). 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Boxes. 
Uses:     Medicine;   perfumery;   flavoring 

tobacco. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Licorice.     See   Glycyrrhiza. 

Light  Oils.*  Fractional  distillates  from 
coal-tar,  with  boiling  points  ranging 
from  110°  to  2io°C,  consisting  of  a 
mixture  of  benzol,  pyridine,  toluol, 
xylol,  phenol  and  cresols. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tank  cars;  iron  drums. 

Uses:  Source  of  benzol,  solvent  naph- 
thas, toluol,  xylol,  phenol  and  cresols. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Light  Ruby  Silver.     See  Proustite. 

Lignite.  A  brownish-black  coal  in 
which  the  alteration  of  vegetable  ma- 
terial has  proceeded  farther  than  in 
peat,  but  not  so  far  as  in  sub-bitumi- 
nous coal.  Alberta,  Alaska,  Arkansas, 
Florida,  Idaho,  Kansas,  Kentucky, 
Louisiana^  Manitoba,  Massachusetts, 
Mississippi,  Minnesota,  Montana.  North 
Carolina,  North  Dakota,  Saskatchewan, 
South  Carolina,  South  Dakota,  Tenne- 
see  and  Texas. 

Lignolite.  A  magnesium  compound 
used  in  flooring,  wall  and  other  deco- 
rations. 

Ligroin,  Light.     See  Canadol. 
Ligusticum.     See  Lovage. 
Lilacine.     See  Terpineol. 
Lily-of-the-Valley.      See    Convalleria. 


Lima  Wood 


293 


Linalool 


Lima  Wood. 
Derivation:     A   redwood  of  commerce 

obtained  from  Caesalpinia  bijuga. 
Habitat:     Peru  and  Central  America. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Uses:     The   extract  is   used  in   dyeing 

textiles  red. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:    None. 

Lime.     See   Calcium  oxide. 

"Lime,   Chloride  of."     See   Calcium  hy- 
pochlorite. 

Lime,  Chlorinated.     See   Calcium  hypo- 
chlorite. 

Lime  Hyppphosphite.     See  Calcium  hy- 

pophosphite. 

Lime,  Liver  of.     See  Lime,  Sulfurated. 
Lime,  Slaked.     See  Calcium  hydroxide. 

Lime,  Sulfurated*  (Calcic  liver  of  sul- 
fur; Liver  of  lime;  Hepar  calcis;  Cal- 
cium sulfide,  Crude).  A  mixture  of 
calcium  monosulfide  and  sulfate. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-gray 
powder;  odor  of  hydrogen  sulfide. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water  and 
alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  roasting  calcium  sul- 
fate with  coke. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Medicine;  depilatory;  luminous 
paint. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Lime  Water.     Calcium  hydroxide  solu- 
tion. 

Limes,  Oil  of. 

Color  and  properties:  A  golden-yellow 
liquid;  exceedingly  refreshing  odor. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Citral;  li- 
monene. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.882;  op- 
tical rotation  +35°  to  +4O°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform, 
benzol  and  acetone, 


Derivation:  By  expression  from  tht 
rind  of  the  fruit,  Citrus  limetta. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  copper 
flasks. 

Uses:  Food  extracts;  perfumes;  flavor- 
ing; confectionery. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Limestone.  A  rock  composed  mainly  of 
calcium  carbonate.  Occurs  in  all 
parts  of  the  United  States  (except 
District  of  Columbia  and  North  Da- 
kota) and  in  the  southern  parts  of 
Canada. 

Uses:  Production  of  lime;  metallurgy; 
building  material. 

Limonene,  Inactive.     See   Dipentene. 

Limonis   Cortex,   U.   S.   P.,   B.   P.     See 

Lemon  peel. 

Limonite  (Brown  iron  ore).  A  natural 
hydrated  iron  oxide,  2Fe2Os.3H2O,  an 
important  iron  ore. 

Linaloe  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  A  colorless,  fra- 
grant liquid. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Linalool; 
geraniol. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.875  to 
o.Sqo. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  benzol. 

Derivation:  Distilled  in  Mexico  from 
a  wood  of  uncertain  botanical  origin. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  copper 
flasks. 

Uses:     Perfumes. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Linalool*  CioHi7OH. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  liquid; 
odor  similar  to  that  of  bergamot  oil 
and  French  lavender. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.873;  boil- 
ing-point IQ50-I99°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 


Linalyl  Acetate 


294 


Linseed  Oil 


Derivation:     From  linaloe  oil. 
Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:        Glass      bottles;      copper 

flasks. 

Uses:     Perfumery. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Linalyl  Acetate*   (Bergamiol) 

CioHi7C2H302. 
Color  and  properties:     Clear,  colorless 

liquid;  odor  of  bergamot. 
Constants:      Boiling-point    io8°-no°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:      By    the    action    of    acetic 

acid   on   linalool   in  presence   of  sul- 

furic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Extracts. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Linarite.  A  natural  basic  lead  and 
copper  sulfate,  PbO.CuO.SO3.H2O. 
California. 

Linden*  (Tilia;  Basswood;  White  wood; 

Linn  tree). 
Derivation:     Flowers  of  Tilia  ulmifolia 

and  various  species  of  Tilliaceas. 
Habitat:     Europe  and  Asia;  cultivated 

in  the  United  States. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

--J 

Linimentum  Ammoniae,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

Liniment  of  ammonia. 

Linimentum  Belladonna,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

Belladonna   liniment. 

Linimentum  Calcis,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.  Lime 
liniment. 

Linimentum  Camphorae,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

Camphor  liniment. 

Linimentum  Chlproformi,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

Chloroform  liniment. 


Linimentum    Saponis,    U.    S.    P.,    B.    P. 

Soap  liniment. 

Linimentum  Saponis  Mollis,  U.  S.  P. 
Liniment  of  soft  soap. 

Linimentum  Terebinthinae,  U.  S.  P.,  B. 
P.  Turpentine  liniment. 

Linn  Tree.     See  Linden. 

Linnaeite  (Cobalt  pyrites).  A  natural 
cobalt  sulfide,  COsS^  A  part  of  the 
cobalt  is  nearly  always  replaced  by 
nickel  and  to  a  less  extent  by  iron  and 
copper. 

Linseed*  (Flaxseed;  Linum). 
Derivation:     Ripe  seeds  of  Linum  usi- 

tatissimum. 

Habitat:      Cultivated    everywhere. 
Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:     Medicine;  source  of  linseed  oil 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Linseed  Oil*  (Boiled  oil;  Flax-seed  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Golden-yellow, 
amber  or  brown  oil;  inflammable. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9316-0.9354; 
iodine  value  170-188;  saponification 
value  189-195. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  chloroform,  amyl 
acetate,  carbon  bisulfide,  benzol  and 
turpentine. 

Derivation:  From  the  seeds  of  the  flax 
plant,  Linum  usitatissimum  by  ex- 
pression. The  cold  pressed  oil  is 
golden  yellow  while  the  hot  pressed 
product  is  amber  or  brown.  The  lat- 
ter may  be  bleached  by  treating  with 
a  solution  of  ferrous  sulfate  and  ex- 
posing it  to  sunlight. 

Habitat:  Ireland,  Northern  Europe, 
Italy,  Turkey,  India,  Argentine,  Can- 
ada and  the  United  States. 

Method  of  purification:  Filtration. 

Grades:  Raw;  boiled;  double  boiled; 
varnish  oil. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  tins;  tank 
cars. 

Uses:  Paints;  varnishes;  patent  leather 
lacquers;  linoleum;  rubber  substi- 
tutes; preparing  carron  oil. 


Linum 


295 


Lithii  Citras 


Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Linum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Linseed. 

Liquid  Ammonia.  See  Ammonia,  Anhy- 
drous. 

Liquid  Amber  Orientalis.    See  Styrax. 

Liquor  Acidi  Arsenosi,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

Solution  of  arsenous  acid. 

Liquor,  Ammonia.    See  Ammonia  liquor. 

Liquor  Ammonii  Acetatis,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

Solution  of  ammonium  acetate. 

Liquor  Arseni  et  Hydrargyri  lodidi,  U. 
S.  P.,  B.  P.  Solution  of  arsenous  and 
mecuric  iodides. 

Liquor  Calcis,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     Solution 

of  calcium  hydroxide. 

Liquor  Cresolis  Compositus,  U.  S.  P.,  B. 
P.  Compound  solution  of  cresol. 


Liquor  lodi  Compositus,  U.  S.  P.    Com- 
pound solution  of  iodine. 

Liquor  Magnesii  Citratis,  U.  S.  P.    Solu- 
tion of  magnesium  citrate. 


Liquor  Plumbi  Subacetatis,  U.  S.  P.,  B. 
P.    Solution  of  lead  subacetate. 


Liquor  Potassii  Arsenitis,  U.  S.  P.   Solu- 
tion of  potassium  arsenite. 

Liquor  Potassii  Citratis,  U.  S.  P.     Solu- 
tion of  potassium  citrate. 

Liquor  Potassi  Hydroxidi,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

Solution  of  potassium  hydroxide. 

Liquor  Sodae  Chlorinatae,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

Solution  of  chlorinated  soda. 


Liquor  Sodii  Arsenatis,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

Solution  of  sodium  arsenate. 


Liquor  Sodii  Chloridi  Physiologicus,  U. 
S.  P.  Solution  of  sodium  chloride, 
Physiological. 


Liquor  Ferri   Chloridi,   U.   S.   P.,   B.   P. 

Solution  of  ferric  chloride. 

Liquor  Ferri  et  Ammonii  Acetatis,  U.  S. 
P.  Solution  of  iron  and  ammonium 
acetates. 

Liquor  Ferri  Subsulphatis,  U.  S.  P.  Sol- 
ution of  ferric  subsulfate. 

Liquor  Ferri  Tersulphatis,  U.  S.  P.,  B. 
P.  Solution  of  ferric  sulfate. 

Liquor   Formaldehydi,   U.    S.   P.,   B.   P. 

Solution  of  formaldehyde. 

Liquor,  Gas.     See  Ammonia  liquor. 


Liquor  Sodii  Glycerophosphatis,  U.  S.  P. 

Solution  of  sodium  glycerophosphate. 

Liquor  Sodii  Hydroxidi,  U.  S.  P.    Solu- 
tion of  sodium  hydroxide. 


Liquor  Zinci   Chloridi,  U.   S.   P.,   B.   P. 

Solution  of  Zinc  chloride. 


Liriosma  Ovata.     See  Muira  puama. 
Litharge.    See  Lead  oxide,  Yellow. 
Lithic  Acid.    See  Acid  uric. 

Lithii  Bromidum,  U.  S.  P.    See  Lithium 
bromide. 


Liquor  Hydrogenii  Dioxidi,  U.  S.  P.,  B. 

P.    Solution  of  hydrogen  dioxide. 


Lithii   Carbonas,  U.   S.   P.,   B.  P.      See 

Lithium  carbonate. 


Liquor  Hypophysis,  U.  S.  P.     Solution 

of  hypophysis. 


Lithii  Citras,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Lithium 
citrate. 


Lithiophyllitc 


296 


Lithium  Fluophosphate 


Lithiophyllite.       A     mineral     containing 
Lithium-ferro-mangahese  phosphate. 

Lithium*   Li. 
Color     and     properties:     Soft,     silvery 

metal;    must   be   kept  under   naphtha 

or  kerosene. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.534;  melt- 

ing-point i86°C;  boiling-point:  Above 

I400°C. 
Soluble    in    acids;    decomposes      water, 

setting  hydrogen  free. 
Derivation:  By  electrolysis  of  the  fused 

chloride. 
Grades:     Pure. 
Containers:     Glass     bottles     containing 

kerosene. 
Uses:    Lithium   salts;    metallurgical   re- 

search. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Lithium  Benzoate* 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystals. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:    By   the    action    of   benzoic 

acid  on  lithium  hydroxide. 
Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Lithium  Bromide*   LiBr. 
Color  and  properties:  White  crystals. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.466;  melt- 

ing-point 442°-547°C. 
Soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:    By    the    action    of    hydro- 

bromic    acid     on     lithium     hydroxide 

with    subsequent    crystallization. 
Method    of    purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Lithium  Carbonate*  Li2Cq3. 
Color  and  properties:  White  crystals. 
Constants:     Specific  gravity  2.111;  melt- 

ing-point 6i8°-7io°C. 
Soluble    in    acids;    slightly    soluble    in 

water;  insoluble  in  alcohol, 


Derivation:  By  the  action  of  sodium 
carbonate  on  a  solution  of  lithium 
chloride,  with  subsequent  crystalliza- 
tion. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:  Lithium  chloride;  sodium 
carbonate. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Kegs;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  mineral  waters. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Lithium  Chloride*   LiCl. 
Color  and  properties:  White  crystals. 
Constants:    Specific  gravity   1.998-2.074; 

melting-point  6o2°C. 
Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:    By    the    action    of    hydro- 

chloric    acid     on     lithium     hydroxide 

with  subsequent  crystallization. 
Method    of    purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine;  mineral  waters. 
Fire  hazard:   None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Lithium  Citrate* 
Color  and  properties:  White  crystals. 
Constants:  Melting-point:   Decomposes. 
Soluble  in  water;  slightly  soluble  in  al- 

cohol and  ether. 
Derivation:  By  the  action  of  citric  acid 

on    lithium    hydroxide,    followed    by 

crystallization. 
Method    of    purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine;  mineral  waters. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Lithium  Fluophosphate* 

LiF.Li3PO4.H2p. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystals. 
Derivation:   By  the  interaction  of  lith- 

ium fluoride  and  lithium  phosphate. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:  Ceramics. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Lithium  Fluoride 


297 


Lobelia 


Lithium  Fluoride*  LiF. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line tablets. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.601;  melt- 
ing-point 8oi°C. 

Soluble  in  hydrofluoric  acid;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydroflu- 
oric acid  on  lithium  hydroxide. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Enamels. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Lithium  Hydroxide*  LiOH. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder. 

Soluble  in  water;  slightly  soluble  in 
alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  water  on 
lithium  metal. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Lithium  salts. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Lithium  Iodide*  (a)  Lil;  (b)  LiI.3H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  (a)  White  crys- 
tals; (b)  white  crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  (a)  4.063. 

Melting-point    (a)    330°-446°C.;    (b) 
72°C.    . 

Soluble   in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydriodic 
acid  on  lithium  hydroxide,  with  sub- 
sequent crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:   Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine:  mineral  waters. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Lithographic  Stone.  A  fine-grained, 
homogeneous  limestone  sui'able  for 
etching.  Alabama,  Iowa,  Kentucky, 
Nebraska,  South  Dakota  and  Tennes- 
see. 

Lithophone.    See  Lithopone. 

Lithopone*     (Lithophone.    Orr's    white, 
Charlton  white,  Griffith's  white). 


Color  and  properties:  White  powder, 
consisting  of  barium  sulfate,  zinc  sul- 
fide and  zinc  oxide. 

Derivation:  By  mixing  solutions  of  bar- 
ium sulfide  and  zinc  sulfate,  filtering, 
washing  and  drying  the  precipitate. 
The  latter  is  heated  to  redness, 
plunged  into  water  while  hot,  ground 
with  water,  thoroughly  washed  and 
dried. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Barrels. 

Uses:  Paint  pigment. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Litmus.* 

Color  and  properties:  A  blue,  amorph- 
ous powder  (frequently  compressed 
into  small  cakes  or  sticks). 

Soluble   in  water. 

Derivation:  By  treating  various  lichens 
(particularly  Variolaria  lecanora  and 
V.  rocella)  with  ammonia  and  potash 
and  then  fermenting  the  mass. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles:  boxes. 

Uses:  Indicator  in  analytical  chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Liver  of  Sulfur.    See  Potassium  sulfide. 
Liverleaf.     See  Liverwort. 

Liverwort  (Hepatica;  Liverleaf;  Noble 
liverwort;  Kidney  liverleaf). 

Derivation:  The  whole  plant  of  Hepa- 
tica. 

Habitat:   Europe. 

Grades:   Technical. 

Containers:  Bales. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Lobelia*  (Indian  tobacco;  Wild  tobacco; 

Ematic  herb). 
Derivation:    Dried    leaves    and   tops    of 

Lobelia  inflata. 

Habitat:  Canada  and  United  States. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:   Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Lobelinc 


298 


Lubricating  Oils 


Lobeline*  Ci8H28NO2. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow,  honey- 
like  liquid;  poisonous. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  chloroform; 
slightly  soluble  in  ether. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  from  the 
seeds  of  Lobelia  inflata. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Logwood. 

Derivation:  The  heartwood  of  Haema- 
toxylin  campechianum.  The  raw  log- 
wood comes  in  the  form  of  rough 
logs,  3  feet  long,  which  are  either 
ground  or  rasped  into  small  chips. 
These  chips  after  being  aged  by  be- 
ing exposed  to  the  atmosphere,  are 
subjected  to  extraction. 

Habitat:  Central  America  and  West  In- 
dies (Jamaica). 

Grades:  Technical;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Freight  cars. 

Uses:  Textile  and  leather  dyeing;  medi- 
cine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Logwood  Crystals*  (Hematine  crystals). 

Derivation:  By  concentrating  logwood 
liquor  in  evaporating  pans  and  by 
crystallizing. 

Grades:  Technical,  sold  on  basis  of  tinc- 
torial value. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Textile  and  leather  dyeing. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Logwood  Extract*  (Hematine  extract, 
Hematine  paste). 

Derivation:  By  concentrating  logwood 
liquor  in  vacuum  pans  until  it  reaches 
a  specific  gravity  of  1.25  (5q°Tw). 

Grades:  Technical,  sold  on  basis  of  tinc- 
torial value. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Textile  and  leather  dyeing. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Logwood  Extract,  Solid*  (Hematine  ex- 
tract, Solid). 


Derivation:  By  evaporating  logwood 
extract  to  dryness. 

Grades:  Technical,  sold  on  basis  of  tinc- 
torial value. 

Containers:  Wooden  boxes. 

Uses:  Textile  and  leather  dyeing. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Logwood   Liquor. 

Derivation:  An  unstable  decoction  of 
logwood  obtained  by  extracting  the 
chips  with  water.  It  usually  has  a 
strength  of  i5°Tw.  (Specific  gravity 
1.075). 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Textile  and  leather  dyeing. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Loja  Bark.    See  Cinchona  bark,  Loxa. 

Lovage  (Levisticum;  Sea  parsley;  Ligus- 

ticum). 
Derivation:  Whole  plant  of  Levisticum 

officianale. 

Habitat:  Southern  Europe. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Bales. 
Uses:    Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Lovage  Oil*    (Levisticum  oil). 
Color  and  properties:   A   colorless   oil; 

characteristic  odor. 
Constants:    Specific    gravity:    Root    oil, 

103;  Fruit  oil,  0.935;  Herb  oil,  0.928. 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether,    chloroform, 

carbon  bisulfide,  acetone  and  benzol. 
Derivation:     Distilled     from    the    root, 

fruit  or  herb  of  Levisticum  officianale. 
Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 
Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  copper  flasks. 
Uses:  Perfumes. 
Fire   hazard:   None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Loxa  Bark.    See  Cinchona. 

Lubricating  Oils.* 

Derivation:  Mineral  oils  obtained  by 
fractional  distillatkm  from  petroleum, 


Lugol  Solution 


299 


Lycopodium 


coal-tar,  etc.,  by  removal  of  the  light- 
er constituents.  Vegetable  and  ani- 
mal oils  are  also  used  for  lubricating 
purposes,  but  are  not  generally  known 
as  lubricating  oils. 

Classification:  Cylinder  stocks,  neutral 
oil,  paraffin  oil,  engine  oil,  machine 
oils,  spindle  oil's,  transformer  oil,  etc. 

Grades:  In  accordance  with  their  vis- 
cosity and  specific  gravity. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  tank  cars. 

Uses:   Lubrication. 

Fire  hazard:   Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Lugol  Solution.     See  Potassium  iodide. 

Lumbang  Oil  (Candle-nut  oil). 
Color  and  properties:  A  limpid,  color- 

less    or     yellowish     liquid;     pleasant 

odor;  bland  taste. 
Constants:    Specific    gravity    0.923;    sa- 

ponification      value      184-192;      iodine 

value  163.7. 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether,    chloroform 

and  carbon  bisulfide. 
Derivation:    From    the    candle-nut,    the 

seed   of  Aleuritis   moluccana,   by  ex- 

pression. 

Method  of  purification:  Filtration. 
Grades:  Crude;  refined. 
Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:  Illuminant;  paints;  caulking;  soap 

manufacture. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Lunar  Caustic.    See  Silver  Nitrate. 


oily 


Lupanine* 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystalline 

alkaloid;  poisonous. 
Constants:  Melting-point  44°C. 
Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:  From  the  seeds  of  Lupinus 

albus  and  Lupinus  angustifolios. 
Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Lupetazine*      fDimethylpiperazine,      Di- 
propylenediamine) 


NH(C2H3CH8)2NH. 
Color    and    properties:    Colorless, 

liquid. 

Constants:  Boiling-point  I53°-I58°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:    By    the    reduction    of    di- 

methylpyrazine  with  alcoholic  sodium. 
Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis;  medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Lupinine* 
Color  and  properties:  White,  crystalline 

alkaloid;  poisonous. 
Constants:     Melting-point  68.5°-69.2°C.; 

boiling-point  25^°-2S7°C. 
Soluble   in  alcohol,   ether,  acetone   and 

chloroform;  decomposed  by  water. 
Derivation:     By     extraction     from    the 

seeds  of  Lupinus  luteus  and  Lupinus 

niger. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Lupulin.* 
Derivation:    Glandular  trichomes  separ- 

ated from  fruit  of  Humulus   lupulus. 
Habitat:  Europe,  Asia  and  North  Amer- 

ica. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:   Boxes. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Lustrose.  The  proprietary  name  of  a 
compound  used  in  the  textile  trade  for 
sizing. 

Lycopodium*  (Club-moss,  Vegetable  sul- 

fur). 
Color  and  properties:  Fine  yellow  pow- 

der. 
^Derivation:  Spores  of  Lycopodium  cla- 

vatum. 
Habitat:  North  America,  Asia  and  Eu- 

rope. 


Lycorine 


300 


Mace  Oil 


Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Boxes. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Lycorine* 
Color  and  properties:     Yellow  crystals; 

poisonous. 

Constants:  Melting-point  208°  C. 
Slightly  soluble   in   water,  alcohol  and 

ether. 
Derivation:    By   extraction    of    Lycoris 

radiata. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Lye.     See  Sodium  hydroxide  and  potas- 
sium hydroxide. 

Lysidine*      (Methylglyoxalidine,     Ethyl- 

eneethenyldiamine) 

CH3CNCH2CH2NH. 
Color   and   properties:    Pinkish,   hydro- 

groscopic  crystals;  mousy  odor. 
Constants:      Melting-point    i05°-io6°C.; 

boiling-point  I98°-200°C. 


Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  From  ethylenediamine  hy- 
drochloride  and  sodium  acetate  by 
dry  distillation,  decomposing  the  hy- 
drochloride  of  the  new  base  with  con- 
centrated potassium  hydroxide  and 
crystallizing. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  50  per  cent  solution. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:   Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Lysol.* 

Color  and  properties:  Brown,  oily 
liquid;  creosote  odor;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.042. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  ether,  chloro- 
form and  benzol. 

Derivation:  A  mixture  of  alkali  com- 
pounds of  the  higher  phenols  with  fat 
and  resin  soaps,  obtained  by  boiling  a 
mixture  of  heavy  tar-oils,  fats  and 
resin  with  alkali. 

Grades:   Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Disinfectant;  germicide. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


M 


Mace. 
Derivation:    The  arillodes  of  the  seeds 

of  Myristic  fragans. 
Habitat:  Molucca  Islands;  cultivated  in 

the  tropics  and   East  Indies,   Ceylon, 

South  America,  India  and  Philippine 

Islands. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Boxes. 
Uses:  Medicine;  condiment. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Mace  Oil. 
Color  and  properties:  Colorless  or  pale 


yellowish  liquid;   agreeable,  aromatic 

odor. 
Chief  known   constituents:   Pinene,   di- 

pentene,  myristicol  and  myristiclin. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.91  to  0.93; 

optical  rotation  +10°. 
Soluble   in    alcohol,    ether   and   chloro- 
form. 
Derivation:      Distilled    from    mace,    the 

arillodes    of    the    seeds    of    Myristica 

fragments. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 
Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Copper  flasks;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:    Flavoring. 


Mackintoshite 


301 


Magnesium-Ammonium 


Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Mackintoshite.    A  natural  hydrous  uran- 
ium-thorium silicate.     Texas. 

Macrotin.    See  Cimicifugin. 

Madder. 

Derivation:  Pulverized  root  of  Rubia 
tinctorum,  a  plant  formerly  cultivated 
in  Europe  and  Asia  Minor.  The  glu- 
cosides  contained  therein,  when  de- 
composed by  fermentation  yield  ali- 
zarin, now  largely  replaced  by  alizarin 
obtained  from  the  anthracene  oil  of 
coal-tar. 

Magell.     See  Mezereum. 
Magenta.    See  Fuchsine. 

Magister  of  Bismuth.    See  Bismuth  sub- 
nitrate. 

Magma    Bismuthi,    U.    S.    P.       Bismuth 
magma. 

Magma  Magnesias,  U.  S.   P.     Magnesia 

magma. 

Magnalium.     An  alloy  of  aluminum  and 
magnesium. 

Magnesia.     See  Magnesium  oxide. 

Magnesia  Alba.    See  Magnesium  carbon- 
ate, Basic. 

Magnesia,  Calcined.    See  Magnesium  ox- 
ide. 

Magnesia,  Calcined,   Heavy.      See   Mag- 
nesium oxide. 

Magnesia,  Calcined,  Light.     See  Magne- 
sium oxide. 

Magnesia,  Heavy.     See  Magnesium  ox- 
ide. 

Magnesia  Levis.     See  Magnesium  oxide. 
Magnesia,  Light.    See  Magnesium  oxfSe. 


Magnesii  Carbonas,  Levis,  U.  S.  P.,  B. 

P.    See  Magnesium  carbonate. 

Magnesii  Carbonas  Ponderosus,  U.  S.  P., 
B.  P.    See  Magnesium  carbonate,  Basic. 

Magnesii  Oxidum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See 

Magnesium  oxide. 

Magnesii  Oxidum  Ponderosum,  U.  S.  P., 
B.  P.    See  Magnesium  oxide. 

Magnesii   Sulfas,  U.   S.  P.,  B.  P.      See 

Magnesium  sulfate. 

Magnesite.  Natural  magnesium  carbon- 
ate, MgCOs.  British  Columbia,  Cali- 
fornia, New  Jersey,  New  York,  Wash- 
ington, Quebec,  Austria  and  Greece. 
Uses:  Refractory  linings  for  steel  and 
copper  furnaces  and  other  metallur- 
gical equipment  and  for  Portland  ce- 
ment kilns;  making  wood  pulp;  Sor- 
el's  cement;  magnesium  metal  and 
salts;  ferro-magnesite. 

Magnesium*  Mg. 
Color  and  properties:  Silvery,  malleable, 

moderately   hard  metal.     Burns  with 

an  intense  white  light. 
Constants:     Specific    gravity     1.69-1.75; 

melting-point     65O°C.;      boiling-point 

II20°C 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  electrolysis  of  fused 
carnallite  or  magnesite. 

Method   of   purification:    Distillation. 

Grades:  Technical;  pure;  powder;  rib- 
bon; ingots;  sheets;  bars. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Pyrotechnics;  photographic 
flash-light  powder,  ribbon  and  sheets; 
alloys;  magnesium  salts;  alloyed  with 
lead  for  production  of  hydrogen. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Magnesium  Alba.     See  Magnesium  car- 
bonate, Basic. 

Magnesium-Ammonium    Phosphate* 
(Magnesium-ammonium      ortho-phos- 
phate)  MgNH4PO4.6H2O. 


Magnesium  Biphosphate 


302 


Magnesium  Carbonate 


Color  and  properties:  White  powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.71;  melt- 
ing-point: Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  alcohol 
and  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  solu- 
tions of  a  magnesium  salt  and  am- 
monium phosphate. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:   Medicine. 

Fire   hazard:    None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Magnesium  Biphosphate*  (Magnesium 
phosphate,  Monobasic;  Acid  magne- 
sium phosphate;  Magnesium-tetrahy- 
drogen  phosphate;  Monomagnesium 
phosphate)  MgH4(PO4)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish,  crys- 
talline powder. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water  and 
alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  ortho- 
phosphoric  acid  on  magnesium  hy- 
droxide. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:    Boxes. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Magnesium  Borocitrate* 

Mg(B02)2.Mg3(C6H507)2.Aq. 

Color  and  properties:  White  powder 
or  small,  white,  lustrous  scales. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  mixing  magnesium  bo- 
rate  and  magnesium  citrate. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Boxes;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 
'  Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Magnesium  Bromide*  MgBr2.6H2O. 
Color   and    properties:    Colorless,    very 

deliquescent  crystals;  bitter  taste. 
Constants:    Melting-point;  Decomposes. 
Soluble    in    water;    slightly    soluble    in 

alcohol. 
Derivation:    By    the    action    of    hydro- 

bromic  acid  on  magnesium  oxide  with 

subsequent    crystallization. 
Method    of    purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 


Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Magnesium-Calcium  Chloride.     See  Cal- 
cium-magnesium chloride. 

Magnesium  Carbonate*  (Light  magne- 
sium carbonate)  (a)  MgCO3 ;  (b) 
MgC08.3H20. 

Color  and  properties:  Very  light,  white 
powder,  consisting  of  a  mixture  of 
crystals  and  amorphous  particles. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  (a)  3.04; 
(b)  i. 808. 

Melting-point    (a)    Decomposes    at 
350°  C.. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  Found  as  such  in  nature, 
(b)   By  mixing  solutions  of  magne- 
sium   sulfate    and    sodium    carbonate, 
boiling,  filtering,  washing  and  drying. 

Method  of  purification:  Washing. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Barrels. 

Uses:  Magnesium  salts;  fireproofing; 
composition  flooring;  tooth-pastes; 
boiler-scale  prevention;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Magnesium  Carbonate,  Basic*  (Heavy 
magnesium  carbonate,  Magnesia 
alba)  (a)  4MgCO3.Mg(OH)2.5H2O 
(b)  3MgC08.Mg(OH2).3H20. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  granular 
powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.18. 

Soluble  in  dilute  acids;  insoluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  By  mixing  solutions  -of 
magnesium  sulfate  and  sodium  car- 
bonate, evaporating  to  dryness,  di- 
gesting with  water,  filtering,  washing 
and  drying. 

Method    of   purification:    Washing. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Barrels. 

Uses:  Magnesium  salts;  fireproofing; 
composition  flooring;  medicine;  face 
powder;  dry-cleaning  clothes. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Magnesium  Carbonate 


303 


Magnesium  Hydrogen 


Magnesium     Carbonate,     Heavy.       See 
Magnesium  carbonate,  Basic. 

Magnesium  Carbonate,  Light.    See  Mag- 
nesium carbonate. 

Magnesium    Chloride*    (a)    MgCb;    (b) 

MgCl2.6H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  (a)  Colorless  or 
white  crystals;  (b)  Colorless  or  white 
crystals. 

Constants: 
Specific  gravity 


Melting-point 
Boiling-point 


(a) 
2.177 

?o8°C 
Red  heat 


(b) 
1.569 
Loses 
aHjOat 
ioo°C 
Decomposes 


Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:  (a)  By  heating  magnesium- 

ammonium  chloride;    (b)    By  the   ac- 

tion of  hydrochloric  acid  on  magne- 

sium oxide. 
Method    of    purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:  Magnesium  salts;  dressing  cotton 

fabrics;    manufacturing    disinfectants; 

fire  extinguishers;  fireproofing  wood; 

magnesium  cement. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Magnesium  Citrate* 


. 

Color  and  properties:  White  scales. 
Soluble  in  water  and  acids. 
Derivation:  By  the  action  of  citric  acid 

on  magnesium  hydroxide. 
Method    of    purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:    Wooden    kegs;    glass    bot- 
^tles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Magnesium  Dust.*  Finely  divided  mag- 
nesium metal  used  in  pyrotechnics,  pho- 
tographic flash-lights  and  chemical 
preparations. 

Magnesium  Fluoride*  MgF2. 
Color  and  properties:  White  crystals. 


Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.472',  melt- 
ing-point 1396°  C. 

Soluble  in  nitric  acid;  insoluble  in  alco- 
hol and  water. 

Derivation:  By  adding  sodium  fluoride 
or  hydrofluoric  acid  to  a  solution  of 
magnesium  salt. 

Grades:   Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Ceramics. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:   None. 

Magnesium  Fluosilicate.    See  Magnesium 
silicofluoride. 

Magnesium  Formate,* 
Mg(CHO2)2.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol 
and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  formic  acid 
on  magnesium  oxide. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Boxes;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:    Analytical    chemistry;    medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Magnesium      Glycerinophosphate. 

Magnesium  glycerophosphate. 


See 


Magnesium  Glycerophosphate*   (Magne- 
sium glycerinophosphate) 
MgP04.C3H5(OH)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  pow- 
der. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  glycero- 
phosphoric  acid  on  magnesium  hy- 
droxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:   Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Magnesium    Hydrate.      See    Magnesium 
hydroxide. 

Magnesium-Hydrogen    Phosphate.      See 
Magnesium  phosphate. 


Magnesium  Hydroxide 


304 


Magnesium  Oxide 


Magnesium  Hydroxide*  (Magnesium  hy- 
drate) Mg(OH)2. 

Color  and  properties:     White  powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.36;  melt- 
ing-point: Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  solutions  of  ammonium  salts; 
slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  precipitation  from  a 
solution  of  a  magnesium  salt  by  so- 
dium hydroxide. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:   Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Sugar  refining;  magnesium  ox- 
ide. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:    None. 

Magnesium  Hypophosphite* 

Mg(H2P02)2.6H20. 
Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 
Soluble   in   water;   insoluble  in   alcohol 

and  ether. 
Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hyppphos- 

phoric  acid   on   magnesium  oxide. 
Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Magnesium  Iodide*  MgI2.8H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  deliques- 
cent, crystalline  powder. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  magnesium  in 
iodine  vapors. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Magnesium  Lactate* 

Mg(C8HB08)2.3H20. 
Color   and    properties:    White   crystals; 

very  bitter  taste. 
Soluble   in   water;   insoluble   in   alcohol 

and  ether. 
Derivation:  By  the  action  of  lactic  acid 

on  magnesium  oxide,  with  subsequent 

crvstallization. 
Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 


Grades:   Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:   Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Magnesium     Lactophosphate*     (Magne- 

sium phospholactate). 
Color    and    properties:    White    powder, 

containing  45  per  cent  of  magnesium 

lactate. 

Soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:  By  mixing  magnesium  lac- 

tate  and   magnesium   phosphate,    dis- 

solving  and   crystallizing. 
Method    of   purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:   Glass  bottles. 
Uses:   Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Magnesium  Nitrate*  Mg(NO3)2.6H2O. 
Color  and  properties:  White  crystals. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.464;  melt- 

ing-point  QO°C. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:    By    the    action    of    nitric 

acid  on  magnesium  oxide,  with  subse- 

quent crystallization. 
Method    of   purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:   Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:  Pyrotechnics. 
Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:    Yellow 

label. 

Magnesium  Oleate*  Mg(Ci  8^3302)2- 
Color  and  properties:   Yellowish   mass. 
Soluble     in     linseed     oil;     insoluble     in 

water. 
Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  mag- 

nesium chloride  and  sodium  oleate. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:   Varnish    driers. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 

.  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Magnesium  Oxide*  (Magnesia,  Heavy 
magnesia,  Heavy  calcined  magnesia, 
Light  calcined  magnesia)  MgO. 


Magnesium  Oxide 


305 


Magnesium  Silicofluoride 


Color  and  properties:  White  powder, 
either  light  or  heavy  depending  on 
whether  it  is  prepared  by  heating 
magnesium  carbonate  or  basic  mag- 
nesium carbonate. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.22;  melt- 
ing-point 2800°  C. 

Soluble  in  acids  and  ammonia  salts; 
insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  calcining  magnesium 
carbonate  or  basic  magnesium  car- 
bonate. 

Impurities:  Carbonate. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Medicine;  heat  insulation;  pipe 
coverings;  making  refractories. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Magnesium  Oxide,  Heavy.     See  Magne- 
sium oxide. 

Magnesium  Oxide,  Light.     See  Magne- 
sium oxide. 


Magnesium  Perborate* 
Color  and  properties:  White  powder. 
Soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:  By  the  action  of  boric  acid 

on  magnesium  hydroxide. 
Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:    Dryers. 
Fire  hazard:   None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Magnesium  Peroxide*  MgO£. 
Color  and  properties:    White  powder. 
Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:    From    sodium    or    barium 

peroxide   with    magnesium   sulfate   in 

a  concentrated  solution. 
Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:   Iron   drums. 
Uses:  ^    Bleaching      woolen      and      silk 

fabrics. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 
Railroad   shipping   regulations:    Yellow 

label. 


gen  phosphate,  Magnesium  phosphate, 

Dibasic)  MgHPO4.3H2O. 
Color    and    properties:    White,    crystal- 

line powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.123. 
Soluble    in    acids;    slightly    soluble    in 

water. 
Derivation:  By  the  action  of  meta-phos- 

phoric  acid  on  magnesium  oxide. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:    Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:   None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Magnesium    Phosphate,    Dibasic.       See 

Magnesium  phosphate. 

Magnesium  Phosphate,  Monobasic.     See 
Magnesium  biphosphate. 

Magnesium    Phospholactate.     See    Mag- 
nesium lactophosphate. 

Magnesium  Salicylate* 


Color   and    properties:    Colorless,    crys- 

talline powder. 
Soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:  By  the  action  of  salicylic 

acid  on  magnesium  hydroxide. 
Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:    Wooden    kegs;    glass   bot- 

tles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:   None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Magnesium  Silicate*  3MgSiC>3.5H2O. 
Color  and  properties:     Fine,  white  pow- 

der. 

Insoluble  in  water  or  alcohol. 
Derivation:    By    the    interaction    of    a 

magnesium  salt  and  a  soluble  silicate. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Magnesium  Silicide.    See  Silicon-magne- 


Magnesium    Phosphate*    (Dimagnesium 
ortho-phosphate,      Magnesium-hydro- 


Magnesium    Silicofluoride*    (Magnesium 
fluosilicate)   MgSiFe. 


Magnesium  Sulfate 


306 


Male  Fern  Oil 


Color  and  properties:  White,  crystalline 

powder. 
Derivation:    By    acting   on    magnesium 

hydroxide   or   carbonate  with   hydro- 

fluosilicic  acid. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:  Ceramics;  concrete  hardeners. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Magnesium  Sulfate*  (Epsom  Salt)  (a) 
MgS04;  (b)  MgS04.7H20. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  (a)  2.65; 
(b)  1.6784. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  the  action  of  sul- 
furic  acid  on  magnesium  oxide,  hy- 
droxide or  carbonate. 

(b)     Mined    in    a    high    degree    of 
purity  in  British  Columbia. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Medicine;  leather  industry;  fire- 
proofing;  warp-sizing  cotton  goods; 
loading  cotton-goods. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Magnesium  Sulfite*  MgSO3.6H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystalline 
powder. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Loses  6H2O 
at  20O°C.;  boiling-point:  Decomposes. 

Slightly  soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in 
alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  sulfurous 
acid  on  magnesium  hydroxide. 

Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Magnesium-Tetrahydrogen       Phosphate. 

See  Magnesium  biphosphate. 

Magnesium  Tungstate*  (Magnesium 
wolframate)  MgWoC>4. 


Color  and  properties:  White  crystals. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water  and 
alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  solu- 
tions of  magnesium  sulfate  and  am- 
monium tungstate. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Fluorescent  screens  for  Roentgen 
rays;  luminescent  paint. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Magnesium  Wolframate.  See  Magne- 
sium tungstate. 

Magnetic  Pyrites.     See  Pyrrhotite. 

Magnetite  (Magnetic  iron  ore,  Lode- 
stone).  Natural  magnetic  iron  oxide, 
FeO.Fe2O3.  Contains  72.4  per  cent 
iron.  Found  throughout  United  States 
and  Canada. 

Maize  Oil.    See  Corn  oil. 

Malachite.  Natural,  green,  basic  cop- 
per carbonate,  2CuO.CO2.H2O.  Con- 
tains 40.3  per  cent  copper.  Arizona, 
California,  Colorado,  Connecticut,  Flor- 
ida, Georgia,  Idaho,  Maryland,  Missouri, 
Montana,  Nevada,  New  Hampshire, 
New  Jersey,  New  Mexico,  North  Caro- 
lina, Oklahoma,  Oregon,  Pennsylvania, 
South  Dakota,  Tennessee,  Utah,  Ver- 
mont, Virginia,  Washington,  Wiscon- 
sin and  Wyoming. 

Malachite,  Artificial.  See  Copper  car- 
bonate, Green. 

Malachite,  Artificial,  Blue.  See  Copper 
carbonate,  Blue. 

Male  Fern  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  to  pale 
yellow  liquid. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Hexyl  and 
ocytl  esters  of  fatty  acids. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.850;  boil- 
ing-point I40°-25O°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  rhizome 
of  Dryopteris  filix-mas  marginalis. 


Maleic  Acid 


307 


Manganese 


Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:  Copper  flasks;  glass  bottles. 
Use:   Medicine;    preparation   of  liquors 

(gin). 

Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Maleic  Acid.     See  Acid  maleic. 
Malenic  Acid.     See  Acid  maleic. 
Malic  Acid.     See  Acid  malic. 
Mallow,  Marsh.     See  Althea. 
Malon  Oil.     See  Black-fish  oil. 
Malonic  Acid.    See  Acid  malonic. 

Malonic  Acid  Diethylester*  (Ethyl  mal- 
onate)  CH2  (CO?C2HB)2. 

Color  and  properties:   Colorless  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.061;  boil- 
ing-point ig8°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  very 
slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  passing  hydrogen  chlor- 
ide into  cyanoacetic  acid  dissolved  in 
absolute  alcohol,  with  subsequent  dis- 
tillation. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:   Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Malonurea.     See  Veronal. 

Maltha  (Pissasphalt).  Natural,  dark, 
viscous  bitumen.  Soluble  in  benzol, 
carbon  bisulfide,  etc.;  insoluble  in  water. 

Maltose.    Malt  sugar. 
Maltum,  U.  S.  P.    Malt. 

Manaca    (Vegetable    mercury;    Camgan- 
iba;       Manacan;       Mercuric-vegetal; 
Geratacaca;  Brunfelsia). 
Derivation:  Root  of  Franciscea  uniflora. 
Habitat:  Brazil. 


Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Bales. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Manacan.    See  Manaca. 

Mandarin  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow,  liquid 
oil;  characteristic  odor. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Limonene; 
citral;  methylester  of  methyl  anthran- 
ilate. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.85  to  0.86; 
boiling-point  I75°-I79°C.;  optical  ro- 
tation +70°. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Expressed  from  the  fresh 
peel  of  the  mandarin  orange,  Citrus 
bigaradia  sinensis. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Copper  flasks;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Flavoring;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Mandrake.      See   Podophyllum. 

Manganese.*  A  reddish-gray  metallic 
element,  Mn.  Occurs  abundantly  in 
nature,  chiefly  as  oxides.  See  Ala- 
bandite,  Braunite,  Chalcophanite,  Co- 
ronadite,  Manganite,  Psilomelane, 
Pyrolusite,  Rhodochrosite,  Rhodonite, 
Tephroite,  Wad.  Various  mangamf- 
erous  minerals  are  found  throughout 
the  United  States  and  Canada.  The 
manganese  ores  of  commerce  are 
chiefly  pyrolusite  and  wad,  which 
come  chiefly  from  India,  Brazil  and 
Russia. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  7-42;  melt- 
ing-point i26o°C;  boiling-point 

IQOO°C. 

Soluble  in  dilute  acids;  decomposes 
water. 

Derivation:  By  aluminothermic  reduc- 
tion of  the  oxide. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Boxes. 

Uses:  Metallurgy. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Manganese  Acetate 


308 


Manganese  Dioxide 


Manganese  Acetate* 

Mn(C2H3O2)2.4H2O. 
Color  and  properties:  Pale  red  crystals. 
Constants:     Specific  gravity  1.6. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:  By  the  action  of  acetic  acid 

on  manganese  hydroxide. 
Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:    Textile    dyeing;    manufacturing 

bistre. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Manganese,  Battery.    See  Manganese  di- 
oxide. 


Manganese   Binoxide. 

dioxide. 


See    Manganese 


Manganese  Borate*  MnB4O7. 
Color  and  properties:  White  powder. 
Soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:  By  the  action  of  boric  acid 

on  manganese  hydroxide. 
Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:   Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:  Varnish  and  oil  drier. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Manganese-Boron.  An  alloy  of  man- 
ganese and  boron  used  in  the  making 
of  brass,  bronze  and  other  alloys. 

Manganese  Carbonate*  MnCOs. 

Color  and  properties:  Rose  colored 
crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.125-3.66; 
melting-point:  Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  dilute  acids;  insoluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  A  precipitate  from  the  addi- 
tion of  sodium  carbonate  to  a  solu- 
tion of  a  manganese  salt  followed  by 
filtration,  washing  and  drying. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Tins;   glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Manganese    Chloride*    (a)    MnCl2;    Tb) 
MnCl2.4H2O. 


Color    and    properties:    Rose    colored 

crystals. 
Constants:    Specific    gravity    (a)    2.478; 

(b)    1.913. 
Melting-point      (a)      65O°C.;       (b) 

87.5°C. 

Boiling-point  (b)   io6°C. 
Soluble    in    water,    slightly    soluble    iii 

alcohol;  insoluble  in  ether. 
Derivation:    By    the    action    of    hydro- 

chloric   acid    on    manganese    dioxide, 

with   subsequent   crystallization. 
Method    of    purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:    Wooden   kegs;   glass   bot- 

tles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Manganese  Citrate* 
Color  and  properties:  White  powder. 
Soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:  By  the  action  of  citric  acid 

on  manganese  hydroxide. 
Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:   None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Manganese-Copper.  An  alloy  of  man- 
ganese and  copper  used  for  electric  re- 
sistances and  the  stay-bolts  of  locomo- 
tive fire-boxes. 

Manganese  Dioxide*  (Manganese  binox- 

ide;    Battery   manganese;    Manganese 

peroxide)  MnO2. 
Color  and  properties:  Black  crystals  or 

amorphous  powder. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  5.026;  melt- 

ing-point:     Decomposes. 
Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:    (a)    Found  as   such   in   na- 

ture.    (b)   By  heating  manganese  ox- 

ide in  a  furnace  in  presence  of  oxy- 

gen. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:  Barrels. 
Uses:    Oxidizing    agent;    electric    dry- 

cells;    manganese    compounds,    medi- 

cine. 


Manganese  Glycerinophosphate 


309 


Manganese  Oxalate 


Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 
Railroad   shipping   regulations:    Yellow 
label. 


Manganese      Glycerinophosphate. 
Manganese  glycerophosphate. 


See 


Manganese     Glycerophosphate*      (Man- 
ganese glycerinophosphate) 
MnC3H7O3.PO3. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-white 
powder. 

Soluble  in  water  and  acids. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  glycero- 
phosphoric  acid  on  manganese  hy- 
droxide. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  boxes. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Manganese  Green.    See  Barium  mangan- 
ate. 

Manganese  Hydrate.    See  Manganic  hy- 
droxide. 

Manganese   Hydroxide.      See   Manganic 
hydroxide. 

Manganese  Hypophosphite* 

Mn(H2PO2)2.H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Rose-red  crystals. 
Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 
Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hypophos- 

phoric  acid  on  manganese  hydroxide. 
Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles;  boxes. 
Uses.    Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Manganese     Iodide.       See     Manganous 
iodide. 

Manganese  Lactate* 

Mn(C3H503)2.3H20. 
Color  and  properties:  Pale  red  crystals. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:  By  the  action  of  lactic  acid 

on  manganese  hydroxide. 


Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Manganese-Lead  Resinate.* 
Derivation:  A  mixture  of  lead  and  man- 

ganese resinates. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:  Varnish  and  oil  drier. 
Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad   shipping   regulations:    Yellow 

label. 

Manganese  Linoleate*  Mn(CisH3iO2)2. 
Color     and      properties:      Dark-brown, 

plaster-like  mass. 
Soluble  in  linseed  oil. 
Derivation:    By    boiling    a    manganese 

salt,  sodium  linoleate  and  water. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:  Varnish  drier. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Manganese  Monoxide.     See  Manganous 
oxide. 


Manganese  Oleate* 
Color  and  properties:  Brown,  granular 

mass. 
Soluble     in     oleic     acid;     insoluble     in 

water. 
Derivation:      By      boiling      manganese 

chloride,  sodium  oleate  and  water. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  kegs.  ^ 
Uses:  Medicine;  varnish  drier. 
Fire  hazard:   None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Manganese  Oxalate*  MnC2O4.2^H2O. 
Color  and  properties:  White  crystalline 

powder. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.453;  melt- 

ing-point:  Decomposes  at   150°C. 
Soluble    in    dilute    acids;    very    slightly 

soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:   By  adding  sodium  oxalate 

to  manganese  chloride. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:    Wooden  barrels, 


Manganese  Oxide 


310 


Manganous  Ortho-phosphate 


Uses:     Metallic     manganese;     varnish 

drier. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Manganese  Oxide.     See  Manganous  ox- 
ide. 

Manganese    Peroxide.      See    Manganese 
dioxide. 

Manganese  Phosphate.     See  Manganous 
ortho-phosphate. 

Manganese  Protoxide.     See  Manganous 
oxide. 


Manganese  Resinate* 

Color  and  properties:  Dark,  brownish- 
black  mass. 

Soluble  in  hot  linseed  oil;  insoluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  By  boiling  manganese  hy- 
droxide, resin  oil  and  water. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Varnish  and  oil  drier. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Manganese     Silicate.       See     Manganous 

silicate. 

• 
Manganese  Sulfate.    See  Manganous  sul- 

fate. 

Manganese-Titanium.    An  alloy  of  man- 
ganese and  titanium. 

Mangani  Dioxidum  Praecipitatum,  U.  S. 
P.     See  Manganese  dioxide. 

Manganic   Hydroxide*    (Manganese   hy- 
droxide; Manganese  hydrate) 
Mn(OH)2. 

Color  and  properties:  A  brown  powder, 
occurring  in  nature  as  psilomelane. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3-258;  melt- 
ing-point: Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  adding  a  solution  of 
sodium  hydroxide  to  a  solution  of 


a   manganese   salt,   filtering,   washing 

and  drying. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:  Pigment  for  fabrics;  ceramics. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Manganin.*  An  alloy  of  copper  and  man- 
ganese with  small  amounts  of  nickel 
and  iron,  of  high  resistance  and  exceed- 
ingly low  temperature  coefficient. 

Manganite.  Gray  manganese  ore.  A 
natural  hydrated  manganese  ^oxide, 
Mn2Os.H2O.  Alabama,  Georgia  and 
New  Mexico. 

Manganous  Fluoride*  (Manganese  fluor- 
ide) MnF2. 

Color  and  properties:  Reddish  powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.98;  melt- 
ing-point 8s6°C. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water, 
alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydro- 
fluoric acid  on  manganous  hydroxide. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Ceramics. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Manganous  Iodide*  (Manganese  iodide) 

MnI2. 
Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-brown, 

deliquescent,  crystalline  mass. 
Constants:  Melting-point:  Decomposes. 
Soluble  in  water  with   decomposition. 
Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydriodic 

acid  on  manganous  hydroxide. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:   Glass   bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Manganous  Ortho-phosphate*  (Man- 
ganese phosphate)  Mns(PO 4^2-7^20. 

Color  and  properties:  Reddish-white 
powder. 

Soluble  in  mineral  acids;  insoluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:      By    the    action    of   ortho- 


Manganous  Oxide 


311 


Marble 


phosphoric    acid    on    manganous    hy- 
droxide. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:   Medicine;   chemical  reagent. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Manganous  Oxide*  (Manganese  protox- 
ide; Manganese  oxide)  MnO. 

Color  and  properties:  Grass-green  pow- 
der. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  5.09-5.18; 
melting-point:  Is  converted  into 
Mn3O4. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  reduction  of  the 
dioxide  in  hydrogen,  (b)  By  heating 
the  carbonate  with  exclusion  of  air. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  iron 
drums. 

Uses:  Medicine;  textile  printing;  an- 
alytical chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Manganous  Silicate*  (Manganese  sili- 
cate) MnSiOs. 

Color  and  properties:  Red  crystals  or 
yellowish-red  powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.35;  melt- 
ing-point i2i8°C. 

Insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  man- 
ganese oxide  and  hydrosilicic  acid. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Ceramics;  coloring  glass. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Manganous  Sulfate*  (Manganese  sul- 
fate)  MnSO4.4H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Translucent,  pale 
rose-red,  efflorescent  prisms. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.107;  boil- 
ing-point 30°  C. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  sulfuric 
acid  on  manganese  oxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  kegs. 


Uses:  Medicine;  textile  dyeing;  cera- 
mics. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Mangrove. 

Derivation:     From  Rhizophora  mangle. 
Habitat:     West  Africa  and  Borneo. 
Grades:     Mangrove  cutch:  55  per  cent 

tannin;  Liquid:  25  per  cent  tannin. 
Containers:     \Vooden  barrels. 
Uses:     Tanning  industry. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Manihot  Utilissima.     See  T? 

Manna. 

Derivation:  Concrete  saccharine  exu- 
dation of  Fraxinus  ornus. 

Habitat:  Mediterranean  basin,  Spain  to 
Asia  Minor. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:    None. 

Manna  Sugar.     See  Mannite. 

Mannite*   (Manna  sugar)   C6H8(OH)6. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystal- 
line prisms. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.521;  melt- 
ing-point i65°-i66°C;  boiling-point 

290°-205°C. 

Soluble  in  water;  slightly  soluble  in  al- 
cohol; insoluble  in  ether. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  from  manna, 
Fraxinus  ornus. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Maranta.     See  Starch,  Arrowroot. 

Marble.  Crystalline,  granular  lime- 
stone or  dolomite,  generally  susceptible 
of  a  high  polish.  Alabama,  Arizona, 
Arkansas,  California,  Canada,  Colorado, 
Connecticut,  Delaware,  Georgia,  Idaho, 
Iowa,  Kentucky,  Maryland,  Massachu- 


Marcasite 


312 


Mastic 


setts,  Michigan,  Missouri,  Nevada,  New 
Jersey,  New  Mexico,  New  York,  North 
Carolina,  Oklahoma,  Oregon,  Pennsyl- 
vania, South  Carolina,  South  Dakota, 
Tennessee,  Texas,  Utah,  Vermont,  Vir- 
ginia, Washington  and  Wyoming. 

Marcasite  (White  iron  pyrite)  Natural, 
orthorhombic  iron  disulnde,  FeS2.  Con- 
tains 46.6  per  cent  iron.  Canada,  Colo- 
rado, Idaho,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Michigan, 
Missouri,  Montana,  Oklahoma,  Oregon 
and  Wisconsin. 

Margarine  Oils.*  Edible  oils,  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  oleomargarine,  and  con- 
taining not  over  o.i  per  cent  of  free 
fatty  acid. 

Marignac's  Salt.  See  Potassium  stanno- 
sulfate. 

Marigold.     See  Calendula. 

Marjoram*    (Sweet    marjoram;    Knotted 

marjoram). 
Derivation:    The  entire  herb,  Origanum 

marjoram). 
Habitat:  Southern  Europe  and  Western 

Asia;  widely  cultivated. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Bales. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Marjoram,  Common.     See  Origanum. 

Marjoram  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish  or 
greenish-yellow  liquid;  strong,  pene- 
trating odor. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Terpineol; 
terpenes. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.890-0.910; 
optical  rotation  +5°  to  +  18°. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  herb, 
Origanum  maiorana. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Copper  flasks;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  perfuming  soaps. 


Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Marl.  A  soft,  earthy  deposit  of  cal- 
cium carbonate,  containing  more  or  less 
clay  and  sand,  used  in  manufacture  of 
cement.  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Canada, 
Delaware,  Florida,  Georgia,  Indiana, 
Iowa,  Kentucky,  Louisiana,  Maryland, 
Massachusetts,  Michigan,  Mississippi, 
Minnesota,  New  Hampshire,  New  Jer- 
sey, New  York,  North  Carolina,  Ohio, 
Tennessee,  South  Carolina,  Vermont, 
Virginia  and  Wyoming. 

Marrubium*    (Horehound;    Hoarhound). 

Derivation:  Dried  leaves  and  tops  of 
Marrubium  vulgare. 

Habitat:  Europe,  Central  Asia  and 
United  States. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Boxes;  bags. 

Uses:     Medicine;  confectionery. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 
.Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Marseillene.     Soap  soluble  in  gasoline. 
Marshmallow.     See  Althea. 
Mary-bud.    See  Calendula. 

Massa  Ferri  Carbonatis,  U.  S.  P.  Mass 
of  ferrous  carbonate. 

Massa   Hydrargyri,  U.   S.  P.     Mass   of 

mercury. 

"Massecuite."  A  mixture  of  sirup  and 
cane-sugar  crystals  obtained  in  the  su- 
gar industry. 

Massicot.  Natural  lead  monoxide.  PbO. 
Contains  92.8  per  cent  lead.  Colorado, 
Idaho,  Nevada  and  Virginia. 

Masterwort.     See  Imperatoria. 

Mastic  (Balsam  tree;  Lentisk;  Pistachia 
galls;  Mastiche;  Mastix). 

Derivation'  Concrete  resinous  exuda- 
tions ot  Pistacia  lentiscus. 

Habitat:     Mediterranean 


Mastic  Oil 


313 


Melarapyrit 


Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:      Bags. 

Uses:  Medicine;  condiment;  tooth  ce- 
ments; chewing-gum;  adhesive;  lac- 
quers; plasters;  incense. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

See  also  Gum  mastic. 

Mastic  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  A  yellow  liquid; 
characteristic,  strongly  balsamic 
odor. 

Chief  known  constituents:     Pinenes. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.858;  op- 
tical rotation  +25°. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:     Distilled  from  mastic. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Mata-Perro.    See  Condurango. 

Matico. 
Derivation:     Leaves   of   Piper  angusti- 

folium. 
Habitat:     Peru,  Bolivia,  Brazil,  Mexico 

and  Cuba. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Matico  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish- 
brown,  liquid  oil;  peculiar  odor. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Asarone; 
methyl  eugenol. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity:  Leaf: 
0.93;  Flower:  1.13;  optical  rotation 
+5-5  to  -0.25. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  leaves 
or  flowers  of  Piper  angustifplium. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  copper 
flasks. 


Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Matricaria*    (German   chamomile;    Wild 

chamomile). 
Derivation:        Dried      flower-heads      of 

Matricaria  chamomilla. 
Habitat:      Europe    and    Western    Asia; 

cultivated  in  the  United  States. 
Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

May  Apple.     See  Podophyllium. 
May  Blossom.     See  Convallaria. 
May  Lily.     See  Convallaria. 
Mazola.    See  Corn  oil. 
Meadow  Crocus.     See  Colchicum. 
Meadow  Saffron.     See  Colchicum. 
Meconic  Acid.     See  Acid  meconic. 

Meerschaum  (Sepiolite).  A  tough, 
compact,  natural,  hydrous  magnesium 
silicate.  California,  New  Mexico. 

Megass.     See  Bagasse. 
Mel,  U.  S.  P.     Honey. 

Mel  Depuratum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.  Clari- 
fied honey. 

Mel  Rosae,  U.  S.  P.    Honey  of  rose. 

Melaconite.  Natural  black  copper  ox- 
ide, CuO.  Contains  79.8  per  cent  cop- 
per. The  name  given  to  an  earthy, 
black,  massive  variety  of  tenorite.  Ala- 
bama, Arizona,  Colorado,  Idaho,  North 
Carolina,  Pennsylvania,  Tennessee,  Vir- 
ginia, Washington  and  Wyoming. 

Melampyrit.    See  Dulcite. 


Melegueta  Pepper 


314 


Mercuric    Acetate 


Melegueta  Pepper.    See  Amomum  mele- 
gueta. 

Meletim.     See  Quercetin. 
Melissa  Oil.     See  Lemongrass  oil. 
Mellimide.     See  Paramide. 
Mellitimide.     See  Paramide. 
Mellitose.     See  Raffinase. 
Mellitriose.     See  Raffinose. 

Melon  Pumpkin  Seeds.     See   Cucurbitse 
semina  prseparata. 

Menaccanite.     See   Ilmenite.     New  Jer- 
sey, New  York  and  North  Carolina. 

Menhaden  Oil* 

Color  and  properties:  A  yellowish- 
brown  or  reddish-brown  liquid;  char- 
acteristic odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.927-0.933; 
saponification  value  190.6;  iodine 
value  139-180;  refractive  index  1.480. 

Soluble  in  ether,  benzol,  naphtha  and 
carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  By  cooking  or  pressing 
the  body  of  the  menhaden  (moss- 
bunker)  fish.  Winter  oils  are  made 
by  chilling  which  separates  stearine. 

Method  of  purification:  Filtration  and 
bleaching  with  fullers'  earth. 

Grades:  Prime  crude;  brown  strained; 
strained;  bleached;  winter  oil; 
bleached  winter  white  oil.  Also 
sometimes  graded: — A,  extra  pale;  B, 
pale;  C,  brown;  D,  dark  brown. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  tank 
cars. 

Uses:  Leather  dressing;  chamois  tan- 
ning; soap  making,  after  hydrogena- 
tion;  tempering  steel;  adulterating 
cod-liver  oil. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Mentha  Aquatica.     See  Watermint. 
Mcntha  Crispa.     See  Crispmint. 

Mentha  Piperita,  U.  S.  P.     See  Pepper- 
mint. 


Mentha  Pulegium.     See   Pulegium. 

Mentha    Viridis,    U.    S.   P.      See    Spear 

mint. 

Menthene.     See  Pinene. 


Menthene  CioHis  or 
Derivation:      (a)    A    dehydration    pro- 
duct  of   menthol    or   the    hydrogena- 
tion    product    of    cymene.      (b)    The 
same  as  pinene  (q.v.). 

Menthol      (Hexahydrothymol;      Methyl- 

propylphenyl     hexahydride;     Pepper- 

mint camphor)  CioHigOH. 
Color  and  properties:     Colorless   crys- 

tals; peppermint-like  odor. 
Constants:    Specific  gravity  0.890;  melt- 

ing-point        44.5°C.;         boiling-point 

2i5-5°C. 
Soluble     in     alcohol     and     etrier;     very 

slightly  soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:     By  reducing  the  tempera- 

ture of  the  oil  until  the  menthol  crys- 

tallizes. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Glass   bottles;   tins. 
Uses:      Medicine;    perfumery;    confec- 

tionery. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Menthol  Valerate.     See  Validol. 
Menyanthin.     See  Inulin. 

Mercer's  Liquor.    A  solution  containing 
potassium  ferricyanide  used  for  etching. 

Mercuric  Acetate  Hg(C2H3O2)2. 
Color  and  properties:     White,  crystal- 

line powder;  poisonous. 
Constants:    Specific  gravity:    3.2544. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  water. 
Derivation:      By    the    action    of    acetic 

acid  on  mercury. 
Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 


Mercuric-Ammonium 


315 


Mercuric   Iodide 


Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Mercuric-Ammonium  Chloride*  (Ammo- 
niated  mercury  chloride;  White  pre- 
cipitate; Aminomercuric  chloride; 
Ammomated  mercury)  HgNH2Cl. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  pulveru- 
lent lumps;  earthy,  metallic  taste; 
poisonous. 

Soluble  in  ammonium  carbonate  and 
sodium  thiosulfate  solutions  and  in 
warm  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  precipitating  mercuric 
chloride  with  ammonium  hydroxide 
in  excess. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Mercuric  Benzoate* 

Hg(C7H502)2.H2O. 
Color  and  properties:     White  crystals; 

poisonous. 
Soluble  in  solutions  of  sodium  chloride 

and     ammonium     benzoate;     slightly 

soluble  in  alcohol. 
Derivation:      By    the    interaction    of   a 

mercuric   salt  and  sodium  benzoate. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Mercuric    Biniodide.      See    Mercuric    io- 
dide. 

Mercuric  Bromide*  HgBr2. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  rhombic 
crystals;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  5.74;  melt- 
ing-point 235°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  sparingly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  adding  potassium  bro- 
mide to  a  solution  of  a  mercuric  salt 
and  crystallizing. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     .Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 


Fire  hazard:    None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Mercuric  .Chloride*  (Corrosive  subli- 
mate; Mercury  bichloride;  Mercury 
chloride,  Corrosive)  HgLb. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystals; 
very  poisonous! 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  5.32;  melt- 
ing-point 265° C.;  boiling-point  303° C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  ether,  pyridine 
and  acetic  acid  ester. 

Derivation:  By  subliming  mercuric  sul- 
fate  and  common  salt. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystaliiza- 
tion  and  sublimation. 

Impurities:     Mercurous  chloride. 

Grades:  Technical;  lump;  crystals; 
granular;  powder;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Wooden  boxes;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Antiseptic;  medicine;  tanning; 
wood-preservative;  hat  manufacture; 
embalming;  textile  printing. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Mercuric  Cyanide*  Hg(CN)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  trans- 
parent prisms,  darkened  by  light; 
poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.018;  melt- 
ing-point: Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  mer- 
curic oxide  and  an  aqueous  solution 
of  hydrocyanic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:  Amber  glass  bottles; 
wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Medicine;  manufacturing  cyano- 
gen gas;  photography. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Mercuric    Iodide*    (Mercuric    biniodide) 

HgI2. 

Color  and  properties:  (a)  Red,  tetrago- 
nal crystals;  (b)  Yellow,  rhombic 
crystals;  poisonous. 


Constants: 

Specific  gravity 
Melting  point 
Boiling-point 


(a)  (b) 

6.2-^5.32  5.91-6.06 

24I°C-257°C  24I°C 

340°C  340°C 


Mercuric  Nitrate 


'     316 


Mercuric  Sulfide 


Soluble  in  sodium  thiosulfate  or  potas- 
sium iodide  solutions;  insoluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  the  direct  union  of 
mercury  and  iodine,  (b)  As  a  precipi- 
tate by  adding  potassium  iodide  to  a 
solution  of  a  mercuric  salt. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.   P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Mercuric   Nitrate*   Hg(NO3)2.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals or  white  deliquescent  powder; 
poisonous. 

Soluble  in  water  and  nitric  acid;  in- 
soluble in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hot  nitric 
acid  on  mercury. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:     Mercurous  nitrate. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine;  felt  manufacture. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Mercuric  Oleate.* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish  to  red 
liquid,  semi-solid  or  solid  mass;  pois- 
onous. 

Soluble  in  ether  and  in  oils;  insoluble  in 
water. 

Derivations:  By  mixing  yellow  mer- 
curic oxide  with  oleic  acid. 

Strength  of  solutions:  5  per  cent;  10 
per  cent;  15  per  cent;  20  per  cent. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Mercuric  Oxide,  Red*  (Red  precipitate; 

Mercury  oxide,  Red)   HgO. 
Color   and   properties:      Heavy,   bright, 

orange-red  powder;  very  poisonous. 
Constants:     Specific  gravity  11.00-11.29; 

melting-point:     Decomposes. 
Soluble   in   acids;   very  slightly  soluble 

in    water;    insoluble    in    alcohol    and 


Derivation:  By  heating  mercurous  ni- 
trate. 

Grades:     Technical;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Paint  pigment;  mercury  salts; 
medicine;  antifouling  marine  paints. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Mercuric-Potassium  Cyanide*  (Mercury- 
potassium  cyanide)  Hg(CN)2.2KCN. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals; very  poisonous. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  mixing  mercuric  and 
potassium  cyanides  and  crystallizing. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Silvering  glass  in  mirror  manu- 
facture. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Mercuric  Sulfate*  (Mercury  persulfate, 
Mercury  bisulfate)  HgSO-i. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  6.466;  melt- 
ing-point: Decomposes  at  red  heat. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  sulfuric 
acid  on  mercury,  with  subsequent 
crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  wooden 
kegs. 

Uses:  Medicine;  producing  calomel 
and  corrosive  sublimate;  extracting 
gold  and  silver  from  roasted  pyrites; 
galvanic  batteries. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Mercuric  Sulfide,  Black*  (Ethiops  min- 
eral) HgS. 

Color  and  properties:  Black  powder; 
poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  7.55 — 7.70; 
sublimes  at  446° C. 

Soluble  in  sodium  sulfide  solution;  in- 
soluble in  water,  alcohol  and  nitric 


Mercuric  Sulfide 


317 


Mercury 


Derivation:  By  passing  hydrogen  sul- 
fide  gas  into  a  solution  of  a  mercury 
salt. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Pigment   for   coloring  horn. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Mercuric  Sulfide,  Red*  (Vermilion,  Ar- 
tificial cinnabar,  Red  mercury  sul- 
furet)  HgS. 

Color  and  properties:  Fine,  bright- 
scarlet  powder;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  8.06-8.12; 
melting-point:  Sublimes  at  446°C. 

Insoluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  heating  mercury  and 
sulfur,  with  subsequent  recovery  by 
sublimation. 

Method  of  purification:    Resublimation. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  paint  pigment;  color- 
ing sealing-wax. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Mercuric    Sulfocyanate*    (Mercuric    sul- 
focyanide;   Mercuric  rhodanide) 
Hg(SCN)2. 

Color  and  properties:  White  powder; 
poisonous;  explosive. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Decom- 
poses. 

Soluble  in  alcohol;  slightly  soluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:      By   precipitation    of   mer- 
curic   nitrate   with   ammonium   sulfo- 
cyanate  and  subsequent  solution  in  a 
I  large  amount  of  hot  water  and  crys- 

tallizing. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Photography;  producing  "Pha- 
raoh's serpents." 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 


Mercuric-Vegetal.     See  Manaca. 


Mercurius    Vitae.      See    Antimony    oxy- 
chloride. 

Mercurous  Chloride*  (Mercury  Mono- 
chloride;  Mercury  chloride,  Mild; 
Calomel)  HgCl. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  rhombic 
crystals  or  white  crystalline  powder; 
non-poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  6.993;  melt- 
ing-point: Sublimes  at  from  40*0°  to 
500° C.  without  melting. 

Insoluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  mercuric  chlor- 
ide and  mercury,  with  subsequent 
sublimation. 

Method  of  purification:     Sublimation. 

Impurities:     Mercuric  chloride. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tins. 

Uses:     Medicine;  pyrotechnics. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:    None. 

Mercurous  Oxide,  Black*  (Hahnemann's 
soluble     mercury,     Black    precipitate, 
Ammoniated  mercury  nitrate,  Oxydi- 
mercurous-ammonium  nitrate) 
Hg20.NH2Hg2N03. 

Color  and  properties:  Black  to  gray- 
ish-black powder;  poisonous. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water  and 
alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  adding  ammonium  hy- 
droxide to  a  solution  of  mercuric 
nitrate. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Dark  amber  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Mercury*  (Quicksilver;  Hydrargyrum) 
Hg. 

Color  and  properties:  A  silvery,  liquid, 
metallic  element,  sometimes  found 
native;  poisonous.  See  also  Amal- 
gam, Cinnabar,  Eglestonite,  Kleinite, 
Metacinnabarite,  Montroydite,  Ter- 
linguaite,  Tiemannite.  California. 

Constants:  ^  Specific  gravity  13.5053; 
melting-point  -38.85°  C.;  boiling- 
Point  357-33°C. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water,  al- 
cohol and  ether. 


Mercury  Acetate 


318 


Mercury   Persulfate 


Derivation:  By  heating  cinnabar  in 
air,  01  with  lime. 

Method  of  purification:     Distillation. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Leather  bottles;  stone 
bottles;  iron  flasks. 

Uses:  Mercury  salts;  thermometers; 
medicine;  mirror  manufacture;  mer- 
cury vapor  lamps  (Copper-Hewitt, 
etc);  amalgams;  extraction  of  gold 
and  silver  from  their  ores;  physical 
and  chemical  apparatus;  catalyst; 
production  of  fulminate,  and  vermil- 
ion; electric  rectifiers;  pharmacy;  ca- 
thode in  electrolytic  chemical  proces- 
ses. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Mercury  Acetate.    See  Mercuric  acetate. 

Mercury,    Ammoniated.      See    Mercuric- 
ammonium  chloride. 

Mercury-Ammonium  Chloride.    See  Mer- 
curic-ammonium chloride. 

Mercury  Benzoate.     See   Mercuric  ben- 
zoate. 

Mercury  Bichloride.    See  Mercuric  chlo- 
ride. 

Mercury    Biniodide.      See    Mercuric    io- 
dide. 

Mercury    Bisulfate.      See    Mercuric    sul- 
fate. 

Mercury   Bromide.      See    Mercuric   bro- 
mide. 

Mercury  Chloride.     See  Mercuric  chlor- 
ide and   Mercurous  chloride. 

Mercury     Chloride,    Ammoniated.      See 

Mercuric-ammonium  chloride. 

Mercury  Chloride,  Corrosive.     See  Mer- 
cury chloride. 


Mercury  Cyanide.    See  Mercuric  cyanide. 

Mercury  Fulminate*  Hg(CNO)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Dark  brown, 
crystalline  powder;  explodes  when 
dry  under  the  slightest  friction  or 
shock;  must  be  kept  moist  until  used. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.42;  melt- 
ing-point: Explodes. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ammonium  hydrox- 
ide and  hot  water;  slightly  soluble  in 
cold  water. 

Derivation:  By  acting  on  mercury  with 
strong  nitric  acid  and  alcohol,  in  lots 
of  five  pounds  in  glass  bottles. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Canvas  bags  in  stone 
crocks  filled  with  water. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  caps  and  deto- 
nators for  producing  explosions  for 
military,  industrial  and  sporting  pur- 
poses. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Cannot 
be  shipped  by  express. 

Mercury,     Hahnemann's     Soluble.      See 
Mercurous  oxide,  Black. 

Mercury  Iodide,  Red.     See  Mercuric  io- 
dide. 

Mercury  Iodide,  Yellow.     See  Mercuric 
iodide. 

Mercury  Monochloride.     See  Mercurous 
chloride. 

Mercury  Nitrate.     See  Mercuric  nitrate. 

Mercury     Nitrate,     Ammoniated.       See 
Mercurous  oxide,  Black. 

Mercury  Oleate.     See  Mercuric  oleate. 

Mercury  Oxide,  Black.     See  Mercurous 
oxide,  Black. 

Mercury     Oxide,     Red.      See     Mercuric 
oxide,  Red. 


Mercury  Chloride,  Mild.    See  Mercurous 
chloride. 


Mercury  Persulfate.     See  Mercuric  stil- 
fate. 


Mercury-Potassiium 


319 


Meta-titanic  Acid 


Mercury- Potassium  Cyanide.  See  Mer- 
curic-potassium cyanide. 

Mercury  Rhodanide.  See  Mercury  sul- 
focyanide. 

Mercury,    Soluble,    Hahnemann's.      See 

Mercurous  oxide,  Black. 

Mercury  Sulfate.     See  Mercuric  sulfate. 

Mercury  Sulfide,  Black.  See  Mercuric 
sulfide,  Black. 

Mercury  Sulfide,  Red.  See  Mercuric  sul- 
fide, Red. 

Mercury  Sulfocyanate.  See  Mercuric 
sulfocyanate. 

Mercury  Sulfocyanide.  See  Mercuric 
sulfocyanate. 

Mercury  Sulfuret,  Red.  See  Mercuric 
sulfide,  Red. 

Mescal  Buttons.    See  Anhalonium. 
Metacetonic  Acid.     See  Acid  propionic. 

Metacinnabarite.  A  mineral  of  the 
same  composition  as  cinnabar,  but  black 
in  color,  and  crystallizing  in  isometric 
forms  (tetrahedral).  See  Cinnabar. 
California. 

Meta-chloronitrobenzene.  See  Chloro- 
nitrobenzene,  Meta-. 

Meta-chloronitrobenzol.  See  Chloroni- 
trobenzene,  Meta-. 

Meta-  Compounds  are  substitution  prod- 
ucts derived  from  benzol  (q.v.),  in 
which  the  substituting  radicals  or 
groups  are  (constitutionally)  placed  in 
certain  definite  positions  in  the  benzol 
nucleus.  See  also  Ortho-  compounds 
and  Para-  compounds.  The  meta-  com- 
pounds will  be  found  under  the  name  of 
the  compound,  as:  Meta-cresol  see 
Cresol,  Meta-;  Meta-toluidine  see  Tol- 
uidine,  Meta-;  etc. 


Meta-cresol.     See  Cresol,  Meta-. 

Meta-dimethylbenzene.  See  Xylol, 
Meta-. 

Meta-dimethylbenzol.    See  Xylol,  Meta-. 

Meta-dinitrobenzene.  See  Dinitroben- 
zene,  Meta-. 

Meta-dinitrobenzol.  See  Dinitrobenzene, 
Meta-. 

Meta-dioxybenzene.     See  Resorcinol. 
Meta-dioxybenzol.     See   Resorcinol. 
M eta-gelatine.     See  Gelatine. 

Metanilic  Acid.  See  Acid  sulfanilic, 
Meta-. 

Meta-nitraniline.     See  Nitraniline,  Meta-. 

Meta-nitrohydroxybenzoic  Acid.  See 
Acid  nitrosalicylic. 

Meta-nitro-para-toluidine.  See  Nitro- 
para-toluidine,  Meta-. 

Meta-para-cresol*  A  mixture  of  approxi- 
mately 40  per  cent  meta-cresol  and  60 
per  cent  para-cresol. 

Meta-phenylenediamine.  See  Phenylene- 
diamine,  Meta-. 

Meta-phosphoric  Acid.  See  Acid  phos- 
phoric, Meta-. 

Meta-phosphorous  Acid.  See  Acid  phos- 
phorous. 

Meta-pyridinecarboxylic  Acid.    See  Acid 

nicotinic. 

Meta-stannic  Acid.    See  Acid  stannic. 

Meta-tartaric  Acid.  See  Acid  isotar- 
taric. 

Meta-titanic  Acid.     See  Acid  titanic. 


Meta-toluylenediamine 


320 


Methyl  Alcohol 


Meta-toluylenediamine.     See   Toluylene- 
diamine,  Meta-. 

Meta-toluylic    Acid.      See    Acid    toluic, 
Meta-. 

Meta-vanadic  Acid.  See  Acid  vanadic. 
Metal,  Dutch.  See  Dutch  metal. 

Metal,  Fusible,  D'Arcet.*  A  grayish- 
white  metallic  alloy  consisting  of: 
Bismuth,  50  per  cent;  Lead,  25  per 
cent;  Tin,  25  per  cent. 

Constants:     Melting-point  94°C. 

Uses:  Valves,  wires,  etc.,  for  safety 
sprinklers,  boilers,  fusible  plugs,  etc. 

Metal,  Fusible,  Rose.*  A  grayish-white 
metallic  alloy  consisting  of:  Bismuth, 
50  parts;  Lead,  28.1  parts;  Tin,  24.1 
parts. 

Constants:     Melting-point  Q5°C. 
Uses:      Valves,    wires,    etc.,    for    safety 
sprinklers,   boilers,  fusible  plugs,   etc. 

Metal,  Fusible,  Wood.*  Whitish-gray 
metallic  alloy  consisting  of:  Bis- 
muth, 50  per  cent;  Lead,  25  per  cent; 
Tin,  12.5  per  cent;  Cadmium,  12.5  per 
cent. 

Constants:     Melting-point  70°C. 

Uses:  Valves,  wires,  etc.,  for  safety 
sprinklers,  boilers,  fusible  plugs,  etc.; 
making  casts  of  the  human  body. 

Metal,  Monel.     See  Monel  metal. 
Methanamide.     See  Formamide. 

Methanecarboxylic      Acid.        See      Acid 
acetic. 

Metkanedicarbonic  Acid.     See  Acid  ma- 
Ionic. 

Methanethiomethane.      See    Methyl    sul- 
fide. 

Methenyl  Tribromide.  See  Bromoform. 
Methenyl  Trichloride.  See  Chloroform. 
Methenyl  Triiodide.  See  lodoform. 


Methyl  Acetate*   CH3CO2.CH3. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  vola- 
tile liquid;  fragrant  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.92438; 
melting-point  -g8.05°C.;  boiling-point 
54-05  "C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  methyl  alco- 
hol and  acetic  acid  in  presence  of  sul- 
furic  acid  and  distilling. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  iron  drums. 

Uses:     Extracts;  perfumery;  solvent. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Methylacetic  Acid.  See  Acid  propionic. 
Methylacetone.  See  Methylcthylketone. 
Methylacetyl.  See  Acetone. 

Methylal*      (Methylenedimethyl      ester; 
Formal ;    Methylenedimethylate) 
CH2(OCH3)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  vola- 
tile liquid;  chloroform-like  odor; 
pungent  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.855°C.; 
boiling-point  42°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  distilling  methyl  alco- 
hol, with  sulfuric  acid  and  manganese 
dioxide. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Steel  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine;  perfumery. 

Fire   hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:    None. 

Methyl  Alcohol*  (Wood  alcohol;  Wood 
spirit;  Wood  naphtha;  Methyl  hy- 
droxide; Methyl  hydrate:  Columbian 
spirits;  Columnian  spirits)  CHaOH. 

Color  and  properties:  Clear,  colorless, 
mobile,  volatile,  inflammable  liquid; 
poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.7913; 
melting-point  -9/.8°C;  boiling-point 
66.78  C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:    Pyroligneous  acid  obtained 


M  ethylaminophenol 


321 


Methylbenzene 


from  destructive  distillation  of  wood 
is  neutralized  witn  lime  and  the 
methyl  alcohol  distilled  off.  Ihe 
distillate  is  purified  by  dilution  with 
water,  to  effect  a  separation  of  ace- 
tones and  hydrocarbon  oils.  The 
liquid  is  redistilled  over  lime  in  a  rec- 
tifying still  and  then  filtered  through 
a  tower  containing  charcoal  to  re- 
move the  coloring  matter  and  un- 
pleasant odor.  By  distilling  again 
over  lime,  methyl  alcohol  of  99  per 
cent  is  obtained. 

Method    of    purification:      Rectification. 

Grades:  Pure  (acetone-free);  crude 
(wood  spirit) ;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Barrels;  iron  drums;  tank 
cars. 

Uses:  Solvent  for  varnish  gums;  manu- 
facturing formaldehyde;  organic  syn- 
thesis; denaturing  ethyl  alcohol;  gen- 
eral solvent;  fuel. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red  la- 
bel. 

Methylaminophenol   Sulfate,   Para-* 

C6HN.CH3SO4. 

Color  and   properties:     White   needles. 
Constants:      Melting-point  25O°-26o°C. 
Soluble  in  water  and. alcohol. 
Derivation:     By  the  action   of   sulfuric 

acid   on   methyl-para-aminophenol. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:     Photographic  developer. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Methylaniline    ( Monomethylaniline) 
CoH5NH(CH8).. 

Color  and  properties:  Reddish-brown, 
oily  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  o.QQi;  melt- 
ing-point -8o°C;  boiling-point  190°- 

TOI°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form; slightly  soluble  in  wafer. 

Derivation:  By  heating  methyl  iodide 
with  aniline  and  subsequent  distilla- 
tion. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 


Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Methyl  Anthranilate*  (Neroli  oil) 


Color  and  properties:     Colorless  crys- 

tals. 
Constants:    Specific  gravity  1.168;  melt- 

ing-point 24.5°C;  boiling-point  I32°C. 
Soluble   in   alcohol   and   ether;    slightly 

soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:    By  heating  anthranilic  acid 

and  methyl  alcohol  in  presence  of  i>ul- 

furic    acid,    with    subsequent    distilla- 

tion. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Perfumes. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Methylanthraquinone* 


Color  and  properties:     White  needles. 
Constants:     Melting-point  I77°C.;  boil- 

ing-point:    Sublimes. 
Soluble     in     ether     and     benzol;     very 

slightly  soluble  in  alcohol. 
Derivation:     By  heating  anthraquinone 

and  methyl  alcohol  in  presence  of  sul- 

furic acid. 
Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:      Organic    synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Methylated  Spirits   (Denatured  alcohol). 
Derivation:     Ethyl  alcohol  rendered  un- 

fit for  human  consumption  by  the  ad- 

dition   of   10   per   cent   of  methyl   al- 

cohol. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:      Parrels;   iron  drums. 
Uses:     Solvent:  fuel. 
Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad     shipping     regulations:       Red 

label. 

Methylbenzene.     See  Toluol. 


Methyl  Benzoate 


322 


M  ethy  Icinnamy  1 


Methyl  Benzoate*  (Essence  Niobe) 


Color  and  properties:     Colorless  solu- 

tion. 
Constants:     ^  Specific     gravity     1.0937; 

melting-point    -I2.3°C;    boiling-point 

i98.6°C. 
Soluble     in    alcohol    and    ether;    very 

slightly  soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:      By   heating    methyl    alco- 

hol and  benzoic  acid  in  presence   of 

sulfuric  acid,  with   subsequent  distil- 

lation. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Perfumery. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Methylbenzoic    Acid.      See    Acid    toluic, 
Ortho-. 

Methylbenzol.     See  Toluol. 
Methylbenzoylecgonine.      See    Cocaine. 

Methylbeta-naphtholate*  (Nerolin; 

Yara-yara)    CioH7OCH3. 
Color  and  properties:     White,  crystal- 

line scales. 
Constants:      Melting-point   72°  C.;   boil- 

ing-point 274°  C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:      By   boiling   beta-naphthol 

with  methyl  alcohol  and  zinc  chloride. 
Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Tins. 
Uses:     Perfumery. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Methyl   Bromide*    (Bromomethane) 

CH3Br. 
Color  and  properties:     Colorless,  trans- 

parent, volatile  liquid;  burning  taste; 

chloroform-like  odor. 
Constants:    Specific  gravity  1.732;  melt- 

ing-point -84°  C.;  boiling-point  4.5°C. 
Soluble   in   alcohol   and   ether;    slightly 

soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:     By  the  action  of  bromine 


on  methyl  alcohol  in  presence  of 
phosphorus,  with  subsequent  distilla- 
tion. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Steel  cylinders. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Green 
label. 

Methyl   Chloride*    (Chloromethane) 

CH3C1. 
Color   and   properties:      Colorless   gas; 

ethereal  odor. 
Constants:     ^  Specific     gravity     0.9197; 

melting-point    -9i.5°C.;    boiling-point 

23.73°C 

Soluble  ^in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:      By   the    action    of   hydro- 
chloric   acid    on    methyl    alcohol    in 

presence  of  sulfuric  acid. 
Grades:    Technical. 
Containers:     Steel  cylinders. 
Uses:     Medicine;  refrigeration. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:      Green 

label. 

Methylchlorosulfonate*  CH3  C1SO3. 
A  military  poison  gas  used  in  the  late 
war. 

Methyl  Cinnamate* 

C6H5CH.CHC02CH3. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals; strawberry-like  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.0415;  melt- 
ing-point 36°C.;  boiling-point  259.6eC. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  methyl  alco- 
hol, sodium  cinnamate  and  sulfuric 
acid,  with  subsequent  distillation. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Perfumes;  flavoring;  confection- 
ery. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Methylcinnamylketone.  See  Benzylidene- 
acetone. 


Methylcrotonic 


323 


Methyl-para-amino 


Methylcrotonic  Acid.     See  Acid  tiglic. 

Methyl  Cyanide*  (Acetonitrile)  CH3CN. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  limpid 
liquid;  aromatic  odor;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.7897; 
melting-point  -4i°C.;  boiling-point 
83°  C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol   and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  acetamide 
with  glacial  acetic  acid,  and  subse- 
quent distillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis;  perfumes; 
extracts. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Methyldichloroarsine*   CH3AsCl2. 
A  military  poison  gas  used  in  the  late 
war. 

Methylester  of  Protocatechin.    See  Guai- 
acol. 

Methylethylcarbinol.     See  Butyl  alcohol, 
Secondary. 

Methylethylketone*    (Methylacetone) 
CH3COC2H5. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  liquid; 
acetone-like  odor;  inflammable. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.808;  boil- 
ing-point 79.6°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  (a)  From  the  butyl  alco- 
hol obtained  as  a  by-product  in  the 
fermentation  process  of  manufactur- 
ing acetone,  (b)  By  heating  methyl- 
acetoacetate  with  potassium  hydrox- 
ide and  subsequent  distillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  tank  cars. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis;  manufacture 
of  smokeless  powder;  solvent. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Methylethylketone,      Brominated.        See 

Brominated  methylethyl  ketone. 


Methyl  Formate*  CH3COOH. 
Color  and  properties:     Colorless  liquid; 

agreeable  odor. 
Constants:       Specific     gravity     0.9731; 

melting-point  -99-75° C.;   boiling-point 

3i.75°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  methyl  alco- 
hol with  sodium  formate  and  hydro- 
chloric acid,  with  subsequent  distil- 
lation. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Methylglyoxalidine.     See  Lysidine. 
Methyl  Hexane.    See  Heptane. 
Methyl  Hydrate.    See  Methyl  alcohol. 
Methyl  Hydroxide.    See  Methyl  alcohol. 

Methyl   Iodide*    (Ipdomethane)    CH3I. 
Color  and  properties:     Colorless  liquid; 

turns  brown  on  exposure  to  light. 
Constants:       Specific     gravity     2.2852; 

melting-point    -66.1° C.;    boiling-point 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of 
methyl  alcohol,  sodium  iodide  and 
sulfuric  acid,  with  subsequent  distil- 
lation. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Amber  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Methylmorphine.     See  Codeine. 
Methylnitrobenzene.     See  Nitrotoluol. 
Methylnitrobenzol.     See   Nitrotoluol. 

M  ethyl-para-aminophenol* 

CH3C6H3OHNHCH2CO2H. 
Color       and       properties:         Colorless 


Methyl-para-oxy 


324 


Methylene  Chloride 


needles;  poisonous;  solutions  have  ir- 
ritating effect  on  the  skin. 

Constants:     Melting-point  i84°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  the  interaction  of 
hydroquinone  and  methylamine.  (b) 
By  the  methylation  of  para-aminophe- 
nol  hydrochloride. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis;  photographic 
developer. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Methyl-para-oxybenzaldehyde.     See   An- 
isic aldehyde. 

Methylphenylformic     Acid.       See     Acid 
toluic,  Ortho-. 

Methylpropylphenol.     See  Thymol. 

Methylpropylphenyl    Hexahydride.      See 

Menthol. 

Methylprotocatechuic      Aldehyde.        See 
Vanillin. 

Methylquinoline.     See  Lepidine. 

Methylquinoline,    Alpha-.      See    Quinal- 
dine. 

Methyl     Salicylate*     (Artificial     winter- 
green  oil)   OHC(jH4CO2CH3. 
Color  and  properties:     Colorless,  liquid 

oil;  odor  of  wintergreen. 
Constants:        Specific      gravity      1.1850; 

melting-point     -8.3°  C.;     boiling-point 

222.2°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  sparingly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  methyl  alco- 
hol and  salicylic  acid  in  presence  of 
sulfuric  acid,  with  subsequent  distilla- 
tion. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.:  B.  P. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  liniments;  extracts; 
flavoring;  confectionery. 


Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Methylstyryl  Ketone.     See  Benzylidene- 
acetone. 

Methylsuccinic  Acid.    See  Acid  pyrotar- 
taric. 

Methyl  Sulfate.     See  Dimethyl  sulfate. 

Methyl  Sulfide*  (Methanethiomethane; 
Dimethysulfide)  (CHs^S. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  liquid; 
disagreeable  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  o.845°C.; 
melting-point  -83.2°C.;  boiling-point 
37-5°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  a 
methyl  alcohol  solution  of  potassium 
sulfide  and  methyl  chloride,  with  sub- 
sequent distillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Steel  drums. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Methyltheobromine.     See  Caffeine. 

Methylthioninae     Chloridum,    U.     S.     P. 

Methylthionine  chloride. 

Methylene    Bichloride.      See    Methylene 
chloride. 

Methylene  Chloride*  (Methylene  bichlo- 
ride; Dichloromethane)  Ct^Cb. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  vola- 
tile liquid;  poisonous  when  inhaled. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.2615; 
melting-point  -Q7°C.;  boiling-point 
42° C.  m 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  chlorination  of 
methyl  chloride  and  subsequent  distil- 
lation. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 


Methylenediantipyrinc 


325 


Milk  Sugar 


Uses:  Organic  synthesis;  local  anes- 
thetic. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Methylenediantipyrine.  See  Formopy- 
rine. 

Methylenedimethylate.     See  Methylal. 
Methylenedimethyl  Ester.    See  Methylal. 

Methylene   Iodide*    (Dilodomethane) 
CH2I2. 

Color  and  properties:     Yellow  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.33;  melt- 
ing-point 4°C;  boiling-point  i8o°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  iodoform  with 
an  alcoholic  solution  of  sodium  ace- 
tate and  subsequent  distillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Steel  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Separating  mixtures  of  min- 
erals; organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Methylis  Salicylas,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See 

Methyl  salicylate. 

Metol.*  The  trade  name  for  mono- 
methyl-para-aminophenol  hydrochloride 
or  monomethyl-para-amino-meta-cresol 
sulfate,  a  photographic  developer. 

Metozin.     See  Antipyrine. 

Mexican  Scammony  Root.  See  Jalap, 
Orizabo. 

Mezereon.     See  Mezereum. 

Mezereum*  (Mezereon;  Olive  spurge; 
Dwarf  bay;  Magell;  Paradise  plant; 
Spurge  flax;  Wild  pepper). 

Derivation:  Dried  bark  of  Daphne 
mezereum  and  other  European  spe- 
cies of  Daphne. 

Habitat:  Mountainous  Europe,  Siberia, 
Canada  and  New  England. 


Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Bales. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Mica.  A  natural,  hydrous  silicate,  hav- 
ing a  very  fine  basal  cleavage  which 
renders  it  capable  of  being  split  into 
thin  tough  transparent  plates.  Used 
as  an  insulator  in  electrical  equipment; 
lubricants;  stove  doors.  The  most 
common  varieties  are  muscovite  and 
biotite.  Phlogopite  and  lepidolite  are 
prominent  locally. 

Michler's    Ketone*     (Tetramethyldiami- 
nobenzophenone) 


Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  crys- 
talline plates. 

Constants:     Melting-point   I74°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol:  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Carbonyl  chloride  is 
passed  into  dimethylaniline  at  ordi- 
nary temperature,  until  the  latter  has 
increased  40  per  cent  in  weight  and 
the  mixture  heated  until  the  reaction 
is  completed. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Microcosmic    Salt.      See    Sodium-ammo- 
nium phosphate. 

Mignonette  Oil.     See  Reseda  oil. 

Milk  of  Lime.     Calcium  hydroxide  solu- 
tion. 

Milk  of  Magnesia.     Magnesium  hydrox- 
ide solution. 

Milk  of  Sulfur.    See  Sulfur. 

Milk  Sugar*  (Lactose;  Saccharum  lactis) 


Color     and     properties:       Impalpable, 
white  powder;  sweet  taste. 


Millerite 


326 


Mollin 


Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.525;  melt- 
point:  Decomposes  at  203. 5°C. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol 
and  ether. 

Derivation:  From  whey,  by  concentra- 
tion and  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:  Pharmacy;  infant  foods;  medi- 
cine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Millerite.  Natural  nickel  sulfide,  NiS. 
Contains  64.1  per  cent  nickel.  Califor- 
nia and  Pennsylvania. 

Millstone.  A  hard,  tough  stone  used 
for  grinding  cereals,  cement  rocks  and 
other  materials.  Usually  a  coarse- 
grained sandstone  or  fine  quartz  con- 
glomerate. Alabama,  Canada,  Georgia, 
Mississippi,  New  York,  North  Caro- 
lina, Ohio,  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia. 

Mimetite.  Natural  lead  chloroarsenate, 
3Pb3As2O8.PbCl2.  California,  Colo- 
rado and  Nevada. 

Mimose.    See  Wattle. 
Mineral  Blue.     See  Ferric  ferrocyanide. 
Mineral  Butter.    See  Antimony  chloride. 
Mineral  Carbon.    See  Graphite. 
Mineral  Fat.    See  Petrolatum. 

Mineral  Green.  See  Copper  carbonate, 
Green. 

Mineral  Oil.     See  Petroleum. 

Mineral  Paint.  Minerals  used  as  pig- 
ment, including  the  ochers,  iron  oxides, 
barite,  etc.  See  also  Ocher,  Sienna, 
Umber.  Alabama,  Arizona.  California, 
Canada,  Connecticut,  Florida,  Georgia, 
Indiana,  Iowa,  Kentucky,  Massachu- 
setts, Minnesota,  Missouri,  New  York, 


Oregon,        Pennsylvania,        Tennessee, 
Washington  and   Wyoming. 

Mineral  Pitch.     See  Asphalt. 
Mineral  Rubber.     See  Asphalt. 

Mineral  Wax.  See  Ozokerite  and  Cere- 
sin. 

Minium.      Natural    red    oxide    of    lead, 
2PbO.PbO2.      Contains    90.6    per    cent 
lead.     Colorado. 
See  also  Lead  oxide,  Red. 

Mirabilite  (Glauber's  salt).     Natural,  hy- 
drous  sodium   sulfate,    Na2SO4. 
Arizona,  Oregon  and  Wyoming. 

Mirbane  Essence.     See   Nitrobenzene. 
Mirbane  Oil.     See  Nitrobenzene. 

"Misch-'Metall."*  The  mixture  of  ceri- 
um metals  obtained  from  monazite 
sand,  used  for  manufacturing  ferro- 
cerium,  etc. 

Mispickel.     See  Arsenopyrite. 

Mistura  Cretae,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.  Chalk 
mixture. 

Mistura  Glycyrrizae  Composita,  U.  S.  P. 

Compound  mixture  of  glycyrrhiza. 

Mixed  Acid.     See  Acid,  Mixed. 
Moellen  Degras.     See  Degras,  Moellon. 

Mohr's  Salt.  See  Ferrous-ammonium 
sulfate. 

Mollin.* 

Derivation:  A  potash  soap  from  co- 
co-nut oil,  containing  about  17  per 
cent  of  uncombined  fatty  acids  with 
glycerin. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-white, 
smooth,  soft,  ointment-like  mass;  does 
not  become  rancid. 

Soluble  in  water. 


Molybdenite 


327 


Monobromo-alpha 


Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Ointment  base. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Molybdenite.  Natural  molybdenum  sul- 
fide,  MoS2.  Contains  60  per  cent 
molybdenum.  Arizona,  California, 
Colorado,  Maine,  Montana,  Nevada, 
New  Mexico,  Ontario,  Quebec,  Utah 
and  Washington. 

Uses:  This  ore,  concentrated,  serves 
as  raw  material  for  ferro-molybde- 
num,  molybdic  acid  and  various 
molybdenum  salts. 

Molybdenum*  Mo. 

Color  and  properties:  Gray  metal  or 
black  powder;  of  wide  but  not  abun- 
dant distribution.  See  Molybdenite 
and  Wulfenite. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  8.56. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  aluminothermic  reduc- 
tion of  molybdic  acid. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Metallurgy;  molybdenum  com- 
pounds. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Molybdenum  Anhydride.  See  Acid 
molybdic. 

Molybdenum,  Ferro.  See  Ferro-molyb- 
denum. 

Molybdenum  Sesquioxide.  See  Molybde- 
num oxide. 

Molybdenum  Trioxide.  See  Molybdic 
acid. 

Molybdic  Acid.     See  Acid  molybdic. 
Monarda  Oil.     See  Horsemint  oil. 

Monazite.  A  natural  phosphate  of  the 
cerium  metals  (cerium,  didymium,  lan- 
thanum) and  other  rare-earth  metals, 
including  thorium,  which  alone  gives  it 
commercial  value.  Some  varieties  carry 


no  thorium,  but  others  carry  as  much 
as  18  per  cent  thorium  oxide.  The 
source  of  thorium  for  the  incandescent 
gas-mantle  industry,  and  of  cerium  for 
the  production  of  pyrophoric  alloys. 
Colorado,  Connecticut,  Idaho,  Montana, 
Nevada,  New  Mexico,  North  Carolina, 
Oregon,  South  Carolina,  Utah,  Virginia, 
Washington,  Wyoming  and  Brazil. 

Monel  Metal.*  An  alloy  of:  Nickel,  67 
per  cent;  Copper,  28  per  cent;  Cobalt 
and  iron,  5  per  cent. 
Uses:  Acid  resisting  chemical  equip- 
ment; cooking  apparatus;  marine  en- 
gineering; filter  cloth;  screens;  etc. 

Monesia    (Buranhem;    Guaranham). 
Derivation:      Bark    of    Chrysophyllum 

glyciphloeum. 
Habitat:     Brazil. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Bales. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Monk's-hood.     See  Aconite. 

Mono  Acid  F.    See  Acid  naphthylamine- 
monosulfonic,  Beta-.  2:7. 

Monoacetine.     See  Acetine. 

M  onoaminodiphenylamine      Hy  drochlor- 
ide.     See   Diphenylhydrazine. 

Monobromoacetic  Acid.    See  Acid  mono- 
bromoacetic. 

Monobromo-alpha-naphthalene 
Ci0H7Br. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.4870; 
melting-point  6.20°  C.;  boiling-point 
279-5°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  benzol; 
insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  direct  bromination 
of  naphthalene. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 


Monobromobenzene 


328 


Mononitroxylene 


Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Monochlorobenzene.       See      Chloroben- 
zene. 


Monobromobenzene.  See  Bromobenzcnc.      Monochlorobenzol.     See  Chlorobenzene. 


Monobromobenzoic    Acid,    Para-.      See 
Acid  monobromobenzoic,  Para-. 

Monobromobenzol.     See  Bromobenzene. 

Monobromobutyric    Acid,    Alpha-.      See 
Acid  monobromobutyric,  Alpha-. 

Monobromoethane.     See  Ethyl  bromide. 

Monobromonaphthalene,   Alpha-. 

CioH7Br. 

Color  and  properties:     Yellow  liquid. 
Constants:       Specific     gravity      1.4870; 

melting-point      6.2°C.;      boiling-point 

2/9°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:       By    the    bromination    of 

naphthalene. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Iron  drums. 
Uses:     Dyestuffs. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Monobromopropionic    Acid.      See    Acid 
monobromopropionic. 

Monobromosuccinic     Acid.       See     Acid 
monobromosuccinic. 

Monocalcium      Ortho-phosphate.        See 

Calcium  phosphate,  Monobasic. 

Monocalcium   Phosphate.     See    Calcium 
phosphate,   Monobasic. 

Monochlorated  Acetone.    See  Chloroace- 
tone. 

Monochlorinated     Dutch     Liquid.       See 

Ethylene  chloride. 

Monochloroacetic  Acid.    See  Acid  mono- 
chloroacetic. 

Monochloroacetone.        See      Chloroace- 
tone. 


Monochloroethane.     See  Ethyl  chloride. 

Monochloroethylene       Chloride.         See 

Tthylene   monochlorochloride. 

Monochlorohydrin  (Alpha-propylene- 
chlorohydrin;  Asymmetric  propylene 
chlorohy drin ;  Chloropropyleneglycol) 
CH2a.CH(OH)CH2(OH). 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish,  sir- 
upy  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.325. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  on  glycerine. 

Grades:      Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Monochloronaphthalene.       See     Chloro- 
naphthalene. 

Monoethylaniline.     See  Ethylaniline. 

Monoethyl   Sulfate.     See   Acid  ethylsul- 
fate. 

Monoiodoethane.  See  Ethyl  iodide. 
Monol.     See  Calcium  permanganate. 

Monomagnesium  Phosphate.     See  Mag- 
nesium biphosphate. 

Monomethylaniline.     See   Methylaniline. 
Monomethylcatechol.     See   Guaiacol. 

Mononitronaphthalene.         See        Nitro- 
naphthalene. 

Mononitrotoluene.     See  Nitrotoluene. 
Mononitrotoluol.     See  Nitrotoluene. 
Mononitroxylene.     See  Nitroxylene. 


Mononitroxylol 


329 


Morphine  Meconate 


Mononitroxylol.     See   Nitroxylene. 

Mono-para-bromobenzoic      Acid.        See 
Acid  monobromobenzoic,  Para-. 

Monosodium  Ortho-phosphate.     See  So- 

dium phosphate. 

Monosulfonic   Acid  F.     See  Acid  naph- 
thylaminemonosulfonic,    Beta-.   2:7. 


Slightly   soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and 

ether. 
Derivation:  From  opium  by  extraction 

and  crystallization. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Boxes;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 


Monsel's  Salt.    See  Ferric  sulfate,  Basic.       Morphine  Acetate* 

Monsel's    Solution.     See    Ferric   sulfate, 
Basic. 

Montan  Wax. 

Color  and  properties:  Crude;  dark- 
brown;  refined:  White,  semi-soft 
wax. 

Soluble  in  carbon  tetrachloride,  benzol 
and  chloroform. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  of  lignites 
from  Saxony  and  Thuringia. 

Method  of  purification:  Distillation 
with  superheated  steam. 

Grades:     Crude;  refined. 

Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:     Substitute  for  carnauba  wax. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Montroydite.       Natural    oxide    of    mer- 
cury, HgO.     Texas. 

Morphia.     See  Morphine. 
Morphina,  U.  S.  P.    See  Morphine. 

Morphinae  Acetas,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See 

Morphine  acetate. 

Morphinae    Hydrochloridum,    U.    S.    P., 
B.  P.     See  Morphine  hydrochloride. 

Morphinae   Sulfas,   U.   S.   P.     See   Mor- 
phine sulfate. 


Morphine*  (Morphia) 

Ci7Hi9NO8.H2O. 
Color   and   properties:      White   crystal- 

line alkaloid;  poisonous. 
Constants:     Melting-point  254*0. 


Color  and  properties:     White,  crystal- 

line or  amorphous  powder;  poisonous. 
Constants:     Melting-point  200°  C. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol;  insoluble 

in  ether. 
Derivation:     By  heating  morphine  and 

acetic    acid    in    presence    of    sulfuric 

acid. 
Method     of    purification:      Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Boxes;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:    Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Morphine    Bimeconate.      See    Morphine 
meconate. 

Morphine      Hydrochloride*      (Morphine 

muriate)    Ci7Hi9NO3HC1.3H2O. 
Color    and    properties:      Micro-crystal- 

line needles;  poisonous. 
Constants:     Melting-point  250°  C. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol;  insoluble 

in  ether. 
Derivation  :      By   the   action   of   hydro- 

chloric acid  on  morphine. 
Method    of    purification:      Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:    Boxes;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Morphine    Meconate*    (Morphine    bime- 
conate) 


Color  and  properties:    Yellowish-white, 

crystalline   powder;   poisonous. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol, 


Morphine  Muriate 


330 


Moura  Oil 


Derivation:  From  opium  by  extrac- 
tion. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Boxes;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Morphine   Muriate.     See   Morphine   hy- 
drochloride. 

Morphine   Nitrate*    Ci7Hi9NO3.HNO3. 

Color  and  properties:  White  powder; 
darkens  when  exposed  to  light;  poi- 
sonous. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  nitric 
acid  on  morphine. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:  Boxes;  amber  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard.:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Morphine  Sulfate* 

(Ci7Hi9N03)2.H2S04.5H20. 

Color  and  properties:  Acicular  crys- 
tals or  cubical  masses;  poisonous. 

Constants:     Melting-point  250° C. 

Soluble  in  water;  slightly  soluble  in  al- 
cohol; insoluble  in  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  sulfuric 
acid  on  morphine. 

Method  of  purification:  CrystallizaT 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Boxes;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None.- 

Morus  Tinctoria  (Old  fustic;  Yellow 
Brazil  wood). 

Derivation:  Yellow  dyewood  from 
Morus  tinctoria. 

Habitat:  South  America,  Central- 
America  and  Cuba. 

Grades :     Technical. 

Containers :     Bags, 

Uses:     Byeing,  _^ 


Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Mosaic  Gold.     See  Stannic  sulfide. 
Moschus,  U.  S.  P.    See  Musk. 
Mosoi  Flower  Oil.    See  Cananga  oil. 
Motor  Spirit.     See  Gasoline. 
Mountain  Balm.    See  Eriodictyon. 

Mountain  Blue.* 

Derivation:      The    mineral    azurite,    in 

ground  form. 
Grades:    Technical. 
Containers:     Kegs;  boxes. 
Uses:     Paint  pigment. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:    None^ 

Mountain  Brown  Ore.  A  local  name  for 
limonite  or  brown  iron  ore.  Applied 
in  Virginia  to  the  low-grade,  siliceous 
variety,  which  commonly  occurs  in  hard 
lumps  and  which  is  found  on  the  moun- 
tain slopes  at  or  near  the  contact  of 
the  Cambrian  shale  and  sandstone  with 
the  Cambro-Ordovician  limestone.  See 
Valley  brown  ore  Virginia. 

Mountain  Green*  (Mineral  green) 
Derivation:     The  mineral  malachite  in 

ground  form. 
Grades:    Technical. 
Containers:     Kegs;  boxes. 
Uses:     Paint  pigment. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Mullein.     See  Verbascum. 

Moura  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow,  semi- 
liquid  fat;  bitter,  aromatic  taste;  char- 
acteristic odor  similar  to  that  of  cacao 
beans. 

Soluble  in  ether,  chloroform,  benzine 
and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.894-0.898; 
melting-point  230-29°C.;  saponifica- 
tton  value  188-194;  iodine  value  58-67. 


Mucic  Acid 


331 


Myrabolans 


Derivation.     From  the  seeds  of  Bassia 

latifolia. 

Habitat:     India   (Northern  Provinces). 
Grades:     Crude;  refined. 
Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:     Soaps. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Mucic  Acid.     See  Acid  mucic. 

Mucilago  Acacias,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.  Muci- 
lage of  acacia.  See  Gum  arabic. 

Mucilago  Tragacanthae,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

Mucilage  of  tragacanth.     See  Gum  tra- 
gacanth. 

Mungo.     Another  term  for  shoddy. 

Muriates.  See  chlorides  or  hydrochlor- 
ides  of  the  respective  metals,  bases,  al- 
kaloids, etc. 

Muriatic  Acid.     See   Acid   hydrochloric. 
Murillo  Bark.     See  Quillaja. 
Muscle  Fibrin.     See  Syntonin. 

Muscovite.  White,  potash-bearing  mica, 
H2KAl3(SiO4)3.  See  Mica.  Alabama, 
Arizona,  Arkansas,  Canada,  New  York 
and  Wyoming. 

Musk. 
Derivation:   Dried   secretion   from   pre- 

putial  follicles  of  the  musk  ox,  Mos- 

chus  moschiferus. 
Habitat:     Northern  Asia;  Tonquin  and 

Thibet. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Metal  boxes. 
Uses:     Medicine;  perfumery. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Musk-root  Oil.     See  Sumbul  oil. 
Mustard.    See  Sinapis  nigra  and  S.  alba. 

Mustard  Gas.  See  Dichlorodiethyl  sul- 
fide. 


Mustard  Oil,  Artificial*  (Allyl  isothiocy- 
anate;  Ally!  mustard  oil)  C3H5CNS.  A 
military  poison  gas  used  in  the  late  war. 

Mustard  Oil,  Black.  See  Mustard  oil, 
Volatile. 

Mustard  Oil,  Volatile  (Black  mustard 
oil;  Oleum  sinapis  volatile). 

Color  and  properties:  A  colorless  or 
pale-yellow,  limpid  liquid;  very  pun- 
gent, acrid  odor  and  taste. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Allyl  iso- 
sulfocyanate;  allyl  thiocarbimide. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.018  to 
1.029;  boiling-point  i48°-i5o°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  From  black  mustard  seed. 
Brassica  nigra,  by  maceration  with 
water  and  subsequent  distillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Copper  flasks;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Muthmann's  Liquid.  See  Acetylene  te- 
trabromide. 

Mylabris   (Chinese  cantharides;   Chinese 

blistering  flies). 
Derivation:     The  dried  insect,  Mylabris 

cichorii. 

Habitat:     China  and  Eastern  India. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Boxes. 
Uses:     Medicine;  hair  tonics. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Myrabolans. 

Derivation:  The  dried  fruit  of  certain 
Indian  and  Chinese  trees:  Myrabo- 
lanus  chebula.  They  appear  in  com- 
merce as  dried  and  shrivelled  nuts 
about  an  inch  long,  containing  30  per 
cent  tannin. 

Grades:  Solid,  50  per  cent  tannin.  Ex- 
tract, 25  per  cent  tannin. 

Containers:  Dry:  Burlap  bags.  Ex- 
tract: Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Tanning  industry. 


Myrbane  Oil 


332 


Myrtle  Oil 


Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Myrbane  Oil.     See  Nitrobenzene. 

Myrcia  Oil  (Bay-berry  oil). 
Color    and    properties:      A    yellow    or 

brownish-yellowish    liquid;    aromatic, 

somewhat    clove-like    odor;    pungent, 

spicy  taste. 
Chief    known    constituents:      Terpenes, 

eugenol,   methylester   of  eugenol,   di- 

terpene. 
Constants:      Specific    gravity    0.965    to 

0.985. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:     Distilled   from   the  leaves 

of  Myrcia  acris. 

Method   of   purification:     Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.   P. 
Containers:         Copper      flasks;      glass 

bottles. 

Uses:     Perfumery;  medicine;  bay-rum. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Myrica*  (Candleberry;  Bayberry;  Wax 
myrtle;  Wax  berry;  Tallow  shrub). 

Derivation:  Bark  of  Myrica  cerif era. 

Habitat:  Maryland  to  Florida,  west  to 
Texas  and  Arkansas. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Bales. 

Uses:  Medicine;  source  of  bayberry 
wax. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Myristica*     (Nutmeg;     Nux     moschata; 

Nuces  nucistae). 
Derivation:     Kernel  of  the  ripe  seed  of 

Myristica  fragrans. 
Habitat:    Southern  Asia  and  Moluccas; 

cultivated  in  many  tropical  countries. 
Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine;  condiment. 
Fire  hazard:     None, 


Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Myrrh. 

Derivation:  The  gum-resin  of  Commi- 
phora  myrrha. 

Habitat:  Nubia,  Somaliland  and  Ara- 
bia. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:     Medicine;   dentrifices. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Myrrh  Oil, 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish,  rather 
viscid  liquid;  strong  odor. 

Chief  constituents:     Not  known. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.988  to 
1.007;  boiling-point  22O°-235°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  gum- 
resin,  Myrrh. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Copper  flasks;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  perfumery. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Myrrha,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Myrrh. 

Myrtle  Oil,  Spanish. 

Color    and    properties:      Light,    yellow 

liquid;  agreeabfe  aromatic  odor. 
Chief     known      constituents:        Cineol, 

dextro-pinene;  dipentene. 
Constants:       Specific     gravity    0.89    to 

0.92;  optical  rotation  +10  to  +30. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:     Distilled   from  the   leaves 

of  Myrtle   communis. 
Method   of   purification:      Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Naegeli's  Solution 


333 


Naphthalene 


N 


Naegeli's  Solution.  See  Zinc  chlorolo- 
dide,  Solution. 

Nagyagite.  A  sulfotelluride  of  lead, 
gold  and  antimony,  possibly  having  the 
formula,  AuoPb^SbsTejSii,  contain- 
ing up  to  ii  per  cent  of  silver  and  found 
in  North  Carolina. 

Nankin  Yellow.    See  Iron  buff. 

Naphtha,  Heavy.* 

Color  and  properties:  Deep  amber  to 
dark  red  liquid;  a  mixture  of  xylol 
and  higher  homologs,  from  coal-tar; 
inflammable. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.925-0.950; 
boiling-point  i6o°-22O°C.  (about  70 
per  cent  at  200° C);  flash-point:  About 
78.3°  C.;  evaporation  303  minutes. 

Derivation:  (a)  From  coal-tar  by  frac- 
tional distillation,  (b)  From  illumi- 
nating gas  by  scrubbing  and  distilling 
the  resulting  oil. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Drums;  tank-cars. 

Uses:  Para-coumarone  resins;  sol- 
vent for  dark  colored  paints;  sol- 
vent for  asphalts,  etc.,  in  saturating 
asbestos-board,  brake-linings  and  the 
like. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Naphtha,  "Hi-Flash."* 
Color    and    properties:      Water-white, 

volatile,   mobile,   inflammable   liquid. 
Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.870-0.880; 

boiling-point   I5O°-20O°C.;'  flash-point: 

Not    below   37.8° C.;    evaporation    205 

minutes. 
Derivation:     A   solvent   naphtha,    from 

coal-tar  or  illuminating  gas. 
Grades:  Water-white. 
Containers:     Iron  drums;  tank  cars. 
Uses:     Solvent. 
Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad     shipping     regulations:       Red 

label. 

Naphtha,  Petroleum.     See  Benzine. 


Naphtha,  Solvent*  (160°  Benzol). 
Color  and  properties:  A  mixture  of 
small  quantities  of  benzol  and  toluol 
with  xylol  and  higher  homologs,  from 
coal-tar,  (a)  Crude:  Dark  straw  col- 
ored liquid;  inflammable,  (b)  Refined: 
Water-white  liquid;  inflammable. 

Constants:  (a)  (b) 

Specific  gravity             0.862-0.892  0.862-0.872 

Boiling-point            About  i6o°C.  About  i6o°C. 

(80%)  (00%) 

Flash-point              About  2S.6°C.  About  2S.6°C. 

Evaporation  200  on  metal  surface  3}^" 
square:  (a)  107  minutes;  (b)  121 
minutes. 

Derivation:  (a)  From  coal-tar  by  frac- 
tional distillation,  (b)  From  illumi- 
nating gas  by  scrubbing  and  distill- 
ing the  resulting  oil. 

Grades:  Dark  straw;  water-white. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  tank  cars. 

Uses:     Solvent;  xylol;  cumol. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Naphthalene*  (Tar  camphor;  Naphtha- 
lin;  White  tar)  Ci0H8. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line, volatile  flakes;  strong  coal-tar 
odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.0070; 
melting-point  80.05° C.;  boiling-point 
2i7.o6°C. 

Soluble  in  benzol,  absolute  alcohol  and 
ether;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  From  the  coal-tar  oils 
boiling  between  170°  and  23O°C.,  by 
cooling  the  oils  in  large  tanks,  (b) 
From  illuminating  gas  mains,  as  such. 

Method  of  purification:  The  crude 
crystals  are  purified  by  hydraulic 
pressing  or  by  centrifuging  and  by 
treatment  with  sulfuric  acid  followed 
by  sublimation. 

Impurities:     Coal-tar  oils. 

Grades:  Flakes;  balls;  blocks;  cubes; 
grains  (rice);  powder  crushed;  tab- 
lets; crude. 

Containers:    Wooden  boxes;  barrels. 

Uses:  Moth  repellant;  insecticide: 
phthalic  acid;  dyestuff  intermediates; 
addition  to  motor  spirit;  lampblack: 


Naphthalene,  Para- 


334 


Naphthylamine 


celluloid  as  camphor  substitute;  medi- 
cine. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Naphthalene,  Para-.     See  Anthracene. 

Naphthalenesulfonic  Acid.  See  Acid 
naphthalenesulfonic. 

Naphthalenesulfonic    Acid,    BeU-.      See 

Acid  naphthalenesulfonic,  Beta-. 

Naphthalic  Acid.     See   Phthalic  acid. 
Naphthalin.    See  Naphthalene. 

Naphthaquinoneoxime.  See  Nitroso- 
naphthol. 

Naphthenes,  Saturated  hydrocarbons, 
generally  derivatives  of  cyclopentane 
(QHio)  or  cyclohexane  (CeHia),  oc- 
curring in  mixture  in  petroleums  of 
various  origins.  Baku  petroleum  con- 
sists of  80  per  cent  of  naphthenes.  Ga- 
lician  petroleums  contain  considerable 
amounts. 

Naphthionic  Acid.  See  Acid  naphthyla- 
minesulfonic,  Alpha-. 

Naphthol,  B.  P.    See  Naphthol,  Beta-. 

Naphthol,  Alpha-*  (Ci0H7OH). 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  prisms 
or  powder;  disagreeable  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.224;  melt- 
ing-point 04.2° C;  boiling-point  2;8°C. 

Soluble  in  benzol,  alcohol  and  ether; 
slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  fusing  alpha-naphtha- 
lenesulfonate  and  caustic  soda.  The 
melt  is  decomposed  with  hydrochloric 
acid  and  distilled. 

Method  of  purification:     Redistillation. 

Impurities:     Beta-naphthol. 

Grades:     Technical;  pure. 

Containers:     Wooden   barrels;   kegs. 

Uses:     Dyestuffs;  organic   synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Naphthol,  Beta-*  Ci0H7OH. 
Color  and  properties:     White,  lustrous, 
bulky  scales;  darken  with  age. 


Constants:    Specific  gravity  1.217;  melt- 

ing-point       I2I.6°C.;        boiling-point 

Ss°C. 
Soluble    in   alcohol,   ether,   chloroform, 

benzol,    oils    and    alkaline    solutions; 

slightly  soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:      By    fusing    sodium    beta- 

naphthalenesulfonate      with      caustic 

soda.      The    product    is    distilled    in 

vacuo. 

Method  of  purification:     Sublimation. 
Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Wooden   barrels;   kegs. 
Uses:       Medicine;     organic     synthesis; 

dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:    None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Naphthol    Benzoate,    Beta-*    (Benzoyl- 
naphthol;    Benzonaphthol) 


Color  and  properties:    Whitish  powder. 
Constants:     Melting-point  IO7°C. 
Soluble  in  hot  alcohol;  slightly  soluble 

in  ether;  insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:     By   fusing  equal  parts   of 

beta-naphthol  and  benzoyl  chloride. 
Grades:    Technical;  B.  P. 
Containers:    Wooden  barrels;  kegs. 
Uses:    Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Naphtholmethyl  Ether,  Beta-* 

CioHeOHCHs. 

Color  and  properties:    Colorless  liquid. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:     By  heating  beta-naphthol 

and    methyl    alcohol    in    presence    of 

sulfuric  acid. 
Grades:    Technical. 
Containers:    Iron  drums. 
Uses:    Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad     shipping     regulations:       Red 

label. 

Naphtholsulfonic  Acid,  Beta-.  See  Acids 
naphtholsulfonic,  Beta-. 

Naphthylamine,  Alpha-*  (Ci0HTNH2). 
Color  and  properties:  White  crystals. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.223; 

melting-point      50°C.;      boiling-point 

30i°C. 


NftphthyUmine 


880 


NeodUraenol 


Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  ilightly 
•oltible  in  water, 

Derivation;  By  the  redaction  of  alpha- 
nitronaphthaiene  with  iron  and  hy- 
drochloric acid,  The  mass  is  then 
mixed  with  milk  of  lime  and  distilled, 

Method  of  purification;  Crystalliza- 
tion 

Grades:    Technical 

Containers:    Wooden  barrels;  kegs, 

Uses:    Organic  synthesis;  dyestufts, 

Fire  hazard:    None, 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:    None, 


Grades:    Technical, 

Containers;    Bags, 

Uses:    Source  of  rape-seed  oil, 

Fire  hazard:    None, 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:    None, 

Narcein,    An  azo  dyestuff, 
Native  Paraffin,    See  Ozokerite. 

Natrium*  The  Latin  name  for  sodium, 
hence  the  symbol  Na  in  chemical  no- 
menclature, 


Hydrochloride,  Alpha-*     Natroa,   See  Sodium  carbonate. 


Color  and  properties;    White  to  gray, 

crystalline  powder, 
Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether, 
Derivation;     By  the  action  of  hydro- 

chloric acid  on  alpha-naphthylamine, 
Method    of    purification;      Crystafliza- 


Grades:    Technical, 

Containers:    Wooden  kegs, 

U§es:    Dye*tuffs;  organic  synthesis, 

Fire  hazard:    None, 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None/ 

Naphthylenediamine.    See  Diaminonaph- 
thalene, 

Naphthylmethyl  Ether,  Beta-* 
<  itHfOCHj 

Color  and  properties;    Colorless  liquid; 

aromatic  odor, 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water, 
Derivation:      By    the    interaction    of 

methyl  alcohol  and  beta-naphthol  in 

pretence  of  sulfuric  acid,  with  subse- 

quent distillation, 

Method  of  purification;    Rectification, 
Grades:    Technical, 
Containers:    Tin  cans, 
Use§:    Synthetic  perfumes;  flavors, 
Fire  hazard:    None, 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:    None, 

Naples  Yellow.    See  Lead  antimonate, 

Napus  (Rape): 
Derivation:      Flowers    and    seeds    of 

Brassica  napus, 
Habitat:    Europe, 


Natural  Gas.  A  mixture  of  gaseous  hy- 
drocarbons found  in  nature,  usually  in 
association  with  deposits  of  petroleum, 
Used  i«  fuel,  for  the  recovery  of  gaso- 
line and  helium  which  it  contains,  and 
for  manufacture  of  carbon-black, 

Neatsfoot  Oil*  (Oleum  bubulum), 
Color   and   properties:     A   fixed,   pale 

yellow  oil  extracted  from  the  feet  of 

neat  (bovine)  cattle, 
Constants:     Specific  gravity  0,916;  sa- 

ponification     value     194-199;    iodine 

value  70, 
Soluble  in   alcohol,   ether,   chloroform 

and  kerosene, 
Derivation:     By  boiling  the  feet  and 

shin-bones  of  cattle  in  water, 
Impurities;    Bone  oil;  marrow  fat, 
Adulterants:      Rape,    cotton-seed,    fish 

and  mineral  oils, 
Grades:  20';  30';  40*  F,;  cold  test,  being 

the    temperature    in    degrees    F,    at 

which  stearine  separates, 
Containers:    Wooden  barrels, 
Uses:    Leather  industry  for  "fat  liquor- 

ing";   waterproofing    and    softening 

leather;  lubricant 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

NeoarsaminoL  A  proprietary  name  for 
salvarsan, 

Neoarsphenamine.     A  proprietary  name 

for  salvarsan. 

Neodiarsenol,  A  proprietary  name  for 
salvarsan, 


Neo  saccharin 


336 


Nickel 


Neosaccharin.     See  Saccharin. 
Nephrite.    See  Jade. 

Neradol.* 

Derivation:  Soluble  phenol  or  cresol- 
formaldehyde  condensation  products 
used  in  conjunction  with  other  tan- 
ning extracts  in  the  tanning  industry. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Barrels. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:   None. 

Neroli  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  A  slightly  dex- 
trogyrate essential,  reddish  yellow 
colored  oil.  There  are  several  varie- 
ties from  various  species  of  orange 
blossoms,  from  the  petals  alone,  or 
from  the  leaves  and  unripe  fruit. 

Chief  constituents:  Linalyl  acetate, 
linalol,  geraniol  and  limonene. 

Constants.     Specific  gravity  0.870-0.880. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  flowers 
of  Citrus  aurantium  vulgaris  or  Ci- 
trus bygaradia. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Copper  flasks;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:     Perfumes;  flavoring. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

See  also  Orange  Oil. 

Nerolin.     See   Methyl-beta-naphtholate. 
Nerve  Root.     See  Cypripedium. 

Nessler's  Reagent.  Solution  of  mer- 
curic iodide  in  potassium  iodide,  used 
in  detecting  the  presence  of  ammonia, 
particularly  in  very  small  amounts. 

"Neutral  Alum/'* 

Derivation:  By  adding  sodium  or  po- 
tassium carbonate  or  caustic  soda  to 
an  alum  solution. 

Uses:  In  mordanting,  because  of  the 
readiness  with  which  it  deposits  alu- 
minum hydroxide  on  the  fiber. 


"Neutral  Oils."  Light  petroleum  or  re- 
fined coal-tar  oils. 

Neutralon.     See  Aluminum  silicate. 

Neville  and  Winther's  Acid.  See  Acid 
naphtholsulfonic,  Alpha-.  1:4. 

Niccolite.  Native  nickel  arsenide,  NiAs, 
found  in  Canada  and  Colorado,  contain- 
ing 44  per  cent  of  nickel. 

Nicholsonite.  A  variety  of  the  mineral 
aragonite,  CaCOs,  containing  from  less 
than  i  to  10  per  cent  of  zinc.  Found 
in  Colorado. 

"Nichrome."*  A  nickel-chromium  alloy, 
used  for  electric  resistances,  heat  and 
acid-resisting  apparatus. 

Nickel*  Ni. 

Color  and  properties:  Very  hard,  sil- 
very metal,  with  a  faint  tinge  of  yel- 
low; takes  a  high  polish. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  8.63;  melt- 
ing-point 1450°  C. 

Soluble  in  dilute  mineral  acids;  insolu- 
ble in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  Matte  process.  The 
ore  is  roasted  and  smelted  in  a  blast- 
furnace to  obtain  the  matte,  consist- 
ing of  nickel,  copper  and  iron  sulfide. 
The  latter  is  smelted  in  a  converter 
to  remove  most  of  the  iron.  The 
matte  is  then  smelted  by  the  Orford 
process  in  a  blast-furnace  with  salt- 
cake  and  coke.  The  resulting  nickel 
sulfide  is  dead-roasted  to  nickel  ox- 
ide and  the  latter  reduced  to  metallic 
nickel  by  fusing  in  graphite  crucibles 
with  charcoal.  (b)  Mond  process. 
The  matte,  nearly  free  from  iron,  pro- 
duced as  above,  is  dead-roasted, 
crushed  and  treated  with  warm,  di- 
lute sulfuric  acid  to  remove  the  cop- 
per. The  residue  is  reduced  in  a 
tower  by  means  of  water  gas.  (c) 
Browne  electrolytic  process.  The 
copper-nickel  matte  is  crushed,  dead- 
roasted,  reduced  to  metal  in  a  rever- 
beratory  furnace  and  cast  into  anode 
plates.  The  latter  are  electrolyzed, 
the  nickel  going  into  the  electrolyte 
solution.  Any  copper  remaining  in 


Nickel-Ammonia 


337 


Nickel  Carbonate 


the  electrolyte  is  precipitated  as  sul- 
fide,  and  the  iron  removed  by  means 
of  caustic  soda.  The  solution  is  now 
concentrated  to  allow  sodium  chlo- 
ride to  crystallize,  and  the  hot  solu- 
tion of  nickel  chloride  is  electrolyzed. 
The  nickel  of  commerce  comes  almost 
entirely  from  the  Sudbury  district  in 
Ontario,  Canada  and  from  the  French 
colony  of  New  Caledonia. 

Method  of  purification:  Electrolytic  re- 
fining. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Ingots;  freight  cars. 

Uses:  Metallurgy;  chemical  appara- 
tus; coins;  alloys;  nickel  salts;  nickel 
plating;  surgical  instruments;  catalyst 
in  hydrogenation  of  oils. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Nickel-Ammonia  Nitrate.* 
Ni(NO3)2.4Nfi3.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:     Green  crystals. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  adding  ammonium  hy- 
droxide to  a  nitric  acid  solution  of 
nickel  nitrate,  with  subsequent  crys- 
tallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  wooden 
kegs. 

Uses:     Nickel  plating. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Nickel-Ammonium  Sulfate* 
NiS04.(NH4)2S04.6H20. 

Color  and  properties:     Green  crystals. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  1.929. 

Soluble  in  water  and  ammonium  sulfate 
solution. 

Derivation:  An  aqueous  solution  of 
nickel  sulfate  is  acidified  with  sul- 
furic  acid,  then  an  aqueous  solution 
of  ammonium  sulfate  is  added.  On 
concentrating,  crystals  of  the  double 
sulfate  separate  out. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalfiza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass 
bottles. 


Uses:  Nickel  electrolyte  for  electro- 
plating. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad   shipping    regulations:      None. 

Nickel  Black.     See  Nickel  oxide. 

Nickel  Bromide*  (Nickelous  bromide) 

(a)  NiBr2    (b)   NiBr2.3H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  (a)  Brownish- 
yellow  solid  or  yellow,  lustrous  scales. 

(b)  Deliquescent,  greenish  scales. 
Constants:     Specific   gravity:    (a)   4.64. 

Melting-point:    (a)    Decomposes;    (b) 

Loses     water     of     crystallization     at 

about  200° C. 
Soluble    in    water,    alcohol,    ether    and 

ammonium   hydroxide. 
Derivation:      By   the   action    of   hydro- 

bromic  acid  on  nickel  oxide. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:      Glass   bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Nickel  Bromide- Ammonia*  NiBr2.6NHs. 

Color  and  properties:     Violet  powder. 

Constants:     Specific   gravity    1.837. 

Soluble  in  cold  water;  decomposed  by 
hot  water. 

Derivation:  By  crystallizing  anhy- 
drous nickel  bromide  from  ammo- 
nium hydroxide  instead  of  water. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Glass   bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:    None. 

Nickel  Carbonate*  NiCO3. 

Color  and  properties:  Bluish-green 
crystals. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  'Decom- 
posed. 

Insoluble  in  water  and  acids. 

Derivation:  By  the  addition  of  sodium 
carbonate  to  a  solution  of  nickel  sul- 
fate. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:     Electroplating. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Nickel  Carbonate 


338 


Nickel  Monoxide 


Nickel  Carbonate,  Basic* 
2NiCO3.3Ni(OH)2.4H2O. 

Color  and  properties:     Green  crystals. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Decom- 
poses. 

Soluble  in  acids  and  solutions  of  am- 
monium salts;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  addition  of  sodium 
carbonate  to  a  solution  of  nickel  sul- 
fate. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:     Electroplating. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Nickel  Carbonyl*  (Nickel  tetracarbonyl) 
Ni(CO)4. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  vola- 
tile liquid;  poisonous;  inflammable. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.3185; 
melting-point  -25°  C;  boiling-point 
43°C.;  vapor  explodes  at  60° C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  concentrated  ni- 
tric acid;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  passing  carbon  monox- 
ide gas  over  finely  divided  nickel. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:  For  production  of  metallic 
nickel  by  Mond  process. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Nickel  Chloride* 

(a)  NiCl2  (b)  NiCl2.6H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  (a)  Yellow 
scales;  deliquescent  in  moist  air.  (b) 
Green  scales;  deliquescent  in  moist 
air. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity:  (a)  2.56; 
melting-point:  Sublimes. 

Soluble  in  water  and  ammonium  hy- 
droxide. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  on  nickel  oxides. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:  Nickel  plating  cast  zinc;  manu- 
facture of  sympathetic  ink,  antiseptic; 
absorbent  for  ammonia  gas  in  mili- 
tary and  industrial  gas  masks. 


Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Nickel  Cyanide*  Ni(CN)2.4H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Apple-green 
plates  or  powder;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Loses 
4H2O  at  200° C.;  boiling-point:  De- 
composes. 

Soluble  in  ammonium  hydroxide  and 
potassium  cyanide  solution;  insolu- 
ble in  water  and  acids. 

Derivation:  By  adding  potassium  cyan- 
ide to  a  solution  of  a  nickel  salt. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:      Metallurgy,    electroplating. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Nickel    Glance.      Natural    nickel-arsenic 

sulfide,  NiAsS. 

Nickel  Hydroxide*  (a)  Nickelous 
4  Ni(OH)2.H2O;  (b)  Nickelic 
Ni(OH)3. 

Color  and  properties:  (a)  Pale  green 
powder,  (b)  Black  powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity:  (a)  4.36. 
Melting-point:  (a)  Decomposes;  (b) 
Decomposes. 

(a)  Soluble  in  acids,  ammonium  hydrox- 
ide and  alcohol;  insoluble  in  water 
and  alkalis. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  adding  caustic  soda 
to  a  solution  of  nickel  salt,  (b)  By 
adding  a  hypochlorite  to  a  solution  of 
a  nickel  salt. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass 
bottles. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Uses:     Nickel  salts. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:    None. 

Nickel     Monoxide*     (Nickelous     oxide; 

Nickel  protoxide;  Green  nickel  oxide) 

NiO. 
Color   and  properties:     Green   powder, 

becoming  yellow;  is  found  in  nature 

as  the  mineral  bunsenite. 
Constants:       Specific     gravity     6.6-6.8; 

melting-point:      Absorbs    oxygen    at 

40O°C.    and    is    reduced    to    NiO    at 

600°  C. 


Nickel  Nitrate 


§39 


Nicotine  Salts 


Soluble  in  acids  and  ammonium  hy- 
droxide; insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  nickel  hydrox- 
ide or  nitrate. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:     Nickel  salts;  porcelain  painting. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Nickel  Nitrate*  Ni(NO3)2.6H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Green,  delique- 
scent crystals.  Keep  well  stoppered. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.065;  melt- 
ing-point 56.7°C.;  boiling-point 
I36.7°C 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  nitric 
acid  on  nickel  oxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  wooden 
kegs. 

Uses:     Nickel  plating. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Nickel  Peroxide*  (Nickelic  oxide; 
Nickel  sesquioxide;  Black  nickel 
oxide)  Ni2O3. 

Color  and  properties:  Gray-black 
powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.84;  melt- 
ing-point: Is  reduced  to  NiO*  at 
600°  C 

Soluble  in  acids  and  ammonium  hy- 
droxide; insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  gentle  heating  of  the 
nitrate  or  chlorate. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:  Production  of  oxygen;  storage 
batteries. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Nickel  Sulfate*  (a)  NiSO4 ;  (b) 

NiS04.6H20;  (c)  NiSO4.7H2O. 
Color  and  properties:     (a)  Yellow  crys- 
tals;   (b)    Blue    crystals;    (c)    Green 
crystals. 


(a) 


(b) 


(c) 


Constants: 

Specific  gravity        3418  2.031  1.98 

Melting-point      Loses  SO3     Loses  6HiO    o8°-ioo°C. 
at  84o°C.       at  28o°C.     " 

All  the  sulfates  are  soluble  in  water; 
(b)  and  (c)  are  soluble  in  alcohol; 
(a)  is  insoluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  sulfuric 
acid  on  nickel  oxide. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Nickel  plating;  mordant  in  dye- 
ing and  printing  textiles;  blackening 
zinc  and  brass. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Nickel  Tetracarbonyl.     See   Nickel   car- 
fa  onyl. 

Nicotine*  (  Beta-py  ridyl-alpha-normal- 
methylpyrrolidine)  CioHi4N2. 

Color  and  properties:  Alkaloid  from 
tobacco;  thick  water-white,  laevoro- 
tatory  oil,  turning  brown  on  exposure 
to  the  air;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.00924; 
melting-point:  Below  80° C.;  boiling- 
point  246.7°  C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  ether  and 
oils. 

Derivation:  By  distilling  tobacco  with 
milk  of  lime  and  extracting  with  ether. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine;  insecticide. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Nicotine  Salts* 

(a)  Hydrochloride:   Ci0Hi4N2.HCl. 

(b)  Salicylate:  CioHi4N2.C7H6O3. 

(c)  Sulfate:   (Ci0Hi4N2)2.H2SO4. 

(d)  Tartrate: 
CioHi4N2.2C4H6H6.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  (a)  Colorless 
oil;  poisonous,  (b)  White  crystals; 
poisonous,  (c)  White  crystals;  poi- 
sonous, (d)  White  plates;  poisonous. 

Constants.     Melting-point:  (b)   H7.5°C. 

All  the  salts  are  soluble  in  water,  alco- 
hol and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  the  re- 
spective acid  on  the  alkaloid. 

Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 

Grades:     Technical. 


Nicotinic  Acid 


340 


Nitroaniline 


Containers:      Glass   bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Nicotinic  Acid.     See  Acid  nicotinic. 

Nigella    Sativa    (Nutmeg    flower;    Small 

fennel    flower;    Black    cumin;    Black 

caraway) . 

Derivation:     Seed  of  Nigella  sativa. 
Habitat:     Germany  and   Mediterranean 

region. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine;   veterinary   medicine; 

snuff. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Nigrite.  A  variety  of  asphalt  mined  at 
Soldier  Summit,  Utah,  of  unknown 
composition. 

Nigrosine.*  A  class  of  blue  or  black  dye- 
stuffs,  some  soluble  in  water,  some  in 
alcohol  and  some  in  oil,  used  in  manu- 
facture of  ink  and  shoe-polish  and  in 
dyeing  leather,  wood,  textiles,  etc. 

Niobium.     See  Columbium. 
Niter.     See  Potassium  nitrate. 
Niter  Cake.    See  Sodium  acid  sulfate. 
Niter,  Chili.     See  Sodium  nitrate. 
Niter,  Cubic.     See  Sodium  nitrate. 
Niton.     See  Radium  emanation. 

Nitramidine.  A  nitrocellulose  or  py- 
roxyline  made  from  paper  or  cardboard. 

Nitraniline*  (a)   Meta-;   (b)   Ortho-;   (c) 

Para-;   NO2.CeH4.NH2. 
Color     and     properties:       (a)     Yellow 
needles,    (b)  Orange-red  needles,    (c) 
Yellow  needles. 

Constants:  (»)  (b)  (c) 

Specific  gravity  1.398  1443  J-437 

Melting-point  m.8°C        68.g°C         i48°C 

Boiling-point 


Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  very 
slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  From  aniline  by  nitrati6n 
after  acetylation,  with  subsequent  re- 
moval of  the  acetyl  group  by  hy- 
drolysis. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  (a)  Color  test  for  pine  wood, 
(b)  Has  no  commercial  uses  at  pres- 
ent, (c)  Production  of  para-nitrani- 
line  red. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Nitratine.     See  Sodium  nitrate. 
Nitrating  Acid.     See  Acid,  Nitrating. 
Nitre.     See  Potassium  nitrate. 
Nitre  Cake.     See  Sodium  acid  sulfate. 
Nitre,  Chili.     See  Sodium  nitrate. 
Nitre,  Cubic.     See  Sodium  nitrate. 
Nitric  Acid.     See  Acid  nitric. 

Nitric   Acid,   Fuming.     See   Acid   nitric, 
Fuming. 

Nitroacetanilide,   Para-* 
N02.C6H4.NH.COCH3. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 

Constants:      Melting-point   2O7°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  very 
slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  ^  By  acetylating  aniline, 
then  nitrating. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Manufacture  of  para-nitraniline. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Nitroaniline.     See  Nitraniline. 


Nitrobenzene 


341 


Nitrogen  Monoxide 


Nitrobenzene*  (Nitrobenzol;  Oil  of  mir- 
bane;  Oil  of  myrbane;  Essence  of 
mirbane;  Artificial  oil  of  bitter  al- 
monds). 

Color  and  properties:  Bright  yellow 
crystals  or  yellow,  oily  liquid;  odor 
and  taste  of  bitter  almonds;  poiso- 
nous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.19867; 
melting-point  8.7O°C;  boiling-point 
2io.85°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  very 
slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  From  benzol  by  nitrating 
with  nitric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  By  washing 
and  distilling  with  steam,  then  redis- 
tilling. 

Impurities:     Unconverted   benzol. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  In  perfumery  in  place  of  es- 
sential oil  of  almonds;  in  manufac- 
ture of  dust  preventatives;  raw  ma- 
terial for  manufacture  of  aniline,  benz- 
idine,  quinoline,  azobenzene,  etc. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Nitrobenzoic    Acids.      See    Acids    nitro- 
benzoic,   Meta-,  Ortho-  and  Para-. 

Nitrobenzol.     See  Nitrobenzene. 

Nitrocellulose*    (Gun   cotton) 
C6H705(N02)3. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish,  amor- 
phous lumps;  usually  trinitrocellu- 
lose,  containing  small  amounts  of 
lower  and  higher  nitrated  celluloses; 
inflammable;  explosive. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.1-0.3. 

Soluble  in  a  mixture  of  alcohol  and 
ether;  ethyl  acetate;  nitrobenzene; 
benzol;  acetone;  amyl  acetate;  etc. 
Insoluble  in  alcohol,  water  and  ether. 

Derivation:  Hanks  of  cotton,  free  from 
impurities  are  nitrated  in  mixed  acid, 
removed  from  the  acid,  whizzed  in  a 
centrifuge  to  remove  as  much  acid 
as  possible,  washed  in  water  until  no 
acid  reaction  remains  and  finally 
boiled  in  several  changes  of  water. 

Impurities:     Sulfuric  esters. 

Grades:     Technical. 


Containers:     Wooden  boxes. 

Uses:  As  explosive  for  torpedoes 
(moist,  compressed);  production  of 
collodion,  celluloid,  smokeless  powder 
(either  alone  or  admixed  with  nitro- 
glycerol,  picrates,  etc.). 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Pro- 
hibited by  express. 

Nitrochlorobenzene*     (a)     Ortho-;     (b) 
Para-.  NO2.C6H4NH2. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  nitration,  yielding  a 
mixture  of  the  ortho-  and  para-nitro- 
chlorobenzenes. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Organic   synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Nitrochlorobenzol.     See  Nitrochloroben- 
zene. 

Nitrochloroform.     See  Nitrotrichlorome- 
thane. 

Nitrodracylic  Acid.     See  Acid  nitroben- 
zoic,  Para-. 

Nitrogen*  Na. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  odor- 
less, tasteless  gas  constituting  about 
four-fifths  of  the  air;  colorless  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  (gas) 
0.06737;  (liquid)  0.804;  (solid)  1.0265; 
melting-point  -2io.5°C.;  boiling-point 
-I95.5°C. 

Soluble  in  water;  slightly  soluble  in 
alcohol. 

Derivation:  From  liquid  air  by  distill- 
ing off  the  oxygen. 

Impurities:  Argon  and  other  "rare 
gases"  of  the  air;  oxygen. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Steel  cylinders. 

Uses:  Production  of  nitric  acid,  cyana- 
mid,  cyanides  and  nitrides  of  metals. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Green 
label. 

Nitrogen  Monoxide.    See  Nitrous  oxide. 


Nitrogenii  Monoxidum 


342 


Nitron 


Nitrogenii  Monoxidum,  U.  S.  P.    Nitro- 
gen monoxide. 

Nitroglycerine*.     (Nitroleum,     Trinitrin, 

Glyceryl      trinatrate,      Blasting      oil, 

Trinitroglycerine) 

CH2N03.CHN03.CH2N08. 
Color    and    properties:      Pale    yellow, 

thick,    inflammable,    explosive    liquid. 
Constants:       Specific     gravity     1.6009; 

freezing-point       I3.I°C.;       explosion- 

point  260°  C. 
Soluble   in   alcohol   and   ether;    slightly 

soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:       By     dropping     glycerine 

through  cooled,  mixed  acid  and  stir- 

ring,   followed    by.  repeated   washing 

with  water. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Tin  cans. 
Uses:     Explosive,  production   of  dyna- 

mite and  other  explosives;  medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     Cannot 

be  shipped  by  express. 

Nitrolignin.    A  pyroxylene  or  nitrocellu- 
lose made  from  woody  fiber. 

Nitro-meta-diaminoanisol* 


Color  and  properties:   Yellow,   crystal- 

line powder. 

Constants:  Melting-point  i<$2°C. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alkaline  solutions. 
Derivation:  By  acetylation  of  meta-di- 

aminoanisol,  followed  by  nitration  in 

sulfuric  acid  solution,  and  removal  of 

the  acetyl  groups.  ^ 
Method    of   purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:  .Technical. 
Containers:  Tins. 

Uses:  Dyeing  hair,  fur,  feathers,  etc. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Nitro-meta-diaminophenetol* 

C6H2N02(NH2)2OC2H5. 
Color  and  properties:   Yellow,   crystal- 

line powder. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alkaline  solutions. 
Derivation:   By  acetylation  of  meta-di- 

aminophenetol,  followed  by  nitration 

in  sulfuric  acid  solution  and  removal 

of  the  acetyl  groups. 


1  Method    of   purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:  Dyeing  hair,  fur,  feathers,  etc. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Nitro-meta-toluylenediamine* 
C6H2N02(NH2)2CH3. 

Color  and  properties:  Large  yellow, 
crystalline  needles  with  a  violent 
sheen. 

Constants:  Melting-point  154° C. 

Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid,  hot  water 
and  hot  acetone;  very  slightly  soluble 
in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble  in 
chloroform  and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  By  nitrating  diacetyltolu- 
enediamine  with  cold  fuming  nitric 
acid,  heating  with  an  excess  of  strong 
sodium  hydroxide  solution  and  wash- 
ing with  water. 

Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 

Containers:  Tins. 

Grades:  Technical. 

.Uses:  Dyeing  hair,  fur,  feathers,  etc. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:   None. 

Nitro-meta-toluenediamine.         A       mis- 
nomer for  Nitro-meta-toluylenediamine. 

Nitromuriatic  Acid.     See  Aqua  regia. 


Nitron* 


:ron*         (Diphenylendoanilohyd 
zole)  CN4.(C6H5)3.CH. 


rotria- 


Color  and  properties:  Lemon-yellow, 
fine,  crystalline  needles. 

Soluble  in  chloroform,  .acetone  and 
acetic  acid  ester;  slightly  soluble  in 
ether  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  Triphenylaminoguanidin 
(prepared  from  thiqcarbanilide  and 
phenylhydrazin),  is  heated  with  form- 
ic acid,  the  product  diluted  with  much 
water,  filtered,  and  precipitated  with 
ammonium  hydroxide.  The  product 
is  dissolved  in  chloroform,  the  solu- 
tion concentrated  and  allowed  to  crys- 
tallize. 

Grades:     Pure. 

Containers:     Glass   bottles. 

Uses:  Reagent  for  the  detection  of  the 
nitrate  ion  (NOs)  in  very  dilute  so- 
lutions, 


Nitronaphthalene 


343 


Nitrotoluene 


Fire  hazard:    None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Nitronaphthalene,    Alpha-* 
Color  and  properties:     Yellow  crystals. 
Constants:    Specific  gravity  1.331;  melt- 

ing-point 6i°C;   boiling-point  304°  C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:     By  the  action   of  a  mix- 

ture  of   nitric  and  sulfuric  acids   on 

finely  ground  naphthalene. 
Method    of    purification:      Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  barrels;  kegs. 
Uses:     Dyestuffs;   naphthylamine. 
Fire  hazard:    Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     Yellow 

label. 

Nitronaphthalenesulfonic       Acid.         See 
Acid   nitronaphthalenesulfonic. 

Nitrophenol*    NO2.C6H4OH.      (a)    Or- 

tho-;  (b)  Meta-;  (c)  Para-. 
Color  and  properties:      (a)    Light  yel- 
low   crystals,      (b)    Yellow    crystals. 
(c)    Colorless    or   yellowish    crystals. 

Constants:  <a>  <b>  <c> 

Specific  gravity 

Melting-point  44-27°C        95.3' 

Boiling-point  ai4°C         iO4°C 


1.057  1-485  1479 

>Q  ftt  «of 


H3-8°C 


Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  and  (c)  From  phenol 
and  dilute  nitric  acid,  and  separation 
by  steam  distillation,  ortho-nitrophe- 
nol  being  volatile  and  para-nitrophe- 
nol  not.  (b)  Meta-nitroaniline  dis- 
solved in  dilute  sulfuric  acid  is  diazo- 
tized.  The  diazo  solution  is  decom- 
posed by  boiling  with  dilute  sulfuric 
acid,  cooled,  extracted  with  ether 
and  the  latter  evaporated,  (c)  By 
diazotization  of  sulfanilic  acid,  after 
which  the  diazo  compound  is  treated 
with  warm  dilute  nitric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:    Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  (b)  Manufacturing  the  rhoda- 
mine  dyestuffs.  (c)  Production  of 
phenacetin,  ptienolphthalein,  etc. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 


Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Nitrosalicylic  Acid,  Meta.-    See  Acid  ni- 

trosalicylic,  Meta-. 

Nitrosodimethylaniline,   Para-* 
NO.C6H4N(CH3)2. 

Color  and  properties:     Green  leaflets. 

Constants:     Melting-point  87.8°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  action  of  nitrous  acid 
on  dimethylaniline. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden   kegs. 

Uses:     Production  of  methylene  blue. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:     None. 

Nitrosonaphthol*  NO.Ci0H6.OH.  (a) 
Alpha-nitroso-alpha-naphthoL  (b) 
Beta-nitroso-alpha-naphthol..  (c)  Al- 
pha-nitroso-beta-naphthol. 

Color  and  properties:     Yellow  needles. 

Constants:  Melting-point  (a)  152° C.; 
(b)  Decomposes  at  I94°C;  (c)  io6°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  the  action  of  ni- 
trous acid  on  beta-naphthol.  (b) 
From  beta-naphthol  by  reacting  with 
sodium  nitrite  and  zinc  chloride. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden   kegs. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Nitrotoluene*  Np2.C6H4.CH3  (Monqhi- 
trotoluene,  Nitrotoluol,  Methylnitro- 
benzene). 
Color  and  properties: 


(a)  Meta-:  Yellow  crystals. 

(b)  Ortho-alpha:  Yellow  li<_ 

(c)  Ortho-beta^  Yellow  crystals, 
(d) 


Para-:  Yellow  crystals. 


Constants:      (•) 
Specific  gravity: 

1.1570 
Melting-point: 

(a)  i6°C        (b) 
Boiling-point: 
&  23V-S3i°C 


(d) 


1.1650  10 

(c)  -3.85°C      (d) 
(b)  222.3°C  (d)  237-7°C 


Nitrotoluol 


344 


Normal  Hcxanc 


Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  benzol; 
insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  From  meta-nitro-para- 
toluidine.  Can  be  nitrated  further  to 
dinitrotoluol,  only  with  greater  diffi- 
culty, while  ortho-  and  para-  com- 
pounds are  easily  converted,  (b),  (c) 
and  (d)  From  toluol  by  nitration  and 
separation  by  fractional  distillation. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades :    Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  (a)  and  (c)  No  important  use. 
(b)  and  (d)  For  production  of  tolu- 
idine,  tolidine,  fuchsine  and  various 
synthetic  dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Nitrotoluol.     See  Nitrotoluene. 

Nitrotrichloromethane*  (Nitrochloro- 
form;  Chloropicrin)  CClsNC^.  A  mili- 
tary poison  gas  used  in  the  late  war. 

Nitrous  Ether*  (Ethyl  nitrite) 
C2H5N02. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish, 
highly  aromatic,  ethereal,  inflam- 
mable, exceedingly  volatile  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.900;  boil- 
ing-point i6.4°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  the  action  of  ethyl 
alcohol  on  nitrous  oxide  gas.  (b)  By 
treating  alcohol  with  alkali  nitrites 
and  sulfuric  acid. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:    Organic  preparations;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:    Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Nitrous  Oxide*  (Laughing  gas)  N2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  sweet- 
tasting  gas,  condensable  into  a  color- 
less liquid  which  solidifies  when  al- 
lowed to  evaporate. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity:  Gas  0.937; 
Liquid,  1.530.  Melting-point:  Liquid, 
-102°  C.  Boiling-point:  Liquid, 
-89.8°  C, 


Soluble  in  alcohol  and  concentrated 
sulfuric  acid;  slightly  soluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  a  mixture  of 
sodium  nitrate  and  ammonium  sul- 
fate  to  23O°C.  and  collecting  the  gas 
over  mercury  or  hot  water. 

Grades:     Pure. 

Containers:     Steel  cylinders. 

Uses:  Anesthetic  in  dentistry  and  sur- 
gery, either  pure  or  mixed  with  oxy- 
gen. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Green 
label. 

Nitroxylene*  (Mononitroxylene;  Nitro- 
xylol;  Dimethylnitrobenzene)  (a)  Ni- 
tro-ortho-xylene;  (b)  Nitro-meta-xy- 
lene;  (c)  Nitro-para-xylene 


Constants: 

Specific  gravity 

Melting-point 

Boiling-point 


(a) 

%% 

2s8°C 


(b) 

l& 

246°C 


(c) 

Liquid 

240°C 


Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:     By  nitrating  xylol,  result- 

ing in  a  mixture  of  the  three  nitroxy- 

lenes,  consisting  largely  of  the  nitro- 

meta-xylene  (1:3:4). 
Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Iron  drums. 
Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad     shipping     regulations:       Red 

label. 

Nitroxylol.     See   Nitroxylene. 
Nivenite.     A  Texas  variety  of  uraninite. 
Noah's  Ark.    See  Cypripedium. 
Noble  Laurel.     See   Laurel. 
Noble   Liverwort.     See   Liverwort. 

Norit.     A   vegetable   char  used   for  the 
decolorization  of  sugar. 

Normal  Heptane.     See  Heptane. 
Normal  Hexane.     See  Hexane, 


Novaculite 


345 


Oenanthic  Ether 


Novaculite.  An  exceedingly  fine-grained 
quartzose  rock,  used  as  an  abrasive. 
Occurs  in  Arkansas,  Georgia,  Massa- 
chusetts, North  Carolina,  Oklahoma 
and  Tennessee. 

Nuces  Nucistae.     See  Myristica. 

"Nulomoline."  A  proprietary  glycerine 
substitute. 

Nutgall.     See  Galls. 

Nutgall,  Chinese.  Properties  and  uses 
similar  to  that  of  galls. 

Nutmeg.     See  Myristica. 


Nutmeg  Flowers.    See  Nigella  sativa. 
Nux  Moschata.    See  Myristica. 

Nux  Vomica  (Quaker  buttons;  Bache- 
lor's buttons;  Poison  nut;  Dog  but- 
ton; Vomit  nut). 

Derivation:  Dried  ripe  seed  of  Strych- 
nos  nux  vomica. 

Habitat:  Southern  Asia  and  northern 
Australia. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:  Medicine;  production  of  strych- 
nine and  brucine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Oak  Bark.* 

Derivation:  From  Quercus  robur  (em- 
bracing Q.  peduncularia  and  Q.  ses- 
siliflora  as  sub  species). 

Habitat:  United  States;  Great  Britain 
and  Europe. 

Grades:    25  per  cent  tannin. 

Containers:     Extract:    Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Tanning  industry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Oakum.  Hemp  fiber  produced  by  un- 
twisting rope,  used  for  calking  in  ship 
and  boat-building.  Usually  impreg- 
nated with  tar  or  pitch. 

Obsidianite  (Volcanic  glass).  Extru- 
sive igneous  rock  which  has  been  fused 
and  cooled  in  an  amorphous  or  nearly 
entirely  amorphous  condition,  usually- 
dark  in  color  and  having  a  vitreous  ap- 
pearance and  fracture.  Used  in  acid 
concentrating  plants  on  account  of  its 
acid-resisting  properties. 

Ocher.*  A  metallic  oxide  occurring  in 
nature  in  an  earthy  or  pulverulent 
form.  Commercially,  ocher  refers  to 
the  earthy  iron  oxides  (yellow,  red 
and  brown). 


Grades:     Based  on  tinctorial  value  and 

iron  oxide  content. 
Containers:     Wood  barrels. 
Uses:     Paint  pigment. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Ocher,  Antimony.     See  Stibiconite. 
Ochre.     See  Ocher. 

Octahedrite.  A  natural,  crystallized  ti- 
tanium oxide.  See  also  Brookite  and 
Rutile. 

Octoic  Acid.     See  Acid  caprylic. 
Octylic  Acid.    See  Acid  caprylic. 
Oenanthal.    See  Oenanthol. 
Oenanthic  Acid.    See  Acid  oenanthic. 

Oenanthic  Ether*  (Cognac  oil;  Oenan- 
thic ether)  CH2(CH2)5CO2H.C2H5. 

Color  and  properties:  Clear,  colorless 
oil. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  oenanthic  acid 
and  ethyl  alcohol  in  presence  of  sul- 


Oenanthol 


346 


Oil,  Black  Pepper 


furic   acid,    and   subsequent   recovery      Oil,  Aniseed.    See  Anise  oil. 
by  distillation. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis;  manufactur- 
ing artificial  cognac. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Oenanthol*  (Oenanthic  aldehyde;  Hep- 
tanal;  Heptoic  aldehyde;  Oenanthal) 
CGHi3CHO. 

Color  and  properties:     Highly  refract- 
ing,   volatile,    colorless    liquid;    pene-       Oil,    Asarum    Canadense.      See    Asarum 


Oil,  Anise-seed.    See  Anise  oil. 
Oil,  Anthracene.     See  Anthracene. 
Oil,  Arachis.     See  Peanut  oil. 
Oil,  Arnica.     See  Arnica  oil. 
Oil,  Asafoetida.     See  Asafoetida  oil. 


trating,  aromatic  odor.  Keep  well 
stoppered. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.850;  boil- 
ing-point I53°-I55°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  distillation  of  cas- 
tor oil  in  vacuo,  followed  by  frac- 
tional distillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Heptylic  alcohol;  organic  syn- 
thesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Oenanthylic  Acid.     See  Acid  oenanthic. 

Oil,  Ajowan.     See  Ajowanoi. 

Oil,  Alizarine.    See  Alizarine. 

Oil,  Allspice.     See  Allspice  oil. 

Oil,  Almond.     See  Almond  oil. 

Oil,  Amber.     See  Amber  oil. 

Oil,  Ammoniac.    See  Ammoniac  oil. 

Oil,  Angelica.     See  Angelica  oil. 

Oil,  Angostura.     See  Angostura  oil. 

Oil,  Aniline.    See  Aniline. 

Oil,  Animal.    See  Bone  oil. 

Oil,  Anise.    See  Anise  oil. 


canadense  oil. 

Oil,   Asarum   Europaeum.     See   Asarum 
europaeum  oil. 

Oil,  Astral.     See  Kerosene. 

Oil,  Balm.    See  Balm  oil. 

Oil,  Banana.    See  Amyl  acetate. 

Oil,  Banks.     See  Cod-liver  oil. 

Oil,  Basil.     See  Basil  oil. 

Oil,  Bay.    See  Laurel  oil,  Volatile. 

Oil,  Bay-berry.    See  Myrcia  oil. 

Oil,  Bean.     See  Soya-bean  oil. 

Oil,  Bean,  Chinese.     See  Soya-bean  oil. 

Oil,  Benne.     See  Sesame  oil. 

Oil,  Bergamot.    See  Bergamot  oil. 

Oil,  Birch.     See  Birch  oil. 

Oil,  Bitter  Almonds,  Artificial.    See  Nit- 
robenzene. 

Oil,  Black-fish.    See  Black-fish  oil. 

Oil,   Black   Mustard.     See   Mustard   oil, 
Volatile. 

Oil,  Black  Pepper,    See  Pepper  oil. 


Oil.  Blasting 


347 


Oil,   Copaiba 


Oil,  Blasting.     See   Nitroglycerine. 
Oil,  Blown.    See  Blown  oil. 
Oil,  Body.     See  Whale  oil. 
Oil,  Boiled.     See  Linseed  oil. 
Oil,  Bone.     See  Bone  oil. 
Oil,  Bottle-nose.    See  Bottle-nose  oil. 
Oil,  Brazil-nut.     See  Castanha  oil. 
Oil,  Butter.    See  Butter  oil. 

Oil,    Cabbage-seed.      See    Cabbage-seed 
oil.  % 

Oil,  Cade.     See  Cade  oil. 
Oil,  Cahoun.     See  Cohune  oil. 
Oil,  Cahune.     See  Cohune  oil. 
Oil,  Cajuput.    See  Cajuput  oil. 
Oil,  Calamus.     See  Calamus  oil. 
Oil,  Camomile.     See   Chamomile  oil. 
Oil,  Camphor.     See  Camphor  oil. 
Oil,  Camphorated.     See  Camphor  oil. 

Oil,     Camphor-wood.        See     Camphor- 
wood  oil. 

Oil,   Cananga.     See   Cananga   oil. 
Oil,  Candle-nut.    See  Lumbang  oil. 
Oil,  Canella.     See  Canella  oil. 
Oil,  Caraway.     See  Caraway  oil. 
Oil,  Cardamom.    See  Cardamom  oil. 

Oil,  Carron.     See  Carron  oil. 

x 
Qil,  Cassia.     See  Cassia  oil. 


Oil,  Cashew.     See  Cashew  oil. 

Oil,  Cashew-nut.    See  Cashew  oil. 

Oil,  Castanha.    See  Castanha  oil. 

Oil,  Castor.    See  Castor  oil. 

Oil,  Cedar.     See  Cedar  oil. 

Oil,  Celery-seed.      See   Celery-seed   oil. 

Oil,  Chabert.    See  Chabert  oil. 

Oil,  Chamomile.     See   Chamomile  oil. 

Oil,  Chenopodium,  American.     See  Che- 
nopodium  oil. 

Oil,  Chenopodium,  Levant.     See  Worm- 
seed  oil. 

Oil,  Cherry  Laurel.     See   Cherry  laurel 
oil. 

Oil,  China-wood.    See  Tung  oil. 
Oil,  Chinese  Bean.     See  Soya-bean  oil. 
Oil,  Citronella.     See  Citronella  oil. 
Oil,  Cloves.    See  Clove  oil. 

Oil,  Coal.     See   Coal  oil,  iCerosene  and 
Petroleum. 

Oil,  Cocoa-nut.     See  Coco-nut  oil. 
Oil,  Coco-nut.     See  Coco-nut  oil. 
Oil,  Coco-nut  Palm.    See  Coco-nut  oil. 
Oil,  Cod-liver.    See  Cod-liver  oil. 
Oil,  Cognac.     See  Oenanthic  ether. 
Oil,  Cohune.     See  Cohune  oil. 
Oil,  Colza.     See  Rape-seed  oil. 
Oil,  Copaiba.     See  Copaiba  oilt 


Oil,  Copperah 


348 


Oil,  Hardened 


Oil,  Copperah.    See  Copra  oil. 

Oil,  Copra.    See  Copra  oil. 

Oil,  Coriander.    See  Coriander  oil. 

Oil,  Corn.    See  Corn  oil. 

Oil,  Corozo-nut.    See  Cohune  oil. 

Oil,  Cotton-seed.    See  Cotton-seed  oil. 

Oil,  Creosote.     See  Cresote  oil. 

Oil,  Croton.     See  Croton  oil. 

Oil,  Crude.    See  Petroleum. 

Oil,  Cubeb.    See  Cubeb  oil. 

Oil,  Cucumber.     See  Cucumber  oil. 

Oil,  Cumin.     See  Cumin  oil. 

Oil,  Cypress.     See  Cypress  oil. 

Oil,  Dead.     See  Dead  oil. 

Oil,  Deodorized.    See  Deodorized  oils. 

Oil,  Dill.    See  Dill  oil. 

Oil,  Dip.    See  Dip  oil. 

Oil,  Dippel's.    See  Bone  oil. 

Oil,  Dog-fish.    See  Shark  oil. 

Oil,  Dolphin.     See  Porpoise  oil. 

Oil,  Earth-nut.    See  Peanut  oil. 

Oil,  Edible.     See  Edible  oils. 

Oil,  Egg.     See  Egg  yolk. 

Oil,  Elemi.     See  Elemi  oil. 

Oil,  Ergot.     See  Ergot  oil. 

Oil,  Erigeron,    See  Erigeron  oil. 


Oil,  Eucalyptus,    See  Eucalyptus  oil. 
Oil,  Eugenol.    See  Eugenol. 
Oil,  Fennel.     See  Fennel  oil. 
Oil,  Fir-wood.    See  Pine  oil. 

Oil,  Fish.  See  Black-fish,  cod-liver,  hali- 
but, herring,  menhaden,  porpoise, 
salmon,  sardine,  shark  and  tuna  oils. 

Oil,  Flax-seed.     See  Linseed  oil. 

Oil,  Florence.     See  Olive  oil. 

Oil,  Fusel.     See  Amyl  alcohol. 

Oil,  Galangal.    See  Galangal  oil. 

Oil,  Garlic.     See  Garlic  oil. 

Oil,  Geranium.     See  Geranium  oil. 

Oil,  Gingelly.     See   Sesame  oil. 

Oil,  Ginger.     See  Ginger  oil. 

Oil,  Ginger-grass.     See  Ginger-grass  oil. 

Oil,  Gingily.     See  Sesame  oil. 

Oil,  Glonoin.      See    Nitroglycerin. 

Oil,  Goose-foot.    See  Chenopodium  oil. 

Oil,  Gourd.     See  Cucumber  oil. 

Oil,  Grain.     See  Amyl  alcohol. 

Oil,  Grape-seed.    See  Grape-seed  oil. 

Oil,  Grape-stone.     See  Grape-seed  oil. 

Oil,  Ground-nut.    See  Peanut  oil. 

Oil,  Guaiacum.    See  Guaiacum  oil. 

Oil,  Halibut.    See  Halibut  oil. 

Oil,  "Hardened."    See  Hydrogenated  oij. 


Oil.  Hemlock 


349 


Oil,  Olibanum 


Oil,  Hemlock.    See  Hemlock  oil. 

Oil,  Hemp.    See  Hemp-seed  oil. 

Oil,  Hemp-seed.     See  Hemp-seed  oil. 

Oil,  Herring.     See  Herring  oil. 

Oil,  Hoof.     See  Hoof  oil. 

Oil,  Hop.    See  Hop  oil. 

Oil,  Horse.     See  Horse  oil. 

Oil,   Hydrogenated.     See  Hydrogenated 
oils. 

Oil,  Ilang-ilang.     See  Cananga  oil 
Oil,  Illicium.     See  Anise  oil. 
Oil,  Iodized.    See  Iodized  oil. 
Oil,  Iva.    See  Iva  oil. 
Oil,  Jaborandi.     See  Jaborandi  oil. 
Oil,  Jasmine.     See  Jasmine  oil. 
Oil,  Jaw.    See  Black-fish  oil. 
Oil,  Juniper.    See  Juniper  oil. 
Oil,  Kapoc.     See  Kapoc  oil. 
Oil,  Kapok.    See  Kapoc  oil. 
Oil,  Lard.    See  Lard  oil. 

Oil,   Laurel,   Volatile.     See    Laurel    oil, 
Volatile. 

Oil,  Lavender.     See  Lavender  oil. 

Oil,  Lemon.    See  Lemon  oil. 

Oil,  Lemon-grass.    See  Lemon-grass  oil. 

Oil,  Lime.     See  Lime  oil. 

Oil,  Linseed.    See  Linseed  oil. 


Oil,  Linaloe.     See  Linaloe  oil. 
Oil,  Lumbang.     See  Lumbang  oil. 
Oil,  Mace.     See  Mace  oil. 
Oil,  Maize.    See  Corn  oil. 
Oil,  Malon.     See  Black-fish  oil. 
Oil,  Mandarin.     See  Mandarin  oil. 
Oil,  Margarine.    See  Margarine  oils. 
Oil,  Marjoram.     See  Marjoram  oil. 
Oil,  Mastic.     See  Mastic  oil. 
Oil,  Matico.     See  Matico  oil. 

Oil,  Melissa,  East  Indian.     See  Lemon- 
grass  oil. 

Oil,  Menhaden.     See  Menhaden  oil. 
Oil,  Mignonette.    See  Reseda  oil. 
Oil,  Mineral.     See  Petroleum. 
Oil,  Mirbane.    See  Nitrobenzene. 
Oil,  Monarda.     See  Horsemint  oil. 
Oil,  Mosoi  Flower.    See  Cananga  oil. 
Oil,  Mowra.     See  Mowra  oil. 
Oil,  Mustard.     See  Mustard  oil. 
Oil,  Myrcia.    See  Myrcia  oil. 
Oil,  Myrrh.     See  Myrrh  oil. 
Oil,  Neats-foot.     See  Neats-foot  oil. 
Oil,  NerolL    See  Neroli  oil. 
Oil,  Nutmeg.    See  Nutmeg  oil. 
Oil,  Olibanum.    See  Olibanum  oil. 


Oil,  Olive 


350 


Oil,   Salmon 


Oil,  Olive.     See  Olive  oil. 

Oil,  Olive-kernel.    See  Olive-kernel  oil. 


Oil, 

oil. 

Oil, 

oil. 


Oil, 

oil. 


Oil,  Onion.     See  Onion  oil. 

Oil,  Orange.    See  Orange  oil. 

Oil,  Orange-flower.  See  Neroli  oil.  Oil, 

Oil,  Orris.     See  Orris  oil.  Oil, 

Oil,  Origanum.     See  Thyme  oil.  Oil, 

Oil,  Oxidized.     See  Blown  oil.  Oil, 

Oil,  Palm.  See  Palm  butter  and  Palm-  Oil» 
nut  oil. 

Oil, 
Oil,  Palm-kernel.  See  Palm-nut  oil. 

Oil, 
Oil,  Palm-nut.  See  Palm-nut  oil. 

Oil, 
Oil,  Palmarosa.  See  Palmarosa  oil. 

Oil, 
Oil,  Paraffin.  See  Paraffin  oil. 

Oil, 
Oil,  Parsley.  See  Parseley  oil. 

Oil, 
Oil,  Patchouli.  See  Patchouli  oil. 

Oil,  Peach-kernel.    See  Peach-kernel  oil. 

Oil,  Peanut.  .See  Peanut  oil.  o>. 

Oil,  Pennalene  White.  See  Pennalene  _... 
white  oil.  Oll» 

Oil,  Pennyroyal.     See  Hedeoma  oil.  Oil, 

Oil,  Pepper.     See  Pepper  oil.  Oil, 

Oil,  Peppermint.    See  Peppermint  oil.  oil 

Oil,  Perilla.     See  Perilla  oil.  Qil 

Oil,  Pescola.     See  Pescola  oil.  QJJ 

Oil,  Petit-grain.    See  Petit-grain  oil.  Q.J 
Oil,    Petit-grain    Citronier.       See    Petit- 


grain  oil. 


Oil, 


Phenylmustard.  See  Phenylmustard 
Phosphorated.  See  Phosphorated 
Phosphorized.  See  Phosphorated 

Pimento.     See  Pimento  oil. 
Pine.     See  Pine  oil. 
Pine-tar.    See  Pine-tar  oil. 
Pogy.     See  Menhaden  oil. 
Polymerized.    See  Blown  oil. 
Poppy-seed.     See  Poppy-seed  oil. 
Porpoise.     See  Porpoise  oil. 
Rape-seed.    See  Rape-seed  oil. 
Rasin-seed.    See  Grape-seed  oil. 
Ravison.    See  Ravison  oil. 

Red.     See  Acid  oleic. 
Reseda.     See  Reseda  oil. 
Ricinola.     See  Castor  oil. 
Ricinus.     See  Castor  oil. 
Rock.    See  Petroleum. 
Rose.    See  Rose  oil. 
Rose  Geranium.     See  Geranium  oil. 
Rosemary.     See  Rosemary  oil. 
Rosin.     See  Rosin  oil. 
Sage.     See  Sage  oil. 
Salad.    See  Salad  oil. 
Salmon.     See  Salmon  oil. 


Oil.  Sandalwood 


351 


Oil,  Wormsecd 


Oil,   Sandalwood.     See   Sandalwood   oil. 

Oil,  Sardine.    See  Sardine  oil. 

Oil,  Sassafras.     See  Sassafras  oil. 

Oil,  Savin.     See  Savin  oil. 

Oil,  Seal.     See  Seal  oil. 

Oil,  Seed.     See  Cotton-seed  oil. 

Oil,  Sesame.     See  Sesame  oil. 

Oil  Shale.     See  Shale. 

Oil,  Shark.     See  Shark  oil. 

Oil,  Snake-Root.     See  Asarum  oils. 

Oil,  Sod.     See  Degras. 

Oil,  Soja-bean.    See  Soya-bean  oil. 

Oil,  Solar.    See  Kerosene. 

Oil,  Soy.    See  Soya-bean  oil. 

Oil,  Soya-bean.    See  Soya-bean  oil. 

Oil,  Spearmint.     See  Spearmint  oil. 

Oil,  Sperm.     See  Whale  oil. 

Oil,  Spruce.     See  Spruce  oil. 

Oil,  Stillingia.    See  Stillingia  oil. 

Oilstone.  A  fine-grained  whetstone  on 
which  oil  is  used.  Arkansas,  Georgia, 
Indiana,  Ohio. 

Oil,  Storax.    See  Storax  oil. 
Oil,  Sulfur  Olive.     Olive  oil  foots. 
Oil,  Sunflower.     See  Sunflower  oil. 
Oil,  Sweet.     See  Olive  oil. 
Oil,  Tallow.     See  Tallow  oil. 


Oil,  Tallow-seed.    See  Stillingia  oil. 

Oil,  Tansy.     See  Tansy  Oil. 

Oil,  Tarragon.     See  Tarragon  oil. 

Oil,  Tea.    See  Tea  oil. 

Oil,  Tea-seed.     See  Tea  oil. 

Oil,  Teel.    See  Sesame  oil. 

Oil,  Thuja.     See  Thuja  oil. 

Oil,  Thyme.     See  Thyme  oil. 

Oil,  Tolu.     See  Tolu  oil. 

Oil,  Tomato-seed.    See  Tomato-seed  oil. 

Oil,  Train.    See  Whale  oil. 

Oil,  Tuna.    See  Tuna  oil. 

Oil,  Tung.     See  Tung  oil. 

Oil,  Tunny-fish.    See  Tuna  oil. 

Oil,  Turkey-red.     See  Turkey-red  oil. 

Oil,  Valerian.     See  Valerian  oil. 

Oil,  Varnish.    See  Varnish  oil. 

Oil,  Verbena.    See  Verbena  oil. 

Oil,  Verti-vert.      See   Verti-vert   oil. 

Oil,  Vitriol.     See  Sulfuric  acid. 

Oil,  Walnut.     See  Walnut  oil. 

Oil,  Walrus.     See  Walrus  oil. 

Oil,  Whale.     See  Whale  oil. 

Oil,  Wine-stones.    See  Grape-seed  oil. 

Oil,  Wintergreen.     See   Gaultheria  oil. 

Oil,  Wormseed.    See  Wormseed  oil. 


Oil,  Wormwood 


352 


Oleum 


Oil,  Wormwood.    See  Wormwood  oil. 
Oil,  Ylang-ylang.    See  Ylang-ylang  oil. 
Old  Fustic.     See  Morus  tinctoria. 
Oleic  Acid.     See  Acid  oleic. 

Olein.     The  glyceride   of  oleic  acid  oc- 
cu ring  in  fats. 

Oleinic  Acid.    See  Acid  oleic. 

Oleomargarine.* 

Derivation:  Made  from  a  mixture  of 
natural  or  hydrogenated  animal  and 
vegetable  fats  colored  with  annatto 
or  aniline  dyes  and  sometimes  fla- 
vored with  butter. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Boxes;  tubs. 

Uses:     Butter  substitute. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Oleo  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow  liquid 
fat. 

Derivation:  Liquid  olein  and  some  pal- 
mitin  obtained  by  cold-pressing  tal- 
low. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Making  oleomargarine. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Oleoresin. 

Derivation:  Mixtures  of  the  resin  and 
the  essential  oil  of  the  plant  from 
which  they  exude.  They  have  a  pun- 
gent taste  and  a  peculiar  odor  and 
are  generally  referred  to  as  balsams. 

See  Benzoin,  Peru,  Tolu  and  Storax  bal- 
sams. 

Oleoresin  Capsicum.* 

Derivation:  From  the  fruit  of  Capsi- 
cum fastigiatum  (Cayenne  or  Afri- 
can pepper)  by  acetone  extraction. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  boxes. 


Uses:    Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Oleoresin  Cubeb.* 
Derivation:      From    the    fruit   of    Piper 

cubeba  by  alcohol  extraction. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 
Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles;  boxes. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Oleoresin  Ginger.* 

Derivation:     From  rhizome  Zingiber. 

officinale  by  acetone  extraction. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 
Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles;  boxes. 
Uses:    Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Oleoresin  Pepper.* 

Derivation:     By  acetone   extraction   of 

the  fruit  of  Piper  nigrum. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 
Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:    Glass  bottles;  boxes. 
Uses:    Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Oleoresina  Aspidii,  U.  S.  P.  Oleoresin 
aspidium. 

Oleoresina  Capsici,  U.  S.  P.  See  Oleo- 
resin capsicum. 

Oleoresina  Cubebae,  U.  S.  P.  See  Oleo- 
resin cubeb. 

Oleoresina  Petroselina,  U.  S.  P.  Oleo- 
resin parsley  fruit. 

Oleoresina  Piperis,  U.  S.  P.     See  Oleo- 
resin pepper. 

Oleoresina  Zingiberis,  U.  S.  P.  See 
Oleoresin  ginger. 

Oleo-stearine.     See  Stearine. 

Oleum.  The  Latin  name  for  oil,  also 
applied  to  fuming  sulfuric  acid  (See 
Acid  sulfuric.) 


Oleum  Abietis  353  Oleum  Pimentae 

Oleum  Abietis,  B.  P.    See  Pine  oil.  Oleum    Cubebae,   U.   S.   P.,   B.   P.     See 

Cubeb  oil. 
Oleum  Ajowan,  B.  P.     See  Ajowan  oil. 

Oleum  Eucalypti,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See 
Oleum  Amygdalae  Amarae,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.        Eucalyptus  oil. 
See  Bitter  almond  oil. 

Oleum  Foeniculi,  U.  S.  P.     See  Fennel 
Oleum  Amygdalae  Expressum,  U.  S.  P.        OJIP 
See  Almond  oil. 

Oleum  Gaultheriae,  B.  P.    See  Gaultheria 
Oleum  Anethi,  B.  P.    See  Dill  oil.  oil. 

Oleum  Anisi,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Anise       Oleum  Gossypii  Seminis,  U.  S.  P.     See 
oil.  Cotton-seed  oil. 

Oleum  Anthemidis,  B.  P.     See   Chamo-      Oleum    Graminis    Citrati,    B.     P.      See 
mile  oil.  Lemon-grass   oil. 

Oleum  Arachis,  B.  P.    See  Peanut  oil.          Oleum  Juniperi,   U.    S.   P.,   B.   P.      See 

Juniper  oil. 

Oleum  Aurantii,  U.  S.  P.     See  Orange- 

peel  oil.  Oleum  Lavandulae,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See 

Lavender  oil. 

Oleum   Cadinum,   U.  S.   P.,   B.  P.     See 

Cade  oil.  Oleum   Limonis,   U.   S.   P.,   B.   P.     See 

Lemon  oil. 

Oleum   Cajuputi,   U.   S.   P.,   B.   P.     See 

Caiuput  oil  Oleum  Lini,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See  Lin- 

seed oil. 

Oleum  Carui,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Cara-  ..      TT   c    r>    T*   r> 

way  Oji  Oleum  Menthae  Pipentae,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

See  Peppermint  oil. 

^ry°phylli'  U'  S-  P-  B'  P'    See      Oleum  Menthae  Viridis,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

See  Spearmint  oil. 

Oleum  Cassiae,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Cin-      Qleum  Morrhuae>  u.   S.   P.,  B.  P.     See 
namon  Ol1-  Cod-liver  oil. 

Oleum  Chaulmoograe,  B.  P.     See  Chaul-      Qleum  Myristicae>  u.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See 

moograoil.  Myristica  oil. 


°pod™m  otr°POdii>  U*  S*  R    SeC  Chen°"      Oleum  Olivae,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Olive 

Oleum  Cinnamoni,  B.  P.    See  Cinnamon      Oleum  Phosphoratum,  B.  P.    See  Phos- 
Dlh  phorated  oil. 

Oleum  Copaibae,  B.  P.    See  Copaiba  oil.  TT   o 

Oleum  Picis  Liquidas  Rectificatum,  U.  S. 

Oleum  Coriandri,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See        P-    Oil  of  tar,  Rectified. 
Coriander  oil. 

Oleum  Pimentae,  U.  S.  P.     See  Pimento 
Oleum  Crotonis,  B.  P.     See  Croton  oil.        oil. 


Oleum  Pini 


354 


Olive-kernel    Oil 


Oleum   Pini   Pumilionis,   U.   S.   P. 

Pine-needle  oil. 


See 


Oleum  Ricini,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Castor 
oil. 

Oleum  Rosae,  B.  P.    See  Rose  oil. 

Oleum  Rosmarini,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See 

Rosemary  oil. 

Oleum    Santali,    U.    S.    P.,    B.    P.      See 

Santal  oil. 

Oleum  Sassafras,  U.  S.  P.    See  Sassafras 
oil. 

Oleum    Sesami,    U.    S.    P.,    B.    P.      See 

Sesame  oil. 

Oleum  Sinapis  Volatile,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

See  Mustard  oil. 

Oleum  Terebinthinae,  U.  S.  P.    See  Tur- 
pentine oil. 

Oleum  Terebinthinae  Rectificatum,  U.  S. 
P.,  B.  P.    See  Turpentine  oil,  Rectified. 

Oleum    Theobromatis,    U.    S.    P.      See 
Theobroma  oil. 

Oleum  Thymi,  U.  S.  P.    See  Thyme  oil. 

Oleum  Tiglii,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See  Cro- 
ton  oil. 

Olibanum.     See   Gum  thus. 

Olibanum  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:     Yellow  liquid. 
Chief     known     constituents:       Pinene; 

phellandrene;  dipentene. 
Constants:        Specific      gravity      0.875- 

0.885;  optical  rotation  — 11°  to  — 17°. 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether,    chloroform 

and  carbon  bisulfide. 
Derivation:      By   extraction    from   gum 

thus. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 


Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Olive    Oil*     (Sweet    oil,    Florence    oil, 
Oleum  olivae). 

Color  and  properties:  Pale  yellow  or 
greenish-yellow,  fixed,  liquid  oil. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Olein;  pal- 
mitin. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.910-0.918; 
saponification  value  185-196;  iodine 
value  77-88. 

Soluble  in  ether,  chloroform  and  car- 
bon bisulfide;  sparingly  soluble  in  al- 
cohol. 

Derivation:  By  expressing  the  pulp  of 
the  fruit  of  the  olive  tree,  Olea  euro- 
pea.  The  best  oil  comes  from  fruit 
not  quite  ripe.  The  crude  oil  is 
washed  and  filtered.  The  cake  is  sub- 
jected to  further  pressings  and  finally 
solvent  extraction,  a  lower  grade  of 
oil  being  produced  each  time. 

Impurities:  Free  fatty  acids,  sediment, 
water  and  adulterants. 

Adulterants:  Cotton-seed,  peanut,  ses- 
ame and  poppy  oils. 

Grades:  Gallipoli;  Green  foots;  Olive 
foots;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P.  According  to 
the  chemists  of  the  New  York  Pro- 
duce Exchange,  commercial  olive  oil 
should  not  contain  over  2  per  cent 
moisture  or  sediment,  and  not  over 
7  per  cent  free  fatty  acids.  Oil  sold 
as  yellow  must  be  strictly  yellow,  and 
not  reddish  in  color.  Oil  sold  as 
green  must  be  a  true  green .  in  color 
and  must  not  turn  brown  when 
treated  with  a  2o°Be.  solution  of  so- 
dium hydroxide,  8  c.c.  of  the  solution 
being  added  to  10  grams  of  oil. 

Containers:       Wooden     barrels;     tins; 

glass  bottles. 

Uses:  As  food  (substitute  for  butter  in 
Italy  and  Bother  countries);  in  oint- 
ments, liniments,  etc.;  for  manufac- 
ture of  "Castile"  soap;  special  textile 
soaps;  lubricant;  wool  oil;  tanning. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Olive-kernel  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  Golden-yellow, 
non-drying  liquid,  with  a  greenish 
cast  if  pressed  hot.  When  obtained 
by  extraction  the  oil  is  dark  green. 


Olive  Spurge 


355 


Oriental  Sweet  Gum 


'Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9184-0.9193; 
iodine  number  87;  saponification  value 
182.3-183.8. 

Soluble  in  ether,  chloroform  and  car- 
bon bisulfide;  sparingly  soluble  in  al- 
cohol; insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  From  the  kernels  of  the 
olive,  plea  europaea,  by  pressing  or 
extracting. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  tins. 

Uses:  Fuel;  lubricant;  soap;  cooking; 
food. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Olive  Spurge.     See  Mezereum. 
Omal.     See  Trichlorophenol. 

Omega-chlorotoluene.     See  Benzyl  chlo- 
ride. 

Omega-chlorotoluol.      See    Benzyl    chlo- 
ride. 

Onion  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish  liq- 
uid; penetrating  odor. 

Chief  known  constituent:  Allylpropyl- 
disulfide. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.035-1.045; 
optical  rotation  -5. 

Soluble  in  ether,  chloroform  and  carbon 
bisulfide. 

Method   of   purification:      Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Flavoring. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Opii  Pulvis,  U.  S.  P.     Powdered  opium. 

Opium  Deodoratum,  U.  S.  P.     Deodor- 
ized opium. 

Opium  Granulatum,  U.  S.  P.    Granulated 
opium. 

Opium,  Tincture  of.  See  Laudanum. 
Orange  Flower  Oil.  See  Neroli  oil. 
Orange  Oil.  See  Orange-peel  oil. 


Orange    Peel,   Bitter    (Curacao    orange; 

Seville   orange). 
Derivation:     Dried  rind  of  the  fruit  of 

Citrus  vulgaris. 
Habitat:      Northern    India,    Spain    and 

West     Indies;     cultivated     near     the 

Mediterranean,     Florida,      California, 

etc. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Flavoring;  medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Orange-peel  Oil*  (Orange  oil). 
Color    and    properties:       Pale    yellow, 

liquid,  essential  oil,  dextrorotatory. 
Chief  known   constituent:     Limonene. 

Constants:  (a)  Sweet  (b)  Bitter 

Specific  gravity  0.848  to  0.857  0.842  to  0.846 

OpticalTotation  +  95  to  +  oo  +  oo  to  +  93 

Refractive  index  1.473-1.4740 

Soluble  in  ether,  alcohol  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Expressed  from  the  peel 
of  the  fruit  of  Citrus  vulgaris,  C.  biga- 
radia,  etc. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:  (a)  Sweet,  from  Citrus  au- 
rantium,  etc.;  U.  S.  P.  (b)  Bitter, 
from  Citrus  bigaradia,  etc. 

Containers:  Copper  flasks;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:  Flavoring;  perfumes;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Orange  Peel,  Sweet  (Sweet  orange;  Por- 
tugal orange;  China  orange). 

Derivation:  Rind  of  the  fresh  fruit  of 
Citrus  aurantium. 

Habitat:  Northern  India,  Spain  and 
West  Indies;  cultivated  near  the 
Mediterranean,  Florida,  California, 
etc. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:     Flavoring;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Orange  Root.     See  Hydrastis. 
Oriental  Cashew-nut.    See  Semecarpus 
Oriental  Sweet  Gum.     See  Styrax. 


Origanum  Oil 


356 


Ortho-oxybenzaldehyde 


Origanum  Oil.    See  Thyme  oil. 
Orphol.     See   Bismuth  beta-naphtholate. 

Orpiment.  Arsenic  trisulfide,  As2Ss, 
found  in  Utah,  containing  63  per  cent 
of  arsenic. 

Orris  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  Semi-solid,  yel- 
lowish, fatty,  volatile  oil;  slightly 
dextrogyrate. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Myristic 
acid,  oleic  acid  and  their  methyl  es- 
ters. 

Constants:  Melting-point  44°-5o°C.; 
acid  value  213-222. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  rhizome 
of  Iris  florentina. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:  Copper  flasks;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:     Perfumes;  cosmetics. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Orr*s  White.     See  Lithopone. 
Orseille.     See  Archil. 
Orthite.     See  Allanite. 

Ortho-aminoberizoic    Acid.       See     Acid 
anthranilic. 

Ortho-aminobenzoylformic     Acid.       See 

Isatin. 

Ortho-aminophenylglyoxalic          Lactim. 

See  Isatin. 

Ortho-aminotoluene.        See      Toluidine, 
Ortho-. 

Ortho-aminotoluol.         See        Toluidine, 
Ortho-. 

Ortho-arsenic   Acid.       See    Acid    ortho- 
arsenic. 

Ortho-boric  Acid.    See  Acid  boric. 


Ortho-bromo-2-phenylacetonenitrile.  See 
Bromobenzyl  cyanide,  Ortho-. 

Ortho-bromobenzyl  Cyanide.  See  Bro- 
mobenzyl cyanide,  Ortho-. 

Ortho-chloronitrobenzene.  See  Chloro- 
nitrobenzene,  Ortho-. 

Ortho-chloronitrobenzol.  See  Chloro- 
nitrobenzene,  Ortho-. 

Orthoclase.  Potassium-aluminum  sili- 
cate, occurring  in  nature  and  generally 
called  feldspar  or  potash  feldspar. 

Ortho-  compounds.  Ortho-  compounds 
are  substitution  products  derived  from 
benzol  in  which  the  substituting  radi- 
cals or  groups  are  (constitutionally) 
placed  in  certain  definite  positions  in 
the  benzene  nucleus.  See  also:  Meta- 
compounds  and  Para-  compounds.  The 
ortho-  compounds  will  be  found  under 
the  name  of  the  compound,  as:  Ortho- 
crespl,  see:  Cresol,  Ortho-;  Ortho- 
toluidine,  see:  Toluidine,  Ortho-,  etc. 

Ortho-dihydroxyanthraquinone.  See 

Alizarine. 

Ortho-dimethylbenzene.  See  Xylol, 
Ortho-. 

Ortho-dimethylbenzol.  See  Xylol,  Or- 
tho-. 

Ortho-dioxybenzene.     See  Pyrocatechin. 
Ortho-dioxybenzol.      See     Pyrocatechin. 

Ortho-hydrobenzoic  Acid.  See  Acid, 
salicylic. 

Ortho-methylphenol.  See  Cresol,  Or- 
tho-. 

Ortho-nitrophenol.  See  Nitrophenol, 
Ortho-. 

• . 

Ortho-phthalimide.  See  Phthalimide, 
Ortho-. 

Ortho-oxybenzaldehyde.  See  Acid  sali- 
cylous. 


Ortho-oxytoluene 


357 


Oxygen 


Ortho-oxytoluene.     See   Cresol,   Ortho-. 
Ortho-oxytoluol.       See    Cresol,    Ortho-. 

Ortho-phosphoric  Acid.    See  Acid  phos- 
phoric. 


Oxidized  Oil.    See  Blown  oil. 

"Oxi-Tan."     The  trade  name  for  a  tan- 
ning compound. 

Oxone.     See  Sodium  peroxide. 


Ortho-phthalic  Acid.    See  Acid  phthalic.      Oxyacetic  Acid.    See  Acid  glycolic. 


Ortho-toluidine-meta-sulfonic  Acid.     See 

Acid  toluidine-meta-sulfonic,  Ortho-. 

Ortho-vanadic  Acid.     See  Acid  vanadic. 
Ortho-xylene.     See  Xylol,  Ortho-. 
Ortho-xylol.    See  Xylol,  Ortho-. 

Osage  Orange.* 

Derivation:  Bark  of  the  shrub,  native 
of  U.  S. 

Grades:    25  per  cent  Tannin. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Textile  industry;  leather  indus- 
try. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Osmic  Acid.    See  Acid  osmic. 

Osmium*  Os. 

Color  and  properties:  Bluish,  amor- 
phous metal. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  22.48; 
melting-point  25oo°C. 

Soluble  in  nitric  acid  when  finely  di- 
vided; insoluble  even  in  aqua  regia 
when  massive. 

Derivation:     Reduction  of  the  oxide. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Boxes. 

Uses:     Osmium  salts;  alloys. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Oxalic  Acid.     See  Acid  oxalic. 
Oxammonium.     See    Hydroxylamine. 

Oxammonium  Hydrochloride.     See   Hy- 
droxylamine hydrochloride. 

Oxammonium   Sulfate.     See   Hydroxyla- 
mine sulfate. 


Oxybenzaldehyde,     Ortho-.       See     Acid 
salicylous. 

Oxybenzoic  Acid,  Meta-.    See  Acid  oxy- 
benzoic,  Meta-. 

Oxybenzoic  Acid,  Para-.    See  Acid  oxy- 
benzoic,  Para-. 

Oxybutyric  Acid,  Beta.     See  Acid  oxy- 
butyric,  Beta. 

Oxydase.    See  Enzymes. 

Oxydimercurpus-ammonium  Nitrate.  See 
Mercury  oxide,  Black. 

Oxydimethylquinizine.      See    Antipyrine. 

Oxygen*  O2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  odor- 
less, tasteless  gas,  liquefiable  at 
-190°  C.  into  a  slightly  bluish  liquid, 
which  is  solidifiable  at  -227°C.  It 
constitutes  four-fifths  of  the  air. 

Constants:  (Gas)  Specific  gravity 
1.10535;  melting-point  -227°C;  boil- 
ing-point -182.5°  C. 

Soluble  in  molten  silver;  slightly  solu- 
ble in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  From  liquid  air  by 
fractionation  to  remove  the  other 
gases  of  the  air,  by  "heating"  the 
liquid  air  with  cold  compressed  air. 
by  gradual  expansion  and  cooling  of 
compressed  air.  (b)  By  electrolysis 
of  water. 

Impurities:  Nitrogen,  carbon  dioxide, 
water  vapor,  ammonia,  argon,  helium 
and  other  rare  gases. 

Grades:     Technical;  Pure;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Steel  drums;  cylinders  or 
"gas-bottles." 

Uses:  (a)  With  hydrogen  or  acetylene 
for  production  of  exceedingly  hot 


Oxygenium 


358 


Ozone 


flames  for  cutting  and  welding  met- 
als, including  platinum,  (b)  For  re- 
suscitation in  asphyxia  and  stimula- 
tion in  various  diseases,  (c)  In  com- 
bustion to  promote  better  utilization 
of  fuel,  (d)  As  a  constituent  of  the 
explosive  "oxyliquit."  (e)  Anesthe- 
sia. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Ozone: 

An  allotropic  form  of  oxygen,  the  phy- 
sical constants  of  which  are  such  as 
to  require  the  formula  Os,  is  called 
ozone. 

Properties:  Ozone  is  a  colorless  gas, 
has  a  characteristic  odor;  powerful 
bleaching  action;  oxidizes  more  rap- 
idly than  oxygen  and  promotes  spon- 
taneous combustion  of  many  sub- 
stances. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  (Gas) 
1.658;  melting-point:  (Liquid) 

-II9°C.;  boiling-point:  Decomposes 
at  27o°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  oil  of  turpentine  and 
oil  of  cinnamon. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  heating  barium 
peroxide  or  potassium  permanganate 
with  strong  sulfuric  acid.  This  reac- 
tion should  be  performed  with  great 
caution,  (b)  By  heating  peroxides  in 
a  current  of  oxygen,  (c)  By  passing 
air  or  oxygen  through  the  blue  zone 
produced  by  the  discharge  of  high- 
tension  electric  currents. 

Uses:  Oxidizing  agent;  bactericide; 
bleaching  waxes,  oils,  textiles,  etc. 

Oxygenium,  U.  S.  P.     See  Oxygen. 
Oxymel  Scillae,  B.  P.    Oxymel  of  squill. 

Oxymel  Urgineae,  B.  P.    Oxymel  of  ur- 
ginea. 


Oxy-meta-methoxyallylbenzene,       Para-. 

See  Eugenol. 

Oxy-meta-methoxyallylbenzol,          Para-. 

See  Eugenol. 

Oxymethylene.     See  Formaldehyde. 
Oxyphenic  Acid.     See  Pyrocatechin. 
Oxysuccinic  Acid.     See  Acid  malic. 
Oxytoluene.     See  Cresol. 
Oxytoluol.     See  Cresol. 
Oxytricarballylic  Acid.     See  Acid  citric. 

Ozokerite*  (Mineral  wax;  Fossil  wax; 
Native  paraffin). 

Color  and  properties:  A  native,  wax- 
like  hydrocarbon  mixture,  yellow- 
brown  to  black  or  green  in  color, 
translucent  when  pure  and  having  a 
greasy  feel. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.85-0.95; 
melting-point  55°-no°C.,  usually 
about  70°C. 

Soluble  in  benzine,  benzol,  turpentine, 
kerosene,  ether,  carbon  bisulfide; 
slightly  soluble  in  alcohol;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  Found  in  nature  in  Utah 
Wyoming  and  Galicia. 

Method  of  purification:     Filtration. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  boxes. 

Uses:  Electric  insulation;  rubber 
filler;  paints;  leather  polish;  sealing 
wax;  candles;  ink;  electrotypers'  wax; 
carbon  paper.  i/. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

O£onef     See  Oxygen, 


Pack  Fong 


359 


Palm-nut  Oil 


Pack  Fong.     See  German  silver. 

Pale     Cinchona.       See     Cinchona     bark,- 
Loxa. 

Palite.     See  Chloromethylchloroformate. 

Palite,     Super-.       See     Trichloromethyl- 
chloroformate. 

Palladium*  Pd. 

Color  and  properties:  A  malleable, 
ductile,  hard,  silver-white  metal; 
found  in  nature  alloyed  with  gold  or 
selenium.  After  heating  to  redness, 
when  cold  absorbs  370  times  its  vol- 
ume of  hydrogen.  In  sponge  form  it 
similarly  absorbs  800  volumes  at 
ioo°C. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  11.4-11.9; 
melting-point  i55q°C. 

Soluble  in  nitric  acid  and  aqua  regia; 
insoluble  in  water.  Palladium 
sponge:  Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Derivation:  From  palladium-ammo- 
nium chloride  by  ignition. 

Impurities:     Copper;  iron. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Boxes;   kegs. 

Uses:  Alloyed  with  gold,  silver  or  cop- 
per in  dentistry;  for  journal  bearings, 
for  springs  and  for  balance  wheels  in 
watches;  for  coating  silvered  ves- 
sels; for  manufacture  of  lancets  and 
mirrors;  palladium  black  and  sponge 
in  analytical  chemistry;  catalyst  in  hy- 
drogenation;  combustion  of  hydro- 
gen and  hydrocarbons  with  oxygen. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Palladium  Chloride*  (Palladous  chloride, 
Palladium  bichloride)    (a)   PdCb 
(b)  PdCl2.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Dark  brown,  de- 
liquescent powder  or  concretions. 

Constants:  Melting-point  (a)  5oi°C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  hydrochloric  acid. 

Derivation:  By  solution  of  palladium 
in  aqua  regia  and  evaporation. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tins. 

Uses:     Medicine;  analytical   chemistry; 


photography  on  porcelain;  manufac- 
ture of  indelible  inks;  electroplating 
with  palladium. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Palm  Butter  (Palm  oil;  Palm  grease). 

Color  and  properties:  A  fixed,  butter- 
like,  reddish-yellow  fatty  oil;  faint 
violet  odor,  which  is  conveyed  to  the 
soap  made  from  the  oil. 

Chief  constituents:  Free  palmitic  acid 
(12  per  cent  in  fresh  oil  to  55  per 
cent  in  older  oil),  glycerides  of  pal- 
mitic and  oleic  acids,  stearic  acid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.920-0.927; 
melting-point  27°-42.5°C;  iodine  num- 
ber 51.5;  saponification  number  202; 
Reichert  number  0.5. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  By  expression  from  the 
putrefied  or  fermented  pulp  of  the 
fruit  of 'Elaeis  guineensis. 

Method  of  purification:  By  fusing  and 
heating  to  remove  water,  then  heat- 
ing to  ioo°C.  and  passing  a  finely  di- 
vided stream  of  air  through  it.  Chem- 
ical decolonization  (hydrochloric  acid 
and  potassium  bichromate)  is  used  to 
a  considerable  extent. 

Grades:  Best  oil  comes  from  Lagos, 
Loam,  Niger,  South  America,  Liberia 
and  Sierra  Leone.  "Soft  oils"  are 
those  low  in  fatty  acids,  whereas 
"hard  oils"  are  those  high  in  fatty 
acids.  The  palm  oil  used  in  the  tin- 
plate  industry  always  has  cotton-seed 
oil  and  mineral  oils  mixed  with  it. 

Containers:    Wooden  barrels;  casks. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  soaps  and 
candles;  emollient;  coating  iron 
plates,  used  in  tin-plate  industry;  lu- 
bricants; coloring  butter  substitutes. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

See  also:     Palm-nut  oil. 

Palm  Grease.     See  Palm  butter. 
Palm-kernel  oil.     See   Palm-nut  oil. 

Palm-nut    Oil    (Palm-kernel    oil;    Palm, 
oil), 


Palm  Oil 


360 


Papaw 


Color  and  properties:  A  yellowish, 
fatty  oil,  free  of  fatty  acids  when 
fresh;  rapidly  becoming  rancid  in 
air. 

Chief  constituents:  Triolein  (15  to  25 
per  cent),  triglycerides  of  stearic; 
palmitic  and  myristic  acids  (33  per 
cent)  and  triglycerides  of  lauric,  ca- 
pric,  caprylic  and  caproic  acids  (45 
to  55  per  cent). 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.952;  melt- 
ing-point 26°-3p°C.;  iodine  number 
I34-I3-6;  saponification  number  247.6. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  By  crushing  the  nuts  of 
Elaeis  guineensis  and  pressing,  or  ex- 
tracting with  solvents. 

Method  of  purification:     Filtration. 

Grades:     Crude;  refined. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  soaps  and  choco- 
late products;  pharmacy. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

See  also:     Palm  butter. 

Palm  Oil.     See  Palm  butter. 

Palmarosa  Oil.     See  Geranium  oil,  East 
Indian. 

Palmetto.* 

Derivation:     From  Sabal  serrulata,  na- 
tive in  Florida  and  Georgia. 
Grades:     25  per  cent  tannin. 
Containers:    Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:     Tanning  industry. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Palmitic  Acid.     See  Acid  palmitic. 
Palmitinic  Acid.     See  Acid  palmitic. 
Panama  Bark.     See  Quillaja. 
Panax.     See  Ginseng. 

Pancreatin.* 

Derivation:  A  mixture  of  enzymes 
from  the  pancreas  of  warm  blooded 
animals. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish,  amor- 
phous powder. 

Partially  soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in 
alcohol. 


Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P, 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine;  pharmacy. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Pancreatinum,  U.  S.  P.    See  Pancreatin. 

Papain*   (Papayotin;  Vegetable  pepsin). 

Derivation:  An  enzyme  similar  to  pep- 
sin, the  concentrated  active  principal 
of  the  juice  of  the  fruit  and  leaves 
of  Carica  papaya. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass   bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Papaver*    (Poppy    heads;    Poppy    cap- 

sules). 
Derivation:       Capsules    and    seeds    of 

Papaver  sonniferum. 
Habitat:     Europe  and  Asia. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Papaverine* 


(OCH3)2. 
Color   and   properties:      White    crystal- 

line alkaloid;  poisonous. 
Constants:     Melting-point  I47°C. 
Soluble  in  chloroform  and  hot  benzol; 

slightly  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether; 

insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:     From  opium. 
Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine,  as  such  or  as  the  hy- 

drochloride  which  is  soluble  in  water. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Papaw*  (Carica;  Pawpaw;  Papaya). 
Derivation:     Leaves  of  Carica  papaya. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:      Manufacture    of    carpaine    and 
papaine;  digestant 


Papaya 


361 


Para-crcsylic 


Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Papaya.    See  Papaw. 

Paprika. 

Derivation:  A  sweetish  condiment 
made  from  common  pepper,  much 
used  by  Hungarians. 

Para-acetanisidin.    See  Methacetin. 

Para-acetphenetidin.        See     Acetphene- 
tidin. 

Para-aminobenzoic     Acid.        See      Acid 
para-aminobenzoic. 

Para-aminobenzene   Sulfonic  Acid.     See 
Acid  sulfanilic. 

Para-aminobenzolsulfonic      Acid.        See 
Acid  sulfanilic. 

Para-aminodimethylaniline.      See    Dime- 
thyl-para-phenylenediamine. 

Para-aminodiphenylimide.     See  Aminoa- 
zobenzene. 

Para-aminophenylarsinic     •  Acid.         See 
Acid  arsanilic. 

Para-aminosalicylic     Acid.        See     Acid 
para-aminosalicylic. 

Para-aminotoluene.         See       Toluidine, 
Para-. 

Para-aminotoluol.     See  Toluidine,  Para-. 

Para-anilinesulfonic     Acid.       See     Acid 
sulfanilic. 

Para-chloronitrobenzene.       See     Chloro- 
nitrobenzene,   Para-. 

Para-chloronitrobenzol.      See    Chloroni- 
trobenzene,  Para-. 

Para-  Compounds.  Para-  compounds  are 
substitution  products  derived  from  ben- 


zol in  which  the  substituting  radicals 
or  groups  are  (constitutionally)  placed 
in  certain  definite  positions  in  the  ben- 
zene nucleus.  See  also:  Meta-  com- 
pounds and  Ortho-  compounds.  The 
Para-  compounds  will  be  found  under 
the  name  of  the  compound,  as:  Para- 
cresol,  see  Cresol,  Para-;  Para-toluidine, 
see  Toluidine,  Para-,  etc. 

Para-coumarone  (Resin)*  (Coumarone 
resin;  Cumaron  resin;  Benzofurane 
resin)  (C6H4.CH.O.CH). 

Color  and  properties:  A  resinous  body 
varying  from  pale  yellow  to  dark  red- 
brown  in  color.  Consists  of  a  mix- 
ture of  para-coumarone,  para-indene, 
meta-styrene,  etc.,  depending  upon  its 
source. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.05-1.10; 
melting-point  45°-2OO°C,  depending 
upon  source;  boiling-point:  Decom- 
poses at  about  25o°C. 

Soluble  in  ether,  coal-tar  and  petrol- 
eum solvents,  turpentine,  pyridine, 
acetone,  carbon  bisulfide  and  carbon 
tetrachloride;  insoluble  in  water  and 
alcohol. 

Derivation:  Polymerization  of  solvent 
naphtha  by  means  of  heat  or  mineral 
acids. 

Method  of  purification:  Removal  of 
volatile  oils  by  distillation. 

Impurities:  Unpolymerized  couma- 
rone  and  indene;  inorganic  matter. 

Grades:  Varying  in  consistency  from 
soft  and  gummy  to  hard  and  brittle, 
and  from  dark  to  light  in  color,  ac- 
cording to  degree  of  purification. 

Containers:     Cans;  barrels;  boxes. 

Uses:  Compounding  rubber  goods; 
chicle  substitutes  for  chewing  gum, 
etc.;  paints,  varnishes  and  enamels; 
manufacture  of  molded  goods;  in- 
sulating materials. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 
Para-cresol.     See  Cresol,  Para-. 

Para-cresotic  Acid.  See  Acid  cresotic, 
Para-. 

Para-cresotinic  Acid.  See  Acid  cresotic, 
Para-. 

Para-cresylic   Acid.      See   Cresol,   Para-, 


Para-cuminic  Aldehyde 


Para-oxy-meta-methoxy 


Para-cuminic  Aldehyde.    See  Cuminol. 
Para-cymene.    See  Cymene. 
Para-cymol.    See  Cymene. 

Para-diaminobenzene.       See    Phenylene- 
diamine,  Para-. 

Para-diaminobenzol.     See  Phenylenedia- 
mine,  Para-. 

Para-diaminophenol.     See  Benzidine. 
Para-dioxybenzene.     See  Hydroquinone. 
Para-dioxybenzol.     See  Hydroquinone. 

Para-dichlorobenzene.        See     Dichloro- 
benzene,   Para-. 

Para-dichlorobenzol.         See      Dichloro- 
benzene,  Para-. 

Paraform.     See  Formaldehyde. 
Paraformaldehyde.      See    Formaldehyde. 

Paraformaldehydum,  U.  S.  P.     See  For- 
maldehyde. 

Paraiba.     See  Simaruba. 
Para-indene.    See  Para-coumarone. 

Para-isopropylbenzoic     Aldehyde.       See 
Cuminol. 

Paraldehyde*   (C2H4O)8. 
Color     and     properties:       Water-white 
liquid;  pleasant  odor;   sharp  burning 
taste.     Does  not  respond  to  the  re- 
actions for  aldehydes. 


Derivation:  Polymerizing  ^  action  of 
mineral  acid,  sulfur  dioxide  or  zinc 
chloride  on  acetaldehyde. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:   Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:   Medicine;   organic   synthesis." 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations,:  None. 


Paraldehydum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Par- 
aldehyde. 

Para-mandelic   Acid.      See    Acid   amyg- 
dalic. 

Para-methoxybenzaldehyde.     See  Anisic 
aldehyde. 

Para-methylbenzene.    See  Xylol,  Para-. 
Para-methylbenzol.    See  Xylol,  Para-. 
Para-methylpropylbenzene.   See  Cymene. 
Para-methylpropylbenzol.     See   Cymene. 
Para-methylphenol.    See  Cresol,  Para-. 
Para-morphine.     See  Thebaine. 

Para-nephrine.* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow,  very  hy- 
groscopic, friable  mass;  the  constitu- 
ent of  the  suprarenal  glands  which 
raises  the  blood  pressure. 

Soluble  in  water  and  methyl  alcohol; 
insoluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  from  supra- 
renal capsules,  without  the  use  of 
acids  or  alkalis. 

Impurities:  Albumoses  and  peptones. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  dentistry. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Para-nitraniline.     See  Nitraniline,  Para-. 
Para-nitroaniline.   See  Nitraniline,  Para-. 

Para-nitrophenol.         See       Nitropheno'l, 
Para-. 

Para-nitrotoluene.        See      Nitrotoluene, 
Para-. 

Para-nitrotoluol.         See       Nitrotoluene, 
Para-. 

Para-oxy-meta-methoxyallylbenzene. 
See  Eugenol. 

Para-oxy-meta-rnethoxyailylbeiisol,     $e.e 
Eugenol. 


Para-oxymethyl 


363 


Paris  Blue 


Para-oxymethylacetanilide.      See    Meth- 
acetin. 

Para-oxytoluenc.     See   Cresol,   Para-. 
Para-oxytoluol.    See  Cresol,  Para-. 
Para-peptone.     See  Syntonin. 
Para-phthalein.     See  Phenolphthalein. 
Para-rosolic  Acid.    See  Acid  rosolic. 
Para-tartaric  Acid.     See  Acid  racemic. 
Para-toluic  Acid.    See  Acid  toluic,  Para-. 
Para-xylene.    See  Xylol,  Para-. 
Para-xylenol.    See  Xylenol,  Para-. 
Para-xylol.    See  Xylol,  Para-. 
Paradise  Plant.     See  Mezereum. 

Paradise  Seed.     See  Amonium  meleque- 
ta. 

Paradise  Tree.     See  Simaruba. 
Paraffin,   Native.     See   Ozokerite. 

Paraffin  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish- 
brown;  brown-red  to  dark  green 
liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3O°-2O°  Be; 
flash-point  300° -450° F. 

Derivation:  "Lubricating  oils  made  by 
dry  distillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Filtration. 

Grades:     Dependent  on  viscosity;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Tank  cars;  barrels. 

Uses:  Lubricant;  leather  dressing; 
medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

In  certain  countries  and  localities  kero- 
sene is  known  as  paraffin  oil. 

Paraffin  Scale.    See  Paraffin  wax. 


Paraffin  Wax*  (a)  Hard;  (b)  Soft  (Par- 
affin scale;  Ceresin). 

Color  and  properties:  White  translu- 
cent, waxy,  tasteless,  odorless  solid; 
consisting  of  a  mixture  of  solid  hy- 
drocarbons chiefly  of  the  methane 
series.  Before  purification  it  is 
known  as  paraffin  scale. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.880-0.915; 
melting-point  42°-6o°C. 

Soluble  in  benzine,  benzol,  chloro- 
form, turpentine,  carbon  bisulfide  and 
olive  oil;  insoluble  in  water  and  acids. 

Derivation:  (a)  Paraffin  oil  distillate 
is  chilled  and  filter  pressed  or  chilled, 
sweated  and  melted,  (b)  Treatment 
of  ozokerite  with  sulfuric  acid  and 
bleaching. 

Method  of  purification:  Filtration 
through  clay  or  bone-black. 

Impurities:     Moisture;  oil. 

Grades:  Yellow  crude  scale;  white 
scale;  refined  wax;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Wooden  boxes;  card-board 
boxes. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  paraffin  candles, 
waxed  paper,  etc.;  waterproofing 
wood,  cork,  etc.;  impregnating 
matches;  stearine  candles;  lubri- 
cants; preserving  eggs;  medicine;  oil 
crayons. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Paraffinum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     Paraffin. 
Paraffin  Durum,  B.  P.    See  Paraffin  wax. 

Paraffinum  Liquidum,  B.  P.     See  Para- 
ffin oil. 

Paraffinum   Molle,    B.    P.      See    Paraffin 
wax. 

Pareira  (Pareira  brava:  Abutua). 
Derivation:  Dried  root  of  Chondroden- 
.     dron  tomentosum. 
Habitat:  Brazil  and  Peru. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Paris  $lue.    See  Iron  ferrocyanide. 


Paris  Green 


364 


Peanut  Oil 


Paris  Green.    See  Copper  arsenoacetate. 
Paris  Yellow.    See  Lead  chromate. 
Parkesine.     See  Celluloid. 

Park  Lily.    See  Convallaria. 
"Parlodion."     The  proprietary  name  for 

a  shredded  form   of  pure  concentrated 

collodion. 

Parmentine.  The  proprietary  name  of  a 
compound  used  for  sizing  and  finishing 
cotton,  wool  and  silk,  composed  of  gela- 
tine, dextrine,  glycerine,  sodium  sulfite 
and  zinc  sulfate,  all  of  which  are  boiled 
together. 

Parodyne.    See  Antipyrine. 
"Par-O-Lac."    The  proprietary  name  for 
an  impregnating  compound. 

Parsley.     See  Petroselium. 

Parsley  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  A  colorless  or 
pale  greenish-yellow  liquid;  strong 
odor  of  parsley. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.07. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  fruit  of 
Petroselinum  satiyum. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:   Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Pasque  Flower.    See  Pulsatilla. 

Patchouli  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  Brownish-yellow, 

thick,    liquid,    volatile    oil;    fragrant, 

persistent  odor. 
Chief   constituents:    Patchouly    alcohol, 

eugenol,  cinnamic  aldehyde,  cadinene, 

para-camphor. 
Constants:   Specific   gravity  0.970-0.995; 

optical  rotation  — 50  to  — 68. 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether   and   chloio- 

form. 
Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  leaves  of 

Pogostemon  patchouly. 


Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 
Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Copper  flasks;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Perfumery. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Pawpaw.     See  Papaw. 
Payta.    See  Krameria. 

Peach-kernel  Oil.* 

Color    and    properties:    A    pale    yellow 

liquid;     odor    and     taste     similar    to 

almond  oil. 
Constants:    Specific    gravity    0.915;    sa- 

ponification   value    191;    iodine   value 

93-109. 
Soluble  in  ether,  chloroform  and  carbon 

bisulfide;  partly  soluble  in  alcohol. 
Derivation:  By  expressing  the  blanched 

seeds  of  the  peach,  Prunus  persica. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:   Iron   drums;   glass  bottles. 
Uses:   Nutrient  similar  to   almond  and 

olive  oils;   flavoring;   medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Peacock  Copper  Ore.     See  Bornite  and 
Erubescite. 

Peanut  Oil*  (Arachis  oil,  Earth-nut  oil, 
Ground-nut  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  A  bland,  pale  yel- 
low, liquid  oil;  distinctive  nutty  odor 
and  taste. 

Chief  constituent:  Glyceride  of  arachic 
acid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.916-0.922; 
saponification  value  189-196;'  iodine 
value  92-105. 

Soluble  in  ether,  benzol,  chloroform, 
carbon  bisulfide  and  carbon  tetra- 
chloride;  slightly  soluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  pressing  peanuts,  Ara- 
chis hypogaea.  The  pressing  is  car- 
ried out  in  stages,  the  temperature 
being  increased  at  each  stage.  The 
initial  cold  press  produces  the  best 
edibile  oil,  the  second  press  gives  edi- 
ble oil  of^  poorer  quality,  the  final 
press  at  high  temperature  yields  oils 
used  for  soap,  etc. 


Peanut  Ore 


365 


Pentane 


Method  of  purification:  Bleaching  with 
fullers'  earth  or  carbon.  Hot  pressed 
oil  is  frequently  allowed  to  stand  to 
deposit  stearine  (which  it  will  do  even 
at  ordinary  temperatures)  and  then 
filtered. 

Grades:  Oriental  oil  means  oil  imported 
from  the  Orient,  differing  to  some  ex- 
tent from  the  domestic  production. 
Oriental  oil  is  stated  to  be  "edible" 
when  it  contains  less  than  2  per  cent 
free  fatty  acids  and  is  of  a  light  yel- 
low color.  "Off  grade"  oil  is  much 
darker  in  color  and  contains  over  2 
per  cent  free  fatty  acids.  The  New 
York  Produce  Exchange  chemists  de- 
fine "crude"  peanut  oil  as  oil  in  which 
the  free  fatty  acids  are  below  2  per 
cent  and  moisture  and  solid  impuri- 
ties below  0.5  per  cent.  "Prime 
crude"  is  oil  that  will  yield  "prime 
yellow  refined"  peanut  oil  on  treat- 
ment with  caustic  soda.  Refined  pea- 
nut oil  is  graded  as  "choice,"  "prime 
yellow"  and  "good  off."  The 
"choice"  refined  peanut  oil  must  not 
contain  more  than  p.i  per  cent  free 
fatty  acids;  The  "prime  yellow"  must 
not  contain  more  than  0.2  per  cent 
free  fatty  acids  and  the  color  must 
not  be  deeper  than  50  yellow  and  5 
red  on  the  Equivalent  Color  Scale. 
The  "good  off"  oil  must  conform  to 
the  same  color  and  general  require- 
ments as  "prime  yellow"  but  may  con- 
tain free  fatty  acids  up  to  0.25  per 
cent. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Substitute  and  adulterant  for 
olive  oil;  edible  oils;  soaps. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Peanut  Ore.     See  Wolframite. 
Pearlash.     See  Potassium  carbonate. 
Pearl  Moss.    See  Chondrus. 
Pear  OH.    See  Amyl  acetate. 

Pearl  White.    See  Bismuth  subcarbonate 
or  Bismuth  subnitrate. 

Peat. 

Derivation:    Partly    decayed    vegetable 


matter  which  has  accumulated  in 
marshes  and  wet  places.  It  is  dried 
in  the  form  of  blocks,  or  briqueted 
and  used  as  fuel. 

Occurs  in  the  United  States  and  Can- 
ada in  many  localities. 

Pectinose.    See  Arabinose. 

"Pegamoid."  A  proprietary  -brand  of 
aluminum  paint. 

Pegmatite  (Giant  granite).  A  rock  con- 
sisting of  the  same  constituents  as  or- 
dinary granite,  namely,  quartz,  feldspar 
and  mica,  but  irregular  in  texture  and 
composed  of  the  constituent  minerals 
in  such  large  size  that  they  can  be  dif- 
ferentiated. In  addition  to  its  use  as 
a  building  stone,  pegmatite  is  often  a 
source  of  lithia,  zircon,  tin,  tungsten, 
tantalum,  tourmaline,  uranium,  etc. 

Pegu  Catechu.    See  Extract  of  Catechu. 

Pelletierinae  Tannas,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    Pel- 

letierine  tannate. 

Pencil  Stone.    See  Pyrophyllite. 

"Penetrol."  The  proprietary  name  for  a 
compound  used  as  a  textile  detergent. 

"Pennalene  White  Oil."  A  water-white, 
odorless  oil  used  for  medicinal  pur- 
poses. 

Pennyroyal.     See  Hedeoma. 
Pennyroyal  Oil.    See  Hedeoma  oil. 
Pental.     See  Amylene. 

Pentane*  (Amyl  hydride;  Normal  pen- 
tane)  CH3(CH2)3CH3. 

Color  and  properties:  A  colorless,  mo- 
bile, inflammable  liquid;  pleasant, 
fruity  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.6595;  melt- 
ing-point -130.8°  C;  boiling-point 
36.4° C;  solidifying  point  -2OO°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 


Pentase 


366 


Pepsin 


Derivation:  Fractional  distillation  from 
petroleum. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Tins;  iron  drums. 

Uses:  Anesthetic;  artificial  ice  manu- 
facture; filling  low-temperature  ther- 
mometers; lubricant  for  Claude  liquid 
air  machine. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Pentase.  See  Enzymes. 
Pentene.  See  Amylene. 
Pentiformic  Acid.  See  Acid  caproic. 

Pentoic  Acid,  Primary.    See  Acid  valeric, 
Iso. 

Pepo*   (Pumpkin   seed). 
Derivation:      Ripe    seed    of    Cucurbita 

pepo. 
Habitat:    Southern    Asia;    Europe    and 

North  America. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine;  extraction  of  oil. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Pepper.     See  Piper. 

Pepper,  African.    See  Capsicum. 

Pepper,  Bird.     See  Capsicum. 

Pepper  Oil*  (Black-pepper  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish,  liquid, 
volatile  oil. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Phellan- 
drene,  cadinene,  dipentene. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.870-0.905; 
optical  rotation  -5  to  +  12. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  From  common  pepper, 
Piper  nigrum,  by  extraction  and 
evaporation  of  the  solvent. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 


Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Pepper,  Red.    See  Capsicum. 

Peppermint*  (Brandy  mint;  Lamb  mint). 

Derivation:  Dried  leaves  and  flowering 
tops  of  Mentha  piperita. 

Habitat:  Asia,  Europe  and  North 
America. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:   Bags. 

Uses:  Medicine;  peppermint  oil;  men- 
thol. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Peppermint-camphor.     See  Menthol. 

Peppermint  Oil  (Oleum  mentha  piper- 
itae). 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  or 
slightly  yellowish,  volatile,  liquid  oil; 
darkening  in  color  and  thickening  in 
consistency  on  being  exposed  to  the 
air  for  some  time;  very  strong,  aro- 
matic, minty  odor  and  taste,  the  lat- 
ter being  followed  by  a  sensation  of 
coolness. 

Chief  constituent:  Menthol,  varying  in 
amount  from  45  per  cent  to  91  per 
cent  according  to  country  of  origin. 
Other  constituents:  esters  of  menthol, 
cineol,  menthone,  pinene,  lijnonene, 
etc. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.895-0.921; 
optical  rotation  -6  to  -43. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  By  distilling  the  leaves  and 
flowering  tops  ^  of  the  peppermint 
plant,  Mentha  piperita. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  tins;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  pharmacy;  tooth-pow- 
ders and  pastes;  mouth-washes;  man- 
ufacture of  liqueurs;  raw  material  for 
production  of  menthol;  confectionery; 
flavoring;  perfumery. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Pepsin.* 

Color  and  properties:  White  or  yellow- 
ish white  powder. 


Pepsinum 


367 


Perugene 


Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Proteolytic  ferment  or  en- 
zyme from  the  glandular  layer  of 
fresh  hogs'  stomachs. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  tins. 

Uses:  Medicine;  pharmacy;  substitute 
for  rennet  in  cheese  making. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Pepsinum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See  Pepsin. 

Peptone.* 

Color  and  properties:  (a)  From  albu- 
min: White  or  pale  yellow,  amorph- 
ous powder. 

(b)  From  meat:  Light-brown, 
amorphous  powder.  The  albuminoid 
or  protein  formed  by  the  digestion  of 
albumin. 

Soluble  in  water;   insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  digestion  of  egg  al- 
bumin by  pepsin  and  a  small  quantity 
of  dilute  hydrochloric  acid  at  38°  to 
40° C.  (body  temperature). 

(b)  By  digestion  of  red  meat  with 
pancreatin  at  body  temperature. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Boxes;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Preparation  of  nutrient  media  in 
bacteriology;  nutrient. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Perborin.     See  Sodium  perborate. 
Perchloric  Acid.     See  Acid  perchloric. 

Perchloroethane.      See   Carbon  trichlor- 
ide. 

Perchloroethylene.     See  Carbon  dichlor- 
ide. 


Perchloromethane. 

chloride. 


See    Carbon    tetra- 


Perhydrol.     See   Hydrogen  peroxide. 

Perilla  Oil. 

Color    and    properties:     Light     yellow 

liquid. 
Constants:   Specific  gravity  0.932-0.945; 


saponification  value  191-193;  iodine 
value  187-202;  refractive  index  1.4841. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform, 
benzine  and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  From  the  seeds  of  Perilla 
ocimqides. 

Impurities:  Sometimes  adulterated  with 
cotton-seed  oil. 

Habitat:  China,  Japan  and  Northern 
India. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Substitute  for  linseed  oil  in 
printer's  ink,  varnish,  etc.;  edibile  oil 
in  Japan,  China,  India,  etc.;  manufac- 
ture of  cheap  varnishes;  artificial 
leather. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Periodic  Acid.     See  Acid  periodic. 
Permanent  White.     See  Barium  sulfate. 

"Permutit."  An  artificial  zeolite  used 
for  water  purification. 

Pernambuco.    See  Lima  wood. 

Perosmic  Anhydride.  See  Acid  osmic, 
Anhydride. 

Perosmic  Oxide.  See  Acid  osmic,  An- 
hydride. 

Peroxide.     See  Hydrogen  peroxide. 
Persian  Bark.    See  Cascara  sagrada  bark. 
Persian  Berries.    See  Frangula. 
Persian  Red.    See  Lead  chromate,  Basic. 

Persoz's  Reagent.  A  reagent  for  the  de- 
tection of  silk  in  presence  of  wool.  Zinc 
chloride  log.  dissolved  in  Water  iocc., 
add  Zinc  oxide  2  g.  and  shake.  If  this 
solution  is  warmed  to  45°C.,  it  will  dis- 
solve silk,  but  not  wool. 

Peru  Apple.     See  Stramonium. 
Perugene,    Synthetic  Peru  balsam. 


Peruvian  Bark 


368 


Petroleum 


Peruvian  Bark.    See  Cinchona  bark,  Cal- 
isaya. 

Pescola  Oil.      Proprietary   name   for  an 
oil  used  in  the  tanning  industry. 

Petit-grain  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish  liquid; 
odor  similar  to  neroli  oil. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.887-0.900. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  leaves 
and  unripe  fruit  of  Citrus  bigaradia. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:   Technical. 

Containers:  Copper  flasks;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Perfumes. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

"Petralol."       A    proprietary     name     for 
liquid  petrolatum. 

"Petro."     A  proprietary  name  for  liquid 
petrolatum. 

Petrol.     See  Gasoline. 

Petrolatum*  (Vaseline;  Mineral  fat;  Pe- 
troleum jelly;  Cosmoline;  Petroleum 
ointment;  Saxoline). 

Color  and  properties:  The  more  or  less 
purified  residue  from  the  distillation 
of  petroleum;  light  yellow  to  amber- 
colored  gelatinous,  oily,  translucent, 
semi-solid,  amorphous  mass  whose 
consistency  varies  with  the  tempera- 
ture, consisting  of  a  mixture  of  vari- 
ous hydrocarbons,  chiefly  of  the 
methane  series;  tasteless  and  odor- 
less when  pure. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.820-0.850; 
melting-point  45°-48°C. 

Soluble  in  chloroform,  ether,  benzine, 
carbon  bisulfide,  benzol  and  oils;  very 
slightly  soluble  in  alcohol;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  fractional  distillation  of 
still  residues  from  the  steam  distilla- 
tion of  paraffin-base  petroleum,  or 
from  steam-reduced  amber  crudes 
(oils  from  which  the  light  fractions 
have  been  removed). 

Method      of      purification:       Filtration 


through  animal  charcoal  or  fullers' 
earth,  while  hot. 

Grades:  Natural  petrolatum  produced 
as  above;  artificial  petrolatums  made 
by  mixing  heavy  petroleum  lubricat- 
ing oil  with  a  low  melting  point  par- 
affin wax;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  tins;  barrels. 

Uses:  Medicine;  pharmacy;  modeling 
clay;  shoe  .polishes;  lubricating 
greases;  metal  polishes;  leather 
grease;  lubricant;  rust  preventative; 
perfume  extractor. 

Fire  hazard:   Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

White  petrolatum  (White  vaseline,  Al- 
bolene)  is  made  from  the  ordinary 
petrolatum  by  bleaching. 

Petrolatum  Album,  U.  S.  P.    See  Petro- 
latum. 

Petrolatum,  Liquid*   (Paraffin  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  A  colorless  oily 
liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.840-0.940. 

Soluble  in  ether,  chloroform,  carbon  bi- 
sulfide, benzine,  benzol  and  boiling 
alcohol;  insoluble  in  water  arid  cold 
alcohol. 

Derivation:  Distillation  of  that  portion 
of  petroleum  boiling  between  330° 
and  39O°C,  after  removal  of  the  light- 
er constituents. 

Method  of  purification:  Treatment  with 
sulfuric  acid,  then  with  caustic  soda, 
followed  by  filtration,  while  hot, 
through  bone-black;  on  cooling,  some 
solid  paraffins  separate  out,  the  liquid 
portion  is  distilled  and  only  that  por- 
tion boiling  above  36o°C.  retained. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  tins;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Petrolatum  Liquidum,  U.  S.  P.    See  Pe- 
trolatum. 

Petrolene.      See   Asphalt 

Petroleum*      (Mineral      oil;      Naphtha; 
Rock  oil;    Crude  oil). 


Petroleum  Asphalt 


369 


Phenanthrene 


Color  and  properties:  A  thick,  heavy, 
inflammable  liquid,  varying  in  color 
from  yellow  to  dark  reddish-brown 
or  black  according  to  its  place  of 
origin.  It  has  a  peculiar  distinct 
heavy  odor  also  varying  with  its  place 
of  origin  and  composition.  It  usually 
shows  a  distinct  greenish  fluores- 
cence. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.780-0.970. 

Derivation:  All  petroleums  are  mixtures 
of  hydrocarbons,  chiefly  of  the  par- 
affin series,  as  many  as  one  hundred 
and  fifty  different  hydrocarbons  hav- 
ing been  found  in  the  different  crude 
oils.  The  important  constituents 
are:  benzine,  gasoline,  kerosene 
(solar  oil),  paraffin,  petrolatum  (vase- 
line), petroleum  ether,  ligrain,  petro- 
lene,  heavy  lubricating  oils,  etc. 
Crude  petroleum  is  separated  into  its 
constituents  by  fractional  distillation 
with  subsequent  chemical  purification 
of  the  individual  fractions,  followed 
by  redistillation. 

Containers:     Tank  cars;  barrels. 

Fire  hazard:   Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Petroleum  Asphalt.    See  Asphalt. 
Petroleum  Coke.    See  Coke. 

Petroleum  Ether*  (Canadol). 

Color  and  properties:  A  mixture  of 
several  of  the  lighter  constituents  ot 
petroleum  (cymogene,  rhigoline  and 
gasoline). 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.635-0.660; 
boiling-point  4O°-7p°C. 

Derivation:  By  fractional  distillation  of 
petroleum. 

Method  of  purification:  Washing  with 
sulfuric  acid,  then  with  soda  and  re- 
distilling. 

Grades:  Technical;  pure. 

Containers:  Tin  cans;  iron  drums. 

Uses:  Solvent. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Petroleum  Jelly.     See  Petrolatum. 
Petroleum  Naphtha.     See  Benzine. 


Petroleum  Ointment.     See  Petrolatum. 

Petroselinum*  (Parsley). 
Derivation:     Herb,    root    and    seed    of 

Petroselinum  sativum. 
Habitat:  Europe;  cultivated  everywhere. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine;  cooking. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Petzite.  A  natural  telluride  of  silver  and 
gold,  (Ag.Au)2Te,  containing  18  to  25 
per  cent  of  gold  and  40  to  47  per  cent 
of  silver.  Found  in  California  and 
Colorado. 

Pewter.  An  alloy  consisting  of  tin  with 
a  small  amount  of  antimony. 

Phalaris.    Canary  seed. 
Pharbitis  Seeds.     See  Kaladana. 
Pharbitisin.     See   Kaladana  resin. 

Phaseolus.  Haricot,  Common  bean  or 
French  string-bean. 

Phenacite.  Glucinum  orthosilicate, 
Gl2SiO4,  found  in  Colorado. 

Phenacetin.     See  Acetphenetidine. 
Phenacetinum,  B.  P.    See  Phenacetin. 

Phenanthraquinone.  See  Phenanthrene- 
quinone. 

Phenanthrene*  (Ortho-diphenyleneethyl- 
ene;  Phenanthrin)  (CeH4CH)2- 

Color  and  properties:  Small,  colorless, 
shining  crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.063;  melt- 
ing-point 100.35  C;  boiling-point 
340°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  benzol,  car- 
bon bisulfide  and  acetic  acid;  insolu- 
ble in  water. 

Derivation:     Fractional     distillation     of 


Phcnanthrenequinonc 


370 


Phenolphthalein 


high-boiling  coal-tar  oils,  with  subse- 

quent recrystallization  from  alcohol. 
Method  of  purification:  Fractional  oxi- 

dation (chromic  or  nitric  acid)  to  re- 

move anthracene. 
Impurities:  Anthracene. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Tins. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis;  dyestuffs. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Phenanthrenequinone*         (Erroneously  : 
Phenanthraquinone) 


Color  and  properties:  Yellow-orange, 
needle-like  crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.4045;  melt- 
ing-point 202°  C;  boiling-point:  Sub- 
limes above  36o°C. 

Soluble  in  sulfuric  acid,  benzol,  glacial 
acetic  acid  and  hot  alcohol;  slightly 
soluble  in  ether;  insoluble  m  water. 

Derivation:  By  oxidation  of  a  boiling 
solution  of  phenanthrene  in  glacial 
acetic  acid  with  chromic  acid,  solu- 
tion in  sodium  bisulfite,  precipitation 
by  means  of  hydrochloric  acid  and 
recrystallization. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis;  dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Phenanthrin.    See  Phenanthrene. 
Phenazone.     See  Antipyrine. 
Phenazonum,  B.  P.    See  Antipyrine. 

Phenol*  (Carbolic  acid,  Phenic  acid, 
Pheneylic  acid,  Phenyl  hydrate,  Hy- 
droxybenzene)  CeHsOH. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line mass,  turns  pink  or  red  if  not 
perfectly  pure,  absorbs  water  from 
the  air  and  liquefies;  sharp  burning 
taste;  distinctive  odor;  strong,  cor- 
rosive poison.  When  in  weak  solu- 
tion it  has  a  sweetish  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.0677;  melt- 
ing-point 42.5°-43°C;  boiling-point 
182.6°  C. 


Soluble  in  alcohol,  water,  ether,  chloro- 
form, glycerine  and  alkalis. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  treating  the  coal-tar 
oil  fraction  boiling  between  170°  and 
23O°C,  with  caustic  soda  to  form 
phenolate;  the  solution  is  purified  by 
steam  to  remove  naphthalene,  treated 
with  acid  to  set  phenol  free  and  puri- 
fied by  distillation. 

(b)  Benzol  is  converted  into  the 
sulfonic  acid  and  the  latter  fused  with 
caustic  soda.  On  treating  the  sul- 
fonate  with  acid,  pure  phenol  is  lib- 
erated. 

Method  of  purification:  Dissolved  in 
water,  crystallized  out,  centrifuged 
and  redistilled. 

Impurities:  Cresols;  water. 

Grades:  Fused,  U.  S.  P.;  Crystals,  U.  S. 
P.;  synthetic;  crude;  liquid,  U.  S.  P. 
(cresol  and  phenol);  B.  P. 

Uses:  Antiseptic;  medicine;  dentistry; 
manufacture  of  picric  acid,  salicylic 
acid,  phenacetin  and  various  interme- 
diates for  the  production  of  dyestuffs; 
paint  and  varnish  removers;  synthetic 
resins  and  plastics;  phenates. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

"Phenolax."    See  Phenolphthalein. 
Phenol-bismuth.    See  Bismuth  phenolate. 

Phenoldisulfonic  Acid.    See  Acid  phenol- 
disulfonic. 

Phenol  Liquefactum,  U.  S.  P.    Liquefied 
phenol. 

Phenolphthalein*  (Dioxytriphenylcar- 
binolcarboxylic  acid  anhydride,  "Phe- 
nolax") (C6H4OH)3CO.C6H4CO. 

Color  and  properties:  A  pale  yellow, 
crystalline  powder;  forms  an  almost 
colorless  solution  in  neutral  or  acid 
solution  and  a  bright  purple-carmine 
solution  in  presence  of  alkali,  but 
colorless  in  the  presence  of  large 
amounts  of  alkali. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.2765;  melt- 
ing-point 25o°-253°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  alkalis; 
insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:   Fused   phenol  is  added  to 


Phenolphthaleinum 


371 


Phenylenediamine 


phthalic  acid  anhydride  dissolved  in 
concentrated  sulfuric  acid  (cooled) 
and  the  whole  heated  10  to  12  hours, 
then  poured  hot  into  boiling  water 
and  boiled  with  repeated  changes  of 
water.  The  residue  is  dissolved  in 
warm  dilute  caustic  soda  and  precipi- 
tated with  acetic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion  from  absolute  alcohol  after  filter- 
ing through  animal  charcoal. 

Impurities:  Phenol;  phthalifi  acid. 

Grades:  Technical;  pure  reagent;  U.  S. 
P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  wooden 
kegs;  tins. 

Uses:  Dyestuffs;  indicator  in  volumetric 
analysis;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Phenolphthaleinum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See 

Phenolphthalein. 

Phenol  Salicylate.    See  Salol. 

Phenolsulfonic  Acid.  See  Acid  phenosul- 
fonic. 

Phenol  Trinitrate.    See  Acid  picric. 

Phenylacetaldehyde*      (Ethylalbenzene) 
C6H5CH2CHO. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  liquid; 
very  strong  hyacinth-like  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.0315;  melt- 
ing-point; Below  -io°C.;  boiling- 
point  I93°-I94°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  very 
slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  From  phenyl-alpha-chloro- 
acetic  acid,  by  action  of  alkalis,  or 
by  heating  phenyllactic  acid  with 
dilute  sulfuric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:   Perfumes. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Phenylacetamide.     See  Acetanilide. 

Phenylacetic    Acid.       See    Acid    phenyl- 
acetic. 


Phenylacetic  Acid  Nitrile.     See   Benzyl 
cyanide. 

Phenylamine.     See  Aniline. 
Phenylaniline.     See  Diphenylamine. 
Phenylbenzamide.     See  Benzanilide. 
Phenylbenzoylcarbinol.     See  Benzoin. 

Phenylboric  Acid.      See   Acid   borophe- 
nylic. 

Phenylcarbylamine  Chloride* 
CeH5NCCl2.      A    military   poison   gas 
used  in  the  late  war. 

Phenyl  Chloride.      See   Monochloroben- 
zene. 

Phenylcinchonine  Acid.     See  Acid  phe- 
nylcinchonine. 

Phenyl  Cyanide.     See  Benzonitrile. 

Phenyldimethylpyrazole.       See     Antipy- 
rine. 

Phenylene.     See  Antipyrine. 

Phenylenediamine*      (a)      TDrtho-;      (b) 

Meta-;  (c)  Para-;  C6H4(NH2)2- 
Color    and    properties:     (a)     Colorless 
crystals. 

(b)  Colorless  needles;  unstable  in 
air;  usually  in  the  form  of  the  stable 
hydrochloride. 

(c)  Colorless    crystals,    blackening 
somewhat  in  air;  poisonous. 


(a) 


(b) 


(c) 


Constants: 
Specific  gravity  1-1389  .... 

*£S3**  S£3£c    282^84'C     $°C 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  water. 

Derivation:  Reduction  of  ortho-,  meta- 
or  para-dinitrobenzenes  or  nitrani- 
lines  with  iron  and  hydrochloric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:     Barrels;  tins. 

Uses:  (a)   No  practical  use. 


Phenylcthylene 


372 


Phenylnaphthylamine 


(b)  Dyestuff  manufacture;   reagent 
for  detecting  nitrous  acid. 

(c)  Dyeing  hair;   rubber  industry. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Phcnylethylene.     See  Styrene. 
Phenylformamide.      See  Formanilide. 
Phenylformic  Acid.    See  Acid  benzoic. 

Phenylglucosazone*   Ci  s  H2  2  N4  04 . 
Color    and    properties:     Thin,    yellow, 

needle-like  crystals. 
Constants:  Melting-point  2i7°C 
Soluble  in  alcohol;  very  slightly  soluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:  By  condensation  of  phenyl- 

hydrazine   hydrochloride  and  glucose 

with   subsequent   crystallization. 
Method    of    purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:   Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
RaUroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Phenylglycolic   Acid.      See   Acid   amyg- 
dalic. 

Phenylhydrazine*  C6H5HN.NH2. 

Color  and  properties:  Pale  yellow  crys- 
tals or  oily  liquid;  becomes  red- 
brown  on  exposure  to  air;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.0978;  melt- 
ing-point iQ-35  C;  boiling-point 
243.5°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  very 
slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Aniline  is  diazotized  and 
then  reduced,  producing  the  hydro- 
chloride,  which  is  decomposed  by 
caustic  soda  and  dissolved  in  ether. 
The  ethereal  solution  is  dried  and  the 
ether  evaporated. 

Method  of  purification:  Vacuum  distil- 
lation. 

Grades:  Commercial;  C.  P.:  reagent. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  tins. 

Uses:  Reagent  in  analytical  chemistry, 
for  detecting  aldehydes,  sugars,  etc.; 
organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Phenylhydrazine   Hydrochloride* 
C6H5NHNH2.HC1. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  crys- 
talline scales;  sublimable,  if  cau- 
tiously heated. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  Treatment  of  phenylhydra- 
zine  with  hydrochloric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Analytical  chemistry  for  differen- 
tiation of  sugars;  organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:   None. 

Phenylhydroxyacetic     Acid.      See     Acid 
amygdalic. 

Phenylic  Acid.    See  Phenol. 

Phenylis  Salicylas,  U.  S.  P.     See  Salol. 

Phenylisothiocyanate.      See    Phenylmus- 
tard  oil. 

Phenylmethane.      See   Toluol. 

Phenylmustard  Oil*  (Thiocarbanil;  Phe- 
nylisothiocyanate ;  Phenylthiocarbon- 
imide)  C6H5NCS. 

Color  and  properties:  A  pale  yellow 
liquid;  penetrating  irritating  odor; 
readily  volatilized  with  steam. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.1382;  melt- 
ing-point -2i°C;  boiling-point  22i°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  action  of  concen- 
trated hydrochloric  acid  on  sulfocarb- 
anilide;  (b)  By  reaction  of  thiophos- 
gene  with  aniline. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Tins;   glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Phenylnaphthylamine*  (a)  Phenyl-alpha- 
naphthylamine;       (b)       Phenyl-beta- 
naphthylamine.     CioH7.NH.CeH5. 
Color   and   properties:    (a)    Crystalline 


Phenylnaphthylamine 


373 


Phosphine 


prisms  or  scales;  (b)  Crystal  needles. 
Constants:  Melting-point:  (a)  62°C;  (b) 

i07.5°-io8°C. 
Boiling-point  (a)  226°C;   (b)  395°- 

399.5°  C 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:  By  heating  the  hydrochlor- 

ides    of    alpha-    and    beta-naphthyla- 

mines  with  aniline  and  zinc  chloride. 
Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Phenylnaphthylamine,  Alpha-* 

CioH7NH.C6H5. 
Color  and  properties:  Colorless  needles 

or  crystals. 
Constants:  Melting-point  62°  C;  boiling- 

point  335°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:  By  heating  alpha-naphthol, 

aniline  and  aniline  hydrochloride  to  a 

high  temperature. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  kegs. 
Uses:  Dyestuffs. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Phenylone.     See  Antipyrine. 

Phenylpropiolic  Acid.    See  Acid  phenyl- 
propiolic. 

Phcnyl  Salicyiate.    See  Salol. 

Phenylthiocarbonimide.    See  Phenylmus- 
tard  oil. 

Phloridzin*  (Phlorizin;  Phlorrhizin) 


Color  and  properties:  Light,  white, 
small,  silky  needles;  sweet  taste  and 
a  bitter  after-taste;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  14298;  melt- 
ing-point IO9°C,  solidifies  and  then 
does  not  melt  until  a  temperature  of 
i/o°C.  is  reached. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  hot  water;  very 
slightly  soluble  in  ether. 


Derivation:  By  extraction  of  the  gluco- 
side  from  the  root-bark  of  apple,  pear, 
plum  and  cherry  trees. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  biochemical  experi- 
mentation. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Phloroglucinol*  (Trioxybenzene,  Phloro- 
glucine)  C6H3(OH)3.2H20. 

Color  and  properties:  White  to  yellow- 
ish crystals. 

Constants:  Melting-point  2i7°-2i9°C.,  if 
rapidly  heated;  2OO°-2O9°C.,  if  slowly 
heated. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  fusion  of  resorcinol 
with  caustic  soda. 

Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 

Impurities:  Resorcinol;  diresorcinol. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  In  analytical  chemistry  as  a  re- 
agent for  pentoses  and  with  vanillin 
for  determining  the  presence  of  free 
hydrochloric  acid;  medicine;  de'calci- 
fying  agent  for  bones. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Phosgene.     See  Carbonyl  chloride. 

Phosgene,  Di-.  See  Trichloromethyl- 
chloroformate. 

Phosphate  Rock.  A  natural  rock  con- 
sisting largely  of  calcium  phosphate 
used  as  a  raw  material  for  manufacture 
of  acid  phosphate. 

Phosphine*  (Hydrogen  phosphide;  Phos- 
phuretted  hydrogen)  PHs. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless;  spon- 
taneously inflammable  gas;  disagree- 
able, garlic-like  odor;  exceedingly 
poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.185;  melt- 
ing-point -I33-5°C.;  boiling-point 
-85°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  cuprous 
chloride;  slightly  soluble  in  cold 
water;  insoluble  in  hot  water. 


Phosphomolybdic  Acid 


374 


Phosphorus  Oxychloridc 


Derivation:  By  action  of  nascent  hy- 
drogen or  of  caustic  potash  on  phos- 
phorus. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Steel  cylinders. 

Uses:  Organic  preparations. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Note:  There  is  also  a  synthetic  dyestuff, 
chrysaniline  yellow,  which  is  some- 
times called  phosphine. 

Phosphomolybdic  Acid.  See  Acid  phos- 
phomolybdic. 

Phosphorated  Oil  (Phosphorized  oil). 
Almond  oil  containing  dissolved  phos- 
phorus, used  for  linimental  purposes  in 

medicine. 

» 

Phosphor-Bronze.*  A  bearing  alloy, 
having  a  low  coefficient  of  friction, 
great  resistance  to  abrasion  and  great 
hardness,  composed  of  copper,  zinc  arid 
tin,  with  up  to  I  per  cent  of  phosphorus. 

Phosphoric  Acid,  Anhydrous.  See  Acid 
phosphoric,  Anhydrous. 

Phosphoric  Acid,  Glacial.  See  Acid 
phosphoric,  Glacial. 

Phosphoric  Acid,  Ortho-.  See  Acid 
phosphoric. 

Phosphoric  Anhydride.  See  Phosphorus 
pentoxide. 

Phosphorized  Oil.  See  Phosphorated  oil. 

Phosphoric  Chloride.  See  Phosphorus 
pentachloride. 

Phosphoric  Perchloride.  See  Phosphorus 
pentachloride. 

Phosphorus*  P.  (a)  Yellow;  (b)  Red. 
Color  and  properties:  (a)  Light  yel- 
low, wax-like,  semi-transparent,  crys- 
tallizable  solid;  luminous  and  phos- 
phorescent in  the  dark;  exceedingly 
poisonous. 


(b)  Bright,  reddish-brown,  odor- 
less, amorphous  powder;  non-poison- 
ous. 


Constants: 
Specific  gravity 
Melting-point 
Boiling-point 
Flash-point 


(a) 


(b) 
2.296 


(a)    Spontaneously  ignites  in  air; 
(b)   Only  ignites  above  20o°C 


(a)  Soluble  in  carbon  bisulfide  and  oils; 
slightly  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether; 
insoluble  in  water. 

(b)  Soluble  in  absolute  alcohol;  insolu- 
ble in  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  (a)  (i)  Bone-ash  is  burnt 
in  air,  washed  with  water  and  sulfuric 
acid,  followed  by  conversion  into  cal- 
cium meta-phosphate  which  is  heated 
yielding  tricalcium  phosphate  and 
phosphorus. 

(2)  By  heating  bone-ash,  or  other 
phosphatic  material  in  the  electric  fur- 
nace with  silica  and  coke. 

(b)  By  heating  yellow  phosphorus 
for  8  to  10  days  under  pressure. 

Method  of  purification:  Distillation 
with  moist  sand. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  (a)  Match  industry.  Now  pro- 
hibited in  most  countries  (not  in 
Italy);  manufacture  of  rat  poison; 
production  of  phosphorus  penta- 
chloride and  other  compounds. 

(b)  Match  industry  instead  of  poi- 
sonous, yellow  phosphorus;  organic 
^synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous.  » 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Black  phosphorus  (metallic  phosphorus, 
Hittorf's  phosphorus)  is  a  denser,  al- 
lotropic  form  of  yellow  phosphorus, 
obtained  by  crystallizing  the  latter 
from  molten  lead.  It  is  also  obtained 
by  heating  red  phosphorus  in  sealed 
tubes  to  36o°C.  for  a  long  time.  Spe- 
cjfic  gravity  2.32. 

Phosphorus   Chloride.      See   Phosphorus 
trichloride. 

Phosphorus    Oxychloride*    (Phosphoryl 

chloride)   POCls. 
Color  and  properties;  Colorless,  fuming 

liquid, 


Phosphorus  Pentachloride 


375 


Phosphowolframic  Acid 


Constants:     Specific     gravity     1.71163; 

melting-point     i.25°C.;     boiling-point 

107.2°  C. 

Decomposed  by  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:     By    distilling    phosphorus 

pentoxide     with     phosphorus     penta- 

chloride. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Iron  drums. 
Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:    White 

label. 

Phosphorus  Pentachloride*   (Phosphoric 
chloride;   Phosphoric  perchloride) 
PC15. 

Color  and  properties:  Slightly  yellow, 
crystalline  mass;  irritating  odor;  fum- 
ing in  moist  air;  strong  irritating  ef- 
fect on  the  eyes. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.60;  melt- 
ing-point: (Under  pressure)  I48°C. 
Ordinarily  sublimes  without  melting; 
boiling-point  i6o°-i65°C. 

Soluble  in  carbon  bisulfide;  decomposed 
by  water. 

Derivation:  By  action  of  chlorine  on 
phosphorus  or  phosphorus  trichloride. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:    Iron  barrels;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Chlorinating  agent  in  organic 
chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Phosphorus  Pentoxide*  (Phosphoric  an- 
hydride) P2O5. 

Color  and  properties:  Soft,  white  pow- 
der; deliquesces  in  air. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.387;  melt- 
ing-point 800° C.;  boiling-point:  Sub- 
limes at  red-heat. 

Soluble  in  water  and  concentrated  sul- 
furic  acid. 

Derivation:  By  burning  yellow  phos- 
phorus in  a  current  of  dry  air,  usually 
in  iron  cylinders. 

Method  of  purification:  By  sublimation 
in  a  current  of  oxygen  in  presence  of 
red-hot  platinum  sponge. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  tightly  stop- 
pered glass  bottles, 


Uses:  Dehydrating  agent;  sugar  refin- 
ing. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Phosphorus    Sesquisulfide*     (Tetraphos- 

phorus   trisulfide)    P4Ss. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow,  crystal- 
line mass;  very  inflammable. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.00;  melt- 
ing-point I72°C;  boiling-point  407.8°- 
C. 

Soluble  in  carbon  bisulfide;  insoluble  in 
cold  water;  decomposed  by  hot  water. 

Derivation:  By  gently  heating  phos- 
phorus and  sulfur. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  iron  drums. 

Uses:   Organic   synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Phosphorus  Trichloride*  (Phosphorus 
chloride)  PC13. 

Color  and  properties:  Clear,  colorless 
fuming  liquid;  decomposes  rapidly  in 
moist  air. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.6128;  melt- 
ing-point -1 1 1.8°  C.;  boiling-point 
76°  C, 

Soluble  in  ether,  ^benzol,  carbon  bisul- 
fide and  carbon  tetrachloride;  decom- 
posed by  water. 

Derivation:  By  passing  a  current  of 
dry  chlorine  over  gently  heated  phos- 
phorus which  ignites.  The  trichlor- 
ide, admixed  with  some  pentachlor- 
ide,  distills  over.  A  small  amount  of 
phosphorus  is  added  and  the  whole 
distilled. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Chlorinating  agent;  solvent  for 
phosphorus. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  White 
label. 

Phosphoryl   Chloride.      See   Phosphorus 
oxychloride. 

Phosphotungstic  Acid.     See  Acid  phos- 
photungstic. 

Phosphowolfraroic  Acid,   See  Acid  phos- 
photungstic. 


Photal 


376 


Pilocarpine 


Photal.     Proprietary  name  for  a  photo- 
graphic developer. 

Photophor.     See   Calcium  phosphide. 
Phthalic  Atid.    See  Acid  phthalic. 

Phthalic  Anhydride*  (Acid  phthalic  an- 
hydride) C6H4(CO)2O. 

Color  and  properties.  White,  crystal- 
line needles;  sublimes  below  boiling- 
point;  characteristic  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.527;  melt- 
ing-point 128° C;  boiling-point  284.5°- 
C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol;  slightly  soluble  in 
ether  and  hot  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  distillation  of 
phthalic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Sublimation. 

Grades:  Technical;  pure. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  phenolphthalein 
and  other  phthaleins,  eosin  dyestuffs, 
phthalimide  and  anthranilic  acid;  or- 
ganic synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Phthalimide,  Ortho-*  C6H4(CO)2NH. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystalline 
leaflets. 

Constants:  Melting-point  233. 5° C.;  boil- 
ing-point: Sublimes. 

Slightly  soluble  in  ether;  insoluble  in 
benzol. 

Derivation:  By  dissolving  phthalic  an- 
hydride in  ammonium  hydroxide, 
evaporating  to  dryness  and  fusing  the 
residue. 

Method  of  purification:  Sublimation. 

Grades:   Technical. 

Containers:  Barrels;  tins. 

Uses:  Production  of  ^  indigo,  via  an- 
thranilic acid;  organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Physostigma  (Calabar  bean;  Ordeal 
bean;  Chop  nut;  Split  nut). 

Derivation:  Seed  of  Physostigma  vene- 
nosum. 

Habitat:  West  Africa. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Bags. 


Uses:    Medicine;    source    of   physostig- 

mine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Physostigminae  Salicylas,  U.  S.  P.    Phy- 
sostigmine    salicylate. 

Physostigminae   Sulfas,   U.    S.   P.,   B.   P. 

Physostigmine  sulfate. 

Phytolacca*  (Poke  root;  Garget). 
Derivation:    Dried    root    of    Phytolacca 

decandra  Phytolaccaceae. 
Habitat:  North  America;  Southern  Eu- 

rope. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:   None. 

Pichi. 

Derivation:  Leaves,  branches  and  wood 

of  Fabiana  Imbricata. 
Habitat:  Chili  and  Peru. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Pickling  Acid.    See  Acid,  pickling. 
Picramic  Acid.     See  Acid  picramic. 
Picraminic  Acid.     See  Acid  picramic 
Picric  Acid.    See  Acid  picric. 
Picronitric  Acid.    See  Acid  picric. 
Pig-wrack.    See  Chondrus. 

Pill-bearing     Spurge.       See     Euphorbia 
pilulifera. 


Pilocarpine*  Cn 
Color  and  properties:  Colorless  or  yel- 

low,    hygroscopic,     needle-like     crys- 

tals; very  poisonous. 
Constants:  Melting-point  34°  C. 
Soluble   in^  water,   alcohol   and   chloro- 

form; slightly  soluble  in  ether. 
Derivation:  Alkaloid  from  the  leaves  of 


Pilocarpinae 


377 


Pinene 


Pilocarpus    jaborandi    or    Pilocarpus 

microphyllus. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine;     hair     pomades     and 

tonics.     Usually  used  in  the  form  of 

the    hydrochloride,    nitrate    or    other 

salt. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Pilocarpinae   Hydrochloridum,   U.    S.   P. 

See   Pilocarpine. 

Pilocarpinae  Nitras,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See 

Pilocarpine. 

Pilocarpus,  U.  S.  P.    Pilocarpus. 

Pimenta  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  or  pale 
yellow  liquid;  aromatic,  clove-like 
odor;  pungent  and  spicy  taste;  be- 
comes darker  and  thicker  with  age 
and  exposure. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.045-1.055. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  nearly 
ripe  fruit  of  Pimenta  omcinalis. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:    Glass  bottles. 

Uses:   Flavoring. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Pinchbeck.*  An  alloy  of  copper  and 
zinc,  containing  more  zinc  than  in 
brass,  resembling  gold  in  appearance. 

Pine    Oil*    (Pine-needle    oil,    Fir-wood 

oil). 
Color    and    properties:    Bright    yellow, 

volatile,  thin  liquid  oil;  aromatic  odor 

and  taste. 
Chief  known  constituents:  Pinene,  syl- 

vestrene,    limonene    and    bornyl    ace- 
^  tate. 
Constants:   Specific   gravity  0.853-0.905; 

boiling-point  i5O°-i85°C. 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether,    chloroform 

and  turpentine. 
Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  leaves  of 

various  conifers, 


Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Perfumery;  medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 
Railroad     shipping     regulations:     Red 
label. 

Pine  Oil,  Siberian  (Oleum  abietis,  Si- 
berian fir  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  or  pale 
yellow  liquid;  aromatic  odor;  pungent 
taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.900-0.920; 
optical  rotation  -32  to  -42;  refrac- 
tive index  1.474. 

Soluble  in  chloroform,  ether,  carbon 
bisulfide  and  turpentine. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  fresh 
leaves  of  Abies  sibirica. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification, 

Grades:  Technical;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:   Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:   Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Pine   Resin.      See    Colophony. 

Pine-tar  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  Almost  colorless, 
mobile  liquid;  strong  tarry  odor  and 
taste;  becomes  dark  reddish-brown 
on  standing.  Is  a  complex  mixture 
of  hydrocarbons,  acetic  and  other  or- 
ganic acids  and  oF  other  constituents 
of  pine-tar. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.970. 

Soluble  in  ether,  chloroform  and  tur- 
pentine. 

Derivation:  Distillation  of  pine  taf. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Tank  cars;  wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Ore  concentration  by  flotation; 
medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Pinene*  [Australene;  Laurene;  "Men- 
thene"  (Not  the  same  as  the  men- 
thene  from  menthol  by  dehydration, 
which  is  CioHis);  Terebenthene] 


Pinene  Hydrochloride 


378 


Pitch,  Coal-tar 


Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  trans- 
parent liquid,  the  chief  constituent  of 
oil  of  turpentine  and  present  in  many 
essential  oils. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.8587;  boil- 
ing-point I56°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form; very  slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  From  oil  of  turpentine  by 
fractionation. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  artificial  cam- 
phor. 

Fire  hazard:   Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Pinene  Hydrochloride.    See  Terpene  hy- 
drochloride. 

Pine  Tulip.     See  Chimaphila. 
Pink,  Carolina.     See  Spigelia. 
Pink  Salt.     See  Stannic  chloride. 
Pink,  True.     See  Spigelia. 

Piper  (Pepper;  Black  Pepper). 

Derivation:  Dried  unripe  fruit  of  Piper 
nigrum. 

Habitat:  India,  Malabar  coast,  Philip- 
pines, Sumatra,  Java,  Ceylon  and 
Borneo. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Bags. 

Uses:  Condiment;  medicine;  pepper  oil. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Piperazidine.     See  Piperazine. 

Piperazine*  (Diethylenediamine;  Pyra- 
zine  hexahydride;  Piperazidine;  Eth- 
yleneimine)  NH(CH2)2.(CH2)2NH. 

Color  'and  properties:  Colorless,  deli- 
quescent, transparent,  needle-like 
crystals,  which  absorb  carbon  dioxide 
from  the  air.  Keep  well  stoppered. 

Constants:  Melting-point  104-107°  C; 
boiling-point  145  C. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:      Treatment     of     ethylene 


bromide    or    chloride    with    alcoholic 

ammonia  at  ioo°C. 

Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:    Glass   bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Piperonal.    See  Heliotropin. 
Piperonyl  Aldehyde.     See   Heliotropin. 
Pipsissewa.     See  Chimaphila. 

Pisanite.  An  iron  sulfate  containing 
copper  found  in  Montana  (FeCu)SC>4.- 
7H20. 

Pissasphalt.     See  Maltha. 
Pitayin.     See  Quinidine. 
Pitchblende.     See  Uraninite. 

Pitch,  Burgundy*  (Burgundy  resin). 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-brown, 
opaque  or  translucent,  brittle  resin- 
ous lumps;  aromatic  odor;  sweetish 
taste. 

Chief  known  constituents:  A  volatile 
oil,  abietic  acid,  pimaric  acid. 

Soluble  in  glacial  acetic  acid  and  hot 
alcohol. 

Derivation:  Resinous  exudations  of 
Abies  excelsa  and  other  coniferse. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Tins. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:   Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Pitch,  Candle.    See  Stearin  pitch. 

Pitch,  Coal-tar.* 

Color  and  properties:  A  dark-brown  to 
black,  amorphous  body,  varying  in 
consistency  from  soft  and  sticky  to 
hard  and  brittle,  according  to  the 
degree  to  which  distillation  has  been 
carried  out. 

Derivation:  Coal-tar  pitch  is  the  residue 
remaining  after  coal-tar  has  been  dis- 
tilled to  recover  the  light,  medium 


Pitch,  Stearin 


379 


Platinum  Black 


and  heavy  oils,  or  refined  coal-tar. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Waterproofing;  roofing;  paving 
compounds  and  fillers;  insulation; 
fuel-briqueting;  paints;  core-com- 
pounds; electrodes;  pitch-coke;  fuel. 

Fire  hazard:   Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Pitch,  Stearin.     See  Stearin  pitch. 

Pix  Carbonis  Praeparata,  B.  P.    Prepared 
coal-tar. 

Pix  Liquida,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See  Coal- 
tar. 

Plaster  of  Paris.    See  Calcium  sulfate. 
Plastic  Clay.     See  Clay. 

Platinic   Chloride.      See   Platinum   chlo- 
ride. 

Platinpus    Chloride.       See    Platinum   bi- 
chloride. 

Platinum*   Pt. 

Color  and  properties:  Dull,  silvery,  mal- 
leable, ductile  metal;  unaffected  by 
moist  air  or  ordinary  reagents;  some- 
what softer  than  silver.  Found  in 
nature  alloyed  with  iridium,  rhodium, 
palladium,  and  sometimes  with  iron 
and  gold.  Ural  region  of  Russia, 
Colombia,  Borneo,  Alaska,  California, 
Oregon,  New  South  Wales,  Tas- 
mania, Nevada,  Washington. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  21.16;  melt- 
ing-point I753°C. 

Soluble  in  aqua  regia  and  fused  alkali; 
insoluble  in  water  and  ordinary  acids 
and  alkalis. 

Derivation:  By  solution  of  metallifer- 
ous sands  in  aqua  regia,  precipita- 
tion of  the  insoluble  ammonium 
chloroplatinate,  conversion  of  latter 
by  ignition  into  platinum  sponge, 
which  is  converted  into  the  massive 
metal  by  melting  in  the  oxy-hydrogen 
flame. 

Method  of  purification:  Repetition  of 
the  above  process, 


Impurities:  Iridium;  iron. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  boxes. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  platinum  black; 
platinum  sponge;  platinum  salts;  ap- 
paratus, vessels,  tubes,  wire,  etc.,  for 
chemical,  industrial  and  scientific 
uses;  catalyst;  jewelry;  lead-in  wires 
for  incandescent  electric  bulbs;  den- 
tistry; points  for  spark-plugs  for  in- 
ternal-combustion engines. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Platinum-Ammonium     Chloride*      (Am- 
monium  chloroplatinate) 
PtCl2.2NH4Cl. 

Color  and  properties:  Dark  ruby-red 
crystals. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  addition  of  ammon- 
ium hydroxide  to  chloroplatinic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Photography. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Platinum  Bichloride*  (Platinous  chlor- 
ide) PtCl2. 

Color  and  properties:  Greenish-grey 
powder  which  forms  double  salts  with 
the  chlorides  of  the  alkali  metals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  5.87;  melt- 
ing-point: Is  decomposed  at  red-heat 
yielding  platinum. 

Soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  and  am- 
monium hydroxide;  insoluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  heating  platinum 
sponge  in  presence  of  dry  chlorine; 
(b)  By  heating  chloroplatinic  acid  to 
200°  C. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Platinum  salts. 

P'ire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Platinum  Black*  (Platinum  mohr). 
Color    and    properties:    Black    powder: 
exhibits      a      metallic      luster      when 
rubbeq\ 


Platinum  Chloride 


380 


Podophyllin 


Constants:  Specific  gravity  15.8-17.6. 

Soluble  in  aqua  regia. 

Derivation:  Reduction  of  solution  of  a 
platinum  salt  with  zinc  or  magnesium. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Catalyst;  oxidizing  agent  in  or- 
ganic chemistry;  absorbent  of  gases 
(hydrogen,  oxygen,  etc.)  which  it 
again  liberates  at  red-heat;  gas  ig- 
nition apparatus. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Platinum  Chloride*  (Platinum  tetra- 
chloride;  Platinic  chloride)  (a)  PtCU; 
(b)  PtCl4.5H2q. 

Color  and  properties:  (a)  Brown  solid; 
(b)  Red  crystals. 


Constants: 
Specific  gravity 
Melting-point 


(a) 
Decomposes 


(b) 
2.43 

Loses  4H2O 
at  ioo°C 


Soluble  in  alcohol  and  water. 

Derivation:  By  solution  of  platinum  in 
aqua  regia  and  evaporation. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Chemical  reagent. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Note:  The  platinum  chloride  of  com- 
merce is  usually  chloroplatinic  acid. 

Platinum  Bichloride.     See  Platinum  bi- 
chloride. 

Platinum  Sponge*  Pt. 

Color  and  properties:  A  grayish-black, 
porous  mass. 

Soluble  in  aqua  regia. 

Derivation:  By  the  ignition  of  platinum- 
ammonium  chloride. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:   Glass   bottles. 

Uses:  Catalyst;  ignition  of  hydrogen  in 
Doebereiner  lamps,  illuminating  gas, 
etc. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None.' 


Platinum  Tetrachloride. 
chloride. 


See    Platinum 


Plessy's  Green.  See  Chromium  phos- 
phate. 

Plumbago.    See  Graphite. 

Plumbojarosite.  A  natural  hydrous  sul- 
fate  of  lead  and  iron  found  in  New 
Mexico  and  Utah,  PbFe6(OH)i2.- 
(S04)4. 

Plumbi  Acetas,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.  See  Lead 
acetate. 

Plumbi  lodidum,  B.  P.    See  Lead  iodide. 

Plumbi  Oxidum,  U.   S.  P.,  B.  P.      See 

Lead  oxide. 

Plumbic  Acid,  Anhydrous.  See  Lead  ox- 
ide, Brown. 

Plumbo-plumbic  Oxide.  See  Lead  ox- 
ide, Red. 

Plumbus  Oxide.  See  Lead  oxide,  Yel- 
low. 

Plumbus  Sulfide.    See  Lead  sulfide. 

Plumbum.  The  Latin  name  for  lead, 
hence  the  symbol  Pb  in  chemical 
nomenclature  and  the  names  Plumbic 
and  Plumbous,  as:  Plumbic  sulfite  and 
Plumbous  oxide,  etc. 

Podophylli    Indici    Resina,    B.    P.       See 

Podophyllin. 

Podophylli  Indici  Rhizoma,  B.  P.      See 

Podophyllum. 

Podophylli  Resina,  B.  P.  See  Podophyl- 
lin. 


Podophylli  Rhizoma,  B.  P.     See  Podo- 
phyllum. 

Podophyllin*   (Resin  podophyllum). 
Color     and     properties:     Light-yellow 
powder  or  small  yellow,  bulky,  fragile 
jumps;  bitter  acrid  taste;  the  dust  is 


Podophyllum 


381 


Porpoise  Oil 


very  irritating  to  the  eyes  and  the 
mucous  membranes. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Podophyllo- 
toxin,  picropodophyllin,  etc. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  ammonium 
hydroxide,  chloroform,  potassium  hy- 
droxide solution  and  sodium  hydrox- 
ide solution. 

Derivation:  Extraction  of  the  rhizome 
or  roots  of  Podophyllum  peltatum 
with  alcohol. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:    Glass   bottles. 

Uses:    Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Podophyllum*  (May-apple;  Mandrake; 
Devil's  apple;  Indian  apple;  Vege- 
table calomel). 

Derivation:  Dried  rhizome  of  Podo- 
phyllum peltatum. 

Habitat:  North  America. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Bags. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Pogy  Oil.     See  Menhaden  oil. 
Poison  Hemlock.    See  Conium. 
Poison  Ivy.    See  Rhus  toxicodendron. 
Poison  Nut.    See  Nux  vomica. 
Poison  Oak.     See  Rhus  toxicodendron. 
Poison  Parsley.    See  Conium. 
Poison  Tobacco.     See  Hyoscyanus. 
Poison  Vine.    See  Rhus  toxicodendron. 
Poke  Root.     See  Phytolacca. 
Polishing  Acids.     See  Acids,  Polishing. 
Polishing  Crocus.    See  Ferric  oxide. 

Pollantin.  An  antitoxin  for  hay-fever, 
prepared  from  the  pollen  of  golden-rod 
and  other  plants. 


Pollucite.  A  complex  silicate  containing 
caesium,  occuring  in  pegmatite  in  Maine, 
H20(CsNa)2O.Al203.5Si02. 

Polybasite.  A  natural  sulfide  of  silver 
and  antimony,  AggSbSe,  often  also  con- 
taining copper  and  arsenic.  Found  in 
Arizona,  Colorado,  Idaho,  Montana  and 
Nevada. 

Polycrase.  A  complex  mineral  occurring 
in  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina  and 
Texas,  containing  cerium,  columbium, 
erbium,  iron,  titanium,  uranium  and 
yttrium. 

Polymerized  Oil.    See  Blown  oil. 
Pomegranate.     See  Granatum. 
Poppy  Flowers.    See  Papaver. 

Poppy  Oil*  (Poppy-seed  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Very  pale  golden 
yellow,  odorless  liquid;  pleasant  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.924-0.928; 
saponification  value  189-196;  iodine 
value  153-157;  refractive  index  1.4751- 
1.4773- 

Soluble  in  ether,  chloroform  petroleum 
ether,  and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  By  expressing  the  seed  of 
the  poppy,  Papaver  somniferum, 
Papaver  album  and  Papaver  nigrum. 

Method  of  purification:   Filtration. 

Grades:  Crude;  red;  white. 

Containers:   Barrels. 

Uses:  Food  oil;  artist's  colors;  adulter- 
ant for  olive  oil;  soap-stock. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:    None. 

Poppy-seed  Oil.    See  Poppy  oil. 
Porcelain  Clay.    See  Kaolin. 

Porpoise-blubber  Oil.  See  Porpoise  oil, 
Body. 

Porpoise  Oil,  Body*  (Dolphin  oil,  Por- 
poise-blubber oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Pale  yellow 
liquid. 

Constants:   Specific  gravity  0.9273;   sa- 


Porpoise  Oil 


382 


Potassii  Permanganas 


ponification  value  216;  iodine  value 
103;  refractive  index  1.4688. 

Soluble  in  ether,  chloroform,  benzine 
and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  By  boiling  the  body-blub- 
ber of  the  brown  porpoise. 

Method   of  purification:    Filtration. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Lubricant;  soap-stock;  leather 
dressing;  illumination. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Porpoise  Oil,  Jaw.* 

Color  and  properties:  Pale  yellow  li- 
quid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9292;  io- 
dine value  27.4;  refractive  index 
1.4494- 

Soluble  in  ether,  chloroform,  benzine 
and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  By  boiling  the  jaw  of  the 
brown  porpoise. 

Method  of  purification:   Filtration. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Lubricant  for  watches,  chron- 
ometers, etc. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Porpoise  Oil,  Junk.* 

Color  and  properties:  Pale  yellow  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9260;  io- 
dine value  22.4;  refractive  index 
1.4485- 

Soluble  in  ether,  chloroform,  benzine 
and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  By  boiling  the  body  of  the 
brown  porpoise. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:    Lubricant;    leather   dressing. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Portland  Cement.   See  Cement,  Portland. 

Porous    Alum.      See    Sodium-aluminum 
sulfate. 

Potash.    See  Potassium  carbonate. 

Potash,  Caustic.    See  Potassium  hydrox- 
ide. 


Potassa.     See  Potassium  hydroxide. 

Potassa  Caustica,  B.  P.     Potassium  hy- 
droxide. 

Potassa  Sulfurata,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See 

Potassium  sulfide. 

Potassii   Acetas,   U.    S.   P.,   B.   P.      See 

Potassium  acetate. 

Potassii  Bicarbonas,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See 

Potassium  bicarbonate. 

Potassii  Bichromas,  B.  P.      See   Potas- 
sium bichromate. 

Potassii  Bitartras,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    Potas- 
sium bitartrate. 

Potassii  Bromidum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See 

Potassium  bromide. 

Potassii  Carbonas,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See 

Potassium  carbonate. 

Potassii  Chloras,  U.   S.   P.,  B.  P.      See 

Potassium  chlorate.  , 

Potassii    Citras,    U.    S.    P.,    B.    P.      See 

Potassium  citrate. 

Potassii    Citras    Effervescens,    U.    S.    P. 

Potassium  citrate,  Effervescent. 

Potassii  et  Sodii  Tartras,  U.  S.  P.     See 

Potassium-sodium  tartrate. 

Potassii    Hydroxidum,   U.    S.   P.,   B.    P. 

See  Potassium  hydroxide. 

Potassii  Hypophosphis,  U.  S.  P.    Potas- 
sium hypophosphite. 

Potassii  lodidum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See 

Potassium  iodide. 

Potassii   Nitras,   U.    S.   P.,   B.   P.      See 

Potassium  nitrate. 

Potassii  Permanganas,  U.   S.   P.,  B.   P. 

See  Potassium  permanganate. 


Potassii  Sulfas 


383 


Potassium  Bichromate 


Potassii   Sulfas,    B.   P.     See    Potassium 
sulfate. 

Potassii  Tartras,  B.  P.     Potassium  tar- 
trate. 

Potassii    Tartras    Acidus,    B.    P.      See 
Potassium  bitartrate. 

Potassium*  (Kalium)  K. 

Color  and  properties:  Soft,  wax-like, 
silvery  metal;  rapidly  oxidizing  in 
moist  air;  must  be  kept  submerged 
in  kerosene,  ether  or  the  like. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.8621;  melt- 
ing-point 63.5°  C;  boiling-point 

757-5°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol,  mercury  and  acids; 

insoluble  in  ether  and  kerosene;   de- 

composes water  into  its  constituents 

hydrogen  and  oxygen,  generating  suf- 

ficient heat  to  ignite  the  hydrogen. 
Derivation:  (a)  By  heating  with  potas- 

sium   carbonate,    wood    charcoal    and 

gypsum. 

(b)    By    electrolysis    of    potassium 

chloride    or   a   mixture    of   potassium 

hydroxide      and      sulfide,      using      a 

cathode  of  molten  lead. 
Method  of  purification:  Distillation  and 

squeezing     through      a      fine-meshed 

cloth. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:    In    chemical    laboratories    only, 

for  experimental  work,  effecting  con- 

densations, etc. 
Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     Yellow 

label. 


Potassium  Acetate* 
Color    and    properties:    White,    crystal- 

line hygroscopic  powder;  saline  taste. 

Keep  well  stoppered. 
Constants:     Melting-point  292°C. 
Soluble  in  water  and  in  alcohol;  insolu- 

ble in  ether. 
Derivation:  By  the  action  of  acetic  acid 

on  potassium   carbonate. 
Impurities:    Chlorides;    sulfates;    heavy 

metals. 
Grades:  Pure;  pure  fused;  U.  S.  P.;  B. 

P.;  reagent. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles;  wooden  kegs. 


Uses:    Dehydrating    agent;    reagent    in 

analytical  chemistry;  medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Potassium  Acid  Carbonate.     See   Potas- 
sium bicarbonate. 

Potassium  Acid  Oxalate.    See  Potassium 
binoxalate. 

Potassium    Acid    Sulfate.      See     Potas- 
sium bisulfate. 

Potassium  Acid  Sulfite.     See  Potassium 
bisulfite. 

Potassium     Aurichloride.        See     Gold- 
potassium  chloride. 

Potassium  Bicarbonate*  (Potassium  acid 
carbonate;  known  as  baking  soda  in 
some  countries)  KHCOa. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  odor- 
less, transparent  crysals  or  white 
powder;  slightly  alkaline,  salty  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.17;  melt- 
ing-point: Decomposes  between  100° 
and  I20°C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  potassium  car- 
bonate solution;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  passing  carbon  dioxide 
into  a  solution  of  potassium  carbon- 
ate in  water. 

Grades:  Commercial;  highest  purity;  U. 
S.  P.;  B.  P.;  reagent. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  tins;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:  In  baking  instead  of  yeast  or 
baking  powder;  medicine;  manufac- 
ture of  pure  potassium  carbonate. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Potassium  Bichromate*  (Potassium  di- 
chromate;  Red  potassium  chromate) 
K2Cr2O7. 

Color  and  properties:  Bright,  yellowish- 
red,  transparent  crystals;  bitter, 
metallic  taste;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.692;  melt- 
ing-point 396°C;  boiling-point:  De- 
composes at  5oo°C. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:     By    heating    an     aqueous 


Potassium  Binoxalate 


384 


Potassium  Br ornate 


solution  of  sodium  bichromate  with 
potassium  chloride,  concentrating  the 
solution,  whereupon  sodium  chloride 
is  deposited  in  the  vessel.  Lead  rods 
are  suspended  in  the  solution  and  the 
bichromate  crystallizes  on  these. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Commercial;  highest  purity; 
highest  purity  fused;  B.  P.;  reagent. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  histology;  tanning; 
bleaching;  electrotechnology;  dyeing; 
photography;  manufacturing  fire- 
works; oxidizing  agent. 

Fire  hazard:   Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Potassium  Binoxalate*  (Potassium  acid 
oxalate;  Acid  potassium  oxalate;  Sal 
acetosella;  Salt  of  sorrel;  Essential 
salt  of  lemon)  KHCsO^HsO. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystals; 
bitter,  sharp  taste;  somewhat  hygro- 
scopic; poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  of  the  anhy- 
drous salt  2.088;  melting-point:  De- 
composes when  heated. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  The  neutral  potassium  ox- 
alate and  oxalic  acid  are  dissolved  in 
water  and  crystallized. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliz%- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:   Glass   bottles. 

Uses:  Removing  ink  stains;  scouring 
metals;  cleaning  wood;  photography. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Potassium  Biphosphate.     See  Potassium 
Phosphate. 

Potassium  Bisulfate*  (Potassium  acid 
sulfate)  KHSO4. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals; the  fused  salt  is  deliquescent. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.245;  melt- 
ing-point 200° C.;  boiling-point:  De- 
composes. 

Soluble  in  water,  yielding  a  solution 
with  acid  reaction;  decomposes  in  al- 
cohol. 


Derivation:  (a)  By  heating  potassium 
sulfate  with  sulfuric  acid;  (b)  By 
heating  potassium  chloride  with  sul- 
furic acid  to  a  moderate  heat. 

Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 

Impurities:  Heavy  metals;  chlorine; 
arsenic. 

Grades:  Commercial;  reagent;  fused; 
highest  purity,  medicinal. 

Containers:    Glass    bottles;    barrels. 

Uses:   Flux. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Potassium  Bisulfite*  (Potassium  acid 
sulfite)  KHSO3. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystalline 
powder;  sulfur  dioxide  odor. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Decomposes 
when  heated. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  Sulfur  dioxide  is  passed 
through  a  solution  of  potassium  car- 
bonate until  no  more  carbon  dioxide 
is  given  off;  the  solution  is  concen- 
trated and  allowed  to  crystallize. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:  Heavy  metals;  arsenic. 

Grades:  Commercial;  reagent;  highest 
purity,  medicinal. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Antiseptic;  source  of  sulfurous 
acid  particularly  in  brewing;  analyti- 
cal chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Potassium    Bitartrate*    (Potassium    acid 

tartrate)   KHC4H4O6. 
Color  and  properties:  White  crystals. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.956. 
Soluble    in    water;    slightly    soluble    in 

alcohol. 
Derivation:  From  argols  by  extraction 

with  water  and  crystallization. 
Method    of    purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:   Medicine;   baking  powder. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Potassium  Bf^mate*  KBrOs. 
Color    and    properties:    White    crystals 
or  crystalline  powder. 

\  N 


Potassium  Bromide 


385 


Potassium  Chlorate 


Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.27;  melt- 
ing-point 434° C.;  boiling-point:  De- 
composes when  heated  above  the 
melting-point. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  adding  potassium 
sulfate  to  a  solution  of  barium  brom- 
ate;  (b)  By  passing  bromine  into  a 
solution  of  potassium  hydroxide, 
potassium  bromide  and  bromate  be- 
ing formed,  which  are  separated  by 
crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:   Potassium  bromide. 

Grades:  Pure;   reagent. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Reagent  in  analytical  chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Potassium  Bromide*  KBr. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystalline 
granules  or  powder;  pungent,  strong, 
bitter  saline  taste;  somewhat  hygro- 
scopic. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.749;  melt- 
ing-point 73O°C;  boiling-point  I435°C. 

Soluble  in  water;  slightly  soluble  in 
alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  (a)  Potassium  hydroxide  in 
hot  solution  is  treated  with  bromine, 
the  solution  evaporated  to  dryness, 
the  residue  mixed  with  carbon  and 
heated  to  redness;  (b)  Solutions  of 
iron  bromide  and  potassium  carbon- 
ate are  mixed  and  heated,  the  solution 
filtered  and  concentrated  and  the 
bromide  crystallized  out. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  manufacture  of  effer- 
vescent headache  remedies;  photo- 
graphy. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Potassium  Carbonate*  (Potash,  Pearl- 
ash,  Salts  of  tartar)  (a)  K2COS;  (b) 
2K2C03.H20;  (c)  K2C03.H20. 
Color  and  properties:  White,  deliques- 
cent, granular  powder;  alkaline  reac- 
tion. 


Constants:  (a)  Specific  gravity  2.3312; 
melting-point  90o,°C.;  boiling-point: 
Volatile  at  white  heat. 

Soluble  in  water;   insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  (a)  Lixiviation  of  wood  and 
plant  ashes  with  water,  concentration 
of  the  solution  and  calcination  of  res- 
idue, which  is  extracted  with  water; 
(b)  Aqueous  residue  of  beet-sugar 
molasses  alter  fermentation  and  dis- 
tillation to  remove  alcohol  is  con- 
centrated and  treated  as  above;  (c) 
Recovered  from  wool  washing;  (d; 
Recovered  in  an  impure  form,  by  elec- 
trical precipitation  from  the  fumes 
of  cement  factories,  metallurgical  fur- 
naces, etc. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:  Sodium  carbonate;  potas- 
sium chloride;  potassium  sulfate. 

Grades:  Crystals;  pure;  reagent;  high- 
est purity;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:    Wooden   barrels. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  soft  soaps;  glass 
manufacture;  dyeing;  medicine;  wool 
washing. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Potassium  Chlorate*  (Potassium  oxy- 
muriate)  KC1O3. 

Color  and  properties:  Transparent,  col- 
orless crystals  or  white  powder;  cool- 
ing, saline  taste;  poisonous;  must 
not  be  ground  with  sugar,  sulfur  or 
other  combustible  substance,  may 
cause  explosions. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.337;  melt- 
ing-point 357°C;  boiling-point:  De- 
composes at  about  4OO°C.,  giving  off 
oxygen. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alkalis;  very 
slightly  soluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  electrolyzing  a  hot  con- 
centrated alkaline  solution  of  potas- 
sium chloride. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Highest  purity,  medicinal;  pure 
granulated;  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.;  commer- 
cial^ 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Explosives;  matches;  source  of 
oxygen;  printing  textile  fabrics;  py- 
rotechnics; percussion  caps;  medicine. 


Potassium  Chloride 


386 


Potassium  Cyanide 


Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 
Railroad   shipping   regulations:    Yellow 
.  label. 

Potassium  Chloride*  KC1. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  or 
white  crystals  or  powder;  strong  sa- 
line taste.  Occurs  in  nature  in  the 
Stassfurt  deposits  in  various  min- 
erals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.987;  melt- 
ing-point 772° C;  boiling-point:  De- 
composes at  about  4OO°C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alkalis;  slightly 
soluble  in  alcohol;  insoluble  in  abso- 
lute alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  fusion  or  extraction  of 
carnallite,  MgCl2.KCl.6H2O,  with  a 
solution  of  magnesium  chloride. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:  Heavy  metals;  alkaline 
earths. 

Grades:  Highest  purity;  reagent;  com- 
mercial; crude. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Fertilizer;  potassium  salts. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Potassium  Chloroplatinate*  (Platinum- 
potassium  chloride;  Potassium  platini- 
chloride)  K2PtCle. 

Color  and  properties:  Small,  .  orange- 
yellow  crystals  or  powder. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Decomposes 
when  heated. 

Insoluble  in  alcohol;  very  slightly  sol- 
uble in  water. 

Derivation:  By  adding  platinic  chloride 
to  a  solution  of  a  potassium  salt 
and  crystallizing. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:    Photography. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Potassium  Chloroplatinite*   K2PtCl4. 
Color   and   properties:    Ruby-red   crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.291. 
Soluble  in  water;   insoluble  in  alcohol. 
Derivation:    By   adding  potassium   car- 


bonate to  a  solution  of  chloroplatin- 

ous  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Photography. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Potassium  Chromate*  K2CrO4. 

Color  and  properties:   Yellow  crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.7319;  melt- 
ing-point 97i°C. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  adding  potassium  car- 
bonate to  a  solution  of  potassium,  bi- 
chromate and  crystallizing. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:  Free  alkali;  sulfates;  alumi- 
num; alkaline  earths. 

Grades;  Highest  purity;  reagent;  com- 
mercial; crude. 

Containers:   Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Reagent  in  analytical  chemistry; 
dyeing;  inks;  medicine;  leather  finish- 
ing. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Potassium  Citrate*  K3C6H5O7.H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  or 
white  crystals  or  powder;  cooling  sa- 
line taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.98;  melt- 
ing-point: Decomposes  when  heated 
to  about  23o°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  citric  acid 
on  potassium  carbonate. 

Method  of  purification:   Crystallization 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  wooden 
kegs. 

Uses:   Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Potassium    Cobaltinitrite.       See    Cobalt- 
potassium  nitrite. 

Potassium  Cyanaurate.    See  Gold-potas- 
'sium  cyanide. 

Potassium  Cyanide*  KCN. 
Color  and   properties:   White,   amorph- 


Potassium  Diphosphate 


387 


Potassium  Fluoride 


ous,  deliquescent  lumps  or  crystal- 
line mass;  faint  odor  of  bitter 
almonds;  extremely  poisonous,  do 
not  handle  with  bare  hands! 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.52;  melt- 
ing-point: At  red-heat;  boiling-point: 
At  red-heat. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  glycerin. 

Derivation:  (a)  Potassium  carbonate 
and  carbon  are  heated  in  a  current  of 
ammonia.  The  fused  mass  is  ex- 
tracted with  alcohol,  the  latter  dis- 
tilled off  and  the  cyanide  fused,  (b) 
Calcium  cyanamid  is  prepared  from 
calcium  carbide  and  nitrogen  and  is 
fused  with  caustic  potash,  (c)  From 
by-products  of  beet-sugar  manufac- 
ture. 

Grades:  Commercial;  pure;  reagent. 

Containers:  Barrels;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Extraction  of  gold  and  silver 
from  ores;  electroplating;  heat  treat- 
ment of  steel;  reagent  in  analytical 
chemistry;  insecticide. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Potassium  Diphosphate.     See  Potassium 
phosphate. 

Potassium  Ferricyanide*  (Red  prussiate 
of  potash;  Potassium  prussiate,  Red) 
K3Fe(CN)6. 

Color  and  properties:  Bright-red,  lus- 
lustrous  crystals  or  powder;  poison- 
ous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.8109;  melt- 
ing-point: Decomposes  when'  heated. 

Soluble  in  water;  slightly  soluble  in 
alcohol. 

Derivation:  Chlorine  is  passed  into  a 
solution  of  potassium  ferrocyanide, 
the  ferricyanide  separating  out. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:  Ferrous  salts;  potassium 
chloride. 

Grades:  Pure  crystals;  pure  powder; 
commercial;  crude;  highest  purity  re- 
agent. 

Containers:     Barrels;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Calico  printing;  wool  dyeing; 
tempering  steel;  mordant  for  wood; 
etching  liquid;  production  of  pig- 
ments. 


Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Potassium  Ferrocyanide*  (Yellow  prus- 
siate of  potash;  Potassium  prussiate, 
Yellow)  (K4Fe(CN)6.3H20. 

Color  and  properties:  Lemon-yellow 
crystals  or  powder;  mild  saline  taste; 
effloresceses  on  exposure  to  air. 

.Constants:  Melting-point:  Loses  its 
water  of  crystallization  when  heated 
to  6o°C.;  boiling-point:  Decomposes 
when  heated  to  red  heat. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  "Spent  oxide"  from  illumi- 
nating gas  manufacture  is  extracted 
with  water  to  remove  ammonia  and 
soluble  salts,  the  residue  is  dried  and 
sulfur  extracted  with  carbon  bisul- 
fide, what  remains  is  mixed  with 
lime,  heated  with  steam  in  closed 
pans  to  recover  ammonia,  yielding  a 
concentrated  solution  of  calcium  fer- 
rocyanide. This  is  treated  with  a 
boiling  solution  of  potassium  chloride 
yielding  the  calcium-potassium  ferro- 
cyanide which  is  almost  insoluble. 
This  is  treated  with  a  solution  of 
potassium  carbonate,  insoluble  cal- 
cium carbonate  being  precipitated 
and  a  solution  of  the  ferrocyanide  re- 
maining, which  is  filtered,  concen- 
trated and  crystallized. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:  Potassium  carbonate,  sul- 
fate  and  chloride;  calcium  slats. 

Grades:   Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  potassium  ferricyan- 
ide; pigments;  reagent  in  analytical 
chemistry;  tempering  steel;  dyeing. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Potassium  Fluoride*  (a)  KF:  (b) 
KF.2H20. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line, deliquescent  powder;  sharp  sa- 
line taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity:  (a)  2.454. 

Melting-point:     (a)    About    8oo°C; 
(b)  4i°C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  hydrofluoric  acid; 
insoluble  in  alcohol 


Potassium  Glycerinophosphate 


388 


Potassium    Meta-bisulfite 


Derivation:  By  saturation  of  hydroflu- 
oric acid  with  potassium  carbonate. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Impurities:  Arsenic. 

Grades:  Technical;  pure;  purified,  free 
of  arsenic. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  tins, 

Uses:  Etching  glass;  food  preservative. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Potassium  Glycerinophosphate.    See  Po- 
tassium glycerophosphate. 

Potassium     Glycerophosphate*     (Potas- 
sium glycerinophosphate) 


Color  and  properties:  Pale  yellow, 
sirupy  liquid;  acid  taste. 

Soluble  in  alcohol;  miscible  with  water 
in  all  proportions. 

Derivation:  Glycerine  and  phosphorus 
pentoxide  or  meta-phosphoric  acid 
are  mixed,  warmed  and  exactly  neu- 
tralized with  potassium  carbonate, 
warmed  and  concentrated. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Potassium  Hydrate.     See  Potassium  hy- 
droxide. 

Potassium    Hydrogen    Phosphate.       See 

Potassium  phosphate. 

Potassium  Hydroxide*  (Caustic  potash, 
potassium  hydrate;  Potassa)  KOH. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  deliques- 
cent pieces,  lumps  or  sticks  having  a 
crystalline  fracture.  Keep  well  stop- 
pered; absorbs  water  and  carbon  di- 
oxide from  th^  air. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.044;  melt- 
ing-point 360.4°  C.;  boiling-point:  Sub- 
limes when  heated  above  melting- 
point. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol;  slightly 
soluble  in  ether. 

Derivation:  (a)  Potassium  carbonate 
solution  is  treated  with  lime  at  a 
boiling  temperature  and  water  added 
to  prevent  reversal  of  the  reaction. 


The  solution  is  filtered  and  evapor- 
ated to  dryness. 

Method  of  purification:  Sulfur  com- 
pounds are  removed  by  the  addition 
of  potassium  nitrate  to  the  fused 
caustic.  The  purest  form  is  obtained 
by  solution  in  alcohol,  filtration  and 
evaporation. 

Impurities:  Alumina;  silica;  sulfuric 
acid. 

Grades:  Commercial;  ground;  flake; 
fused  (88^92  per  cent;  purified  by  al- 
cohol (sticks,  lumps  and  drops);  rea- 
gent, highest  purity;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:  Soap  manufacture;  bleaching; 
manufacture  of  oxalic  acid;  manufac- 
ture of  potassium  compounds;  re- 
agent in  analytical  chemistry;  medi- 
cine. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Potassium  Iodide*  Ki. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystals, 
granules  or  powder;  strong  bitter  sa- 
line taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.123;  melt- 
ing-point 680° C.;  boiling-point  1420° C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  A  hot  solution  of  potas- 
sium hydroxide  is  treated  with  iodine, 
evaporated  to  dryness,  mixed  with 
carbon  and  heated  to  redness. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:  Potassium  carbonate;  met- 
als; sulfuric  acid;  potassium  bromide; 
potassium  chloride. 

Grades:  Crystals;  granulated;  powder; 
highest  purity;  reagent;  U.  S.  P.; 
B.  P. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  reagent  in  analytical 
^chemistry;  photography. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Potassium  Meta-bisulfite*     (Potassimum 

pyrosulfite)   K^SgOs. 
Color  and  properties:     White,   crystal- 
line crusts. 
Slightly  soluble  in  water. 


Potassium  Monophosphate 


389 


Potassium   Permanganate 


Derivation:  By  heating  potassium  bi- 
sulfite until  it  loses  water. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tins. 

Uses:  Antiseptic;  reagent  in  analyti- 
cal chemistry;  source  of  sulfurous 
acid. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Potassium  Monophosphate.     See  Potas- 
sium phosphate. 

Potassium  Nitrate*  (Niter,  Nitre,  Salt- 
peter) KNO3. 

Color  and  properties:  Transparent, 
colorless  or  white  crystalline  powder 
or  crystals;  cooling,  pungent,  saline 
taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.1062; 
melting-point  337°C;  boiling-point: 
Decomposes  with  deflagration  at 
about  400° C. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol 
and  ether. 

Derivation:  (a)  A  solution  of  sodium 
nitrate  and  potassium  chloride  is 
evaporated  until  sodium  chloride 
crystallizes  out,  then  decanted  and 
crystallized.  (b)  Soil,  plant  ashes 
and  decomposing  organic  matter 
(manure)  are  built  into  a  mound, 
moistened  from  time  to  time  and 
finally  extracted  with  witer.  (c)  Al- 
so extracted  from  certain  soils  of 
India  and  Ceylon,  where  it  occurs 
abundantly. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Commercial;  pure,  double  re- 
fined (granulated,  small  crystals,  me- 
dium crystals,  large  crystals,  extra 
large  crystals,  powdered);  pure,  triple 
refined  (granulated,  powdered);  U.  S. 
P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  ^Kegs;  boxes. 

Uses:  Medicine;  gunpowder;  pyrotech- 
nics; pickling  meat;  fertilizer;  rea- 
gent in  analytic  chemistry;  tobacco. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

otassium  Ortho-phosphate.     See  Potas- 
sium phosphate. 


Potassium  Oxalate*  K2C2O4.H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  trans- 
parent crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.08;  melt- 
ing-point: Decomposes  when  heated. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Potassium  formate  or  car- 
bonate mixed  with  a  small  quantity 
of  pxalate  and  a  slight  excess  of  al- 
kali is  heated,  the  oxalate  extracted 
with  water  and  crystallized. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:     Heavy  metals;  chlorine. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  wooden 
kegs. 

Uses:  Medicine;  reagent  in  analytical 
chemistry;  source  of  oxalic  acid. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Potassium  Oxide*  K2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Gray,  crystalline 
mass. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.32;  melt- 
ing-point: Red  heat. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  potassium  ni- 
trate and  metallic  potassium. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  iron  barrels. 

Uses:  Potassium  salts;  dehydrating 
agent. 

Fire   hazard?     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Potassium  Oxymuriate.     See  Potassium 
chlorate. 

Potassium  Oxyquinoline  Sulfonate.     See 

Quinosol. 

Potassium  Permanganate*  KMnC>4. 

Color  and  properties:  Dark  purple 
crystals  having  a  blue  metallic  sheen; 
sweetish,  astringent  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.7032; 
melting-point:  Decomposes 'at  240  C. 

Soluble  in  water,  in  sulfuric  acid,  acetic 
acid  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  (a)  Potassium  hydroxide  is 
dissolved  in  water,  manganese  diox- 
ide and  potassium  chlorate  added,  the 
whole  boiled,  evaporated  and  the  resi- 


Potassium  Peroxide 


390 


Potassium-Sodium 


due  fused  to  a  pasty  consistency,  then 
extracted  with  water  and  chlorine, 
carbon  dioxide  or  ozone  passed  in. 
The  permanganate  separates  and  is 
centrifugated.  (b)  By  the  oxidation 
of  the  manganate  (prepared  by  the 
fusion  of  pyrolusite  with  caustic  pot- 
ash) in  an  alkaline  electrolytic  cell, 
using  a  porous  diaphragm. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:  Sulfuric  acid;  nitric  acid; 
chloric  acid. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Disinfectant;  deodorant;  rea- 
gent in  analytical  chemistry;  wood 
preservation;  oxidizing  agent;  bleach- 
ing textiles;  medicine;  manufacture 
of  organic  chemicals,  especially  sac- 
charine; absorbent  for  poison  gases 
in  military  gas-masks. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Potassium  Peroxide*  K2O2. 
Color   and   properties:      Yellow,   amor- 

phous mass. 

Decomposes  in  water,  evolving  oxygen. 
Derivation:      By    the    oxidation   of   po- 

tassium oxide  (IQjO)  in  air. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Tins. 
Uses:        Oxidizing      agent;      bleaching 

agent. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     Yellow 

label. 


Potassium  Persulfate* 

Color  and  properties:     White   crystals. 
Constants:       Melting-point:       Decom- 

poses below  ioo°C. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 
Derivation:     By  electrolysis  of  a  satu- 

rated solution  of  potassium  sulfate. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles;  stone  jars. 
Uses:f    Bleaching;   oxidizing  agent;  re- 

ducing agent  in  photography;  antisep- 

tic. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     Yellow 

label. 

Potassium   Phosphate,   Dibasic*    (Potas- 


sium hydrogen  phosphate;  Potassium 
monophosphate;  Dipotassium  ortho- 
phosphate)  K2HPp4. 

Color  and  properties:  Deliquescent 
white  crystals  or  powder. 

Soluble  in  water  and  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  action  of  phosphoric 
acid  on  potassium  carbonate. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:  Chlorine;  potassium  sul- 
fate. 

Grades:  Commercial;  pure;  highest 
purity. 

Containers:      Glass   bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Potassium  Phosphate,  Monobasic*  (Po- 
tassium diphosphate)  KH2PO4. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.338;  melt- 
ing-point Q6°C. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  ortho- 
phosphoric  acid  on  potassium  carbo- 
nate. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine;  baking  powders. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Potassium   Prussiate,   Red.     See   Potas- 
sium ferricyanide. 

Potassium  Prussiate,   Yellow.     See    Po- 
tassium  ferrocyanide. 

Potassium    Pyrosulfite.      See    Potassium 
meta-bisulfite. 

Potassium    Rhodanide.      See    Potassium 
sulfocyanate. 

Potassium-Sodium    Tartrate*    (Rochelle 
salt;  Seignette  salt) 
KNaC4H406.4H20. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  trans^ 
parent  crystals  or  white  powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.77;  melt- 
ing-point 70°  to  80° C.;  boiling-point: 
Loses  4H2O  at  2is°C. 


Potassium  Sulfate 


391 


Potato   Flour 


Soluble  in  water;   insoluble  in   alcohol. 

Derivation:  Potassium  acid  tartrate  is 
dissolved  in  water,  the  solution  satu- 
rated with  sodium  carbonate,  con- 
centrated after  purification  and  crys- 
tallized. 

Method  of  purification:  Hydrogen  sul- 
fide  passed  into  remove  copper  and 
iron,  the  solution  heated  with  animal 
charcoal  and  filtered. 

Impurities:     Copper;  iron. 

Grades:  Highest  purity;  reagent;  com- 
mercial crystals  or  powder;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine;  baking  powders. 

Fire  hazard:     None.  . 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Potassium  Sulfate*  (Arcanum  duolica- 
tum;  Tartarus  vitriolatus)  K^SCU. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  or 
white,  hard  crystals  or  powder;  bitter, 
saline  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.6633; 
melting-point  1072°  C. 

Soluble  in  water;   insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  treatment  of  po- 
tassium chloride  with  sulfuric  acid, 
(b)  By  fractional  crystallization  of 
kainite. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Highest  purity  medicinal;  rea- 
gent; commercial;  crude;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Reagent  in  analytical  chemistry; 
medicine;  fertilizer;  alum  manufac- 
ture; glass  manufacture;  raw  material 
for  potassium  carbonate  by  the  Le- 
blanc  process. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Potassium  Sulfide*  (Potassium  sulfuret) 
K2S. 

Color  and  properties:  Red,  crystalline 
mass,  deliquescent  in  air.  Keep  well 
stoppered. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  1.805. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  glycerine; 
insoluble  in  ether. 

Derivation:  Potassium  sulfate  and  car- 
bon are  heated  in  a  tightly  closed  cru- 
cible to  a  moderate  temperature. 


Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Cans;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Reagent  in  analytical  chemistry; 

depilatory;    medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     Yellow 

label. 

Potassium  Sulfocyanate*  (Potassium 
rhodanide,  Potassium  thiocyanate, 
Potassium  sulfocyanide)  KCNS. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.906;  melt- 
ing-point I72.3°C;  boiling-point:  De- 
composes at  500°  C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  acetone. 

Derivation:  By  heating  potassium 
cyanide  with  sulfur. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:     Heavy  metals,  sulfates. 

Grades:  Commercial;  pure;  purified; 
reagent. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  wooden 
kegs. 

Uses:  In  freezing  mixtures;  manufac- 
ture of  artificial  mustard  oil;  reagent 
in  analytical  chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 
• 

Potassium  Sulfocyanide.     See  Potassium 
sulfocyanate. 

Potassium  Sulfuret.     See  Potassium  sul- 
fide. 

Potassium  Thiocyanate.     See  Potassium 
sulfocyanate. 

Potato  Flour.* 

Derivation:  Flour  prepared  by  drying 
and  milling  potatoes. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Bags;  wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Wheat  flour  substitute;  manu- 
facture of  potato  starch  and  dextrine 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Potato  Spirit.'  See  Fusel  oil. 
Potstone.     See  Talc, 


Praseodymium 


392 


Protargol 


Praseodymium*  Pr. 

Color  and  properties:     One  of  the  me- 

tallic elements  of  the  rare  earth  group 

yielding  green  salts. 
Constants:        Specific     gravity     6.4754; 

melting-point  940°  C. 
Decomposes  water. 
Derivation:    From  monazite  sand  in  the 

form    of    salts,    by    extraction    with 

acids. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Boxes. 
Uses:     Praseodymium  salts. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Precipitated    Calcium    Phosphate.      See 
Calcium  phosphate,  Tribasic. 

Precipitated  Chalk.     See  Calcium  carbo- 
nate. 

"Preparing  Salt."    See  Sodium  stannate. 

Priceite.      A    boron    mineral    similar    to 
colemanite. 

Prickly  Ash.     See  Xanthoxylum. 
Primary   Calcium  Phosphate.     See   Cal- 


cum 


ry      acum        ospate 

phosphate,  Monobasic. 


Primuline.      A    synthetic    dyestuff    used 
in  dyeing  yellow. 

Prince's  Pine.    See  Chimaphila. 

Printer's  Acetate.     See   Aluminum   ace- 
tate. 

Propanenitrile.     See   Ethyl   cyanide. 

Propenal.     See  Acrolein. 

Propionic  Acid.     See  Acid  propionic. 

Propionic    Aldehyde.      See    Propylic    al- 
dehyde. 

Propionitrile.     See  Ethyl  cyanide. 

Propyl  Alcohol*  CH3CH2CH2OH. 
Color  and  properties:     Colorjess  Ijquic}; 


odor  similar  to  ethyl  alcohol. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.808°; 
melting-point  -I27°C;  boiling-point 
97°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  fractional  distillation 
of  fusel  oil. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Glass   bottles. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis;  propyl  alde- 
hyde. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Propyl  Aldehyde*  (Propionic  aldehyde; 
Propylic  aldehyde)  CH3CH2CHO. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  liquid; 
suffocating  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.807;  boil- 
ing-point 48°  C. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  From  propyl  alcohol  by 
oxidation. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 
i 

Propylacetic  Acid.    See  Acid  valeric. 

Propyldioxybenzenemethylene         Ester. 

See  Safrol. 

Propylenechlorohydrin,      Alpha-.        See 
Monochlorohydrin. 

Propylformic  Acid.     See  Acid  butyric. 
Propyl-meta-cresol,  Para-.     See  Thymol. 

Protargol.* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow  powder, 
being  a  protein  compound  of  silver 
(8.3  per  cent  Ag). 

Soluble  in  water  and  glycerine. 

Grades:     Pure. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Antiseptic;  bactericide;  medi- 
cine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Protein 


393 


Pulvis   Catechu 


Protein.  A  horny  mass  or  yellowish 
powder,  used  as  a  nutrient;  obtained 
by  hydrolysis  from  animal  (meat)  or 
vegetable  (grain)  materials. 

Proustite  (Light  ruby  silver).  A  natu- 
ral sulfide  of  silver  and  arsenic, 
3Ag2S.As2Ss,  containing  65  per  cent 
of  silver,  and  mined  in  Arizona,  Colo- 
rado, Idaho,  Montana,  Nevada  and 
New  Mexico. 

Pmni  Virginianae  Cortex,  B.  P.  Wild 
cherry  bark. 

Prunus  Virginiana*  (Choke  cherry;  Wild 

cherry). 

Derivation:     Bark  of  Prunus  serotina. 
Habitat:     North  America. 
Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Prussian  Blue.     See  Ferric  ferrocyanide. 

Prussiate  of  Potash,  Red.  See  Potas- 
sium ferricyanide. 

Prussiate  of  Potash,  Yellow.  See  Potas- 
sium ferrocyanide. 

Prussiate  of  Soda,  Red.  See  Sodium 
ferricyanide. 

Prussiate  of  Soda,  Yellow.  See  Sodium 
ferrocyanide. 

Prussia  Acid.     See  Acid  hydrocyanic. 

Pseudobutyl  Alcohol.  See  Butyl  alco- 
hol, Tertiary. 

Pseudocumene.     See  Cumene. 
Pseudocumol.     See  Cumene. 

Pseudopropyl  Alcohol.  See  Isopropyl 
alcohol. 


ing  the  formula,  H4MnO5.  Alabama, 
Arizona,  Arkansas,  California,  Colora- 
do, Georgia,  Massachusetts,  Montana, 
Nevada,  New  Mexico,  North  Carolina, 
South  Carolina,  Tennessee,  Vermont 
and  Virginia. 

Pterocarpi  Lignum,  B.  P.  Red  sanders 
wood. 

Ptomaines.  Derivatives  of  ethers  of  the 
polyhydric  alcohols.  All  are  exceed- 
ingly poisonous  and  are  formed  in 
putrefying  proteins,  dead  bodies,  de- 
cayed meat  or  fish.  They  have  been 
prepared  synthetically,  viz.:  Cadaverine 
is  pentamethylenediamine.  Muscar- 
ine  is  obtained  by  the  oxidation  of  leci- 
thin or  hydroxethyltrimethylammoni- 
um  hydroxide.  Putrescine  is  tetrame- 
thylene  diamine.  Neurine  is  trimethyl- 
vinylammonium  hydroxide. 

Ptyalin.     See  Enzymes. 
Puccoon   Root.     See   Sanguinaria. 
Pudding  Pipe.     See  Cassia  fistula. 
Pudding  Stick.     See  Cassia  fistula. 

Pulsatilla*  (Pasque  flower:  Wind  flower; 

Meadow  anemone;  Easter  flower). 
Derivation:     Herb   of  Anemone   pulsa- 

tilla. 

Habitat:  Europe;  Asia;  U.  S. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Pulvis    Amygdalae    Compositus,    B.    P. 

Compound  powder  of  almonds. 

Pulvis  Antimonialis,  B.  P.  Antimonial 
powder. 

Pulvis  Aromaticus,  U.  S.  P.  Aromatic 
powder. 

Pulvis  Buteae  Seminum,  B.  P.  Powder 
of  butea  seeds. 


Psilomelane.       A     common     manganese 
ore,  manganese  hydrate,  probably  hav- 


Pulvis  Catechu  Compositus,  B.  P.    Com- 
pound powder  of  catechu. 


Pulvis  Cinnamon! 


394 


Pyrazine 


Pulvis  Cinnamoni  Compositus,  B.  P. 
Compound  powder  of  cinnamon. 

Pulvis  Cretae  Aromaticus,  B.  P.  Aro- 
matic powder  of  chalk. 

Pulvis  Cretae  Aromaticus  cum  Opio,  B.  P. 

Aromatic  powder  of  chalk  with  opium. 

Pulvis  Cretae  Compositus,  U.  S.  P.  Com- 
pound powder  of  chalk. 

Pulvis  Effervescens  Compositus,  U.  S.  P. 
Compound  effervescing  powder. 

Pulvis  Glycyrrhizae  Compositus,  B.  P. 
U.  S.  P.  Compound  powder  of  liquor 
ice. 

Pulvis  Ipecacuanhae  Compositus,  B.  P. 
Compound  powder  of  ipecacuanha. 

Pulvis  Ipecacuanhae  et  Opii.  Powder  of 
ipecac  and  opium. 

Pulvis  Jalapae  Compositus,  B.  P.,  U.  S.  P. 

Compound  powder  of  jalap. 

Pulvis  Kaladanae  Compositus,  B.  P. 
Compound  powder  of  caladana. 

Pulvis  Kino  Compositus,  B.  P.  Com- 
pound powder  of  kino. 

Pulvis  Opii  Compositus,  B.  P.  Com- 
pound powder  of  opium. 

Pulvis  Rhei  Compositus,  B.  P.,  U.  S.  P. 

Compound  powder  of  rhubarb. 

Pulvis  Scammoniae  Compositus,  B.  P. 
Compound  powder  of  scammony. 

Pulvis  Sodas  Tartaratae  Effervescens, 
B.  P.  Effervescent  sodium  tartrate 
powder.' 

Pulvis  Tragacanthae  Compositus,  B.  P. 
Compound  powder  of  tragacanth. 

Pumice. 

Highly  vesicular  lava,  i.e.  a  rock  which 
has  reached  the  surface  of  the  earth 


in  a  molten  condition  and  varying  in 

composition   according  to  locality  of 

origin. 
Uses:      Abrasive;    base    for    depositing 

catalyzers;    filling    for    acid    towers; 

abrasive  soaps  and  tooth  powders. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Pumpkin  Seed.    See  Pepo. 
Purging  Cassia.     See  Cassia  fistula. 

Purple  Boneset.  See  Eupatorium  pur- 
pureum. 

Purple  Cone  Flower.     See  Echinacea. 
Purple  of  Cassius.     See  Gold  chloride. 
Purple  Oxide.     See   Ferric  oxide. 

Putty.  A  mixture  of  whiting  (chalk) 
with  18  per  cent  of  linseed  oil,  with  or 
without  white  lead  or  other  pigment. 

Pyramidon   (Dimethylaminoantipyrine) 
CiiHnN20.N(CH3)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Melting-point  106°  to 
I07°C. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  reduction  of  isoni- 
trosoantipyrine  and  methylating  fhe 
product. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine,  as  such  or  as  the  cam- 
phorate  or  salicylate. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Pyrargyrite  (Dark  ruby  silver).  A  com- 
pound sulfide  of  silver  and  antimony, 
3Ag2S.Sb2Ss,  containing  60  per  cent  of 
silver,  and  mined  in  Arizona,  Califor- 
nia, Colorado,  Idaho,  Maine,  Montana, 
Nevada,  New  Mexico,  Oregon  and 
Washington. 

Pyrazine.     See  Antipyrine. 


Pyrazine  Hexahydride 


395 


Pyrola 


Pyrazine  Hexahydride.     See  Piperazine.      Pyrite.    See  Iron  pyrites. 
Pyrazoline.     See  Antipyrine.  Pyrite,  White.    See  Marcasite. 


"Pyrene."    A  liquid  fire-extinguisher  con- 
sisting of  carbon  tetrachloride,  etc. 

Pyrethri  Radix,  B.  P.    See  Pyrethrum. 

Pyrethrum  (Pellitory;  Spanish  pellitory; 
Spanish  chamomile;  Bertram;  Long- 
wort). 

Derivation:  Root  of  Anacyclus  pyre- 
thrum  compositae. 

Habitat:     North  Africa. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Pyrethrum      Flowers      (Persian      insect 
flowers;  Persian  pellitory). 
Derivation:       Flowers     of     Pyrethrum 

roseum. 

Habitat:     Persia  and  Western  Asia. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:      Bags. 
Uses:     Insecticide. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Pyridine*  CH(CH.CH)2N. 
Color  and  properties:     Slightly  yellow 

or  colorless  liquid;  sharp  penetrating 

empyreumatic    odor;    burning    taste; 

slightly  alkaline  in  reaction. 
Constants:      Specific      gravity      0.9746; 

melting-pint     -42.0°  C.;     boiling-point 

ii5.5°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  ether,  benzol, 
benzol,  benzine,  and  fatty  oils. 

Derivation:  Distillation  of  organic 
compounds  containing  nitrogen,  gas 
liquor  or  light  coal-tar  oil. 

Method  of  purification:  Fractional  dis- 
tillation. 

Grades:      Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Denaturant  for  alcohol;  solvent 
for  anhydrous  metallic  salts;  solvent 
in  rubber,  paint  and  other  industries; 
medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Pyrites,  Copper.     See  Copper  sulfide. 
Pyrites,  Iron.     See  Pyrite. 
Pyrites,  Magnetic.     See  Pyrrhotite. 
"Pyro"  Alcohol.    See  Methyl  alcohol. 

Pyrocatechin*          (Qrtho-dioxybenzene ; 
Pyrocatechinic  acid;  Oxyphenic  acid; 
Pyrocatechol;  Catechol) 
C6H4(OH)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.371; 
melting-point  IO4°C;  boiling-point 
245°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  ether,  benzol 
and  chloroform. 

Derivation:  By  fusion  of  ortho-phenol- 
sulfonic  acid  with  caustic  potash. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:      Antiseptic;    photography. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Pyrocatechinmonomethyl  Ester.  See 
Guaiacol. 

Pyrocatechinic  Acid.     See  Pyrocatechin. 
Pyrocatechol.     See    Pyrocatechin. 

Pyrocotton.*  A  nitrated  cellulose  not 
as  fully  nitrated  as  gun-cotton,  con- 
taining 12.5  per  cent  nitrogen,  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  smokeless  powder, 
photographic  films,  airplane  dope,  cellu- 
loid and  lacquers. 

Pyrogallic  Acid.     See  Acid  pyrogallic. 
Pyrogallol.     See  Acid  pyrogallic. 
Pyrola.     See  Chimaphila. 


Pyroligneous  Acid 


396 


"Pyxol" 


Pyroligneous  Acid.  See  Acid  pyroligne- 
ous. 

Pyrolusite  (Black  manganese  oxide; 
Manganese  dioxide),  MnC>2.  One  of 
the  main  sources  of  manganese  (63  per 
cent  Mn)  occurring  in  many  states, 
Canada,  Brazil,  India,  etc. 

Pyromorphite    (Green    lead    ore).      Na- 
tural lead  chlorophosphate^ 
3Pb3P2Os.PbCl2,   from  Arizona,   Colo- 
rado, Connecticut,  Georgia,  Idaho,  Mon- 
tana, Nevada  and  South  Carolina. 

Pyromucic   Acid.     See   Acid  pyromucic. 
Pyromucic  Aldehyde.     See  Furfural. 

Pyrope.     One  of  the  garnets, 
3MgO.Al2Os.3SiO2,   used   as    an    abra- 
sive,  and  when  transparent  as   a  gem. 
Is   deep   red   to   nearly  black  in   color, 
and  is  found  in  Arizona. 

Pyrophyllite  (Pencil  stone).  Natural 
hydrous  aluminum  silicate, 
H2O.Al2Os.4SiO2,  resembles  talc  in 
structure,  color,  luster  and  feel.  It  is 
used  for  the  manufacture  of  slate  pen- 
cils and  the  talc  or  "talcum"  of  com- 
merce. Quarried  in  California  and 
North  Carolina. 

Pyrptartaric  Acid.  See  Acid  pyrotar- 
taric. 

Pyrotartaric  Acid,  Normal.  See  Acid 
glutaric. 


Pyrovanadic  Acid.    See  Acid  vanadic. 
Pyroxylin.     See  Nitrocellulose. 

Pyroxylinum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.  See  Nitro- 
cellulose. 

Pyrrhotite  (Magnetic  pyrites).  Natural 
iron  sulfide  varying  in  composition. 
Some  varieties  contain  nickel  and  are 
mined  for  their  nickel  value.  It  is  one 
of  the  valuable  and  plentiful  iron  ores 
found  in  many  of  the  states  and  in 
Canada. 

Pyrrol*  (CH.CH)2NH. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish,  liquid 
oil;  burning,  pungent  taste;  readily 
polymerizes  by  the  action  of  light  and 
turns  brown. 

Constants:  ^  Specific  gravity  0.9669; 
boiling-point  I3O°-I3I  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  and  dilute 
acids;  insoluble  in  water  and  dilute 
alkalis. 

Derivation:  By  the  fractional  distilla- 
tion of  bone-tar  or  bone-oil  with  sul- 
furic  acid. 

Method     of    purification:       Conversion 
into  the  potassium  compound 
(C4H4NK),  washing  with   ether  and 
treatment    with    water,    followed    by 
drying  and  distillation. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:     Manufacture  of  drugs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

"Pyxol."  A  proprietary  disinfectant, 
consisting  of  an  emulsion  of  coal-tar 
acids  with  soap. 


Quaker  Buttons.     See  Nux  vomica. 

Quartz  (Silica).  Natural,  crystallized 
silicon  dioxide,  SiO2.  It  is  the  main 
constituent  of  sandstone,  and  one  of  the 
three  chief  constituents  of  granite  and 


pegmatite.  Varieties  of  quartz  of  vary- 
ing structure  and  color  (usually  due  to 
a  small  amount  of  an  oxide,  as  of  iron, 
manganese,  etc.)  are:  Agate,  amethyst, 
chalcedony,  chert,  flint,  hyalite,  jasper, 
jaspilite,  onyx,  opal,  rock  crystal,  rose 


Quassia 


397 


Quercitrinic  Acid 


quartz,  smoky  quartz,  etc. 

Quassia    (Bitter   ash;    Bitterwood   tree). 
Derivation:     The  wood  or  bark  of  Pic- 

rasma     excelsa     or     Quassia     amara; 

very  bitter  taste. 
Chief    constituents:      Quassin,    quassol, 

picrasmin. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:      Decoction   or   tincture  as  a   fly 

poison;  surrogate  for  hops;  medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Quassiae  Lignum,  B.  P.     See  Quassia. 

Quebracho   (Aspidosperma). 
Derivation:    The  bark  of  Aspidosperma 

quebracho-bianco  from  Argentina. 
Chief     constituents:       Aspidospermine, 

tannin,  quebrachine. 
Grades:     Technical.    • 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Tanning;  dyeing;  medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Quebracho  Extract.* 

Derivation:  From  the  wood  of  Aspi- 
dosperma quebracho  and  Quebrachu 
lorentzu,  which  is  imported  into  the 
United  States  in  logs. 

Grades:  Liquid:  35-37  per  cent  Tan- 
nin. Solid:  65  per  cent  Tannin. 

Containers:  Extract:  Wooden  bar- 
rels; tank-cars.  Extract  (powdered): 
Wooden  casks. 

Uses:     Tanning  industry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Queen  of  the  Meadow.    Eupatorium  pur- 
pureum. 

Queens'  Root.     See  Stillingia. 

Queensland  Asthma  Weed.   See  Euphor- 
bia pilulifera. 

Quercimetin.     See  Quercitrine. 
Quercite.     See  Quercitol. 

Quercitin*    (Meletin;    Quercetinic    acid; 
Tetrahydroxylflavanol) 


Color  and  properties:  Brown,  crystal- 
line powder. 

Constants:  Melting-point  3i3°-3i5°C.; 
boiling-point:  Decomposes  when 
heated  slightly  above  the  melting- 
point. 

Soluble  in  alkalis;  slightly  soluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  Action  of  dilute  sulfuric 
acid  on  quercitrine. 

Grades:      Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tins. 

Uses:     Dyeing. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Quercitinic  Acid.     See  Quercitin. 

Quercitol*      (Acorn      sugar;      Quercite; 
Pentahydroxycyclohexane) 
C6H7(OH)5. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals; sweet  taste. 

Constants:       Specific     gravity     1.5845; 

melting-point  234°C. 

Soluble  in  water;  very  slightly  soluble 
in  alcohol;  insoluble  in  ether. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  of  acorn 
meal  with  water. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Quercitrine*  (Quercimetin;  Quercitri- 
nic acid)  C2i H22Oi2-2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow  gluco- 
sidal,  crystalline  powder. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Decom- 
poses at  i68°C. 

Soluble  in  acids,  alkalis  and  amyl  alco- 
hol; slightly  soluble  in  alcohol,  ether 
and  water. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  of  the  bark 
of  the  black  oak,  Quercus  tinctoria. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Manufacture  of  quercitin. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Quercitrinic  Acid.     See   Quercitrine. 


Quercitron 


398 


Quinazarin 


Quercitron.* 

Derivation:  The  powdered  bark  of 
Quercus  coccinea,  var.  tinctoria. 

Grades:     Extract  25  per  cent  Tannin. 

Containers:  Bark:  Burlap  bags.  Ex- 
tract: Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Leather  industry;  textile  in- 
dustry. 

Fire  hazard:    None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:    None. 

Quercus.* 

Derivation:  The  dried  bark  of  the 
white  oak,  Quercus  alba,  containing 
quercitannic  acid,  oak-red,  resin,  pec- 
tin, levulin  and  gallic  acid. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Quercus  Pedunculata. 

Derivation:  The  bark  of  the.  British 
oak,  containing  large  amounts  of  tan- 
nin. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Bags. 

Uses:     Tanning  industry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Quicklime.    See  Calcium  oxide. 
Quicksilver.     See  Mercury. 
Quillaia.    See  Quillaja. 
Quillaiae  Cortex,  B.  P.    See  Quillaja. 

Quillaja  (Soap  bark;  Quillaia;  Panama 
bark;  China  bark;  Murillo  bark). 

Derivation:  The  dried  bark  of  Quillaja 
saponaria  from  Bolivia,  Peru,  Chili, 
etc. 

Chief  constituents:  Quillaiae  acid; 
quillaia  sapotoxin  and  tannin. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:    Bags. 

Uses:  Medicine;  manufacture  of  sa- 
potoxin, saponin  and  quillaiac  acid; 
in  the  soft-drink  and  shampoo  liquid 
industries  as  a  foam  producer;  emul- 
sifiant  for  oils,  balsams  and  resins. 


Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Quinaldine*    (Chinaldine;   Alpha-methyl- 

quinoline)     CgHeN.CHs. 
Color     and     properties:       Yellow     oily 

liquid;  odor  of  quinoline;  darkens  to 

reddish-brown  in  air. 
Constants:       Specific     gravity     1.1013; 

boiling-point  246°-247°C. 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether   and    chloro- 

form; insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:      (a)    By   the   treatment    of 

aniline  and  paraldehyde  with   hydro- 

chloric acid  and  heat,     (b)  From  coal- 

tar. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Iron  drums. 
Uses:      Manufacture    of    quinoline    yel- 

low. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Quinalgen.     See  Analgen. 

Quinaphthol*     (Quinine     beta-naphthol- 
monosulfonate;  Chinaphthol) 


Color  and  properties:     Yellow,  crystal- 

line powder;   containing  42  per   cent 

of  quinine. 

Constants:     Melting-point   i8s°-i86°C. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:     By  the  interaction  of  qui- 

nine   and    beta-naphtholmonosulfonic 

acid. 

Grades:    Technical. 
Containers:  ^  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Quinaseptol.     See   Diaphthol. 

Quinazarin*  (Quinizarin;  Chinizarin;  Di- 
hydroxyanthraquinone) 
C6H4(C02).C6H(OH)3. 

Color  and  properties:  Lustrous, 
orange-red  crystals. 

Constants:     Melting-point  I94°-I95°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  the  action  of  con- 
centrated sulfuric  and  boric  acids  on 
anthraquinone.  (b)  By  heating  hy- 
droquinone  and  phthalic  anhydride 


Quince  Seed 


399 


Quinine  Beta-naphthol 


for  two  hours  with  concentrated  sul- 
furic  acid.  The  solution  is  poured 
into  water,  the  precipitate  washed 
with  hot  water  and  boiled  with  gla- 
cial acetic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Production  of  quinazarin  green 
and  analogous  dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Quince  Seed.     See  Cydonia. 
Quinic  Acid.     See  Acid  quinic. 

Quinidine  (Chinidine;  Conchinine;  Beta- 
quinine;  Cinchotine;  Pitayin) 

C20H24N2O2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  lus- 
trous, crystalline  alkaloid;  efflorescing 
on  exposure  to  air. 

Constants:     Melting-point  I7I.5°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  benzol; 
very  slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  extraction  of  some 
species  of  cinchona  bark. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  used  as  the  alkaloid 
or  as  the  bisulfate,  citrate,  hydrobro- 
mide,  sulfate  or  tannate,  etc. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Quinina,  U.  S.  P.    See  Quinine. 

Quininae   Bisulfas,   U.    S.    P.     See    Qui- 
nine. 

Quininae  Dihydrochloridum,  U.  S.  P.,  B. 
P.     See  Quinine. 

Quininae  et  Ureas  Hydrochloridum,  U.  S. 
P.      Quinine    and    urea    hydrochloride. 

Quininae  Hydrobromidum,  U.  S.  P.    See 

Quinine. 

Quininae  Hydrochloridum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

See  Quinine. 


Quininae  Hydrochloridum  Acidum,  B.  P. 
See  Quinine. 

Quininae  Salicylas,  U.  S.  P.    See  Quinine. 

Quininae   Sulfas,   U.   S.   P.,   B.   P.      See 

Quinine. 

Quininae  Tannas,  U.  S.  P.    See  Quinine. 

Quinine*  C2oH24N2O2.3H2O. 
Color    and    properties:     Bulky,    white, 
amorphous  powder  or  crystalline  al- 
kaloid; very  bitter  taste;  odorless  and 
laevo-rotatory. 


Constants  : 

Alkaloid,  anhydrous: 

Alkaloid,  hydrous: 

Bisuliate:  C2oH24N2O2.H2SO4.7H2O 

Hydrobromide:  C2oH24N2O2.HBr.H2O 

Hydrochloride: 

Salicylate: 


Melting-point 

I74-9°C 

57.0° 

160.0°  (about) 
iS2°-2oo° 
is6°-2oo° 
i83°-i87° 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform, 
carbon  bisulfide,  benzine,  oils,  glycer- 
ine, potassium  hydroxide  solution; 
ammonium  hydroxide  and  acids  (with 
formation  of  salts);  very  slightly  sol- 
uble in  water. 

Derivation:  Finely  ground  cinchona 
bark  mixed  with  lime  is  extracted 
with  hot  high-boiling  paraffin  oil. 
The  solution  is  filtered,  shaken  with 
dilute  sulfuric  acid,  the  latter  neutral- 
ized hot  with  sodium  carbonate  and 
on  cooling  quinine  sulfate  crystallizes 
out.  The  sulfate  is  treated  with  am- 
monia, the  alkaloid  being  obtained. 

Method  of  purification:  Precipitation  as 
tartrate  from  its  solution  by  means  of 
Rochelle  salt. 

Impurities:  Other  cinchona  alkaloids. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Used  in  medicine  as  the  alkaloid 
or  as  the  acetate,  albuminate,  arsen- 
ate,  benzoate,  bisulfate,  camphorate, 
citrate,  gallate,  glycerophosphate,  lac- 
tate,  phenolate,  hydrobromide,  hydro- 
chloride,  phosphate,  salicylate,  sul- 
fate, tannate,  tartrate,  etc. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Quinine     Beta-naphtholsulfonate. 
Quinaphthol. 


See 


Quinine,  Crude 


400 


Quinoxaline 


Quinine,  Crude.    See  Quinium. 
Quininic  Acid.    See  Acid  quininic. 

Quinium*   (Chinium;  Crude  quinine). 

Derivation:  Amorphous,  friable  mass 
from  fresh  cinchona  bark,  extracted 
by  means  of  potassium  hydroxide  and 
alcohol  and  containing  all  the  con- 
stituents of  the  bark  except  the 
woody  fiber. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  quinine  and  its  salts. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Quinizarin.     See  Quinazarin. 

Quinoidine   (Chinoidine). 

Color  and  properties:  Brownish-black 
lustrous  mass;  resinous  appearance; 
conchoidal  fracture;  very  bitter  taste. 
It  is  a  mixture  of  the  amorphous  al- 
kaloids remaining  in  the  solution 
from  the  extraction  of  cinchona  bark, 
after  the  crystallizable  alkaloids  have 
been  removed. 

Soluble  in  dilute  acids,  alcohol  and 
chloroform. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Softens  be- 
low ioo°C. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine,  either  as  such  or  as 
the  borate,  citrate,  hydrochloride, 
sulfate  or  tannate. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Quinol.      See  Hydroquinone. 

Quinoline*  (Chinoline;  Leucoline) 

(CH.CH)2C2CHCHNCH. 
Color  and  properties:  A  tertiary  amine, 
occuring    in     coal-tar    and     obtained 
from  it,  but  more  frequently  by  syn- 
thesis;    highly     refractive,     colorless 
liquid;     darkens     with    age;     absorbs 
water  from  the  air;  peculiar,  charac- 
teristic odor.     Keep  well  stoppered. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.0899;  melt- 
ing-point       -22.6°C.;        boiling- 


238°  C. 


point 


Soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  ether  and  car- 
bon bisulfide. 

Derivation:  By  treatment  of  aniline  and 
nitrobenzol  with  glycerin  and  sulfuric 
acid  and  heat. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Pure,  from  cinchonine;  syn- 
thetic. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  preserving  anatomical 
specimens;  manufacture  of  quinosol. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Quinone*   (Benzoquinone;   Chinone) 
CO(CH.CH)2CO. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow  crystals; 
characteristic,  irritating  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.307;  melt- 
ing-point 115. 7°C;  boiling-point:  Sub- 
limes; volatile  with  steam,  being  in 
part  decomposed. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  alkalis; 
slightly  soluble  in  hot  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  oxidation  of  aniline 
with  chromic  acid,  extraction  with 
ether  and  distillation  of  the  latter. 

Method  of  purification:  Steam  distilla- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  dyestuffs  and 
hydroquinone. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Quinone  Monoxime.    See  Nitrosophenol, 
Para-. 

Quinosol*     (Chinosol;     Potassium     oxy- 

quinoline  sulfonate). 
Color   and   properties:   Yellow   powder, 

also  produced  in  the  form  of  tablets. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:   Medicine;  preserving  anatomical 

specimens. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Quinoxaline.      Dyestuffs  of  the   quinone 
imide  group. 


R  Acid 


401 


Radium  Chloride 


R    Acid.        See    Acid    naphthplsulfonic, 
Beta-. 

R  Salt.     The  sodium  salt  of  Acid  naph- 
tholdisulfonic,  Beta-. 

Racemic  Acid.    See  Acid  racemic. 

Radium  Ra. 

Color  and  properties:  An  exceedingly 
rare  metal  occurring  in  uranium  ores, 
and  never  isolated  as  such,  always 
obtained  as  the  bromide  or  chloride, 
admixed  with  barium  salts.  All  ra- 
dium salts  exhibit  the  phenomena  of 
"radioactivity,"  i.e.  emitting  various 
penetrating  radiations  and  spontane- 
ously breaking  down  into  a  series  of 
decomposition  products,  of  which  the 
first  is  the  radium  emanation  or 
Niton. 

Constants:  Melting-point  7OO°C. 

Radium  Bromide*  RaBr2. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystals, 
becoming  yellow  or  pink  with  age; 
radioactive;  powerful  corrosive  effect 
on  skin  and  flesh.  Do  not  handle. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Sublimes  at 
900°  C. 

Derivation:  Carnotite,  pitchblende  or 
other  uranium  ore  is  roasted  with 
sodium  carbonate,  washed  with  water 
and  dilute  sulfuric  acid  to  remove 
uranium;  the  residue  is  boiled  with 
sodium  hydroxide  to  remove  sulfates, 
washed  with  water,  then  treated  with 
hydrochloric  acid,  sodium  carbonate, 
water  and  hydrochloric  acid  in  suc- 
cession. The  solution  is  treated  with 
sulfuric  acid,  filtered  and  the  precipi- 
tate boiled  with  sodium  carbonate, 
then  treated  with  hydrochloric  acid, 
hydrogen  sulfide,  chlorine,  ammonium 
hydroxide  and  sodium  carbonate  suc- 
cessively. The  solution  is  now 
treated  with  hydrobromic  acid  to  con- 
vert into  the  bromide,  evaporated  to 
dryness  and  purified. 

Method  of  purification:  Fractional  crys- 
tallization. 

Impurities:  Barium  salts. 


Grades:  Technical;  pure.  The  purity  is 
determined  by  the  strength  of  the 
ionizing  power  of  the  salt,  i.e.,  the 
extent  to  which  it  causes  air  to  con- 
duct electricity. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  sealed  tubes 
enclosed  in  sheet  lead. 

Uses:  Medicine,  chiefly  in  the  treatment 
of  cancer;  mixed  with  calcium  sul- 
fide to  produce  luminescent  paint; 
physical  research. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 


Radium  Chloride* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-white 
crystals,  becoming  yellow  or  pink  on 
standing;  radioactive;  powerful  cor- 
rosive effect  on  skin  and  flesh.  Do 
not  .handle. 

Constants:  Melting-point  i65O°C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  Carnotite,  pitchblende  or 
other  uranium  ore  is  roasted  with  so- 
dium carbonate,  washed  with  water 
and  dilute  sulfuric  acid  to  remove 
uranium;  the  residue  is  boiled  with 
sodium  Hydroxide  to  remove  sulfates, 
washed  with  water,  then  treated  with 
hydrochloric  acid,  sodium  carbonate, 
water  and  hydrochloric  acids  in  suc- 
cession. The  solution  is  treated  with 
sulfuric  acid,  filtered  and  the  precipi- 
tate boiled  with  sodium  carbonate, 
then  treated  with  hydrochloric  acid, 
hydrogen  sulfide,  chlorine,  ammonium 
hydroxide  and  sodium  carbonate  suc- 
cessively. The  solution  is  now 
treated  with  hydrochloric  acid  to  con- 
vert into  the  chloride,  evaporated  to 
dryness  and  purified. 

Method  of  purification:  Fractional  crys- 
tallization. 

Impurities:  Barium  salts. 

Grades:  Technical;  pure.  The  purity  of 
radium  salts  is  determined  by  the 
strength  of  their  ionizing  power,  i.e. 
the  extent  to  which  they  cause  air  to 
conduct  electricity. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  sealed  tubes 
enclosed  in  sheet  lead. 

Uses:  Medicine,  chiefly  in  the  treat- 
ment of  cancer;  mixed  with  calcium 


Radium  Emanation 


402 


Red,  Chrome 


sulfide  to  produce  luminiscent  paint; 

physical  research. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Radium  Emanation  (Niton).  A  gas  pro- 
duced by  the  breaking  down  of  radium 
salts.  It  is  soluble  in  water  and  occurs 
dissolved  in  many  mineral  waters.  It 
is  supposed  to  have  therapeutic  value. 
It  breaks  down  itself,  into  a  series  of 
simpler  bodies. 

Radix  Saponaria  Alba.    See  Gypsophila. 
"Radumine."    A  synthetic  oxalic  acid. 
Raisin-seed  Oil.    See  Grape-seed  oil. 

Randanite.  A  natural  silicious  material 
having  uses  similar  to  infusorial  earth. 

Rape  Oil.    See  Rape-seed  oil. 

Rape  Oil,  Black  Sea.    See  Ravison  oil. 

Rape-seed.     See  Napus. 

Rape-seed  Oil*  (Colza  oil;  Rape  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Dark  brown  when 
crude;  pale  yellow  when  refined.  A 
very  viscous,  liquid  oil;  unpleasant 
taste  and  odor;  deposits  stearine  on 
standing. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9132- 
0.9168;  solidifying-point  -2°  to 
-io°C.;  melting-point  I7°-22°C.;  re- 
fractive index  1.4720-1.4752;  saponifi- 
cation  value  167-179;  iodine  value  96- 
104;  maumene  value  50-67;  Hehner 
value  95.1;  acid  value  1.4-13.2. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  By  the  expression  of  rape- 
seed,  Brassica  campestris,  followed 
by  treatment  of  the  cake  with  sol- 
vents, and  evaporation  of  the  solvent. 
The  oil  is  frequently  oxidized  or 
"blown"  to  increase  its  density  and 
viscosity.  It  is  refined  by  treatment 
with  fuller's  earth  or  sulfuric  acid. 

Impurities:  Linseed,  cotton-seed,  fish 
and  mineral  oils;  ravison  oil;  mustard- 
seed  oil. 


Grades:  Crude;  refined.  Sometimes 
known  as  "Shirashime"  or  "water- 
white."  This  grade  should  contain 
less  than  0.5  per  cent  free  fatty  acids. 

Containers:     Tins;  iron  drums. 

Uses:  Refined  and  "blown"  rape-seed 
oil  is  used  as  a  lubricant;  illuminant; 
manufacture  of  rubber  substitutes; 
heat  treatment  of  steel.  The  refined 
cold-drawn  oil  is  also  used  for  edible 
purposes. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Rattlesnake  Root.    See  Senega. 

Ravison  Oil  (Black  Sea  rape  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Clear,  yellow, 
semi-drying,  liquid  oil. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9183- 
0.9217;  melting-point  -8°C.;  iodine 
number  105-117;  saponification  num- 
ber 17.79-17.93. 

Soluble  in  ether,  carbon  bisulfide  and 
petroleum  ether. 

Derivation:  From  the  seeds  of  the 
Black  Sea  rape,  the  wild  Brassica 
campestris,  by  expression  or  extrac- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:   .Tins;  iron  drums. 

Uses:     Lubrication;  fuel. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Realgar.  Natural,  arsenic  monosulfide* 
AsS,  containing  70  per  cent  of  arsenic. 
Occurs  in  Utah  and  Washington. 

Reaumur's  Thermometric  Scale  has  its 
boiling  point  (of  water)  at  80°  and  its 
freezing  point  at  p°.  It  is  much  used 
in  Italy  and  Austria. 

Red,  Aniline.     See  Fuchsine. 

Red  Antimony.  See  Antimony  sulfide, 
Red. 

Red  Arsenic.     See  Arsenic  sulfide. 

Red  Bark.  See  Cinchona  bark,  Suc- 
cirubra. 

Red,  Chrome.    See  Lead  chromate,  Basic. 


Red  Cinchona 


403 


Resina   Jalapae 


Red  Cinchona.    See  Cinchona  bark,  Suc- 
cirubra. 

Red  Couch-grass.     See  Carex. 
Red  Iron  Ore.    See  Hematite. 
Red  Lead.    See  Lead  oxide,  Red. 
Red  Liquor.    See  Aluminum  acetate. 

Red     Mercury    Iodide.       See     Mercuric 
iodide. 

Red  Mercury  Oxide.     See  Mercuric  ox- 
ide. 

Red  Mercury  Sulfuret.    See  Mercury  sul- 
fide,  Red. 

Red  Mustard.    See  Sinapis  nigra. 

Red  Oil.    See  Acid  oleic. 

Red  Orpiment.    See  Arsenic  sulfide,  Red. 

Red  Oxide.    See  Iron  sesquioxide. 

Red  Pepper.    See  Capsicum. 

Red,  Persian.    See  Lead  chromate,  Basic. 

Red  Peruvian  Bark.    See  Cinchona  bark, 
Succirubra. 

Red  Precipitate.    See  Mercuric  oxide. 

Red  Prussiate  of  Potash.    See  Potassium 
ferricyanide. 

Red  Prussiate  of  Soda.    See  Sodium  fer- 
ricyanide. 

Red  Puccoon.     See  Sanguinaria. 
Red  Root.    See  Sanguinaria. 

Red    Santal   Wood.      See    Santalum    ru- 
brum. 

Red  Saunders.    See  Santalum  rubrum. 


Red,  Stone.    See  Ferric  oxide. 
Red,  Venetian.   See  Ferric  oxide. 
Red  Zinc  Oxide.     See  Zincite. 

Reddle.  An  ocherous,  red  clay  from  Ar- 
kansas. 

"Redmanol."*  An  organic  phenolic  con- 
densation product  invented  by  L.  V. 
Redman  and  used  for  production  of 
plastics,  artificial  amber,  electrical  in- 
sulation, lacquers,  etc. 

Regulus  of  Antimony.    See  Antimony. 

Rendrock.  A  dynamite  in  which  the 
nitroglycerin  is  mixed  with  an  alkaline 
nitrate,  wood-fiber  and  paraffin. 

Rennet.    See  Enzymes. 

Resin,  Benzoin.    See  Gum  benzoin. 

Resin,  Burgundy.    See  Pitch,  Burgundy. 

Resin,  Copaiba.     See  Gum  copaiba. 

Resin,  Copal.    See  Copal. 

Resin,  Damar.   See  Gum  damar. 

Resin,  Elemi.     See  Gum  elemi. 

Resin,  Guaiac.     See  Guaiac. 

Resin,  Jalap.     See  Jalap. 

Resin,  Kalandana.    See  Kalandana  resin. 

Resin,  Kino.     See  Kino. 

Resin,  Podophyllum.     See  Podophyllin. 

Resin,  Tolu.     See  Balsam  tolu. 

Resina,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Colophony. 

Resina  Jalapae,  U.  S.  P.    See  Jalap. 


Resina  Podophylli 


404 


Rhodium 


Resina  Podophylli,  U.  S.  P.    See  Podo- 
phyllum. 

Resina  Scammoniae,  U.  S.  P.     Resin  of 
scammony. 

Resinette.  A  synthetic  resin  produced 
by  condensing  phenol  and  formalde- 
hyde. 

Resinite.    A  synthetic  resin  produced  by 
condensing  phenol  and  formaldehyde. 

Resorcin.     See  Resorcinol. 

Resorcinol*  (Resorcin;  Meta-dioxyben- 
zene;  Dioxybenzene)  CeH4(pH)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Very  white  crys- 
tals, becoming  pink  on  exposure  to 
light  when  not  perfectly  pure;  un- 
pleasant, sweet  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.2717;  melt- 
ing-point iio°C;  boiling-point  280° C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  benzol  and 
amyl  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  fusing  benzene-meta- 
disulfonic  acid  with  sodium  hydrox- 
ide, dissolving  the  melt  in  water,  acid- 
ifying the  solution  with  hydrochloric 
acid  and  extracting  the  resorcinol 
with  a  volatile  solvent,  followed  by 
evaporation  of  the  latter. 

Method  of  purification:  Redistillation. 

Impurities:  Diresorcinol;  phenol;  sali- 
cylic acid. 

Grades:  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P.;  powder;  re- 
sublimed;  pure;  reagent;  commercial; 
crude. 

Containers:  Tin  cans;  amber  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  dyestuffs;  medi- 
cine; hair  tonics,  reagent  in  analytical 
chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Note:  There  is  also  a  compound  called 
resorcinol"  obtained  by  melting  the 
above  with  iodoform. 

Resorcinolphthalein.     See  Fluorescein. 
Resorcinum,  B.  P.    See  Resorcinol. 
Retinol.    See  Rosin  oil. 


Retort  Carbon.    See  Carbon,  retort. 

R  G  Acid.  See  Acid  naphtholdisulfonic. 
Alpha-. 

R  G  Salt.  The  sodium  salt  of  Acid  naph- 
tholdisulfonic, Alpha-. 

Rhatany.      See   Krameria. 
Rhei  Rhizoma,  B.  P.    See  Rhubarb. 
Rheum,  U.  S.  P.     See  Rhubarb. 
Rheumatism  Weed.      See   Chunaphila. 

Rhodanates.  The  same  as  sulfocyanates. 
See  under  the  individual  metals  which 
form  sulfocyanates. 

Rhodanides.  The  same  as  sulfocyanides. 
See  under  the  individual  metals  which 
form  sulfocyanides. 

Rhodium*  Rh. 

Color  and  properties:  Grayish-white, 
ductile,  malleable,  hard  metal. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  12.1;  melt- 
ing-point 1970°  C. 

Soluble  in  aqua  regia,  when  alloyed 
with  platinum. 

Derivation:  By  solution  of  platinum 
ores  or  native  platinum  in  aqua  regia, 
successive  removal  of  the  iridium  and 
platinum,  concentration  of  the  solu- 
tion and  ignition. 

Impurities:  Platinum;  iridium;  palla- 
dium. 

Grades:     Metal;  powder. 

Containers:  Canvas  sacks. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  rhodium  steel; 
electrical  pyrometers. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Rhodium  (Rose  wood). 

Derivation:  Wood  of  Convolvulus  sco- 
parius. 

Habitat:  Canary  Islands  and  West  In- 
dies. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Bags. 

Uses:  Cabinet  making;  perfumery;  the 
volatile  oil  is  used  as  a  bait  for 
marten  and  fox. 


Rhodochrosite 


405 


Roscoclite 


Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Rhodochrosite.  The  natural  manganese 
carbonate,  MnCOs,  from  Colorado  or 
Georgia. 

Rhodolite.     See  Garnet. 

Rhodonite.  The  manganese  silicate, 
MnSiOs,  found  in  California,  Maine, 
Massachusetts,  Montana,  New  York 
and  Rhode  Island. 

Rhoeados     Petula,     B.    P.       Red-poppy 

petals. 

Rhubarb.* 

Derivation:     The     dried     rhizome     of 

Rheum  officianale,  R.  palmatum,  etc. 

Habitat:     Central     Asia,     Europe     and 

Southern   Siberia. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.   P.;   B.  P. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Rhus  Glabra,  U.  S.  P.    See  Sumac. 

Rhus  Toxicodendrpn*  (Poison  ivy;  Poi- 
son oak;  climbing  ivy;  Three-leaved 
ivy;  Poison  vine). 

Derivation:  The  leaves  of  Rhus  radi- 
cans  (toxicpdendron). 

Chief  constituents:  Toxicondendrol, 
toxicodendric  acid,  resin,  gum,  rhus- 
tannic  acid  and  wax. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Bags. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Rice's  Bromine  Solution.  A  reagent 
used  for  the  quantitative  determination 
of  urea.  Bromine  125  g.;  Sodium  brom- 
ide 125  g.;  Water  to  make  1000  cc. 

Ricinoleic  Acid.    See  Acid  ricinoleic. 

Ricinus*  (Castor  oil  plant;  Pal  ma 
christi;  Mexico  seed;  Oil  plant;  Cas- 
tor bean). 


Derivation:  The  seeds  of  Ricinus  com- 

menus. 
Habitat:     East     Indies,     West     Indies, 

Southern  Europe,  Africa  and  U.  S. 
Grades:   Technical. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Source  of  castor  oil. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ricinus  Oil.    See  Castor  oil. 

Riegler*s  Test.  A  reagent  composed  of 
sodium  naphthionate  and  beta-naphthol, 
for  the  detection  of  nitrous  acid  in  very 
small  amounts. 

Roburite.  A  powerful  explosive,  used  in 
coal  mining  consisting  of  chlorodinitro- 
benzene  and  ammonium  nitrate. 

Rochelle  Salt.  See  Potassium-sodium 
tartrate. 

Rock  Alum.     See  Aluminum  oxide. 
Rock  Crystal.    See  Quartz. 
Rock  Oil.     See  Petroleum. 
Rock  Salt.    See  Sodium  chloride. 
Rock  Salt  Moss.    See  Chondrus. 
Rongalite.    See  Sodium  hydrosulfide. 

Rosa  Gallica  (French  rose;  Dutch  rose; 

Provins  rose;  Red  rose). 
Derivation:   Dried  petals   of  Rosa  gal- 

lica. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:  Boxes. 
Uses:   Medicine;   perfumery;   flavoring; 

source  of  rose  oil. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Rosae  Gallicae  Petala,  B.  P.  See  Rosa 
gallica. 

Roseine.     See  Fuchsine. 

Roscoelite.     A  vanadium   mica  carrying 


Rosemary 


406 


Rubus 


sometimes  as  much  as  28  per  cent  of 
VzOs,  sometimes  used  as  a  vanadium 
ore.  Colorado,  etc. 

Rosemary*  (Garden  rosemary). 

Derivation:  Flowers  and  leaves  of  Ros- 
marinus  officinalis. 

Habitat:  Mediterranean  basin;  culti- 
vated in  gardens. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Boxes. 

Uses:  Perfumery. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Rosenstiehl's  Green.     See  Barium  man- 
ganate. 

Rose  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  Pale  yellow, 
transparent,  volatile,  liquid  oil;  mild, 
sweet  taste;  strong,  fragrant  odor; 
semi-solid  at  ordinary  temperature. 

Chief  constituents:  Geraniol;  citronel- 
lol. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.845-0.865; 
solidifying-point  i8°-37°C.;  saponifi- 
cation  value  10-17;  acid  value  0.5-3. 

Derivation:  By  distillation  of  the  fresh 
flowers  of  Rosa  damascena. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Bulgarian;  German;  French; 
U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Copper  flasks;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:   Perfumes;  flavoring. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Rose  Quartz.    See  Quartz. 
Rose's  Metal.    See  Metals,  Fusible. 
Rosin.    See  Colophony. 
Rosinjack.     See  Sphalerite. 

Rosin  Oil  (Retinol;  Rosinol;  Codoil). 

Color  and  properties:  Water-white  to 
brown  liquid;  odorless;  strong,  pecu- 
liar taste. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.980-1.110. 

Soluble  in  ether,  chloroform,  fatty  oils 
and  carbon  bisulfide;  slightly  soluble 
in  alcohol. 


Derivation:  By  fractional  distillation  of 
rosin  in  a  retort,  that  portion  distil- 
ling above  360°  C.  being  rosin  oil. 

Method  of  purification^  Treatment  with 
sulfuric  acid,  followed  by  lime  water 
and  subsequent  distillation. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Lubricant;  adulterant  for  boiled 
linseed  oil. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Rosinol.    See  Rosin  oil. 

Rosolic  Acid.    See  Acid  rosolic. 

Rotten-stone.    See  Tripoli. 

Rouge.    See  Iron  oxide,  Red. 

Rouge,  Black.     See  Iron  oxide,  Black. 

Rowlandite.      Natural    yttrium    silicate, 
2Yt2O3.3SiO2,  from  Texas. 

Rubber.    See  Caoutchouc. 
Rubellite.     One  of  the  Tourmalines. 

Rubidium  Rb. 

Color  and  properties:  Soft,  silvery- 
white  metal;  very  easily  oxidized  in 
air.  Must  be  kept  immersed  in 
naphtha,  kerosene  or  the  like. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.532;  melt- 
ing-point 39°C.;  boiling-point  696° C. 

Soluble  in  acids  and  alcohol;  decom- 
poses water. 

Derivation:  (a)  Rubidium  chloride  is 
fused  and  electrolyzed. 

(b)  Rubidium  hydroxide  is  heated 
with  aluminum  in  a  current  of  hy- 
drogen. 

Method  of  purification:   Redistillation. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:   Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Rubidium  salts. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Rubus*   (Blackberry). 
Derivation:      The    dried    root-bark    of 
Rubus  villosus. 


Ruby 


407 


Saccharin 


Habitat:  Eastern  United  States. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:   Bags. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Ruby.     A  gem-stone  consisting  of  clear 
red  corundum  (aluminum  oxide). 

Ruby  Silver,  Dark.  See  Pyrargyrite. 
Ruby  Silver,  Light.  See  Proustite. 
Ruby  Wood.  See  Santalum  rubrum. 

Ruthenium  Ru. 

Color    and    properties:    Grayish-black, 
brittle  metal. 


Constants:  Specific  gravity  8.6;  melt- 
ing-point: Above  1950°  C. 

Soluble  in  aqua  regia;  insoluble  in 
water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  From  platinum  ore. 

Grades:   Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Ruthenium  salts;  alloys. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Rutile.  The  most  important  ahd  plenti- 
ful source  of  titanium,  being  natural 
crystallized  titanium  oxide,  TiC>2.  Oc- 
curs in  Arkansas,  Colorado,  Connecti- 
cut, North  Carolina,  South  Carolina  and 
Virginia. 


S  Acid.    See  Acid  aminonaphtholsulfonic 
1:8:4. 

St.  Ann's  Bark.    See  Cinchona  bark,  Suc- 
cirubra. 

St.  Ignatius  Beans  (Ignatia). 
Derivation.  The  bean  of  Ignata  amara. 
Habitat:  Philippine  Islands. 
Grades:  Commercial. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

St.  John's  Bread.    See  Hypericum. 

Sabadilla  (Cevadilla;  .Indian  barley-caus- 
tic). 

Derivation:  Seeds  of  Asagraea  omcin- 
alis. 

Habitat:  Mexico  to  Guatemala  and 
Venezuela. 

Grades:   Technical. 

Containers:  Bags. 

Uses:     Medicine;  source  of  veratrine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Sabal*  (Saw  palmetto). 
Derivation:    Partly  dried  ripe  berries  of 
Serenoa  serrulata. 


Habitat:  South  Carolina  to  Florida  and 

West  Indies. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Sabina.    See  Savin. 

Saccharin*  (Benzoylsulfonic  imide;  Ben- 
zosulfinide;  Neo-saccharin;  Gluside; 
Saccharol;  Glycosine;  Saxin;  Sykose; 
Glusimide;  Garantose;  Glusidum; 
Glycophenol;  Saccharinol;  Saccharin- 
ose;  Ortho-benzoic  sulfimide) 
C6H4COSO2NH. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder;  exceedingly  sweet  taste 
(500  times  that  of  cane-sugar). 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Decomposes 
at  220°  C. 

Soluble  in  amyl  acetate,  ethyl  acetate, 
benzol  and  alcohol;  slightly  soluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  A  mixture  of  toluenesulfon- 
ic  acids  is  converted  into  the  sodium 
salt,  then  distilled  with  phosphorus 
trichloride  and  chlorine  to  obtain  the 
ortho-  compound,  which,  by  means  of 
ammonia  is  converted  into  ortho-tol- 


Saccharin,  Soluble 


408 


Salicylic  Aldehyde 


uenesulfamide.  This  is  oxidized  with 
permanganate  to  the  alkali  salt  of 
ortho-benzenesulfaminic  acid  and  the 
latter  treated  with  acid  and  saccharin 
crystallized  out. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Commercial;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  sirups;  medicine; 
substitute  for  sugar,  particularly  in 
diabetes;  sweetening  champagne,  oils, 
soft  drinks,  etc. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Saccharin,  Soluble.  See  Sodium  benzo- 
sulfinide. 

Saccharinol.    See  Saccharin. 
Saccharinose!    See  Saccharin. 
Saccharol.    See  Saccharin. 
Saccharolactic  Acid.     See  Acid  mucic. 
Saccharose.     See  Sugar,   Cane. 

Saccharum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.  See  Sugar, 
Cane. 

Saccharum  Lactis,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See 

Lactose. 

Saccharum  Purificatum,  B.  P.  See  Sugar, 
Cane. 

Sacred  Bark.    See  Cascara  sagrada  bark. 
Safflower.     See  Carthamus. 
Saffron.    See  Crocus. 

Safranine.  A  dyestuff,  also  known  as 
Aniline  rose  or  Aniline  pink,  prepared 
by  oxidizing  para-toluylenediamine,  ani- 
line and  ortho-toluidine. 

Safrol*    (Allylpyrocatecholmethylene  es- 
ter;       Propyldioxybenzenemethylene 
ester;    Shikimol)    CsHgCeHgOaCHa. 
Color   and   properties:    A    colorless    or 


pale  yellow,  liquid  oil;  odor  of  sassa- 
fras; is  the  odor-giving  constituent  of 
sassafras,  camphor-wood  and  other 
oils;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.0960;  solid- 
ifying-point  -20°  C.;  melting-point 
n°C.;  boiling-point  233°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol"  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:   From   oil  of  sassafras. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Perfumery  and  soaps;  manufac- 
ture of  heliotropin,  piperonal;  medi- 
cine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Sage.     See  Salvia. 

Sago  Dextrine.    See  Dextrine. 

Sal  Acetosella.  See  Potassium  binoxa- 
late. 

Sal  Ammoniac.  See  Ammonium  chlor- 
ide. 

Sal  Chalybis.    See  Ferrous  sulfate. 

Sal  Prunella.  A  very  fine  potassium  ni- 
trate. 

Sal  Soda.    See  Sodium  carbonate. 
Sal    Tartar.     See  Sodium  tartrate. 

Salad  Oil..  Any  edible  oil,  used  for  mak- 
ing salad-dressing,  usually  olive  or  cot- 
ton-seed oil. 

Salicinum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    Salicin. 
Salicylic  Acid.    See  Acid  salicylic. 

Salicylic  Acid  Methylene  Acetate.     See 

Indoform. 

Salicylic  Acid  Phenyl  Ester.    See  Salol. 
Salicylic  Aldehyde.    See  Acid  salicylous. 


Salicylamide 


409 


Salufet 


Salicylamide*   C6H4(OH)CONH2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  taste- 
less, gritty,  crystalline  plates. 

Constants:  Melting-point  I39-9°C-; 
boiling-point:  Decomposes  at  27O°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form; slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Treatment  of  methyl  salicy- 
late  with  dry  ammonia  gas. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Salicylous  Acid.    See  Acid  salicylous. 

Salmon  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  Pale  golden-yel- 
low liquid;  mild,  sweet,  tolerably 
pleasant  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9258;  sa- 
ponification  value  182-188;  iodine 
value  161. 

Soluble  in  ether,  alcohol,  chloroform, 
benzine  and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  A  by-product  of  the  salmon 
canning  industry. 

Method  of  purification:  Filtration. 

Grades:  Crude;  refined. 

Containers:  Wood  barrels. 

Uses:  Soap;  leather  dressing. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Salol*  (Phenyl  salicylate;  Salicylic  acid 
phenyl  ester)  CoH4OHCp2CGH5. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystals; 
faint,  aromatic  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.2614;  melt- 
ing-point 4i.Q0C.;  boiling-point  172°- 
I73°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform, 
benzol  and  fatty  oils;  sparingly  solu- 
ble in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  salicylic  acid 
and  phenol  with  phosphorus  penta- 
chlortde  or  other  dehydrating  agent. 

Method  of  purification:  Rec"rystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  tins. 

Uses:  Medicine. 


Fire   hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Saloop.    See  Sassafras. 

Salt  Cake.*  The  lumps  obtained  in  the 
furnaces  in  the  manufacture  of  sodium 
sulfate,  consisting  of  Q2  to  99  per  cent 
of  sodium  sulfate,  and  containing  so- 
dium bisulfate,  calcium  sulfate,  iron 
sulfate,  iron  oxide,  magnesium  sulfate, 
silica  and  sodium  chloride  as  impurities. 

Salt,  Common.    See  Sodium  chloride. 
Salt,  Epsom.    See  Magnesium  sulfate. 
Salt,  Glauber's.     See  Sodium  sulfate. 

Salt  of  Lemon.  See  Potassium  binoxa- 
late. 

Saltpeter.     See  Potassium  nitrate. 
Saltpeter,  Chili.     See  Sodium  nitrate. 
Saltpeter,  Cubic.     See  Sodium  nitrate. 
Saltpeter,  Soda.    See  Sodium  nitrate. 
Saltpetre.      See    Potassium   nitrate. 
"Salt,  Preparing."    See  Sodium  stannatc. 
Salt,  Rock.     See  Sodium  chloride. 
Salt,  Sea.    See  Sodium  chloride. 

"Salt,  Silver."  The  sodium  salt  of  anthra- 
quinonemonosulfonic  acid. 

Salt  of  Sorrel.  See  Potassium  binoxa- 
late. 

Salt,  Table.    See  Sodium  chloride. 

Salt  of  Tartar.  See  Potassium  carbon^ 
ate. 

Salt,  Tin.     See  Stannous  chloride. 
Salufer.     See  Sodium  silicofluoride. 


Salvia 


410 


Santoninum 


Salvia*  (Sage;  Garden  sage). 
Derivation:  Dried  leaves  of  Salvia  offi- 

cinalis. 
Habitat:    Southern    Europe;    cultivated 

in    England,    France,    United    States 

and  Italy. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine;  condiment. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Samarskite.  A  very  complex  mineral 
from  North  Carolina  containing  cerium, 
columbium,  tantalum,  uranium,  yttrium 
and  small  amounts  of  other  metals. 


Containers:    Copper   flasks;    glass   bot- 
tles. 

Uses:    Medicine;    perfumery. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Sandalwood,  Red.   See  Santalum  rubrum. 
Sandarac.    See  Gum  Sandarac. 

Sandstone,  Asphaltic.     A  loose-textured 
sandstone,  containing  asphalt. 

Sandstone,  Bituminous.     See  Sandstone, 
Asphaltic. 


Sand  Acid.     See  Acid  hydrofluosilicic.          Sangrel.     See  Serpentaria. 


Sand,  Glass.  A  sand  of  medium  grain 
consisting  of  98  to  100  per  cent  of  silica 
(SiO2)  and  never  containing  as  much 
as  i  per  cent  of  iron  oxides.  Found  in 
many  parts  of  the  country. 

Sand,  Molding.  A  sand  used  for  making 
the  molds  for  casting  metal. 

Sand  Sedge.    See  Carex. 
Sand-star.     See  Carex. 

Sandalwood. 
Derivation:  Chips  or  pieces  of  the  wood 

of  Pterocarpus  santalinus. 
Habitat:  Madagascar. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Perfumes;  sandalwood  oil. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Sandalwood  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  A  thick,  yellow, 
volatile,  liquid  oil;  spicy  taste;  aro- 
matic odor. 

Chief  constituents:  Santatol;  santal  al- 
cohols and  esters  of  the  latter. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.953-0.985; 
saponification  value  5-15;  refractive 
index  1.505-1.510. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  Distillation  of  the  wood  of 
Santalum  album. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 


Sanguinaria*  (Bloodroot;  Red  puccoon; 
Red-root;  Puccoon  root;  Tetterwort). 

Derivation:  Dried  rhizome  of  Sangui- 
naria canadensis. 

Habitat:  North  America. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Bags. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Santalum  Rubrum  (Red  saunders;  Ruby 

wood;  Red  sandalwood). 
Derivation:   Heartwood  of  Pterocarpus 

santalinus. 

Habitat:  East  Indies. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Santalwood  Oil.     See  Sandalwood  oil. 

Santonica    (Levant    worm-seed;    Semen 

cinae). 
Derivation:    Dried,    unexpanded    flower 

heads  of  Artesmisia  pauciflora. 
Habitat:  Persia;  Turkestan  and  Russia. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:   Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Santoninum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See  San- 
tonin. 


Sapo 


411 


Sassafras  Pith 


Sapo,  U.  S.  P.    See  Soap. 

Sapo  Animalis,  B.  P.      Curd  soap. 

Sapo  Durus,  B.  P.    Hard  soap. 

Sapo  Mollis,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See  Soap, 
Soft. 


Saponin* 

Color  and  properties:  White,  amorph- 
ous glucoside;  pungent,  disagreeable 
taste  and  odor;  poisonous.  It  foams 
very  strongly  when  shaken  with 
water. 

Chief  constituents:  Sapotoxin,  lactosin 
and  quillajic  acid. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  from  the  root 
of  saponaria  officinalis,  bark  of  quill- 
aja  root  or  Indian  chestnut. 

Grades:  Crude,  purified;  highest  purity. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Foam  producer  in  beverages;  de- 
tergent in  the  textile  industries;  siz- 
ing; substitute  for  soap;  fire  extin- 
guishers. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sappan  Wood. 
Derivation:   A   redwood    of   commerce, 

Caesalpinia  sappan. 
Habitat:  China,  Japan  and  Siam. 
Grades:  Technical;  B.  P. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Textile  dyeing;  medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Sardine  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  Pale  golden-yel- 
low liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9274- 
0.9330;  melting-point  28°-36°C.;  acid 
value  4-25;  Hehner  value  95-97;  sa- 
ponification  value  ^189-193;  Iodine 
value  181-193;  refractive  index  1.4802- 
1.4808. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform, 
benzine  and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  By  chopping  up  sardines 
and  subjecting  them  to  boiling  and 
pressing. 


Grades:  Crude;  refined. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Soap;  leather  stuffing;  lubricant. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Sarsaparilla.* 

Derivation:  The  dried  root  of  Smilax 
officinalis,  etc. 

Habitat:  Southern  U.  S.,  Honduras, 
Jamaica,  Mexico,  Guatemala  and  Bra- 
zil. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Bags. 

Uses:    Medicine;    soft   drinks. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Sassafras  Bark*  (Saxifrax;  Ague  tree; 
Cinnamon  wood;  Saloop). 

Derivation:  The  dried  bark  of  root  of 
Sassafras  variifolium. 

Habitat:  North  America. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Bags. 

Uses:  Medicine;  confectionery;  flavor- 
ing. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Sassafras  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish  or  red- 
dish-yellow, volatile  liquid  oil;  pun- 
gent, aromatic  odor  and  warm,  aro- 
matic taste. 

Chief  constituents:  Safrol,  eugenol, 
camphor,  pinene,  phellandrene. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.065-1.095; 
optical  rotation  +i  to  +4. 

Soluble   in   alcohol,    ether,    chloroform, 

tlacial  acetic  acid  and  carbon  bisul- 
de. 
Derivation:   Distillation  of  the  bark  of 

Sassafras  officinalis. 
Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 
Impurities:  Terpenes. 
Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:   Iron   drums;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Flavoring;  perfumery;  medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Sassafras  Pith.* 
Derivation:  The  dried  pith  of  Sassafras 

variifolium. 
Habitat:  North  America. 


Satin  Spar 


412 


Scoparii  Cacumina 


Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Bags. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Satin  Spar.    See  Gypsum. 

Satureja*    (Summer  savory). 
Derivation:    The    herb    of   the    summer 

savory,  Satureja  hortensis. 
Habitat:     Europe  and  U.  S. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Savin*  (Sabina). 

Derivation:  Tops  of  Juniperus  sabina. 
Habitat:  Europe,  northern  Asia,  North 

America    south    to    New    York    and 

Montana. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine;  savin  oil. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Savin  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  to  pale 
yellow  liquid. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Sabinol;  ca- 
dinene;  pinene. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.910-0.930; 
optical  rotation  +40°  to  +60°. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form^ 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  fresh 
leaves  and  twigs  of  Juniperous  sabina. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  copper  flasks. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Savory,  Summer.    See  Satureja. 
Saw  Palmetto  Berries.     See  Sabal. 
Saxifrax.     See  Sassafras. 
Saxin.    See  Saccharin. 
Saxoline.     Sec  Petrolatum. 


Scabious.    See  Erigeron. 

Scammonise,  U.  S.  P.  See  Scammony 
root. 

Scammoniae  Radix,  B.  P.  See  Scam- 
mony root. 

Scammoniae  Resina,  B.  P.  Scammony 
resin. 

Scammony  Root. 
Derivation:  Root  of  Convolvulus  scam- 

monia. 

Habitat:  Asia  Minor  and  Greece. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Schaeffer's  Acid.  See  Acid  naphtholsul- 
fonic,  Beta-. 

Schaeffer's  Salt.  The  sodium  salt  of 
Schaeffer's  acid,  beta-naphtholsulfonic 
acid,  used  in  the  manufacture  of  dye- 
stuffs. 

Schaffer's  Acid.  See  Acid  naphtholsul- 
fonic,  Beta-. 

Schaffer's  Salt     See  Schaeffer's  salt. 

Scheele's  Green.  See  Copper-hydrogen 
arsenite. 

Scheelite.  Natural,  calcium  tungstate, 
CaWO4,  one  of  the  most  important 
sources  of  the  metal  tungsten,  contain- 
ing about  65  per  cent  of  the  latter. 
Found  in  Arizona,  California,  Colorado, 
Connecticut,  Idaho,  Montana,  Nevada, 
New  Mexico,  South  Dakota,  Utah  and 
Washington. 

Schweinfurth  Green.  See  Copper  aceto- 
arsenite. 

Scilla,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Squill. 
Scoparii  Cacumina,  B.  P.    See  Scoparius. 


Scoparius 


413 


Selenium 


Scoparius*  (Broom;  Green  broom; 
Scotch  broom;  Irish  broom;  Hog- 
weed;  Bannal). 

Derivation:  Dried  tops  of  Cytisus  sco- 
parius. 

Habitat:  Western  Asia,  Southern  and 
Western  Europe;  cultivated  in  the 
United  States. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Bags. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Scopola   (Japanese  belladonna). 
Derivation:    Dried   rhizome   of  Scopola 

carniolica. 
Habitat:      Japan,      Germany,      Austria, 

Hungary  and  Russia. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:    Bags. 
Uses:   Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Scopolaminae  Hydrobromidum,  U.  S.  P. 

Scopolamine  hydrobromide. 

Scorodite.  Natural  ferrous  arsenate, 
Fe2O3.As2O5.4H2O,  from  Utah  and 
Washington. 

Scotch  Broom.     See  Scoparius. 

Scutellaria*  (Skullcap;  Helmet  flower). 
Derivation:  Dried  plant  of  Scutellaria 

lateriflora. 
Habitat:     British     America     south     to 

Florida  and  New  Mexico. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:    Bags. 
Uses:   Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Scythestone.  A  whetstone  suitable  for 
sharpening  scythes. 

Sea  Moss.    See  Irish  moss. 
Sea  Onion.    See  Squill. 
Sea  Parsley.    See  Lovage. 
Sea  Salt.    See  Sodium  chloride. 


Seal  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  White  or  pale 
yellow  to  red-brown  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9240- 
0.9263;  melting-point  22°-33°C;  acid 
value  1.9-40;  solidifying  point  -2  to 
-3;  Hehner  value  93-96;  saponifica- 
tion  value  189-196;  iodine  value  127- 
159;  refractive  index  14741. 

Soluble  in  ether,  chloroform,  benzine 
and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  The  membranes  of  brain 
and  back  of  seals  are  allowed  to  melt 
and  putrefy  in  the  sun,  then  extracted 
by  boiling  with  water. 

Grades:    "Water-white";    "straw    seal"; 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels, 
"yellow  seal";  "brown  seal." 

Uses:  Soap  manufacture. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Secale  Cornutum.    See  Ergot. 

Secondary  Butylcarbinol.     See  Amyl  al- 
cohol, Active. 

Secondary  Calcium  Phosphate.     Calcium 
phosphate,   Dibasic. 

Sedatine.     See  Antipyrine. 
Seed  Oil.     See  Cotton-seed  oil. 

Seignette    Salt.      See    Potassium-sodium 
tartrate. 

Selenious  Acid.    See  Acid  selenous. 
Selenite.     See  Gypsum. 

Selenium*  Ses. 

Color  and  properties:  Steel-gray,  non- 
metallic  rods  or  buttons;  very  high 
luster;  crystalline  surface  on  being 
broken.  Also  occurs  in  the  form  of 
dark-red  crystals  or  powder,  soluble 
in  carbon  bisulfide  and  melting  be- 
tween 170°  and  i8o°C.  Selenium 
burns  in  air  with  a  bluish-red  flame, 
forming  selenium  dioxide. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.26-4.28; 
melting-point  2i7°C.;  boiling-point 


Selenous  Acid 


414 


Serpentaria 


Soluble  in  concentrated  sulfuric  acid; 
insoluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  Occurs  in  nature  in  copper 
ores  from  which  it  is  removed  during 
the  electrolytic  refining  of  copper  in 
the  mud  which  settles  in  the  cells.  It 
is  obtained  by  extraction  with  alkali 
cyanides  and  precipitation  with  hy- 
drochloric acid,  followed  by  oxidation 
with  nitric  acid  and  evaporation, 
selenium  dioxide  remaining. 

Method  of  purification:  By  sublimation 
and  reduction  by  means  of  an  aque- 
ous solution  of  sulfur  dioxide. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:   Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Photometry;  electrical  experi- 
mental work;  glass  and  rubber  manu- 
facture; bacteriology;  photography  of 
sound  and  its  reproduction;  wireless 
telephony;  biological  chemistry.  The 
allotropic,  red  powder  form  is  used 
in  microscopy  as  an  imbedding 
material. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Selenous  Acid.    See  Acid  selenous. 

Semecarpus  (Oriental  cashew-nut; 
Malacca  nut;  Marany  nut;  Marking 
nut;  Acajou-nut;  Mangle). 

Derivation:  The  fruit  of  Semecarpus 
anacardium. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Bags. 

Uses:  Medicine;  manufacturing  indeli- 
ble inks;  coloring  fats  and  oils  black; 
making  the  so-called  "Silhets'  varnish 
or  lacquer'  for  iron  and  stone  vessels; 
cashew  oil. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Semen  Cinae.     See  Santonica. 
Semen  Enicae.     See  Sinapis  alba. 
"Seneca  Oil."     See  Petroleum. 
Seneca  Root.    See  Senega. 

Senega*  (Senega  snakeroot;  Seneca 
root;  Rattlesnake  root). 


Derivation:     Dried     root     of     Polygala 

senega. 
Habitat:    North    America    (Canada    to 

South  Carolina,  west  to  Wisconsin). 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;   B.  P. 
Containers:    Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:   None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:   None. 

Senega  Snakeroot.    See  Senega. 
Senegae  Radix,  B.  P.     See  Senega. 
Senegal  Gum.     See  Gum  Senegal. 

Senna. 
Derivation:     Dried    leaflets    of    Cassia 

acutifolia,  etc. 
Habitat:     Nubia,     Barbary,     Abyssinia. 

Egypt  and  Southern  India. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Sennas  Folia,  B.  P.    See  Senna. 
Sennas  Fructus,  B.  P.    Senna  pods. 

Sepia  (Cuttle-fish  bone). 

Derivation:  A  calcareous  substance 
found  under  the  skin  of  the  back  of 
the  cuttle-fish  (Sepia  ofiicinalis). 

Uses:  Polishing  agent;  tooth  powders. 

Sepia.  A  reddish-brown  pigment  pre- 
pared from  the  ink  of  the  cuttlefish. 
It  is  a  mixture  of  calcium  carbonate, 
magnesium  carbonate,  melanin,  and  an 
organic  black  coloring  matter. 

Sepiolite.     See  Meerschaum. 
Sericose.     See   Cellulose  acetate. 

Serpentaria*  (Virginia  snakeroot;  Snake- 
root;  Snake  weed;  Sangrel;  Birth- 
wort). 

Derivation:    Dried    rhizome    and    roots 
of  Aristolochia  serpentaria. 
Habitat:  U.  S. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Bags: 


Serpentariae 


415 


Shark-liver  Oil 


Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Serpentariae   Rhizome,  B.  P.      See   Ser- 
pentaria. 

Serpentine.     See  Asbestos. 

Serum  Antidiphthericum,  U.  S.  P. 
Antidiphtheric  serum. 

Serum  Antidiphthericum  Purificatum,  U. 
S.  P.    Antidiphtheric  serum,  Purified. 

Serum   Antidiphthericum   Siccum,  U.   S. 
P.    Antidiphtheric  serum,  Dried. 

Serum   Antitetanicum,   U.   S.   P.      Anti- 
tetanic  serum. 

Serum  Antitetanicum  Purificatum,  U.  S. 
P.     Antitetanic  serum,  Purified. 

Serum  Antitetanicum  Siccum,  U.   S.  P. 

Antitetanic  serum,  Dried. 

Sesame  Oil*  (Benne  oil;  Teel  oil;  Gin- 
gelly  oil;  Gigily  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  A  fixed,  bland, 
yellow,  liquid  oil.  Does  not  readily 
become  rancid. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Olein, 
stearin,  palmitin,  myristin,  linolein 
and  sesamin. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9210- 
0.9244;  solidifying-point  -5°C;  melt- 
ing-point 26°-32°C;  acid  value  0.2-46; 
Hehner  value  95.7;  saponification  val- 
ue 188-193;  iodine  value  103-114;  re- 
fractive index  1.4748-1.4762. 

Soluble  in  chloroform,  carbon  bisulfide 
and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  pressing  from  Sesame 
orientale  grown  in  China,  Japan,  East 
Indies  and  South  America. 

Method  of  purification:  Filtration. 

Grades:  Edible,  should  contain  less 
than  i  per  cent  free  fatty  acids;  semi- 
refined;  coast. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  oleomargarine, 
soap,  cosmetics,  etc.;  general  use 
similar  to  olive  and  almond  oils  which 


are   frequently   adulterated  with   ses- 
ame oil;  production  of  iodipin. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Sevum    Benzoatum,    B.    P. 
suet. 


Benzoated 


Sevum  Praepartum,  U.  S.  P.,  B  P.  Pre- 
pared suet. 

Shale.  A  fine-grained  rock  formed  by 
the  consolidation  of  silt  or  clay,  hav- 
ing a  slate-like  cleavage.  When  carry- 
ing petroleum  in  the  interstices  it  is 
called  oil-bearing  shale,  when  carrying 
bituminous  matter  which  yields  oils 
and  tarry  substances  when  destructively 
distilled  it  is  called  oil-shale.  Oil-shale 
occurs  in  quantity  in  Scotland  where  it 
has  been  worked  for  a  number  of  years 
as  a  source  of  oil,  gas  and  tar.  It  is 
also  found  in  Kentucky,  Colorado, 
Utah,  Nevada,  Montana,  California  and 
Canada  in'  workable  quantities. 

Shark  Oil  (Dog-fish  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow  to  red- 
brown  liquid;  characteristic  odor,  not 
disagreeable  if  the  oil  is  refined. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9179:  sa- 
ponification value  170;  iodine  value 
126. 

Soluble  in  ether,  chloroform,  benzine 
and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  By  expression  from  the 
livers  of  the  dog-fish,  Squalus  acan- 
thius. 

Method  of  purification:  Filtration. 

Grades:  Crude;  refined. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Paints;  currying  leather;  soaps; 
waterproofing. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Shark-liver  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-brown- 
red  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9286;  re- 
fractive index  1.4743;  iodine  number: 
155- 

Soluble  in  chloroform,  ether,  carbon 
bisulfide  and  benzol. 


Sheep  Berry 


416 


Silicon  Chloride 


Derivation:  Obtained  from  the  livers 
of  the  shark,  Hypoprian  brevirostris 
by  the  same  process  employed  in  the 
cod-liver  oil  industry. 

Method  of  purification:  Filtration. 

Grades:  Yellow  strained;  red;  yellow; 
yellow-red;  Japanese;  crude;  refined. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Leather  dressing;  oil  tannage; 
varnishes;  paints. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Sheep  Berry.   See  Viburnum  prunifolium. 

Shellac  (Lac,  Lacca). 

Derivation:  A  resin  produced  by  the 
bite  or  sting  of  a  certain  insect 
(Coccus  lacca),  appearing  as  a  thick 
excrescence  on  the  small  twigs  of 
several  species  of  East  Indian  trees. 
It  is  collected  and  in  this  form  is 
known  as  "stick  lac."  The  crude  lac 
is  macerated  in  order  to  extract  a 
brilliant  red  dye  known  as  lac  dye. 
The  seed  lac  is  refined  by  melting  and 
straining  and  is  then  poured  in  thin 
films  over  cylinders  or  plates  and 
allowed  to  cool.  When  it  hardens 
and  scales  off  in  thin  flakes,  it  is 
known  as  shellac,  or  it  is  poured  into 
moulds  to  form  "button"  or  garnet 
lac.  This  is  the  orange  shellac  of 
commerce.  White  shellac  is  made  by 
bleaching  orange  shellac  with  so- 
dium hypochlorite. 

Grades:  D.  C;  V.  S.  O.;  Diamond  i; 
Superfine  orange;  Fine  orange;  Me- 
dium orange;  T.  N.;  A.  C.  garnet; 
Button;  Bleached,  ground;  Bleached, 
bone-dry. 

Containers:   Wooden    boxes. 

Uses:   Varnishes;   leather   dressing. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Shikimol.    See  Safrol. 

Shumac.  The  same  as  sumac.  See  Ex- 
tract of  sumac. 

Siderite  (Spathic  iron  ore).  Natural  iron 
carbonate,  FeCOs,  containing  48  per 
cent  of  iron  occurring  in  workable 
quantity  in  many  states  and  Canada. 


Sienna.  A  brownish  orange  yellow  clay 
colored  by  iron  and  manganese  oxides, 
used  as  a  pigment  and  found  in  Ala- 
bama, California  and  Pennsylvania. 
Also  used  to  designate  the  color. 

Silex.    The  same  as  silica.    See  Quartz. 
Silica.    See  Quartz. 
Siliceous  Earth.     See  Kieselgur. 
Silicium.    The  latin  name  for  silicon. 
Silicofluoric  Acid.    See  Acid  silicofluoric. 

Silicon*    (Silicium)    Si. 
Color  and  properties:   (a)   Gray,  amor- 
phous,   non-metallic    element,    which 
burns  in  air  when  ignited. 

(b)  Also  obtained  as  hard,  lustrous, 
crystalline  leaflets  which  do  not  burn 
in  air.  Is  a  non-conductor  of  elec- 
tricity. 


Constants: 

Specific  gravity 

Melting-point 

Boiling-point 


(a) 

2.00 


(b) 

,4,'cdg 
35°o°C 


Soluble  in  hydrofluoric  acid  and  alkalis; 
insoluble  in  water,  nitric  acid  and 
hydrochloric  acid. 

Derivation:  By  heating  quartz  in  an 
electric  furnace  with  wood  charcoal, 
lime  and  manganese  oxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Treatment  with 
hydrochloric  and  hydrofluoric  acids. 

Impurities:  Iron;  carbon. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  silicon  tetra- 
chloride,  silicon-bronze,  silicon-copper 
and  ferro-silicon;  production  of  hy- 
drogen. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Silicon  Bronze.*  An  alloy  of  copper,  tin 
and  silicon  used  for  telephone  and  tele- 
graph wires. 

Silicon  carbide.  See  Carborundum,  Crys- 
tolon  and  Electrolon. 

Silicon  Chloride.  See  Silicon  tetrachlor- 
ide. 


Silicon-Copper 


417 


Silver  Bromide 


Silicon-Copper*   (Copper  silicide). 
Color  and  properties:     A  hard,  tough, 

bronze-like  alloy. 
Derivation:    From    silicon    and    copper 

electrolytically. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Boxes. 
Uses:  Manufacture  of  silicon-bronze. 
Fire  hazard:   None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Silicon,  Ferro.     See  Ferro-silicon. 

Silicon  Tetrachloride*  (Silicon  chloride) 
SiCl4. 

Color  and  properties:  A  clear,  colorless, 
exceedingly  mobile,  fuming  liquid; 
suffocating  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.524;  melt- 
ing-point -89°C.;  boiling-point  59.6° C. 

Decomposes  in  water. 

Derivation:  Silicon  carbide  is  packed 
around  a  resistor  and  electrically 
heated,  whereupon  chlorine  is  passed 
through  the  mass  and  the  silicon 
tetrachloride  condensed  from  the  es- 
caping gas. 

Impurities:   Silicon  hexachloride. 

Grades:  Technical.  » 

Containers:  Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Smoke  screens  in  warfare. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  White 
label. 

Silicotungstic  Acid.  See  Acid  silicotung- 
stic. 

Silicowolframic  Acid.  See  Acid  silico- 
tungstic. 

"Sil-O-Cel."  A  proprietary  brand  of 
kieselgur  and  heat  insulation  products 
made  therefrom. 

Silver*  (Argentum)  Ag. 
Color  and  properties:  White,  malleable, 
lustrous,  soft,  ductile  metal,  some- 
times found  native,  but  more  fre- 
quently as  the  sulfide  or  other  com- 
pound. Silver  is  found  in  nature  in 
the  following  minerals  or  ores:  Ac- 
anthite,  amalgam,  argentite,  brong- 
niardidite,  bromyrite,  calaverite,  cer- 
argyrite,  dyscrastite,  electrum,  em- 


bolite,  freibergite,  freieslebenite,  ga- 
lena, hessite,  iodyrite,  krennerite, 
nagyagite,  petzite,  polybasite,  prous- 
tite,  pyrargynte,  stephanite,  stete- 
feldite,  stromeyerite,  sylvanite  and 
xanthoconite.  The  silver  of  com- 
merce comes  chiefly  from  galena,  ar- 
gentite, pyrargyrite,  cerargyrite  and 
the  complex  ores  from  the  Cobalt  dis- 
trict in  Canada.  The  world's  silver 
now  comes  chiefly  from  the  U.  S., 
Canada,  Mexico,  South  America  and 
Japan. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  10.53;  melt- 
ing-point 96i.5°C;  boiling-point 
I955°C. 

Soluble  in  nitric  acid  and  hot  concen- 
trated sulfuric  acid;  insoluble  in 
water  and  alkalis. 

Derivation:  (a)  Amalgamation  with 
mercury,  which  is  afterwards  distilled 
off  and  used  again. 

(b)  Extraction  with  alkali  cyanides 
followed    by    precipitation    with    zinc 
or  aluminum. 

(c)  By  fusion  of  the  ore  with  lead 
and  oxidation  of  the  latter. 

Method  of  purification:  For  chemical 
purposes  silver  is  purified  by  dissolv- 
ing in  nitric  acid,  precipitating  the 
chloride  with  hydrochloric  acid, 
washing  the  chloride,  dissolving  and 
precipitating  with  pure  zinc. 

Impurities:  Other  metals,  particularly 
lead. 

Grades:  Powder;  sheet;  foil;  bars;  wire; 
droplets. 

Uses:  Alloys;  solder;  jewelry;  foil; 
wire;  coins;  chemical  apparatus; 
manufacture  of  mirrors;  silver  plat- 
ing; table-ware;  ornamentation;  cut- 
lery; dentistry;  surgery  preparation 
of  silver  salts. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Silver  Bromide*  AgBr. 

Color  and  properties:  Pale  yellow  crys- 
tals or  powder,  darkening  on  expos- 
ure to  light,  finally  turning  black. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  6.473;  melt- 
ing-point 427°C;  boiling-point:  De- 
composes at  /oo°C. 

Soluble  in  potassium  bromide,  potas- 
sium cyanide  and  sodium  thiosulfate 


Silver  Chloride 


418 


Silver  Nitrate 


solutions;  very  slightly  soluble  in 
water  and  ammonium  hydroxide. 

Derivation:  Silver  nitrate  is  dissolved 
in  water  and  a  solution  of  alkali 
bromide  added  slowly.  The  precipi- 
tated silver  bromide  is  washed  re- 
peatedly with  hot  water.  The  whole 
operation  must  be  carried  on  in  a 
dark-room  under  a  ruby-red  light. 

Impurities:  Silver  nitrate;  alkali  brom- 
ide. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Amber  or  black  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Photography. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Silver  Chloride*  AgCl. 

Color  and  properties:  White  granular 
powder,  which  darkens  on  exposure 
to  light,  finally  turning  black.  Ex- 
ists in  several  modifications  differing 
in  conduct  towards  light  and  also  in 
their  solubility  in  various  solvents. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  5.561;  melt- 
ing-point 45i°C. 

Soluble  in  ammonium  hydroxide,  con- 
centrated sulfuric  acid  and  sodium 
thiosulfate  and  potassium  bromide 
solutions;  very  slightly  soluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  Silver  nitrate  solution  is 
heated  and  hydrochloric  acid  or  salt 
solution  added.  The  whole  is  boiled, 
then  filtered,  all  in  the  dark  or  under 
a  ruby-red  light. 

Method  of  purification:  Re-solution 
in  ammonium  hydroxide  and  precipi- 
tation by  hydrochloric  acid. 

Impurities:  Silver  nitrate. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Amber  or  black  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Photography;  photometry;  sil- 
ver plating;  production  of  pure  silver; 
medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Silver,  Colloidal.    See  Collargol. 

Silver  Cyanide*  AgCN. 
Color  and  properties:  White,  odorless, 


tasteless  powder  which  darkens  on 
exposure  to  light;  very  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.95;  melt- 
ing-point: Decomposes  when  heated. 

Soluble  in  ammonium  hydroxide,  dilute 
boiling  nitric  acid  and  potassium  cy- 
anide and  sodium  thiosulfate  solu- 
tions^ insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  adding  sodium  or  potas- 
sium cyanide  to  a  solution  of  silver 
nitrate. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Amber  or  black  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Silver  Glance.     See  Argentite. 

Silver  Iodide*  Agl. 

Color  and  properties:  Pale  yellow,  odor- 
less, tasteless  powder,  darkening  on 
exposure  to  light. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  5.675;  melt- 
ing-point 556°  C. 

Soluble  in  hydriodic  acid,  potassium 
iodide,  potassium  cyanide,  sodium 
chloride  and  sodium  thiosulfate  solu- 
tions; insoluble  in  water  and  am- 
monium hydroxide. 

Derivation:  Silver  nitrate  solution  is 
heated,  alkali  iodide  solution  added 
and  the  precipitate  washed  with  boil- 
ing water,  in  ^ the  dark  or  under  ruby- 
red  illumination. 

Impurities:  Silver  nitrate  and  alkali 
iodide. 

Grades:     Technical;  pure. 

Containers:  Amber  or  black  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  photography. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Silver  Leaf.     See  Stillingia. 

Silver  Nitrate*  (Lunar  caustic)  AgNOs. 
Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  crys- 
tal plates,  darkening  on  exposure  to 
light  in  presence  of  organic  matter; 
bitter,  caustic  metallic  taste;  poison- 
ous and  corrosive. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.352;  melt- 
ing-point 2i8°C.;  boiling-point:  De- 
composes. 


Silver  Ore 


419 


Silver  Sulfide 


-\     Soluble  in  water,  ether  and  glycerine. 

Derivation:  Silver  is  dissolved  in  dilute 
nitric  acid,  the  solution  evaporated. 

Method  of  purification:  The  mass  ob- 
tained by  the  evaporation  of  the  solu- 
tion is  heated  to  a  dull  red-heat  to  de- 
compose any  copper  nitrate  and  dis- 
solved in  water,  concentrated  and 
allowed  to  crystallize. 

Impurities:   Copper  nitrate. 

Grades:  Crystal;  fused;  diluted  (with 
potassium  nitrate  and  fused);  cones 
(with  5  per  cent  AgCl);  reagent; 
technical. 

Containers:  Amber  or  black  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Photography;  dyeing  hair, 
mother-of-pearl,  etc.;  reagent  in 
chemical  laboratories;  silver  plating; 
indelible  ink;  manufacture  of  silver 
salts;  glass  manufacture;  mirror  man- 
ufacture; medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 


Silver  Ore,  Brittle.     See  Stephanite. 

Silver      Ortho-phosphate.        See      Silver 
phosphate. 

Silver  Oxide*  Ag2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Dark  brown 
odorless  powder;  metallic  taste;  must 
not  be  triturated  with  organic  mat- 
ter, may  cause  explosions. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  7.521;  melt- 
ing-point: Decomposes  when  heated 
above  300° C. 

Soluble  in  ammonium  hydroxide,  po- 
tassium cyanide  solution,  nitric  acid 
and  sodium  thiosulfate  solution;  very 
slightly  soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:  Silver  nitrate  and  alkali  hy- 
droxide solutions  are  mixed,  the  pre- 
cipitate filtered  and  washed. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  polishing  glass. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Silver  also  forms  two  other  oxides, 
Ag4<D  and  Ag4O,  of  no  commercial 
importance. 


Silver  Phenolsulfonate. 
focarbolate. 


See  Silver  sul- 


Silver  Phosphate*  (Silver  ortho-phos- 
phate) AgaPO4. 

Color  and  properties:  A  yellow  powder; 
turns  brown  when  heated  or  on  ex- 
posure to  light. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  7.321;  melt- 
ing-point 849°C. 

Soluble  in  acids,  potassium  cyanide  so- 
lution and  ammonium  hydroxide; 
very  slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  silver 
nitrate  and  sodium  phosphate. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Amber  or  black  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  In  photographic  emulsions  in- 
stead of  the  nitrate. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Silver-Potassium  Cyanide*  KAg(CN)2. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystals; 
permanent  in  light;  exceedingly  poi- 
sonous. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol;  insoluble 
in  acids. 

Derivation:  By  adding  silver  chloride  to 

a  solution  of  potassium  cyanide. 

Impurities:  Silver. 

Grades:   Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Silver  plating;  bactericide;  anti- 
septic. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

"Silver  Salt."  The  sodium  salt  of  An- 
thraquinone  monosulfonic  acid,  used  in 
dyestuff  manufacture. 

Silver  Sulfide*  Ag2S. 
Color  and  properties:  A  grayish-black, 

heavy  powder. 
Constants:      Specific    gravity    6.85-7.32; 

melting-point     842°  C.;     boiling-point: 

Decomposes. 
Soluble    in    concentrated    sulfuric    and 

nitric  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:   By  passing   hydrogen   sul- 

fide  gas   into   silver  nitrate   solution, 

washing  and  drying. 


Silver  Sulfocarbolate 


420 


Snake  Root 


Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:   Inlaying  in  niello  metal-work. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Silver  Sulfocarbolate*  (Silver  sulfophen- 
ylate;   Silver  phenolsulfonate) 
C6H4OHSO3Ag. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder,  darkening  on  exposure 
to  light. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  silver 
oxide  and  phenolsulfonic  acid. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Amber  or  black  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Silver  Sulfophenylate.     See  Silver  sulfo- 
carbolate. 

Simaruba  Bark  (Mountain  damson;  Bit- 
ter damson;  Paradise  tree;  Paraiba). 

Derivation:  Bark  of  Simaruba  officinalis. 

Habitat:  Guiana,  Martinique  and 
Jamaica. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Bags. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations;  None. 

Sinapis  Alba*   (White  mustard;   Yellow 

mustard;  Semen  erucae). 
Derivation:  Seed  of  Sinapis  alba. 
Habitat:  Europe;  Asia;  U.  S. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:  Tins. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Sinapis    Nigra*     (Black    mustard;     Red 
mustard). 

Derivation:  Seed  of  Brassica  nigra. 
Habitat:  Europe,  Asia  and  U.  S. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:  Tins. 
Uses:     Medicine;    condiment;    mustard 

oil. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Sipylite.  A  native  erbium  columbate, 
also  containing  the  cerium  and  other 
metals.  Found  in  Virginia. 

Sisal. 

Derivation:  From  the  agave  plant, 
Agave  rigida,  etc. 

Habitat:  Central  America  and  West  In- 
dies. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:    Bales. 

Uses:  Twine  manufacture. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Skull  Cap.    See  Scutellaria. 
Slag-wool.     See  Mineral  wool. 
Slaked  Lime.    See  Calcium  hydroxide. 
Slippery  Elm.    See    Ulmus. 

Sloe  Leaf  Viburnum.  See  Viburnum 
prunifolium. 

Sludge,  Acid.     See  Acid  sludge. 

Small  Fennel  Flower.   See  Nigella  sativa. 

Smalt.* 

Color  and  properties:  Blue  powder. 

Derivation:  A  potash-cobalt  glass  made 
by  fusing  pure  sand  and  potash  with 
cobalt  oxide,  grinding  and  powder- 
ing. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Paint  pigment,  ceramic  indus- 
tries. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Smaltite.  A  cobalt  diarsenide,  CoAs2, 
found  in  Ontario  and  Colorado.  When 
pure  contains  28  per  cent  of  cobalt. 
Sometimes  contains  considerable 
amounts  of  nickel. 

Smithsonite.  Native  zinc  carbonate, 
ZnCO3  containing  52  per  cent  of  zinc, 
found  in  many  of  the  states,  usually 
associated  with  other  zinc  ores. 

Snake  Root.    See  Serpentaria. 


Snake-root  Oil 


421 


Soda  Ash 


Snake-root  Oil.     See  Asarum  oils. 

Snake-root  Oil,  Canada.  See  Asarum 
canadense  oil. 

Snake-weed.  See  Euphorbia  pilulifera 
and  Serpentaria. 

Snow-ball  Bush.     See  Viburnum  opulos. 
Soamin.    See  Sodium  arsanilate. 

Soap.*  Usually  the  sodium  salt  of  oleic, 
stearic  or  palmitic  acids  or  of  a  mix- 
ture of  these,  and  in  general  of  the  fatty 
acids  contained  in  natural  fats  and  oils. 

The  tallow  or  other  fat  is  mixed  and 
gently  heated  in  a  tank  with  about  one- 
fourth  of  the  amount  of  caustic  soda 
(in  the  form  of  a  solution  of  io°Be) 
necessary  for  complete  saponification. 
After  the  mass  has  become  homogene- 
ous, additional  caustic  (in  the  form  of  a 
hot  solution  of  12°  to  i4°Be),  is  grad- 
ually added  until  the  well  stirred  and 
boiling  mixture  becomes  thick,  homo- 
geneous and  clear.  The  mixture  is  now 
boiled  more  vigorously  until  sufficient 
water  is  driven  off  to  leave  a  homogene- 
ous ropy  paste,  whereupon  solid  salt  or 
a  concentrated  solution  of  the  latter  is 
added  to  separate  the  soap  from  the 
lye,  which  is  drawn  off.  The  soap  is 
again  boiled  vigorously  for  a  short  time 
to  separate  the  retained  residual  lye. 

The  soap  is  next  either  molded  at 
once  or  after  "finishing"  with  dilute 
caustic  or  hot  water,  by  heating,  and 
stirring  until  it  is  more  liquid  and  uni- 
form and  less  granular. 

Varieties:  Rosin  soaps  as  used  for 
laundry  purposes,  are  made  by  adding  a 
soap  made  from  rosin,  or  rosin  itself 
to  an  ordinary  soap.  Castile  or  Mar- 
seilles soaps  are  made  from  olive  oil. 
Mottled  soaps  are  produced  by  the 
addition  of  small  amounts  of  ferrous 
sulfate,  ferric  oxide  or  ultramarine. 
Transparent  soaps  are  made  from  de- 
colorized fats  with  the  addition  of 
glycerine  or  sugar,  or  both. 

Soap  Bark.    See  Quillaja. 
Soap,  Green.    See  Soap,  Soft. 


Soap,  Soft*  (Green  soap).  A  yellowish- 
green,  slippery,  soft  mass  made  from 
linseed  oil  and  potassium  hydroxide, 
soluble  in  hot  water  and  hot  alcohol. 
Uses:  In  medicine  as  a  detergent,  anti- 
septic and  disinfectant,  also  as  a  lubri- 
cant. 

Soapstone.    See  Talc. 
Sod  Oil.    See  Degras. 

Soda.     See  Sodium  carbonate. 
Soda  Alum.     See  Sodium-aluminum  sul- 
fate. 

Soda  Ash*  Na2C03. 

Color  and  properties:  The  crude  sodium 
carbonate  of  commerce,  a  grayish- 
white  powder  or  lumps  containing  up 
to  99  per  cent  sodium  carbonate. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  (Solvay  process)  A  cold 
solution  of  sodium  chloride  (common 
salt)  is  saturated  with  ammonia  gas, 
then  charged  with  carbon  dioxide  gas 
under  pressure.  The  sodium  bicar- 
bonate formed  being  insoluble  in  the 
brine,  precipitates.  It  is  filtered  off, 
washed  with  cold  water  and  calcined. 

Impurities:  Sodium  chloride,  sodium 
sulfate,  calcium  carbonate  and  mag- 
nesium carbonate. 

Containers:  Bags;  barrels;  also  shipped 
in  bulk  in  cars. 

Grades:  48  and  58  per  cent,  light;  48 
and  58  per  cent,  dense;  48  per  cent, 
ordinary  (contains  sodium  chloride) ; 
48  per  cent,  special  contains  sodium 
sulfate);  granular.  The  distinction 
between  "light"  and  "dense"  soda  ash 
is  entirely  one  of  consistency,  the 
"dense"  soda  ash  being  preferred 
when  small  bulk  is  desired,  e.g.  m 
glass  manufacture. 

Valuation:  No  uniform  system  of  de- 
termining the  strength  of  alkali  has 
been  adopted.  On  the  continent  of 
Europe,  soda  ash  is  usually  sold  on 
the  sodium  carbonate  content,  and 
caustic  soda  on  the  content  of 
sodium  hydroxide  (calculated  as  so- 
dium carbonate).  The  actual  al- 
kali, sodium  oxide  (Na^O),  is 


Soda,  Baking 


422 


Sodii  Citro-Tartras 


determined  with  the  present  (true) 
atomic  weights  and  is  62/106  of  the 
total  sodium  carbonate,  thus  report- 
Britain  the  Newcastle  test  is  used,  in 
which  the  actual  alkali  is  calculated 
with  the  former  (incorrect)  atomic 
weight  of  sodium,  and  is  64/108  of  the 
total  sodium  carbonate,  thus  report- 
ing 1.3  per  cent  more  alkali  than  is 
actually  present.  In  the  United 
States  the  "New  York  and  Liver- 
pool" (N.  Y.  &  Liv.)  method  of  test- 
ing is  almost  exclusively  in  use.  It 
is  also  based  on  incorrect  constants 
and  by  it  the  actual  alkali  is  called 
64/106  of  the  total  sodium  carbonate, 
thus  reporting  3.226  per  cent  more 
alkali  than  is  actually  present.  It  is 
decidedly  more  advantageous  to  pur- 
chase ^  alkali  on  the  basis  of  exact 
analysis  and  not  by  either  the  New- 
castle or  New  York  and  Liverpool 
tests. 
Examples: 

Soda  ash     Actual  alkali     Newcastle     N.Y&Liv. 
NazCOs  Na2O  Na2O  Na2O 

0745%  57-0%  57-75%  58.83% 

Caustic  Soda    Actual  alkali    Newcastle    N.  Y.  &  Liv. 
NaOH  Na2O  NazO  Na2O 

77.40%  60.0%  60.79%  61.93% 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  pure  sodium  car- 
bonate and  bicarbonate,  drugs,  dye- 
stuffs,  glass,  soap,  paper,  caustic  soda, 
paints,  leather,  enamel-ware  and 
cleansers;  dyeing  textiles;  water- 
softening;  refining  oils;  wood  preser- 
vation; metallurgy;  laundering;  bottle 
and  dish-washing,  etc. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Soda,  Baking.     See  Sodium  bicarbonate 
or   Potassium  bicarbonate. 


Soda  Nitre.    See  Sodium  nitrate. 
Soda  Saltpeter.    See  Sodium  nitrate. 
Soda  Sulfuret.    See  Sodium  sulfide. 
Sodamide.    See  Sodium  amide. 

Sodii  Acetas,  U.  S.  P.    See  Sodium  ace- 
tate. 

Sodii  Arsenas,  U.  S.  P.  See  Sodium  ar- 
senate. 

Sodii  Arsenas,  Anhydrosus,  B.  P.     See 

Sodium  arsenate. 

Sodii  Arsenas  Exsiccatus,  U.  S.  P.     See 

Sodium  arsenate. 

Sodii  Benzoas,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See  So- 
dium benzoate. 

Sodii  Benzosulphinidum,  B.  P.     See  So- 
dium benzosulfinide. 

Sodii  Bicarbonas,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See 

Sodium  bicarbonate. 

Sodii  Boras,  U.  S.  P.   See  Sodium  borate. 

Sodii  Bromidum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.      See 

Sodium  bromide. 

Sodii  Cacodylas,  U.  S.  P.     See  Sodium 
cacodylate. 

Sodii  Carbonas,  B.  P.     See  Sodium  car- 
bonate. 


Sodii  Carbonas,  Exsiccatus,  B.  P. 

Sodium  carbonate. 


See 


Soda,  Carbonating.    See  Sodium  carbon-      Sodii  Carbonas  Monohydratus,  U.  S.  P. 

ate  See  Sodium    hirarhnnatp 


Soda,  Carbonic.     See  Sodium  carbonate. 
Soda,  Caustic.     See  Sodium  hydroxide. 
Soda  Feldspar.    See  Albite. 
Soda  Niter.     See  Sodium  nitrate. 


See  Sodium  bicarbonate. 

Sodii   Chloridum,  U.   S.  P.,  B.  P.      See 

Sodium  chloride. 

Sodii  Citras,  U.  S.  P.   See  Sodium  citrate. 

Sodii   Citro-Tartras   Effervescens,   B.   P. 
Effervescent  sodium  citro-tartrate. 


Sodii  Cyanidum 


423 


Sodium  Acetate 


Sodii  Cyanidum,  U.  S.  P.    Sodium  cyan- 
ide. 

Sodii   et   Potassii   Tartras,   B.    P.      See 

Potassium-sodium  tartrate. 

Sodii   Glycerophosphas,   U.   S.   P.      See 

Sodium  glycerophosphate. 

Sodii  Hydroxidum,  U.  S.  P.    See  Sodium 
hydroxide. 

Sodii  Hypophosphis,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See 

Sodium  hypophosphite. 

Sodii  Indigotindisulphonas,  U.  S.  P.    So- 
dium indigotin  disulfonate. 

Sodii  lodidum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See  So- 
dium iodide. 

Sodii  Nitris,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Sodium 
nitrite. 

Sodii  Perboras,  U.   S.  P.     See  Sodium 
perborate. 

Sodii  Phenolsulfonas,  U.  S.  P.    See  So- 
dium phenolsulfonate. 

Sodii  Phosphas,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  So- 
dium phosphate. 

Sodii  Phosphas  Acidus,  B.  P.     See  So- 
dium phosphate. 

Sodii   Phosphas  Effervescens,  U.  S.  P., 
B.  P.    Sodium  phosphate,  Effervescent. 

Sodii  Phosphas  Exsiccatus,  U.  S.  P.    See 

Sodium   phosphate. 

Sodii  Salicylas,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  So- 
dium salicylate. 

Sodii  Sulphas,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See  So- 
dium sulfate. 

Sodii  Sulphas  Effervescens,  B.  P.      So- 

•  dium    sulfate,    Effervescent. 

Sodii  Sulphis,  B.  P.    See  Sodium  sulfite. 


Sodii  Sulphis  Exsiccatus,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

See  Sodium  sulfite. 

Sodii  Thiosulphas,  U.  S.  P.    See  Sodium 
thiosulfate. 

Sodium*  (Natrium)  Na. 

Color  and  properties:  Light,  soft,  duc- 
tile, malleable,  silver-white  metal,  ox- 
idizing rapidly  in  air;  of  wax-like 
consistency  at  ordinary  temperature, 
but  brittle  at  low  temperatures;  must 
be  kept  immersed  in  naphtha  or  other 
similar  liquid  which  does  not  contain 
water  or  free  oxygen.  ^ 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9712;  melt- 
ing-point 97.6°  C.;  boiling-joint  877.5°- 

\^» 

Decomposes  water  on  contact  with 
vigorous  evolution  of  hydrogen  and 
forming  sodium  hydroxide;  insoluble 
in  benzol,  benzine,  kerosene  and 
naphtha. 

Derivation:  Electrolysis  of  molten  so- 
dium chloride,  using  a  cathode  of 
molten  lead.  The  sodium-lead  alloy 
which  is  formed  is  electrolyzed  in  a 
second  compartment  of  the  cell. 

Method  of  purification:  Distillation. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  iron  can- 
isters. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  other  metals;  re- 
ducing^agent  in  organic  synthesis;  de- 
hydrating ether;  flux;  preparation  of 
hydrogen;  production  of  sodium  per- 
oxide. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 


Sodium  Acetate* 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crystals, 
efflorescing  on  exposure  to  air.  Re- 
tains its  heat  for  a  long  time  when 
fused. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.4;  melting- 
point  58°C. 

Soluble  in  water;  slightly  soluble  in  al- 
cohol. 

Derivation:  (a)  Neutralization  of  pyro- 
ligneous  acid  with  sodium  carbonate, 
concentration  of  the  solution,  crystal- 
lization and  centrifugation. 

(b)  Calcium  acetate  is  treated  with 
sodium  sulfate  and  a  little  soda,  the 


Sodium  Acid 


424 


Sodium  Amide 


solution  filtered,  evaporated  to  dry- 
ness,  the  residue  heated  to  about 
25O°C,  dissolved  in  water,  filtered, 
concentrated  and  crystallized. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Highest  purity;  pure  fused;  re- 
agent; U.  S.  P.;  technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  mordants,  acetic 
ether,  Schweinfurth  green;  filling 
foot-warmers,  milk  thermophores, 
etc.;  reagent  in  analytical  chemistry; 
separation  of  the  opium  alkaloids. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Sodium  Acid  Carbonate.    See  Sodium  bi- 
carbonate. 

Sodium  Acid  Chromate.    See  Sodium  bi- 
chromate. 

Sodium  Acid  Fluoride.     See  sodium  bi- 
fluoride. 

Sodium   Acid   Phosphate.      See    Sodium 
phosphate. 

Sodium  Acid   Pyrophosphate.      See   So- 
dium phosphate. 

Sodium  Acid  Sulfate.    See  Sodium  bisul- 
fate. 

Sodium  Acid  Sulfite.    See  Sodium  bisul- 
fite. 

Sodium  Aluminate*  Na2Al2O4. 

Color  and  properties:   White  powder. 

Constants:  Melting-point  i8oo°C. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble   in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  heating  bauxite  with 
sodium  carbonate  and  extracting  the 
sodium  aluminate  with  water. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Mordant. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Sodium-Aluminum  Sulfate*  (Soda  alum, 
Porous  alum) 


Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals; saline,  astringent  taste;  efflor- 
esces in  air. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.675;  melt- 
ing-point 6i°C. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  heating  a  solution  of 
aluminum  sulfate  from  alum  slates 
and  adding  sodium  chloride.  The  so- 
lution is  allowed  to  cool,  with  con- 
stant stirring.  The  alum  meal  de- 
posited is  washed  with  water  and 
centrifuged. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Pure  crystals;  technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Medicine;  paper. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Sodium  Amalgam*  Na^Hg*. 

Color  and  properties:  A  silver-white, 
porous,  crystalline  mass,  containing  2 
to  10  per  cent  of  metallic  sodium. 

Decomposes  water. 

Derivation:  Mercury  is  heated  to  about 
200°C.  and  sodium,  in  small  pieces, 
added  slowly. 

Grades:  2  per  cent,  3  per  cent,  4  per 
cent,  5  per  cent,  6  per  cent.  7  per  cent, 
8  per  cent,  9  per  cent,  10  per  cent 
alloy. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Preparation  of  hydrogen;  reduc- 
tion of  metal  halogen  compounds  and 
organic  compounds;  reagent  in  an- 
alytical chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Sodium  Amide*   (Sodamide)    NaNH2. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder. 

Constants:  Melting-point  I55°C.;  boil- 
ing-point 4qo°C. 

Decomposes  in  water. 

Derivation:  Dry  ammonia  gas  is  passed 
over  metallic  sodium  at  35O°C. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:   Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  sodium  cyanide. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


S  o  dium-aminob  enzene 


425 


Sodium  Benzosulfinide 


Sodium-aminobenzene    Sulfonate,    Para-. 

See  Sodium  sulfanilate. 

Sodium-aminophenyl  Arsonate.     See  So- 
dium arsanilate. 


Sodium-aniline    Arsonate. 
arsanilate. 

Sodium-aniline   Sulfonate. 
sulfanilate. 


See    Sodium 
See    Sodium 


Sodium  Arsanilate*  (Atoxyl;  Sodium-an- 

iline  arsonate;    Soamin;    Sodium-am- 

inophenyl arsonate) 

C6H4NH2(AsO.OH.ONa). 
Color   and   properties:    White,    crystal- 

line,    odorless    powder;     faint    salty 

taste;  poisonous. 
Soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:  By  dissolving  arsanilic  acid 

in    sodium    carbonate    solution    and 

crystallizing. 
Method    of   purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  medicinal. 
Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine;  organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Sodium   Arsenate* 
Color  and  properties:     Clear,  colorless 

crystals;  mild  alkaline  taste;  poison- 

ous. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.7593;  melt- 

ing-point 85.5°C. 
Soluble  in  water;  slightly  soluble  in  al- 

cohol; insoluble  in  ether. 
Derivation:     (a)     Arsenic     trioxide     is 

heated  with  sodium  nitrate,  dissolved 

in  water  and  crystallized. 

(b)  Arsenic  trioxide  is  dissolved  in 

sodum  carbonate  solution,  sodium  ni- 

trate is  added,  the  solution  evaporated 

to  dryness,  the  residue  calcined,  dis- 

solved in  water  and  crystallized. 
Method    of    purification:    Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Impurities:  Sodium  binarsenate. 
Grades:   Highest  purity;  pure  crystals; 

pure  dry;  U,  S.  P.;  B.  P.;  technical. 
Containers^  Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:     Antiseptic;     medicine;     dyeing; 

making  other  arsenates. 


Fire  hazard:    None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:    None. 

Sodium  Arsenite*  (Sodium  meta-arse- 
nite)  Na2HAsO3. 

Color  and  properties:  Grayish-white 
powder,  which  absorbs  carbon  dioxide 
from  the  air;  poisonous. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity   1.87. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Arsenic  trioxide  is  dis- 
solved in  a  solution  of  sodium  car- 
bonate or  hydroxide  and  boiled  for 
some  time. 

Grades:     Crude;  pure. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  arsenical  soap 
for  taxidermists;  antiseptic;  dyeing 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Aurichloride.     See  Sodium-gold 
chloride. 

Sodium  Benzoate*  NaC7H5O2. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  amor- 
phous, crystalline  or  granular,  odor- 
less powder;  sweetish,  astringent 
taste. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  Neutralized  with  sodium 
carbonate  solution,  the  solution  fil- 
tered, concentrated  and  allowed  to 
crystallize. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Crude;  pure;  highest  purity; 
U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs;  tins. 

Uses:  Food  preservative  (its  use  for 
this  purpose  being  limited  by  law 
in  most  countries);  antiseptic;  medi- 
cine; tobacco. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:    None. 

Sodium    Benzosulfinide*     (Soluble     sac- 
charine, Crystallose) 
NaCH3CO.SO2NH.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder,  very  sweet  taste. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  ether  and 
chloroform;  insoluble  in  acids. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  sodium 
bicarbonate  on  saccharine. 


Sodium  Biborate 


426 


Sodium  Bisulfate 


Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:     Saccharin. 

Grades:     U.  S.  P.;  500. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:  Sweetening  compound;  medi- 
cine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Biborate.    See  Sodium  borate. 

Sodium  Bicarbonate*  (Baking  soda;  So- 
dium acid  carbonate)  NaHCOs. 

Color  and  properties:  White  powder 
or  crystalline  lumps;  cooling,  slightly 
alkaline  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.20;  melt- 
ing-point: Loses  carbon  dioxide  at 
270°  C. 

Soluble  in  water;   insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  exposing  sodium 
carbonate  on  gratings  to  carbon  di- 
oxide, (b)  In  the  Solvay  process  by 
extraction  with  water  and  crystalliza- 
tion. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:  Sulfuric  acid;  chlorine; 
silica;  heavy  metals;  sodium  thiosul- 
fate;  sodium  carbonate;  potassium 
salts;  ammonium  salts. 

Grades:  Commercial;  pure;  reagent; 
highest  purity;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Barrels;  boxes. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  effervescent 
salts  and  beverages,  artificial  mineral 
waters,  baking  powder;  reagent  in 
analytical  chemistry;  gold  and  plati- 
num plating;  tanning  industry;  treat- 
ing wool  and  silk;  fire  extinguishers; 
medicine;  prevention  of  timber  mold. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium    Bichromate*     (Sodium    dichro- 
mate;  Sodium  acid  chromate) 
Na2Cr2O7.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Red,  delique- 
scent, crystalline  fragments. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.52;  melt- 
ing-point: Loses  2H2O  at  ioo°C; 
boiling-point:  Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:     Chrome  iron  ore  is  fused 


in  a  reverberatory  furnace,  with  lime 
and  soda  in  presence  of  air,  followed 
by  extraction  with  water,  and  acidifi- 
cation with  sulfuric  acid.  The  solu- 
tion is  filtered,  concentrated  and  crys- 
tallized. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:     Iron  salts. 

Grades:     Technical;  C.  P. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Tanning;  electroplating;  dyeing; 
printing;  bleaching  oils,  waxes  and 
sponges;  waterproofing  fabrics;  anti- 
septic; medicine. 

Fire  hazard:    Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Sodium  Bifluoride*  (Sodium  acid  fluor- 
ide) NaHF2. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder;  poisonous. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Tins. 

Uses:  Food  preservative;  preservative 
for  zoological  and  anatomical  speci- 
^mens;  etching  glass;  antiseptic. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Biphosphate.     See  Sodium  phos- 
phate. 

Sodium   Bipyrophosphate.     See    Sodium 
phosphate. 

Sodium  Bisulfate*  (Sodium  acid  sulfate; 
Niter  cake)  NaHSO4. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals or  white,  fused  lumps;  aqueous 
solution  is,  strongly  acid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.435;  melt- 
ing-point 300°  C. 

Soluble  in  water;  decomposes  in  alco- 
hol. 

Derivation:  A  by-product  in  the  manu- 
facture of  hydrochloric  and  nitric 
acids. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:  Heavy  metals;  chlorides; 
arsenic;  potassium  bisulfate;  sulfuric 
acid. 

Grades:  Pure  crystals;  pure  fused; 
pure  dry;  reagent;  crude. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 


Sodium  Bisulfite 


427 


Sodium  Carbonate 


Uses:  Flux  for  decomposing  minerals; 
substitute  for  sulfuric  acid  in  dyeing; 
disinfectant  for  potable  water  (anti- 
typhoid); dyeing;  manufacture  of  so- 
dium sulfate;  liberating  carbon  diox- 
ide in  CO2  baths;  in  thermophores. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Bisulfite*  (Sodium  acid  sulfite; 
Leucogen)  NaHSO3. 

Color  and  properties:  White  crystals 
or  crystalline  powder;  slight  sulfur- 
ous  odor;  disagreeable  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.48;  melt- 
ing-point: Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  Sodium  hydroxide  solution 
is  saturated  with  sulfur  dioxide 
gas  and  the  solution  crystallized. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Crystals;  pure  dry;  commer- 
cial dry;  reagent;  commercial  solu- 
tion: 33^  per  cent. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels;  carboys. 

Uses:  Disinfectant;  bleaching;  paper- 
making;  dyeing;  preservative  for  egg- 
yolk  and  sirups;  preparation  of  alde- 
hydes; antiseptic  in  medicine  and  in 
the  fermentation  industries. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Borate*  (Borax;  Sodium  bibo- 
rate)  Na2B4O7.ipH2O. 

Color  and  properties:     White   crystals 
or  powder. 

Constants:     Melting-point:     Red-heat. 

Soluble  in  water  and  glycerine;  insolu- 
ble in  alcohol. 

Derivation:     Ulexite 

(NaCaB5O9.8H2O)  or  Colemanite 
(Ca2B6O.5H2O)  is  roasted  at  low 
heat  in  a  rotary  furnace.  The  pow- 
der is  sifted  and  boiled  with  sodium 
carbonate  and  bicarbonate  solution 
until  decomposed,  the  calcium  car- 
bonate settles  and  the  solution  of 
borax  is  run  into  large  tanks  and  crys- 
tallized. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Anhydrous;  fused;  refined; 
U.  S.  P.;  C.  P.;  crude. 


Containers:     Barrels;  kegs;  cars. 
Uses:      Medicine;   textiles;   metallurgy; 
tanning;  ceramics;  food  preservative. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Bromide* 

(a)  NaBr  (b)  NaBr.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder  or  granules;  saline  and 
somewhat  bitter  taste;  absorbs  mois- 
ture from  the  air,  becoming  very  hard. 
Keep  well  stoppered. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity:   (a)  3.203; 

(b)  2.176.       Melting-point:      757.?°C. 
Boiling-point:     (a)    I455°C. 

Soluble  in  water;  slightly  soluble  in  al- 
cohol. 

Derivation:  Ferroso-ferric  bromide  is 
dissolved  in  water,  sodium  carbonate 
added,  the  solution  filtered  and  evap- 
orated. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P.,  commercial; 
pure;  highest  purity. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Photography;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Sodium  Cacodylate*  (Sodium  dimethyl- 
arsenate)  (CH3)2AsOONa.3H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  amor- 
phous powder;  poisonous. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  so- 
dium carbonate  and  cacodylic  acid. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Sodium  Carbolate.    See  Sodium  phenate. 

Sodium     Carbonate*     (Soda;     Carbonic 
soda;   Sal  soda;  Washing  soda) 
(a)    Na2C03    (b)    Na2CO3.H2O    (c) 
Na2CO3.ioH2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals or  white  powder;  strong  alkaline 
taste;  effloresces  in  air. 


Sodium  Chlorate 


428 


Sodium  Chloride 


Constants:            (a) 

Specific  gravity        2.50 
Melting-point       84Q°C 

Boiling-point      Decom- 

(b) 

(c)  ^6 

Loses  sH2O 
at  i2.s°C 
and  melts 
at  34°C 
io6°C 

more   soluble   in  water;   manufacture 
of  matches  and  explosives. 
Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     Yellow 
label. 

Loses  H2O 
at  100°  C 

poses 

Soluble  in  water  and  glycerine;  insolu- 
ble in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  dissolving  soda  ash  in 
water,  allowing  the  sediment  to  settle 
completely,  decanting  the  clear  solu- 
tion, cooling  and  crystallizing. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Highest  purity  crystals;  anhy- 
drous, dry  or  fused;  twice  purified 
crystals  or  dry;  commercial;  reagent, 
crystalline,  dry  or  anhydrous; 
U.  S.  P.;  B.  P.  "Modified  Sodas"  or 
"neutral  sodas"  are  all  those  forms 
of  alkali  containing  more  carbon  di- 
oxide than  ordinary  sodium  carbo- 
nate or  soda  ash,  and  containing 
water  of  crystallization. 

Uses:  Glass  manufacture;  soap  manu- 
facture; bleaching  and  washing  linen, 
cotton,  wool,  etc.;  paper-making'; 
photography;  dyeing  and  printing  fa- 
brics;' manufacture  of  dyes  and  other 
sodium  salts;  preventing  the  forma- 
tion of  boiler  scale;  reagent  in  ana- 
lytical chemistry;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Chlorate*  NaClO3. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  odor- 
less crystals;  cooling  saline  taste; 
must  not  be  triturated  with  any  com- 
bustible substance. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.490;  melt- 
ing-point 255° (X:  boiling-point:  De- 
composes. \  \ 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  A  concentrated  alkaline 
solution  of  sodium  chloride  is  heated 
and  electrolyzed,  the  chlorate  crystal- 
lizing out. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Iront  barrels;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicin^;  oxidizing  agent;  sub- 
stitute for  pfltaJMium  chlorate,  being 


Sodium   Chloraurate.     See   Sodium-gold 
chloride. 


Sodium  Chloroaurate.    See  Sodium-gold 
chloride. 


Sodium  Chloride*  (Table  salt,  Sea  salt, 
Common  salt,  Rock  salt)  NaCl. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  trans- 
parent crystals  or  white,  crystalline 
powder;  occurs  in  nature  as  the  min- 
eral halite;  somewhat  hygroscopic. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.161;  melt- 
ing-point 8o4°C;  boiling-point 
1490°  C. 

Soluble  in  water;  very  slightly  soluble 
in  alcohol;  insoluble  in  concentrated 
hydrochloric  acid. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  solution  of  rock 
salt  in  water,  filtration,  and  crystalli- 
zation, (b)  By  evaporation  and  crys- 
tallization of  naturally  occurring 
brines,  (c)  By  evaporation  of  sea 
water  by  the  heat  of  the  sun,  and 
crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:  Sulfates;  heavy  metals;  al- 
kaline earths;  magnesium  salts;  am- 
monium salts. 

Grades:  Highest  purity  medicinal, 
crystals;  highest  purity,  dried;  high- 
est purity,  fine  powder;  highest  pur- 
ity, fused;  reagent;  reagent,  fused; 
table  salt;  rock  salt;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P.; 
crude. 

Containers:  Barrels;  bags;  boxes;  also 
shipped  loose  in  cars. 

Uses:  Condiment;  medicine;  produc- 
tion of  sodium  light  for  polariscopic, 
spectroscopic  and  other  similar  work; 
reagent  in  analytical  chemistry;  food 
preservative;  zinc  metallurgy;  sodium 
salts;  sodium  metal;  chlorine,  caustic 
soda. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

^Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Sodium  Chromate 


429 


Sodium  Ferricyanide 


Sodium  Chromate* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow,  translu- 
cent, efflorescent  crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.71;  melt- 
ing-point I9.92°C. 

Soluble  in  water;  slightly  soluble  in  al- 
cohol. 

Derivation:  Chrome  iron  ore  is  melted 
in  a  reverberatory  furnace  with  lime 
and  soda,  in  presence  of  air.  The 
melt  is  dissolved  in  water,  a  small 
amount  of  sodium  carbonate  added, 
the  solution  decanted,  acidified  with 
acetic  acid,  concentrated  and  crystal- 
lized. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Pure  neutral;  highest  purity; 
technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Manufacture  of  inks;  dyeing. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Sodium    Citrate* 
Color  and  properties:     White   crystals 

or    granular    powder;    pleasant    acid 

taste. 
Constants:      Melting-point:      Loses    n 

H2O    at    150°  C;    boiling-point:      De- 

composes. 
Soluble  in  water;  slightly  soluble  in  al- 

cohol. 
Derivation:     Sodium  sulfate  solution  is 

treated  with  calcium  citrate,  filtered, 

concentrated  and  crystallized. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 
Impurities:      Calcium    citrate;    sodium 

sulfate. 
Grades:       Highest     purity,     medicinal; 

pure;  commercial;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Wooden  kegs;  glass  bot- 

tles. 

Uses:     Medicine;  soft  drinks. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium-Coerulin    Sulfate.      See     Indigo 
carmine. 

Sodium  Cyanide*  NaCN. 
Color  and  properties:     White,  delique- 
scent, crystalline  powder;  exceedingly 
poisonous. 


Soluble  in  water;  slightly  soluble  in  al- 
'cqhol. 

Derivation:  Sodamide  is  produced 
from  sodium  and  ammonia.  The  so- 
damide  is  heated  with  charcoal  and 
the  resultant  soda  cyanamide  is  then 
heated  with  an  excess  of  charcoal  re- 
sulting in  the  formation  of  sodium 
cyanide. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:  Sodium  cyanate;  sodium 
carbonate. 

Grades:  Commercial;  pure;  highest 
purity;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Extraction  of  gold  and  silver 
from  ores;  electroplating;  heat  treat- 
ment of  metals;  medicine;  making 
hydrocyanic  acid;  insecticide. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  vNone. 

Sodium    Bichromate.      See    Sodium    bi- 
chromate. 

Sodium  Dimethylarsenate.     See  Sodium 
cacodylate. 

Sodium  Dioxide.     See  Sodium  peroxide. 

Sodium  Dithionate,     See  Sodium  hypo- 
sulfate. 

Sodium  Ferricyanide*  (Red  prussiate  of 
sodium)  Na3Fe(CN)6.H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Ruby-red,  de- 
liquescent crystals;  poisonous. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  Chlorine  is  passed  into  so- 
dium ferrocyanide  solution,  crystals 
of  the  ferricyanide  separating  out. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:  Sodium  ferricyanide;  so- 
dium chloride. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:  Production  of,  pigments;  dyeing; 
printing. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Ferrocyanide*  (Yellow  prus- 
siate of  sodium)  Na4Fe(CN)6.i2H2O. 


Sodium  Fluoride 


430 


Sodium  Hydroxide 


Color  and  properties:  Yellow,  semi- 
transparent  crystals;  poisonous. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  1.458. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  "Spent  oxide"  from  illu- 
minating gas  manufacture  is  treated 
first  with  water  and  then  with  carbon 
bisulfide  to  remove  ammonium  and 
other  soluble  salts  and  sulfur.  The 
residue  is  mixed  with  lime  and  heated 
in  closed  pans  yielding  ammonia  and 
calcium  ferrocyanide  solution.  A 
boiling  solution  of  sodium  chloride 
is  added  and  the  precipitate  formed 
is  heated  with  a  solution  of  sodium 
carbonate.  The  solution  is  filtered, 
concentrated  and  crystallized. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Photography;  manufacture  of 
sodium  ferricyanide. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Fluoride*  NaF. 

Color  and  properties:  Clear,  lustrous 
crystals  or  white  powder;  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.766;  melt- 
ing-point 980°  C. 

Soluble  in  water;  slightly  soluble  in  al- 
cohol. 

Derivation:  By  adding  sodium  carbo- 
nate to  hydrofluoric  acid. 

Impurities:     Arsenic. 

Grades:  Pure;  purified,  free  of  arsenic; 
technical. 

Containers:    Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Antiseptic  and  antifermentative 
in  alcohol  distilleries,  etc.;  food  pre- 
servative; medicine. 

Fire  hazard:    None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Fluosilicate.    See  Sodium  silico- 
fluoride. 

Sodium  Formate*  NaCHC>2. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  deliques- 
cent crystalline  powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.919;  melt- 
ing-point: Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  water,  slightly  soluble  in  al- 
cohol; insoluble  in  ether. 


Derivation:      Carbon    dioxide    and    so- 

dium   hydroxide    are     heated    under 

pressure. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  kegs;  glass  bot- 

tles. 
Uses:        Reducing      agent;      medicine; 

manufacture   of  formic  acid   and   ox- 

alic acid. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium    Glycerinophosphate.      See    So- 
dium glycerophosphate. 

Sodium  Glycerophosphate*  (Sodium  gly- 
cerinophosphate) 


Color   and  properties:     Yellowish,   vis- 

cid liquid. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:      By    neutralizing    glycero- 

phosphoric   acid   with   sodium   carbo- 

nate. 

Grades:     Technical;   U.  S.   P. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:    None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium-Gold  Chloride*  (Sodium  chloro- 

aurate;  Sodium  aurichloride) 

NaAuCl4.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:     Yellow  crystals. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:  ^  By  mixing  equal  parts  of 

gold  chloride  and  sodium  chloride. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Hydrate.     See  Sodium  hydrox- 
ide. 


Sodium   Hydroxide*   (Caustic   soda,   So- 

dium hydrate)   NaOH. 
Color  and  properties:     White,  deliques- 


Sodium  Hydrosulfitc 


431 


Sodium  Hyposulfate 


cent  pieces,  lumps  or  sticks;  crystal- 

line  fracture.     Keep   well   stoppered, 

absorbs    water    and    carbon    dioxide 

from  the  air. 
Constants:     Specific  gravity  2.13;  melt- 

ing-point       3i8°C;         boiling-point: 

White  heat. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  glycerin. 
Derivation:     By  the  electrolysis  of  so- 

dium chloride. 
Method  of  purification:     Solution  in  al- 

cohol, in  which  the  carbonate,  chlor- 

ide and  sulfate  are  practically  insolu- 

ble,  evaporation   of   the   alcohol,   fol- 

lowed by  fusion. 
Valuation:     See  Valuation  under  Soda 

ash. 
Impurities:      Alumina;    silica;    sulfuric 

acid. 
Grades:      Commercial;    ground;    flake; 

fused;     purified    by    alcohol     (sticks, 

lumps    and    drops);    reagent,    highest 

purity;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Iron  drums. 
Uses:      Petroleum    refining;    vegetable 

oil   refining;   tanning;    soap   industry; 

textile    industry    (mercerizing,    etc.); 

organic  synthesis;  sodium  salts;  medi- 

cine. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     Yellow 

label. 


Sodium  Hydrosulfite* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-white 
powder. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  Zinc  is  dissolved  in  a  so- 
lution of  sodium  bisulfite,  the  zinc- 
sodium  sulfite  precipitated  by  milk  of 
lime  leaving  the  hydrosulfite  in  solu- 
tion. Qn  adding  salt  the  hydrosulfite, 
containing  water  of  crystallization  is 
precipitated.  The  latter  is  removed 
by  treatment  with  hot  alcohol. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Bleaching;  reducing  agent. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium     Hydrosulfide     (Rongalite,  So- 
dium sulphydrate)   NaSH.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless 
needles. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 


Derivation:      Obtained    from    calcium 

sulfide  by  treating  it  in  the  cold  with 

sodium  bisulfate. 
Grades:    Technical. 
Containers:       Glass     bottles;     wooden 

kegs. 
Uses:     Analytical  chemistry;  inorganic 

preparations. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Hypochlorite*  NaOCl. 

Color  and  properties:  This  salt  is  un- 
stable in  air  unless  mixed  with  so- 
dium hydroxide.  It  is  usually  stored 
and  used  in  solution,  known  as  Eau 
de  Labarraque,  having  a  disagreeable, 
sweetish  odor. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Decom- 
poses. 

Soluble  in  cold  water;  decomposed  by 
hot  water. 

Derivation:  By  electrolyzing  a  cold 
dilute  solution  of  salt. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Bleaching;  reagent  in  analytical 
chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Hypophosphite* 

NaH2PO2.H2O. 
Color       and       properties:         Colorless, 

pearly,    crystalline    plates    or    white, 

granular  powder;  bitter-sweet,  saline 

taste.      Keep    well    stoppered.      May 

explode  if  heated. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol;  insoluble 

in  ether. 
Derivation:     By  neutralizing  hypophos- 

phoric  acid  with  sodium  carbonate. 
Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:      Glass   bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Hyposulfate*  (Sodium  dithio- 
nate)  Na2S2Oe.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Large  trans- 
parent crystals;  bitter  taste. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  2.175. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol 
and  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid. 

Grades:     Technical. 


Sodium  Hyposulfite 


432 


Sodium  Naphthionate 


Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Chemical  reagent. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Hyposulfite.     See  Sodium  thio- 
sulfate. 

Sodium  Indigotindisulfonate.     See  Indi- 
go carmine. 

Sodium  Iodide*  (a)  Nal  (b)  NaI.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White  cubical 
crystals  or  powder;  saline,  somewhat 
bitter  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity:  (a)  3.665; 
(b)  2.448.  Melting-point:  (a)  653°C. 
Boiling-point:  (a)  1350°  C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  Ferroso-ferric  iodide,  pre- 
pared from  iron,  iodine  and  water,  is 
treated  with  pure  sodium  carbonate, 
filtered,  the  solution  concentrated 
and  crystallized. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:     Sodium  iodate. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Photography;  solvent  for  iodine; 
reagent  in  analytical  chemistry;  medi- 
cine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Manganate*  Na2MnO4.ioH2O. 

Color  and  properties:     Green  crystals. 

Constants:     Melting-point  17°  C. 

Soluble  in  cold  water;  decomposed  by 
hot  water. 

Derivation:  Manganese  dioxide  is 
fused  with  sodium  hydroxide  or  car- 
bonate in  presence  of  sodium  nitrate. 
The  mass  is  extracted  with  cold 
water,  concentrated  in  a  vacuum  and 
crystallized. 

Grades :     Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:     Manufacture    of   permanganate. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Meta-arsenite.     See  Sodium  ar- 
senite. 


Sodium  Meta-bisulfite.     See  Sodium  bi- 
sulfite. 

Sodium    Meta-phosphate.      See    Sodium 
phosphate. 

Sodium  Molybdate*  Na2MoO4.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Small,  lustrous, 
crystalline  plates. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  so- 
dium hydroxide  and  molybdic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass   bottles. 

Uses:     Reagent  in  analytical  chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium   Monosulfide.     See   Sodium  sul- 
fide. 

Sodium-Naphthalene  Sulfonate* 
CioH7SO3Na. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish,  crys- 
talline plates. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Naphthalene  sulfonic  acid 
is  prepared  by  sulfonating  naphtha- 
lene with  sulfuric  acid.  The  solution 
is  treated  with  sodium  carbonate  fil- 
tered, concentrated  and  crystallized. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Organic  preparations;  naph- 
thols. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium    Naphthionate*    (Sodium    naph- 
thylamine  sulfonate,  Alpha-.) 
NaCioH6(NH2)S03.4H20. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Alpha-naphthylamine  is 
fused  and  poured  into  concentrated 
sulfuric  acid,  heated  to  i8o°C,  then 
oxalic  acid  is  added.  The  molten 
mass  is  poured  on  to  lead  plates  and 
baked  for  8  hours  to  i8o°C.  When 
cold,  the  porous  mass  is  neutralized 
with  hot  caustic  soda  solution,  fil- 
tered, concentrated  and  crystallized. 


Sodium-Naphthylamine 


433 


Sodium  Oxalate 


Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  For  Riegler's  reagent  for  ni- 
trous acid. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium-Naphthylamine    Sulfonate.      See 
Sodium  naphthionate. 

Sodium  Nitrate*  (Soda  niter,  Cubic 
niter,  Chili  saltpeter,  Soda  saltpeter, 
Cubic  saltpeter,  Chili  niter,  Nitratine) 
NaNOf. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  trans- 
parent, odorless  crystals;  saline, 
slightly  bitter  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.267;  melt- 
ing-joint 3i6°C.;  boiling-point:  De- 
composes. 

Soluble  in  water  and  glycerine;  slightly 
soluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  of  Chili 
saltpeter  with  water,  filtration,  con- 
centration and  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Double  refined  crystals;  double 
refined  granulated;  powder;  fused 
powder;  purified  crystal;  fused  sticks; 
commercial;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Bags;  tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Manufacturing  sulfuric  and  ni- 
tric acids  and  potassium  nitrate;  ox- 
idizing agent;  fertilizer;  flux;  glass 
manufacture;  pyrotechnics;  reagent  in 
analytical  chemistry;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:    Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Sodium  Nitrite*  NaNO2. 

Color  and  properties:  Slightly  yellow- 
ish or  white  crystals  or  touch  sticks. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.157;  melt- 
ing-point 2i3°C;  boiling-point:  De- 
composes. 

Soluble  in  water;  slightly  soluble  in  al- 
cohol and  ether. 

Derivation:  Sodium  nitrate  is  fused  in 
iron  pans,  lead  added,  a  little  at  a 
time,  the  temperature  being  kept  be- 
tween 450°  and  500° C.  The  fused 


mass  is  poured  into  water,  neutra- 
lized with  dilute  acid  (sulfuric  or  ni- 
tric) and  filtered.  The  solution  is 
concentrated  in  open  pans  to  about 
40° Be  and  crystallized. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:  Potassium  salts;  chlorine; 
heavy  metals;  sulfates. 

Grades:  Commercial;  reagent,  sticks; 
highest  purity,  sticks;  reagent,  free 
from  potassium. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Dyestuff  manufacture,  for  diaz- 
otizing;  organic  synthesis;  prepara- 
tion of  nitric  oxide;  reagent  in  analy- 
tical chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Nitroprussiate.     See  Sodium  ni- 
troprusside. 

Sodium  Nitroprusside*  (Sodium  nitro- 
prussiate)  Na2Fe(CN)5NO.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Ruby-red,  trans- 
parent crystals. 

Constants:    Specific  gravity  1.6803. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Sodium  ferrpcyanide  solu- 
tion is  treated  with  nitric  acid,  where- 
upon nitroprusside  crystals  separate. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:     Sulfates. 

Grades:     Technical;  crystals;  reagent. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Testing  silk  for  presence  of  ani- 
mal hair;  in  Roussin's  photometer; 
reagent  in  analytical  chemistry  for 
sulfur  or  sulfides  and  acetone. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium    Ortho -phosphate.     See    Sodium 
phosphate. 

Sodium  Ortho-vanadate.     Sodium  vana- 
date. 

Sodium  Oxalate*   Na2C2C>4. 
Color  and  properties:     White,  crystal- 
line powder;  poisonous. 
Soluble  in  water. 


Sodium  Perborate 


434 


Sodium  Peroxide 


Derivation:  Oxalic  acid  is  dissolved  in 
water,  neutralized  with  sodium  car- 
bonate, the  solution  filtered,  concen- 
trated and  crystallized. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:  Sodium  carbonate;  sodium 
binoxalate;  chlorine;  sulfates;  iron 
salts;  potassium  salts;  organic  im- 
purities. 

Grades:  Commercial;  reagent;  highest 
purity;  pure. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Reagent  in  analytical  chemistry; 
textile  industry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Perborate*   (Perborin) 

(a)   NaBO3.H2O   (b)   NaBO34H2O. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Decom- 
poses at  40°  C. 

Soluble  in  alkalis,  glycerine  and  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  Solutions  of  borax,  so- 
dium peroxide  and  hydrogen  peroxide 
are  mixed,  heated  slightly  and  allowed 
to  crystallize,  (b)  Boric  acid  and  so- 
dium peroxide  are  mixed  and  poured 
into  cold,  acidified  water.  The  crys- 
tals of  perborate  deposit,  are  filtered 
out,  and  dried  at  50°  C. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  manu- 
facture of  hydrogen  peroxide;  anti- 
septic; deodorant;  bactericide;  bleach- 
ing; oxidizing  agent;  toilet  prepara- 
tions. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Perchlorate*  NaClO4. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  de- 
liquescent crystals.  Must  not  be  tri- 
turated with  organic  or  combustible 
substances,  may  cause  explosions. 

Constants:  Melting-point  482° C.;  boil- 
ing-point: Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  (a)  Sodium  chlorate  and 
sodium  chloride  are  mixed  and  heated 
until  fused.  The  unchanged  chloride 
is  leached  out.  (b)  A  cold  solution 


of  sodium  chlorate  is  electrolyzed,  the 
solution  concentrated  and  crystal- 
lized. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:  Sodium  chloride;  sodium 
chlorate. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  canisters;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:     Explosives. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Sodium  Permanganate*  (Conde's  liquid) 
NaMnO4.3H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Purple  to  red- 
dish black  crystals  or  powder. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Decom- 
poses. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Sodium  manganate  is  dis- 
solved in  water  and  a  current  of  chlo- 
rine, carbon  dioxide  or  ozone  passed 
in.  The  solution  is  concentrated  and 
crystallized. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:  Sodium  hydroxide;  sodium 
manganate. 

Grades:  Technical;  sold  commercially 
in  solution. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Oxidizing  agent;  disinfectant; 
bactericide;  manufacture  of  sacchar- 
ine; antidote  for  poisoning  by  mor- 
phine, curare  and  phosphorus. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Sodium  Peroxide*  (Sodium  dioxide;  So- 
dium superoxide;  Sodium  binoxide; 
Oxone)  Na2O2. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-white 
powder,  turning  yellow  when  heated. 
Keep  away  from  alcohol  and  other 
similar  inflammable  liquids,  as  it  will 
cause  ignition,  particularly  in  presence 
of  water. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.805;  melt- 
ing-point: Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  cold  water,  developing  great 
heat;  decomposed  by  hot  water. 

Derivation:     Metallic  sodium  is  heated 


Sodium  Phenate 


435 


Sodium  Phosphate 


to  300°  C.  in  aluminum  trays  in  a  re- 
tort in  a  current  of  dry  air,  from 
which  the  carbon  dioxide  has  been 
removed. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:  Bleaching;  oxidizing  agent;  rea- 
gent in  analytical  chemistry;  purify- 
ing air  in  sick  rooms,  diving  bells, 
etc. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Sodium  Phenate*  (Sodium  phenolate; 
Sodium  carbolate)  NaCetUOH. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  deliques- 
cent crystals.  Keep  well  stoppered. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  Phenol  is  dissolved  in 
caustic  soda  solution,  concentrated 
and  crystallized. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Glass   bottles. 

Uses:  Antiseptic;  in  military  gas-masks 
with  charcoal  and  hexamethylenetet- 
ramine  as  absorbent  for  phosgene; 
salicylic  acid;  organic  synthesis. 

Fire   hazard:     None- 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium    Phenolate.      See    Sodium    phe- 
nate. 

Sodium  Phenoneacetate.     See   Guacetin. 

Sodium  Phosphate,  Dibasic*   (Disodium 
phosphate;    Hydrodisodic    phosphate; 
Disodium  ortho-phosphate) 
Na2HPO4.i2H2p. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  trans- 
luscent  crystals  or  white  powder; 
cooling,  saline  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.5235; 
melting-point  35°C.;  boiling-point: 
Loses  I2H2O  at  ioo°C. 

Soluble  in  water;   insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  (a)  The  calcium  is  precipi- 
tated from  dicalcium  phosphate  solu- 
tion by  sodium  carbonate,  (b)  Bone- 
ash  or  phosphorite  is  digested  with 
dilute  sulfuric  acid,  the  solution  fil- 
tered off  and  concentrated,  refiltered, 
diluted,  and  the  calcium  precipitated 


\yith  sodium  carbonate.  After  filtra- 
tion the  solution  is  concentrated  and 
crystallized. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:  Arsenic;  heavy  metals;  sul- 
fates;  nitrates;  potassium  salts. 

Grades:  Pure  granular;  twice  purified, 
dried  or  crystal;  highest  purity;  medi- 
cinal, crystal  or  dried;  reagent. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  reagent  in  analytical 
chemistry;  baking  powders. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Phosphate,  Monobasic*  (Sodium 
acid  phosphate;  Monosodium  phos- 
phate; Mpnosodium  ortho-phosphate; 
Sodium  biphosphate)  Nat^PCU-t^O. 

Color  and  properties:  Large,  transpar- 
ent crystals;  acid  reaction. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.040;  melt- 
ing-point: Loses  2H2O  at  200° C. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  boiling  disodium  phos- 
phate with  nitric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  pure;  U.  S.  P.; 
B.  P. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:     Medicine;  baking  powders. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Phosphate,  Pyro* 
Na4P2O7.6H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  trans- 
parent crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.824;  melt- 
ing-point: The  anhydrous  salt  melts 
at  970°  C. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  fusing  disodium  phos- 
phate. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:    Disodium  ortho-phosphate. 

Grades:  Pure  crystal;  pure  dried; 
fused;  reagent. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Electroanalysis  of  metals;  manu- 
facture of  iron  pyrophosphate. 


Sodium  Phosphate 


436 


Sodium  Sesquicarbonate 


Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium    Phosphate,    Tribasic*    (Sodium 
ortho-phosphate;      Trisodium      phos- 
phate) 
Na3PO4.i2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.618-1.645; 
melting-point  77°  C.;  boiling-point: 
Loses  nH2O  at  ioo°C. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  saturation  of  phos- 
phoric acid  with  sodium  hydroxide 
and  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Commercial;  highest  purity; 
U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium      Phosphotungstate*       (Sodium 
phosphowol-framate) 
2Na2O.P2O5.i2WO3.i8H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  granular 
powder. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  neutralizing  phospho- 
tungstic  acid  with  sodium  carbonate. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Reagent  for  detecting  and  deter- 
mining alkaloids. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium    Phosphowolframate.      See    So- 
dium   phosphotungstate. 

Sodium-Potassium    Tartrate.      See    Po- 
tassium-sodium tartrate. 

Sodium    Prussiate,    Red.      See    Sodium 
ferricyanide. 

Sodium  Prussiate,  Yellow.     See  Sodium 
ferrocyanide. 

Sodium-Pyrocatechin  Monoacetate.     See 
Guaiacetin. 


Sodium     Pyrophosphate.      See     Sodium 
phosphate. 

Sodium  Rhodanate.     See  Sodium  sulfo- 
cyanide. 

Sodium  Rhodanide.    See  sodium  sulfocy- 
anide. 

Sodium  Salicylate  NaC7H5O3. 

Color  and  properties:  Lustrous,  white, 
crystalline  scales  or  powder;  sweet- 
ish, saline  taste.  The  salt  prepared 
from  natural  salicylic  acid  has  a  faint, 
aromatic  odor. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  sodium  phen- 
ate  in  an  autoclave  with  carbon  diox- 
ide, dissolving  and  crystallizing. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Medicine;  production  of  salicy- 
lic acid. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Selenite*  Na2SeO3. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  neutralizing  selenious 
acid  with  sodium  carbonate  and  crys- 
tallizing. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Commercial;  highest  purity. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  wooden 
kegs. 

Uses:  Glass  manufacture;  reagent  in 
bacteriology. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Sesquicarbonate* 
Na4H2(C03)3.3H20. 

Color  and  properties:    White  crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.112;  melt- 
ing-point: Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  boiling  sodium  carbo- 
nate solution,  to  remove  carbon  di- 
oxide, the  Sesquicarbonate  remaining, 
which,  on  cooling  the  solution,  crys- 
tallizes out. 


Sodium  Silicate 


437 


Sodium  Sulfate 


Method    of   purification:     Recrystalliz- 

ing. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:      Analytical    chemistry. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Silicate*  (Soluble  glass;  Water 
glass) (a)  Na2SiO3  (b)NaSiO3.9H2O 
(c)  Na2Si4O9. 

Color  and  properties:  (Water  glass) 
White  to  gray-white  lumps  or  pow- 
der. 


Constants: 

Melting-point 
Boiling-point 


(b) 

48°  C 

Loses  6H2O 
at  ioo°C 


Soluble  in  water  and  alkalis;  insoluble 
in  alcohol  and  acids. 

Derivation:  Silica  (quartz),  calcined 
soda  and  powdered  coal  are  heated 
together  in  a  crucible,  the  molten 
mass  is  powdered  when  cold,  is  ex- 
tracted with  water  and  steam  in  an 
autoclave,  followed  by  evaporation  of 
the  water. 

Method  of  purification:  Fusion  and 
passing  in  a  current  of  air. 

Impurities:     Sodium  sulfide;  iron. 

Grades:  Pure  crystal;  crude  lumps  or 
powder;  also  marketed  in  form  of 
solutions  of  various  concentrations 
ranging  from  viscous  semi-liquids  to 
thin  watery  fluids. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels:  Tins; 
glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Fireproofing  fabrics;  manufac- 
ture of  corrugated  paperboard,  mail- 
ing tubes,  veneer  products,  etc.; 
greaseproofing  paper  containers,  etc.; 
manufacture  of  cements;  concrete 
hardeners,  etc.,  manufacture  of  paints; 
filling  for  soap;  cementing  stones; 

S       waterproofing  walls;  in  hydraulic  and 
acid-proof      mortars;       dyeing      and 
bleaching;  cottonseed  oil  refining;  ce- 
menting pipe  insulation;  preservative 
for   eggs;    in    medicine    for   fastening 
splints;      manufacture      of      abrasive 
wheels,  stones,  etc. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Silicoflouride*   (Sodium  fluosili- 
cate;  Salufer)  Na2SiF6. 


Color  and  properties:  White,  odorless", 
tasteless,  granular  powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.755;  melt- 
ing-point: Decomposes  at  red  heat. 

Very  slightly  soluble  in  cold  water;  in- 
soluble in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  neutralization  of  fluo- 
silicic  acid  with  sodium  carbonate. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  wooden 
kegs. 

Uses:    Medicine;  ceramics. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Stannate*  ("Preparing  salt") 

Na2SnO3.3H2O. 
Color   and   properties:     White   powder 

or  lumps. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 
Derivation:      (a)    By    fusion .  of    meta- 

stannic   acid   and    sodium    hydroxide. 

(b)   By  boiling  tin  scrap  and  sodium 

plumbate  solution. 
Grades:    Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:     Mordant  in  dyeing. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Subsulfite.     See  Sodium  thiosul- 
fate. 

Sodium  Sulfanilate*  (Sodium-aniline 
sulfonate;  Sodium  para-aminobenzene 
sulfonate)  NaC6H4(NH2)SO3.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  lustrous, 
crystalline  leaflets. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Sulfanilic  acid  is  dissolved 
in  a  solution  of  sodium  hydroxide, 
or  carbonate,  concentrated  and  crys- 
tallized. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Sulfate*  (Glauber's  salt)  (a) 
Na2S04  (b)  Na2SO4.7H2O  (c) 
Na2SO4.ioH2O. 


Sodium  Sulfidc 


438 


Sodium  Tartrate 


(a) 
3.671 

88S°C 


(b) 

1.492 
^.38  C 


Constants: 

Specific  gravity 
Melting-point 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  heating  sodium  chlor- 
ide in  a  furnace  with  sulfuric  acid,  in 
the  manufacture  of  hydrochloric  acid, 
the  sulfate  being  a  by-product. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Highest  purity,  crystal  and 
granular;  highest  purity,  medicinal 
dried;  pure  dried;  commercial;  rea- 
gent, crystal;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  sodium  carbo- 
nate, glass  and  ultramarine;  dyeing; 
freezing  mixtures;  reagent  in  analyti- 
cal chemistry;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Sulfide*  (Sodium'  sulfuret;  So- 
dium monosulfide)  Na2S. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow  or  brick- 
red  lumps. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  1.856. 

Soluble  in  water;  slightly  soluble  in  al- 
cohol; insoluble  in  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  sodium  acid 
sulfate  with  salt  and  coal  to  above 
950° C.;  extraction  with  water  and 
crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:  Ammonium  salts;  sodium 
sulfite;  ferrous  sulfide. 

Grades:  Crystal;  crystal,  free  from  sul- 
fite; pure,  fused;  fused,  reagent,  crys- 
tal. 

Containers:  Crystals:  Wooden  barrels; 
fused:  Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Reagent  in  analytical  chemistry; 
photography;  denitrating  artificial 
silk;  dyeing;  insecticide;  depilatory  in 
tanning;  manufacture  of  sulfur  dyes. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Sodium  Sulfite*  (a)   Na2SO3 

(b)   Na2SO3.7H2O. 
Color   and   properties:     White   crystals 

or  powder;  saline,  sulfurous  taste. 
Constants:     Specific  gravity:  (a)  2.6334; 

(b)       1.5939-        Melting-point:        (a) 


iSo°C;  (b)  Loses  7H2O  at  iso'C. 
Boiling-point:  (a)  Decomposes;  (b) 
Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  Large  sodium  carbonate 
crystals  are  placed  in  a  lead-lined  vat 
on  a  perforated  false  bottom,  a  cur- 
rent of  sulfur  dioxide  is  passed  up 
through  the  crystals,  a  solution  of  so- 
dium disulfite  collecting  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  vat.  This  is  saturated 
with  sodium  carbonate,  concentrated 
and  allowed  to  crystallize. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:     Heavy  metals;  arsenic. 

Grades:  Pure,  crystal  or  dried;  reagent, 
crystal  or  dried;  commercial;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Photography;  preservative;  an- 
tiseptic; reducing  agent;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium    Sulf hydrate:      See    Sodium    hy- 
drosulfide. 

Sodium  Sulfocyanate.     See  Sodium  sul- 
focyanide. 

Sodium  Sulfocyanide*  (Sodium  sulfocy- 
anate,  Sodium  rhodanate,  Sodium 
rhodanide)  NaCNS. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  de- 
liquescent crystals  or  white  powder; 
poisonous. 

Constants:      Melting-point   287°C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  boiling  sodium  cyan- 
ide with  sulfur. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  pure,  crystal  or 
dried. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses :     Reagent. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Superoxide.    See  Sodium  perox- 
ide. 

Sodium  Tartrate*  Na2C4H496.2H2O. 
Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 
Constants:     Specific  gravity  1.794. 


Sodium  Thiosulfate 


439 


Sodium  Vanadate 


Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  Neutralization  of  tartaric 
acid  with  sodium  carbonate,  concen- 
tration and  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Thiosulfate*  (Sodium  hyposul- 
fite;  "Antichlor";  Sodium  subsulfite; 
"Hypo")  Na2S293.5H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  translu- 
cent crystals;  cooling  taste  and  bitter 
after-taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.729; 
melting-point  48°C;  boiling-point: 
Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  water  and  oil  of  turpentine; 
insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  The  waste  sulfide  liquors 
from  Le  blanc  soda  process  are  oxi- 
dized by  exposure  to  air,  producing 
calcium  thiosulfate.  The  solution  of 
this  is  boiled  with  sodium  sulfate, 
filtered,  concentrated  and  crystallized. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:  Sulfates;  sulfites;  free  al- 
kali; calcium;  sulfides. 

Grades:  Commercial;  pure;  crystals; 
reagent;  highest  purity,  crystals  and 
granular;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Photography,  fixing  agent; 
chrome  tanning;  removing  chlorine 
in  bleaching  and  paper-making;  ex- 
traction of  silver  from  its  ores;  disin- 
fecting drinking  water;  mordant  in 
dyeing;  reagent  in  analytical  chemis- 
try: medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Tungstate*  (Sodium  wolfra- 
mate)  Na2WO4.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.259;  melt- 
ing-point: Loses  2H2O  at  ioo°C. 
and  then  melts  at  698° C. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol 
and  acids. 


Derivation:  By  dissolving  tungsten 
trioxide  in  caustic  soda  solution,  con- 
centration and  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:     Chlorine;  sulfates. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Reagent  in  analytical  chemistry; 
production  of  phosphotungstates  and 
borotungstates;  fire  proofing  fabrics. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Uranate*  (Uranium  yellow;  Yel- 
low uranium  oxide)  Na2UO4. 

Soluble  in  dilute  acids;  insoluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  By  treating  a  solution  of 
uranyl  salt  (nitrate  or  sulfate)  with 
sodium  hydroxide,  the  uranate  being 
precipitated. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  yellow-green 
fluorescent  glass;  porcelain  painting; 
enameling. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sodium  Vanadate*  (Sodium  ortho-vana- 
date)  Na3VO4.i6H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Anhydrous 
-  salt  melts  at  866°C. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  fusion  of  vanadic 
acid  and  sodium  hydroxide,  solution 
in  water,  concentration  and  crystal- 
lization, (b)  By  solution  of  ammo- 
nium vanadate  in  sodium  hydroxide 
solution  and  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  aniline-black 
and  inks;  reagent  in  analytical  chem- 
istry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Sodium  Wolframate 


440 


Spanish  Grass 


Sodium  Wolframate.  See  Sodium  tung- 
state. 

"Soilime."*  A  line  residue  from  cyana- 
mid,  containing  50  per  cent  of  calcium 
oxide  on  a  dry  basis,  one-third  in  the 
form  of  calcium  hydroxide  and  two- 
thirds  as  the  carbonate. 

Soja-bean  Oil.     See  Soya-bean  oil. 
Solar  Oil.    See  Kerosene. 

Solder.*  An  alloy  consisting  of  two  or 
more  metals,  having  a  melting-point  be- 
low that  of  any  of  the  constituent  met- 
als, and  used  for  joining  certain  other 
metals  together  by  filling  a  joint  or 
covering  the  juncture,  as  distinguished 
from  brazing,  welding,  etc.  Ordinary 
solder  is  an  alloy  of  equal  parts  of  lead 
and  tin,  and  melts  at  about  i88°C.  Zinc 
solder  consists  of  three  parts  of  lead 
and  five  of  tin,  and  melts  at  176°  C. 
Solder  for  brass  or  copper  contains  two 
parts  of  lead  and  five  of  tin,  and  melts 
at  I7O°C.  Gold  solder  consists  of:  gold, 
10  parts;  silver,  6  parts;  copper,  4  parts. 
Soft  solder  consists  of  one-third  lead 
and  two-thirds  tin,  and  melts  at  about 
I7O°C.  Solders  of  melting-points  down 
to  95°C.  are  made  of  lead,  tin  and  bis- 
muth. 

Soldering  Acid.     See  Acid  hydrochloric. 

Soluble  Blue.  Soluble  Prussian  blue. 
Not  to  be  confused  with  coal-tar  dyes 
of  similar  name. 

Soluble   Glass.     See   Sodium  silicate. 
Soluble  Indigo.    See  Indigo  carmine. 

Soluble  Saccharin.  See  Sodium  benzo- 
sulfimide. 

Soluble  Starch.     See   Starch,   Soluble. 
Solvent  Naphtha.    See  Naphtha,  Solvent. 

Sorel  Cement.*  A  mixture  of  caustic, 
calcined  magnesite,  magnesium  chlor- 
ide, asbestos,  wood-fiber,  marble  dust 


or  other  inert  filler,  with  or  without 
linseed  oil. 

Uses:  Sanitary  floors;  boards  (wood 
substitute);  etc. 

Sorrel  Salt.     See  Potassaium  binoxalate. 
Soy  Oil.     See   Soya-bean   oil. 

Soya-bean  Oil*  (Soja-bean  oil;  Bean  oil; 

Chinese  bean  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Pale  yellow, 
fixed  oil. 

Constants: 

Specific  gravity  0.924-0.929 

Melting-point  22°-3i°C 

Refractive  index  1.4760-14775 

Solidifying  point  -15°  to  -8°C 

Hehne  r  value  94-96 

Sappnification  value  190-200 

Iodine  value  121-139 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  Soya-beans  (Soja  hispida, 
S.  japonica  or  Phaseolus  hispida) 
are  crushed,  packed  into  jute  bags, 
heated  over  jets  of  steam  and  pressed. 
Solvent  extraction  is  now  extensively 
used  both  alone  and  after  pressing. 

Method  of  purification:  Oil  to  be  used 
for  edible  purposes  is  bleached  with 
fuller's  earth;  oil  for  technical  use  is 
purified  with  chemicals. 

Grades:  Coast;  refined;  crude.  Soya- 
bean  oil  is  frequently  quoted  on  f.a.g. 
(meaning  "fair  average  quality")  and 
mentioning  the  district  from  which 
the  oil  is  obtained.  This  is  a  very 
loose  method  of  grading  and  is  being 
abandoned  in  favor  of  chemically  con- 
trolled specifications,  established  by 
such  bodies  as  the  New  York  Pro- 
duce Exchange. 

Containers:      Wooden    barrels. 

Uses:  Soap  manufacture;  illumina- 
tion; foods  (this  oil  has  always  been 
one  of  the  chief  articles  of  diet  in 
China,  Japan,  etc.);  paints;  varnishes. 

Fire  hazard^:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Soudan  Coffee.     See   Cola. 
Spanish  Fly.     See  Cantharides. 
Spanish  Grass.     See  Esparto. 


Spanish  Saffron 


441 


Spigelia 


Spanish  Saffron.     See  Crocus. 
Spanish  Soapwort.     See  Gypsophila. 
Spanish  White.    See  Bismuth  subnitrate. 

Sparteinae   Sulfas,   U.   S.  P.     See   Spar- 
teine. 


Sparteine* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish,  thick, 
oily,  liquid  alkaloid;  bitter  taste;  dis- 
tinctive peculiar  odor;  usually  used 
in  the  form  of  the  sulfate,  hydriodide, 
hydrochloride  and  triiodide;  poiso- 
nous. 

Constants:      Boiling-point    i8o°-i8i°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  very 
slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  of  the  tops 
of  Spartium  scoparium  (broom)  with 
alcohol  and  evaporation  of  the  latter. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Spathic  Iron  Ore.     See  Siderite. 

Spearmint  Oil.* 
Color    and    properties:       Colorless    to 

pale    yellowish    liquid;    characteristic 

odor. 
Chief    known    constituents:      Carvone; 

phellandrene;   pinene. 
Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.930-0.940; 

optical  rotation  -43°. 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether    and    chloro- 

form. 
Derivation:       By     distillation     of     the 

leaves  of  Mentha  viridis. 
Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:    Tins;  glass  bottles;  copper 

flasks. 
Uses:       Flavoring;     medicine;     confec- 

tionery. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Spermaceti*   (Cetaceum). 
Color    and    properties:       Pearly-white, 
unctuous,   semi-transparent,   concrete, 


fatty  substance;  almost  odorless  and 
tasteless;  becomes  rancid  on  expo- 
sure. 

Chief  constituents:  Cetin,  esters  of 
laurinic,  stearic  and  myristic  acids. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.945. 

Soluble  in  ether,  chloroform,  carbon 
bisulfide  and  hot  alcohol;  insoluble 
in  water  and  cold  alcohol. 

Derivation:  Found  in  the  head  of  the 
sperm-whale  or  floating  in  the  ocean; 
is  filtered  under  pressure  to  remove 
stearin,  boiled  with  water  and  a  small 
amount  of  caustic  soda,  followed  by 
repeated  washing  with  water. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Base  for  ointments,  cerates  and 
emulsions;  manufacture  of  candles, 
soaps,  etc. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Specular  Iron.    See  Hematite. 
Sperm  Oil.    See  Whale  oil. 

Sperrylite.  A  Wyoming  mineral  consist- 
ing of  platinum  arsenide,  PtAs2,  also 
containing  antimony  and  rhodium. 

Spessartite.     See   Garnet. 

Sphalerite  (Blende;  Blackjack;  Jack; 
Rosinjack;  Zinc  blende).  The  common- 
est zinc  mineral  and  ore,  zinc  sulfide, 
ZnS,  crystallizing  in  isomorphic  forms, 
and  containing  67  per  cent  of  zinc. 
Very  widely  distributed.  See  also 
Wurtzite. 

Spiegeleisen.     See   Ferromanganese. 

Spigelia*  (Pinkroot;  Indian  pink;  Caro- 
lina pink;  Maryland  pink;  Worm- 
grass). 

Derivation:  Dried  rhizome  and  roots 
of  Spigelia  marilandica. 

Habitat:     North  America. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  ^  Bags. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Spikenard 


442 


Spiritus  Menthae 


Spikenard.* 

Derivation:     Root  of  Aralia  racemosa. 

Habitat:     Northeastern   United   States. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:     Me'dicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Spindle  Tree.     See  Euonymus. 

Spinel.  Native  magnesium  aluminate, 
when  typical  having  the  formula, 
MgO.A^Os,  but  the  magnesium  is  of- 
ten in  part  replaced  by  ferrous  iron  or 
manganese  and  the  aluminum  by  fer- 
ric iron  or  chromium.  Spinel  of  various 
colors  is  found  in  California,  Colorado, 
Massachusetts,  Montana,  New  York 
and  North  Carolina.  It  is  used  as  an 
abrasive,  also  as  a  gem-stone. 

Spirit  of  Ammonia*  (Spirit  of  harts- 
horn). 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  in- 
flammable liquid;  suffocating  odor  of 
ammonia;  contains  10  per  cent  of  am- 
monia gas  (by  weight).  Keep  well 
stoppered. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.810. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  absorbing  ammonia 
in  alcohol. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine;   pharmacy. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Spirit  of  Hartshorn.  See  Spirit  of  am- 
monia. 

Spirit,  Potato.     See  Amyl  alcohol. 
Spirits.     See  Ethyl  alcohol. 
Spirits,  Cologne.    See  Ethyl  alcohol. 

Spirits,  Columbian.  See  Methyl  alco- 
hol. 

Spirits,  Columnian.    See  Methyl  alcohol. 


Spirits  of  Wine.     See  Ethyl  alcohol. 

Spiritus  .ZEtheris,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     Spirit 
of  ether. 

Spiritus  ^theris  Nitrosi,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

Spirit  of  nitrous  ether. 

Spiritus  Ammoniae  Aromaticus,  U.  S.  P., 
B.  P.     Aromatic  spirits  of  ammonia. 

Spiritus  Ammoniae  Fetidus,  B.  P.     Fetid 
spirit  of  ammonia. 

Spiritus    Amygdalae    Amaroe,    U.    S.    P. 

Spirit  of  bitter  almond. 

Spiritus  Anisi,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    Spirit  of 
anise. 

Spiritus    Armoraciae    Compositus,    B.    P. 

Compound  spirit  of  horse-radish. 

Spiritus  Aurantii   Compositus,   U.   S.   P. 

Compound  spirit  of  orange. 

Spiritus  Cajuputi,  B.  P.     Spirit  of  caju- 
put. 

Spiritus    Camphorae,    U.    S.    P.,    B.    P. 

Spirit  of  camphor. 

Spiritus    Chloroformi,    U.    S.    P.,    B.    P. 

Spirit  of  chloroform. 

Spiritus    Cinnamoni,    U.    S.    P.,    B.    P. 

Spirit  of  cinnamon. 

Spiritus    Glycerylis    Nitratis,    U.    S.    P. 

Spirit  of  nitroglycerine. 

Spiritus  Juniperi,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     Spirit 
of  juniper. 

Spiritus  Juniperi   Compositus,  U.   S.   P. 

Compound  spirit  of  juniper. 

Spiritus  Lavandulae,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.  Spirit 
of  lavender. 

Spiritus  Menthae  Piperitae  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

Spirit  of  peppermint. 


Spiritus   Methae 


443 


Stannic  Anhydride 


Spiritus  Methae  Viridis,  U.  S.  P.  Spirit 
of  spearmint. 

Spiritus  Myristicae,  B.  P.  Spirit  of  nut- 
meg. 

Spiritus  Rectificatus,  B.  P.  See  ethyl 
alcohol. 

Spiritus  Rosmarini,  B.  P.  Spirit  of 
Rosemary. 

Sppdumene.  The  principal  native  source 
of  lithium,  a  lithium-aluminum  silicate, 
Li2O.AlO3.4SiO2,  containing  8  per  cent 
of  lithium.  When  transparent  and 
green  in  color,  it  is  known  as  hiddenite 
and  when  pink  or  lilac  in  color  as  kun- 
zite,  both  of  which  are  used  as  gems. 
Occurs  in  California,  Connecticut, 
North  Carolina  and  South  Dakota. 

Sponge,  Platinum.     See  Platinum  black. 
Spotted  Cowbane.     See  Conium. 
Spotted  Hemlock.    See  Conium. 

Spruce  Oil.* 
Color  and  properties:     Colorless  liquid; 

characteristic,  agreeable  odor. 
Chief  known  constituents:     Pinene,  ca- 

dinene  and  bornyl  acetate. 
Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.905-0.910; 

optical  rotation  -22°  to  -25°. 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether,    chloroform 

and   carbon   bisulfide. 
Derivation:      By    distillation    from    the 

leaves  and  twigs  of  Picea  alba  or  Pi- 

cea  nigra. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Spruce  Sulfite  Extract.* 

Derivation:  A  by-product  in  the  paper 
industry. 

Grades:  25  per  cent  Tannin;  50  per 
cent  total  solids. 

Containers:  Tank  cars;  wooden  bar- 
rels. 


Uses:     Tanning   industry;    core   binder 

in  foundries;  road  binder. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Spurge  Flax.    See  Mezereum. 
Spurred  Rye.     See  Ergot. 
Squaw  Bush.     See  Viburnum  opulus. 
Squaw  Mint.    See  Hedeoma. 
Squaw  Root.     See   Caulophyllum. 

Squill  (Scilla;  Sea  onion). 
Derivation:     Bulb  of  Urginea  maritima, 

deprived     of    its     dry,     membranous, 

outer  scales,  cut  into  thin  slices  and 

carefully  dried. 
Habitat:     Mediterranean  basin  near  the 

sea    (Spain,    France,    Italy,    Morocco 

and  Algeria). 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Stagbush.      See    Viburnum    prunifolium. 
Stannic  Acid.    See  Acid  stannic. 

Stannic  Anhydride*  (Stannic  oxide;  Tin 
peroxide;  Tin  dioxide;  Flowers  of  tin; 
Tin-stone;  Tin  ash)  SnO2- 
Color  and  properties:  (a)  White, 
amorphous  powder;  (b)  White  crys- 
tals. 

Constants: 

Specific  gravity 
Melting-point 

Soluble  in  concentrated  sulfuric  acid 
and  fused  alkalis;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  Found  in  nature  as 
the  mineral  cassiterite;  (b)  Tin  is 
melted  and  heated  in  air.  (c)  Tin 
ash,  resulting  from  the  oxidation  of 
the  baths  of  molten  tin  used  in  mak- 
ing tin  plate,  is  refined. 

Grades:     White,  pure;  white;  gray. 

Containers:      Wooden   kegs. 

Uses:  Polishing  powder  for  steel,  glass 
etc.,  manufacture  of  milk-glass,  ala- 


(a)  (b) 

O.O-O.Q  o.7~o-85 

H27°C  Infusible 


Stannic  Chloride 


444 


Stannous  Chloride 


baster     glass,     enamel     and     opaque 

glass. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Stannic  Chloride*  (Tin  chloride;  Tin 
tetrachloride;  sometimes  erroneously 
called  Tin  bichloride)  SnCl4. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  fum- 
ing, caustic  liquid,  which  water  con- 
verts into  the  crystalline  butter  of 
tin,  SnCl4.5H2O.  Keep  well  stop- 
pered. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.2788; 
melting-point  -33°  C;  boiling-point 
ii4°C. 

Soluble  in  cold  water;  alcohol,  carbon 
bisulfide  and  oil  of  turpentine;  de- 
composed by  hot  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  Treatment  of  tin  or 
stannous  chloride  with  chlorine,  (b) 
Tin  is  dissolved  in  concentrated  hy- 
drochloric acid,  neutralized  with  soda, 
heated  with  concentrated  hydrochlo- 
ric acid  and  sodium  chlorate. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  iron  drums. 

Uses:  Mordant  in  dyeing;  tinning 
vessels;  manufacture  of  fuchsine; 
weighting  silk. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  White 
label. 

Stannic  Chromate*   (Tin  chromate) 
Sn(Cr04)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Brownish-yel- 
low, crystalline  powder. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  chromic 
acid  on  stannic  hydroxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Glass   bottles. 

Uses:     Decorating  porcelain. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Stannic  Oxide.     See  Stannic  anhydride. 

Stannic  Phosphide*   (Tin  phosphide) 

Sn2P2. 

Color  and  properties:  Silver-white, 
hard  mass  or  lumps. 


Constants:     Specific  gravity  6.56. 

Soluble  in  acids. 

Derivation:  By  heating  tin  and  phos- 
phorus. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  phosphor- 
bronze. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Stannic  Sulfide*  (Artificial  gold;  Mo- 
saic gold)  SnS2. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow,  amor- 
phous mass  or  scales. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.42-4.60; 
melting-point:  Decomposes  at  red- 
heat. 

Soluble  in  concentrated  hydrochloric 
acid  and  alkaline  sulfides;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  the  action  of  sul- 
fide on  a  solution  of  stannic  chlo- 
ride, (b)  By  heating  tin  amalgam 
with  sulfur  and  ammonium  chloride, 
distilling  off  the  mercury  sulfide  and 
ammonium  chloride. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  boxes. 

Uses:     Imitation  gilding. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Stannous  Chloride*  (Tin  chloride;  Tin 
salt;  Tin  dichloride;  Tin  protochlo- 
ride)  (a)  SnCl2.  (b)  SnCl2.2H2O. 
Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line mass,  which  absorbs  oxygen  from 
the  air,  being  converted  into  the  in- 
soluble oxychloride. 

Constants:  (a) 

Specific  gravity  

Melting-point  24Q.3°C 

Boiling-point  6o3°-628°C 

Soluble  in  water,  alkalis,  tartaric  acid 
and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  dissolving  tin  in  hy- 
drochloric acid. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Reducing  agent  in  dyeing;  mor- 
dant in  cochineal  dyeing;  manufac- 
ture of  lakes;  tin  galvanizing;  reagent 
in  analytical  chemistry;  medicine;  re- 


(b) 

2.71 

37-7°C 

Decomposes 


Stannous  Chromate 


445 


Starch 


moving  ink  stains;  bleaching  sugar. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Stannous  Chromate*  (Tin  chromate) 

SnCrO4. 

Color  and  properties:     Brown  powder. 
Almost  insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  stan- 

nous   chloride  and   sodium  chromate. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:      Decorating   porcelain. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Stannous  Oxalate*  (Tin  oxalate) 

SnC2O4. 
Color    and    properties:      Heavy,    white, 

crystalline   powder. 
Soluble  in  acids. 
Derivation:      By    the    action    of    oxalic 

acid  on  stannous  oxide. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:     Dyeing  and  printing  textiles. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Stannous  Oxide*  (Tin  oxide;  Tin  mono- 
oxide;  Tin  protoxide)  SnO. 

Color  and  properties:  Brownish-black 
powder;  unstable  in  air. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  6.3;  melt- 
ing-point: Decomposes  with  com- 
bustion. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ammonium  chlo- 
ride solution;  insoluble  in  water  and 
alkalis. 

Derivation:  By  heating  Stannous  hy- 
droxide in  a  current  of  carbon  diox- 
ide. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Reducing  agent. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Stannous  Sulfate*  (Tin  sulfate) 

SnSO4. 
Color  and  properties:     Heavy,  white  or 

yellowish,   crystalline  powder. 
Constants:     Melting-point:     Loses 

SO2   at  360°  C. 
Soluble  in  water  and  sulfuric  acid. 


Derivation:  By  the  action  of  sulfuric 
acid  on  Stannous  oxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:      Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Dyeing. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Stannous  Tartrate*   (Tin   tartrate) 

SnC4H406. 
Color    and    properties:      Heavy,    white, 

crystalline   powder. 
Soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:     By  the  action   of  tartaric 

acid  on  stannous  oxide. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:     Dyeing  and  printing  fabrics. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Stannum.  The  Latin  name  for  tin, 
hence  the  symbol  Sn  in  chemical 
nomenclature. 

Staphisagria*  (Stave's  acre;  Larkspur). 
Derivation:  Ripe  seed  of  Delphinium 

Staphisagria. 

Habitat:    Mediterranean  basin  and  U.  S 
Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:      Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Staphisagriae  Semina,  B.  P.  Staphis- 
agriae  seeds. 

Starch*    (C6Hi0O5). 

Color  and  properties:  White,  amor- 
phous, tasteless  powder  or  irregular 
lumps. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.499-1.513; 
melting-point:  Does  not  melt;  boil- 
ing-point: Decomposes  (burns) 
when  heated. 

Insoluble  in  cold  water,  alcohol  and 
ether;  forms  a  jelly  with  hot  water. 

Derivation:  From  corn  (maize),  ar- 
row-root, potatoes  and  the  like;  the 
material  is  rasped  or  ground  with 
water,  the  resulting  pulp  is  ground  in 
the  ordinary  stone-mills,  the  milky 


Starch  Gum 


446 


Stibnitc 


liquid  is  strained  through  sieves,  al- 
lowed to  stand  a  short  time  to  per- 
mit sand  and  the  like  to  settle.  The 
milk  is  then  removed  to  another  tank 
and  the  starch  allowed  to  settle,  the 
supernatant  liquid  removed  and  the 
starch  washed  a  number  of  times  and 
then  dried. 

Grades:  Commercial;  laundry;  edible. 
Varieties:  Corn,  wheat,  rice,  potato; 
tapioca,  cassava  or  arrow-root;  alant 
or  inulin. 

Containers:     Barrels;  boxes. 

Uses:*  Manufacture  of  adhesives;  laun- 
dries; finishing  textiles;  food  mater- 
ial, as  such  and  in  manufacture  of 
invalid  foods;  explosives;  dextrine; 
reagent  in  analytical  chemistry;  medi- 
cine; face  powders. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Starch  Gum.     See  Dextrine. 

Starch,  Soluble*  (Amylodextrin). 

Color  and  properties:     White  powder. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  starch  with 
glycerin  and  adding  strong  alcohol 
during  the  cooling. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Barrels,  boxes,  tins. 

Uses:  Emulsifying  agent;  textile  in- 
dustry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Star  Anise  Oil.    See  Anise  oil,  Star. 

Staurolite.  A  natural  iron-aluminum 
silicate,  Fe(AlO)4  (A1QH)  (SiO4)2, .  oc- 
curring in  North  Carolina  and  Virginia. 

Stave's  Acre.     See  Staphisagria. 
Steapsin.     See  Enzymes. 
Stearic  Acid.     See  Acid  stearic. 

Stearine*     (Tristearine;     Glycerylstearic 

ester)    (CigHssOa^CgHs. 
Color  and  properties:     White,  odorless, 

tasteless  powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.8621; 
melting-point  7i°-7i.5  C. 


Soluble  in  ether,  chloroform  and  car- 
bon bisulfide;  very  slightly  soluble  in 
alcohol;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:     Solid,  natural,  animal  fats. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Candles;   soap;   leather  stuffing. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad   shipping  regulations:     None. 

Acid  stearic  is  often  erroneously  called 
stearine. 

Stearinic   Acid.     See   Acid   stearic. 
Stearophanic  Acid.     See  Acid  stearic. 
Steatite.     See  Talc. 
Steel.     See  Iron. 

Stellite.      An    exceedingly    hard    cobalt- 
chromium    alloy   used    for    lathe    tools, 
cutlery,  etc. 

Stephanite  (Brittle  silver  ore). 
Silver-antimony  sulfide,  5AgS.Sb2Ss, 
containing  68  per  cent  of  silver  and  oc-: 
curring  in  Colorado,  Maine,  Montana 
and  Nevada. 

Stetefeldite.  A  mineral  of  uncertain 
composition,  containing  silver,  copper, 
iron,  antimony  and  sulfur.  From  Ne-i 
vada. 

Stibiconite  (Antimony  ocher).  Natural; 
hydrous  antimony  oxide,  Sb2O4  H2O,! 
from  Nevada,  containing  74  per  cent  of 
antimony. 

Stibium.  The  Latin  name  for  the  ele- 
mentary metal  antimony,  hence  the  I 
symbol  Sb  in  chemical  nomenclature.; 

Stibnite  (Antimony  glance;  Gray  anti-j 
mony;  Antimony  sulfuret).  Antimony! 
sulfide,  Sb2Ss,  the  principal  antimony] 
ore,  containing  71  per  cent  of  antimony,  j 
Occurs  in  Arizona,  Arkansas,  Califor-i 
nia,  Colorado,  Idaho,  Maryland,  Mon-; 
tana,  Nevada,  New  Mexico,  Oregon,  j 
Utah  and  Washington. 


Stick-glue 


447 


Strontium 


Stick-glue.     See  Glue,  Stick. 
Stick  Lac.     See  Shellac. 

Stilbene*  (Toluylene;  Diphenylethylene) 
C6H5CHCHC6H5. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  or 
slightly  yellow  crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9707; 
melting-point  I24°-I25°C;  boiling- 
point  3o6°-307°C. 

Soluble  in  benzol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  alcohol;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  passing  toluol  over  hot 
lead  oxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden   casks. 

Uses:      Manufacture   of   dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Stillingia*  (Queen's  root;  Yaw  root;  Sil- 
ver leaf). 

Derivation:  Root  of  Stillingia  sylva- 
tica. 

Habitat:     South-eastern  U.  S. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Stillingia  Oil  (Tallow-seed  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Pale  yellow, 
limpid,  drying  oil;  peculiar  odor  like 
linseed  oil;  mustard-like  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9432- 
0.9458;  iodine  number  160;  saponifica- 
tion  number  210. 

Slightly  soluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  From  the  seeds  of  the  tal- 
low tree,  Stillingia  sebifera,  by  press- 
ing. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  barrels. 

Uses:  Candles;  soap;  dressing  textiles. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Stink-weed.  See  Stramonium. 
Stockholm  Tar.  See  Pine-tar. 
Stone,  Red.  See  Ferric  oxide. 


Stone  Seed.     See  Lithospermum. 
Storax.     See  Styrax. 
Storksbill.      See    Geranium. 
Stramonii  Folia,  B.  P.    See  Stramonium. 

Stramonium*  (Jamestown  weed;  Jimp- 
son  weed;  Jimson  weed;  Thorn  ap- 
ple; Stinkweed;  Devil's  apple;  Apple 
of  Peru). 

Derivation:  Dried  leaves  of  Datura 
stramonium. 

Habitat:     Europe;  Asia  and  America. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Strawberry  Tree.     See   Euonymus. 

Stromeyerite.  A  natural  sulfide  of  sil- 
ver and  copper,  somewhat  variable  in 
composition,  usually  (AgCu)2S.  Con- 
tains about  50  per  cent  of  silver  and 
30  per  cent  of  copper.  From  Arizona, 
California,  Colorado  and  Nevada. 

Strontianite.  An  important  natural 
source  of  strontium,  being  strontium 
carbonate,  SrCOs.  Found  in  New 
York,  Texas,  Nova  Scotia,  etc. 

Strontii  Bromidum,  U.  S.  PM  B.  P.     See 

Strontium  bromide. 

Strontii  lodidum,  U.  S.  P.  See  Stron- 
tium iodide. 

Strontii  Salicylas,  U.  S.  P.  See  Stron- 
tium salicylate. 

Strontium*  Sr. 

Color  and  p^perties:  Pale,  yellow, 
soft  metal,  similar  to  sodium.  Must 
be  kept  immersed  in  naphtha.  Oc- 
curs in  nature  in  the  minerals  stron- 
tianite  (carbonate),  brewsterite  (sili- 
cate) and  celestite  (sulfate). 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  2.54;  melt- 


Strontium  Bromide 


448 


Strontium  Dioxide 


ing-point  900°  C;  boiling-point: 
Burns  when  heated  in  air  above 
melting-point. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  acids;  decom- 
poses water  on  contact. 

Derivation:  By  electrolysis  of  stron- 
tium chloride  in  a  graphite  crucible 
with  cooling  of  the  upper,  cathodic 
space. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Glass   bottles. 

Uses:  Analytical  chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Strontium  Bromide*  SrBr2. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  hygro- 
scopic powder.  Keep  well  stoppered. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.216;  melt- 
ing-point: Above  630°  C.;  boiling- 
point:  Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol  and  amyl 
alcohol. 

Derivation:  A  strontium  salt  (sulfate, 
chloride,  etc.)  is  treated  with  bro- 
mine or  hydrobromic  acid  in  pres- 
ence of  a  reducing  agent. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Anhydrous  powder;  crystal; 
U.  S.  P.;  B.  P.;  technical. 

Containers:      Glass   bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Strontium   Carbonate*   SrCOs. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  impal- 
pable powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.62;  melt- 
ing-point: Decomposes  at  about 
IO75°C;  boiling-point:  Loses  CO2 
at  I340°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  acids,  carbonated 
water  and  solutions  of  ammonium 
salts ;  very  slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Celestite  is  boiled  with  a 
solution  of  ammonium  carbonate  or 
is  fused  with  sodium  carbonate. 

Method  of  purification:  Ignition  to 
pale  red-heat. 

Grades:     Pure;   precipitated;  technical. 

Containers:  Iron  canisters;  glass  bot- 
tles. 


Uses:      Pyrotechnics;    manufacture    of 

iridescent  glass. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Strontium  Chlorate*   (a)   Sr(ClO3)2 
(b)   Sr(ClO3)2.8H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder.  Must  not  be  triturated 
with  organic  materials,  liable  to  cause 
explosions. 

Constants:  (a)  Specific  gravity  3.152; 
melting-point:  Decomposes  at 

290°  C. 

Soluble  in  water;  slightly  soluble  in 
alcohol. 

Derivation:  Strontium  hydroxide  so- 
lution is  warmed  and  chlorine  passed 
in,  writh  subsequent  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  red-fire  and 
other  pyrotechnics. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Strontium  Chloride*  (a)  SrCb 

(b)    SrCl2.6H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line needles;  sharp,  bitter  taste. 


Constants: 
Specific  gravity 
Melting  point 


(a) 


(b) 


i.g64. 
&  at 


Loses  6H20  at  ii2°C 


Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  Strontium  carbonate  is 
fused  with  calcium  chloride,  the  melt 
extracted  with  water,  the  solution 
concentrated  and  crystallized. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:     Lime. 

Grades:  Pure  crystal  or  dried;  high- 
est purity,  crystal;  technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  strontium  car- 
bonate; production  of  red  flames  (al- 
coholic solution). 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Strontium  Dioxide.     See  Strontium  per- 
oxide. 


Strontium  Hydrate 


449 


Strontium  Sulfate 


Strontium  Hydrate.     See  Strontium  hy- 
droxide. 

Strontium    Hydroxide*    (Strontium    hy- 
drate)  (a)  Sr(OH)2 
(b)    Sr(OH)2.8H20. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  de- 
liquescent crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity:  (a)  3.625; 
(b)  1.396.  Melting-point:  (a)  375°C. 

Soluble  in  acids  and  hot  water;  slight- 
ly soluble  in  cold  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  Strontianite  is  con- 
verted into  the  oxide  by  ignition,  the 
latter  slaked  with  water,  (b)  Celes- 
tite  is  fused  with  sodium  carbonate 
under  pressure,  and  the  carbonate 
formed  is  extracted  with  water,  evap- 
orated to  dryness  and  ignited  as 
above. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Wooden   kegs. 

Uses:   Sugar  industry. 

Fire    hazard:      None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Strontium  Iodide*  (a)  Srl2 

(b)   SrI2.6H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  (a)  White,  crys- 
talline plates;  decomposes  in  moist 
air.  Keep  well  stoppered,  (b)  White 
crystals. 

Constants :  «  *> 

Specific  gravity  4-549  4-415 

Melting-point  so7°-645°C  

Boiling-point  Decomposes  

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  treating  strontium 
carbonate  with  hydriodic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Strontium  Nitrate*    (a)    Sr(NOs)2 

(b)    Sr(N03)2.4H20. 
Color  and  properties:     White   powder. 

Constants:  W  W 

Specific  gravity               2.08                               2.249 
Melting-point  645  °C  

Soluble  in  water;  very  slightly  soluble 
in  absolute  alcohol;  insoluble  in  ni- 
tric acid  and  dilute  alcohol. 


Derivation:  A  concentrated  solution 
of  strontium  chloride  is  precipitated 
by  means  of  sodium  nitrate. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Pure  dry;  dry;  impalpable 
powder;  technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Pyrotechnics,  marine  signals, 
railroad  flares,  etc. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Strontium  Peroxide*  (Strontium  diox- 
ide) (a)  Sr02  .(b)  SrO2.8H2O. 

Color  and  properties:     White  powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity:  (a)  0.456. 
Melting-point:  (a)  Decomposes;  (b) 
Loses  8H2O  at  ioo°C.  and  decom- 
poses when  heated  to  a  higher  tem- 
perature. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ammonium  chlo- 
ride solution;  decomposes  in  hot 
water. 

Derivation:  By  passing  oxygen  over 
heated  strontium  oxide. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:     Bleaching. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Strontium  Salicylate* 
Sr(C7H503)2.2H20. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of 
strotium  hydroxide  and  salicylic  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:      Glass   bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Strontium  Sulfate*  SrSO4. 

Color  and  properties:  White  precipi- 
tate or  crystals  of  the  mineral  celes- 
tite. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3-71-3-97; 
melting-point  1605° C;  boiling-poir.t: 
Decomposes  at  white-heat. 

Slightly  soluble  in  concentrated  acids: 
very  slightly  soluble  in  water;  insolu- 


Strophanthi 


450 


Styrene 


ble  in  alcohol  and  dilute  sulfuric  acid. 

Derivation:  (a)  Celestite  is  ground; 
(b)  Precipitation  of  any  soluble  stron- 
tium salt  by  means  of  sodium  sul- 
fate. 

Method  of  purification:  Washing  with 
water. 

Impurities:  Sodium  sulfate. 

Grades:  Commercial;  free  from  so- 
dium salts. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:      Pyrotechnics. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Strophanthi  Semina,  B.  P.     See  Stroph- 
anthus. 

Strophanthus. 

Derivation:  Ripe  seeds  of  Strophan- 
thus kombe. 

Habitat:  Central  Africa,  Asia,  Philip- 
pines. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Styrax  (Storax;  Oriental  sweet  gum). 
Derivation:      Balsam    from    the    wood 

and  inner  bark  of  Liquid-ambar  ori- 

entalis. 

Habitat:     Asia  Minor. 
Grades:     Technical;   U.  S.  P.;   B.  P. 
Containers:    Iron  drums. 
Uses:     Medicine;    perfumery. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Styrax  Praeparatus,  B.  P.     See  Styrax. 

Strychnina,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See  Strych- 
nine. 

Strychninae  Hydrochloridum,  B.  P.     See 

Strychnine. 

Strychninae  Nitras,  U.  S.  P.    See  Strych- 
nine. 

Strychninae     Sulphas,     U.     S.     P.      See 
Strychnine. 

Strychnine*    C2iH22N2O2. 
Color    and    properties:      Hard,    white, 


crystalline  alkaloid;  very  bitter  taste; 
very  poisonous. 

Constants:      Melting-point   268° C. 

Soluble  in  chloroform;  slightly  soluble 
in  alcohol;  very  slightly  soluble  in 
water  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  of  the  seeds 
of  Nux  vomica  with  acetic  acid,  ni- 
tration, precipitation  by  alkali  and 
filtration. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Crystal;  powder;  U.  S.  P.; 
B.  P.;  technical. 

Containers:     Glass   bottles. 

Uses:  In  medicine  as  such,  or  as  the 
hydrochloride,  bisulfate,  lactate,  ni- 
trate, sulfate  or  other  salt. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Stypticin.     See  Cotarnine  hydrochloride. 

Styrax  (Storax,  Oriental  sweet  gum). 

Color  and  properties:  (a)  Amber  col- 
ored droplets  or  powder  (b)  Thick, 
tough,  gray,  semi-liquid  mass. 

Chief  constituents:  Styrene;  cinnamic 
acid,  ethyl  vanillin;  styracin,  etc. 

Constants:  <a)  (W 

Specific  gravity  0.890-1.100  

Boiling-point  iso°-3oo°C  

Optical  rotation  -3  to  -38  

Soluble  in  ether  and  warm  alcohol;  in- 
soluble in  water. 

Derivation:  A  balsam  obtained  from 
the  inner  bark  of  Liquidambar  orien- 
talis. 

Method  of  purification:  Solution  in 
ether  and  treatment  with  fused  cal- 
cium chloride. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Barrels;  boxes. 

Uses:  Medicine;  microscopy;  fumigat- 
ing powders  and  tablets;  perfumery; 
source  of  styrene. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Styrene*  (Styrol;  Phenylethylene,  Sty- 
rolene;  Cinnamene;  Cinnamol;  Vinyl- 
benzene)  CeH5CHCHs. 

Color  and  properties:  Highly  refrac- 
tive, yellowish,  oily  liquid;  aromatic 
odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9121; 
boiling-point  I46°C. 


Styrol 


451 


Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 

Derivation:     From  liquid  styrax. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:      Glass   bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Styrol.     See  Styrene. 
Styrolene.     See   Styrene. 
Styrone.     See  Cinnamic  alcohol. 

Styrylic    Alcohol.      See    Cinnamic    alco- 
hol. 

"Sublimate."     See  Mercuric  chloride. 

Sublimate,     Corrosive.       See     Mercuric 
chloride. 

Succinic  Acid.     See  Acid  succinic. 
Succinonitrile.     See   Ethylene  cyanide. 
Succus  Limonis,  B.  P.     Lemon  juice. 
Succus  Scoparii,  B.  P.     Juice  of  broom. 

Succus  Taraxaci,  B.  P.    Juice  of  taraxa- 
cum. 

Sucrose.     See   Sugar,   Cane. 

Sugar,  Acorn.     See  Quercitol. 

Sugar,  Beet.     See  Sugar,  Cane  and  Beet. 

Sugar,  Cane  and  Beet*  (Saccharose; 
Sucrose)  Ci2H22pii. 

Color  and  properties:  Hard,  white, 
dry  crystals,  lumps  or  powder;  sweet 
taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.5877; 
melting-point  189.2° C.',  boiling-point: 
Burns. 

Soluble  in  water;  very  slightly  soluble 
in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  crushing  of  sugar- 
cane with  water  (Saccharum  ofricin- 
arum)  or  extraction  of  the  sugar-beet 
(Beta  vulgaris)  with  water,  and  press- 
ing. 


Sugar 


Method  of  purification:  Treatment  of 
solution  with  lead  acetate,  filtration, 
concentration,  crystallization  and 
coloring  with  ultramarine. 
Grades:  Cube,  lump  or  cut:  White 
granular  sugar  molded  or  cut  into 
cubes. 

Powdered,  iceing  and  bar  sugars  made 
by  grinding  coarse  granulated  sugar 
into  fine  particles  and  then  separating 
these    particles    by    screening    them 
through    fine    silk    cloth.      Starch    is 
sometimes  added  to  powdered  sugar 
to  prevent  it  from  caking. 
Bar  sugar:    A  grade  of  sugar  used  in 
the    preparation    of    beverages. 
Brown  and  yellow  sugars,  or  "softs" 
as  they  are  usually  called,    comprise  fif- 
teen grades,  ranging  in  color  from  a 
creamy  white  to  a  dark  brown.    These 
sugars    are    used    chiefly    by    bakers 
in     making     ginger-bread,     pies     and 
cakes,     although     a     small     quantity 
finds  its  way  directly  into  households 
for    ordinary    domestic    consumption. 
The  characteristics   of  yellow   sugars 
are  that  they  have  a  small  grain  and 
contain   a    sufficient   amount   of   mo- 
lasses   to    make    them    moist    to    the 
touch,    properties    brought    about    by 
a  radically  different  method  of  boil- 
ing from  that  applied  to  white  sugars. 
They  also   contain  a  certain  amount 
of  invert   sugar  which  preserves  the 
softness  of  grain  and  prevents  subse- 
quent  caking  or  hardening. 
White,  confectioner's  or  granulated  su- 
gar,  obtained  by  thorough  bleaching 
and  filtration  of  crude  or  raw  sugars 
and   subsequent   crystallization.     The 
grades   vary   in   accordance   with   the 
size  of  the  crystals  which  is  regulated 
by  the  conduct  of  the  final  stages  of 
the  process  of  evaporation.  Demerara 
yellow  is  a  yellow  colored  granulated 
sugar   quite   extensively  used  in   Eu- 
rope  for  household   purposes. 
Loaf  sugar:  Granulated  sugar  molded 
into     large,     tall     cones,     which     are 
broken   up   as   needed.     The   form   in 
which   all    sugar   formerly   came   into 
the    household;    still    in    considerable 
use  in  Europe. 
Containers:     Barrels;   bags;   cardboard 

boxes. 
Uses:     Food;  sweetening;  manufacture 


Sugar  Coloring 


452 


Sulfur 


of  sirups;  confectionery;  preserves 
and  jams;  demulcent  and  lenitive; 
soap;  pharmaceutical  products;  cara- 
mel. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sugar  Coloring.     See   Caramel. 
Sugar  of  Lead.     See  Lead  acetate. 
Sugar  of  Milk.     See  Lactose. 

Sulfanilic   Acid,   Meta-.      See   Acid    me- 
tanilic. 

Sulfethylic  Acid.    See  Acid  ethylsulfuric. 

Sulfoarsenious  Anhydride.     See  Arsenic 
trisulfide. 

Sulfobenzeneazodimethylaniline.  See 

Dimethylaminoazobenzene    sulfonate. 

Sulfocarbolic  Acid.    See  Acid  phenylsul- 
fonic. 

Sulfocholeic  Acid.  See  Acid  taurocholic. 

Sulfonal*  (Sulfone  methane;  Diethylsul- 
sulfone    dimethyl-methane) 

(CHs)2C(S02C2HB)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  crys- 
talline powder. 

Constants:  Melting-point  I25°-I26°C.; 
boiling-point:  Decomposes  at  300° C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol;  slightly  soluble  in 
water  and  ether. 

Derivation:  Anhydrous  , acetone  and 
anhydrous  ethylmercaptan  are  com- 
bined by  means  of  a  stream  of  an- 
hydrous hydrochloric  acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass   bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sulfone  Methane.     See  Sulfonal. 
Sulfonethylmethane    (Trional) 

CH3(C2H5)C(S02C2H5)2. 


Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  lus- 
trous, crystalline  powder;  odorless; 
characteristic,  slightly  bitter  taste. 

Constants:      Melting-point    76° C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  passing  dry  hydro- 
chloric acid  gas  into  a  mixture  of 
anhydrous  mercaptan  and  methyle- 
thyl  ketone  and  oxidizing  the  pro- 
duct. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Glass   bottles;   boxes. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sulfourea.     See  Thiocarbamide. 
Sulfovinic  Acid.     See  Acid  ethylsulfuric. 

Sulfovinous    Acid.      See    Acid    ethylsul- 
furous. 

Sulfur*  (Brimstone;  Flowers  of  sulfur) 
S. 

Color  and  properties:  (a)  Amorphous 
soft;  (b)  Hard  yellow. 

Found  native  in  Alabama,  California, 
Colorado,  Georgia,  Idaho,  Kentucky, 
Louisiana,  Nevada,  New  Mexico, 
Tennessee,  Texas,  Utah  and  Wyom- 
ing, and  Sicily. 


Constants: 


(a) 

lelting^point"    About  i2o°C 
Boiling-point  444.6°C 

Ignition-point  .... 


(b) 
2.046 

444.6°C 
2S5°C 


Soluble  in  carbon  bisulfide  and  sulfur 
chloride;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Mined  as  such  or  molten 
underground  by  superheated  water, 
pumped  up  and  allowed  to  solidify 
'in  bins  from  which  it  is  shipped. 

Method  of  purification:  Precipitation 
or  sublimation. 

Grades  of  the  hard  variety:  Crystals; 
crude  (brimstone);  roll;  precipitated, 
pure;  (milk  of  sulfur);  sublimed 
(flowers  of  sulfur) ;  washed;  U.  S.  P.; 
B.  P.;  flour. 

Containers:     Box  cars;  barrels;  boxes. 

Uses:  Manufacture  of  gunpowder, 
matches,  sulfuric  and  sulfurous  acids; 


Sulfur  Bichloride 


453 


Sulfurous  Acid 


sulfurizing  wine  and  beer  vats;  mak- 
ing casts  and  molds;  phafmacy 
bleaching;  medicine;  iron  sulfide;  dis- 
infecting (by  burning). 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Sulfur  Bichloride.    See  sulfur  dichloride. 

Sulfur  Chloride*  (Sulfur  monochloride; 
Sulfur  subchloride)  S2C12. 

Color  and  properties:  Amber  to  yel- 
lowish-red, oily,  fuming  liquid;  pene- 
trating odor;  irritating  effect  on  the 
eyes,  lungs  and  mucous  membranes. 
Keep  well  stoppered. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.7094; 
melting-point  -80°  C.;  boiling-point 
138°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  benzol,  car- 
bon bisulfide  and  amyl  acetate;  de- 
composes on  contact  with  water. 

Derivation:  By  passing  chlorine  over 
molten  sulfur. 

Method  of  purification:     Distillation. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  iron  drums. 

Uses:  Rubber  industry  for  vulcaniz- 
ing; manufacturing  vulcanized  oils; 
rubber  substitutes  and  cements;  puri- 
fying sugar  juices;  sulfur  ^  solvent; 
manufacture  of  military  poison  gas. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  White 
label. 

Sulfur  Dichloride*  (Sulfur  bichloride) 
SC12. 

Color  and  properties:  Reddish-brown 
liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.622;  melt- 
ing-point -78°  C.;  boiling-point  59° C.; 
decomposes  at  64°  C. 

Decomposes  in  water. 

Derivation:  Chlorine  is  passed  into 
sulfur  monochloride  to  saturation,  at 
6°  to  10°,  followed  by  carbon  dioxide 
to  drive  off  the  excess  of  chlorine. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Rubber  industry  for  vulcaniz- 
ing; manufacturing  vulcanized  oils; 
rubber  substitutes  and  cements;  puri- 
fying sugar  juices;  sulfur  solvent. 


Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad   shipping  regulations:     White 
label. 

Sulfur  Dioxide*  (Acid  sulfurous,  Anhy- 
dride) SO2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  gas  or 
liquid;  suffocating  odor;  corrosive 
poison. 

Constants:  Gas;  specific  gravity 
1,43368;  melting-point  -76.i°C.;  boil- 
ing-point -io°C. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  roasting  pyrites  in 
special  furnaces.  The  gas  is  readily 
liquefied  by  cooling  it  with  ice  and 
salt,  or  at  a  pressure  of  three  atmos- 
pheres. 

Grades:     Commercial. 

Containers:     Iron  pressure  tanks. 

Uses:  Artificial  ice  industry;  bleach- 
ing straw,  feathers  and  silk;  preser- 
vative for  beer,  wine  and  meats;  cel- 
lulose and  paper  industries. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Green 
label  (Gas). 

Sulfur  Dioxide.     See  Acid  sulfurous. 
Sulfur  Flour.     See  Sulfur. 
Sulfur  Flowers.     See  Sulfur. 

Sulfur  Monochloride.     See   Sulfur  chlo- 
ride. 

Sulfur  Olive  Oil.  See  Olive  oil  foots. 
Sulfur  Subchloride.  See  Sulfur  chloride. 
Sulfur  Trioxide.  See  Acid  sulfuric. 

Sulfuretted    Hydrogen.      See    Hydrogen 
sulfide. 

Sulfuric  Acid.     See  Acid  sulfuric. 
Sulfuric  Ether.     See  Ethyl  ether. 
Sulfurous  Acid.     See  Acid  sulfurous. 

Sulfurpus    Acid,    Anhydride.      See    Sul- 
fur dioxide. 


Sulphonal 


454 


Syntonin 


Sulphonal,  B.  P.    See  Sulfonal. 

Sulphonmethanum,   U.   S.   P.     See    Sul- 
fonal. 

Sulphur.     See  Sulfur. 

Sulphur  Lotum,  U.  S.  P.    See  Sulfur. 


Sulphur   Praecipitatum,   U.   S.   P.,   B.   P. 

See  Sulfur. 


Sulphur  Sublimatum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.  See 

Sulfur. 

Sumac*  (Shumac,  Rhus  glabra). 

Derivation:  The  leaves  and  young 
twigs  from  various  plants  of  the 
Rhus  family.  Found  in  many  coun- 
tries; best  grades  from  Italy,  Spain, 
Greece  and  Virginia. 

Grades:    25    per    cent    Tannin    (liquid). 

Containers:  Powder:  Burlap  bags.  Ex- 
tract: Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Textile  dyeing;  tanning  indus- 
try; medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sumac  Wax.     See  Japan  wax. 

Sumbul   (Musk  root). 

Derivation:  Dried  rhizome  and  root 
of  an  undetermined  plant,  probably 
belonging  to  the  Umbelliferse. 

Habitat:       Central    Asia,    East    Indies. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:  Medicine;  manufacture  of  per- 
fumes. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Sunflower.     See  Helianthus. 

Sunflower  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  Pale  yellow 
liquid;  mild  taste;  pleasant  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.924- 
0.926;  iodine  value  125;  refractive  in- 
dex 1.4611. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  By  expression  from  the 
seeds  of  Helianthus  annuus. 


Method   of  purification:     Filtration. 
Grades:     Crude;  refined. 
Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:      Varnishes;      soap;      illuminant; 

edible  oil,  particularly  in  Russia. 
Fire   hazard:      Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Superpalite.  See  Trichloromethyl  chlo- 
roformate. 

Suprarenalum  Siccum,  U.  S.  P.  Dried 
suprarenal  glands. 

Swallow-Wort.     See  Vincetoxicum. 

Sweet  Bay.     See  Laurel. 

Sweet  Bay  Oil.    See  Oil  laurel,  Volatile. 

Sweet   Cane.     See    Calamus. 

Sweet  Fennel.     See  Fennel. 

Sweet  Flag.     See  Calamus. 

Sweet  Grass.     See   Calamus. 

Sweet  Gum,  Oriental.     See  Styrax. 

Sweet  Oil.     See   Olive  oil. 

Sweet  Viburnum.  See  Viburnum  pruni- 
folium. 

Sweet  Wood  Bark.     See  Cascarilla. 
Sykose.     See   Saccharine. 

Sylvanite.  A  native  gold-silver  tellu- 
ride,  (AuAg)Te2,  containing  24.5  per 
cent  of  gold  and  13.5  per  cent  of  sil- 
ver. Found  in  Colorado,  Oregon, 
Washington  and  Wyoming. 

Sylvine.      See    Potassium    chloride. 

Syntonin*  (Para-peptone,  Muscle  fibrin). 
Color  and  properties:  Yellow  powder. 
Soluble  in  dilute  hydrochloric  acid  and 

alkaline   carbonates. 
Derivation:      By    conversion    of    albu- 


Syrupus 


455 


Syrupus   Zingiberis 


mose  by  means  of  dilute  hydrochlor- 
ic acid. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire   hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Syrupus,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     Sirup. 

Syrupus  Acaciae,  U.  S.  P.  Sirup  of 
acacia. 

Syrupus  Acidi  Citrici,  U.  S.  P.  Sirup  of 
citric  acid. 

Syrupus  Acidi  Hydriodici,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P. 

Sirup  of  hydriodic  acid. 

Syrupus  Aromaticus,  B.  P.  Aromatic 
sirup. 

Syrupus  Auranthii,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    Sirup 

of  orange. 

Syrupus  Auranthii  Florum,  U.  S.  P.,  B. 
P.  Sirup  of  orange  flowers. 

Syrupus  Calcii  Lactophosphatis,  U.  S. 
P.,  B.  P.  Sirup  of  calcium  lactophos- 
phate. 

Syrupus     Cascarae     Aromaticus,     B.     P. 

Aromatic  sirup  of  cascara. 

Syrupus  Chloral,  B.  P.     Sirup  of  chloral. 

Syrupus     Codeinae     Phosphatis,     B.     P. 

Sirup  of  codeine  phosphate. 

Syrupus    Ferri   lodidi,   U.   S.   P.,   B.   P. 

Sirup  of  ferrous  iodide. 

Syrupus  Ferri  Phosphatis,  B.  P.  Sirup 
of  ferrous  phosphate. 

Syrupus  Ferri  Phosphatis  Cum  Quinina 
Et  Strychnina.  Sirup  of  ferrous  phos- 
phate with  quinine  and  strychnine. 

Syrupus  Glucosi,  B.  P.  Sirup  of  glu- 
cose. 


Syrupus     Hypophosphitum,     U.     S.     P. 

Sirup   of  hypophosphites. 

Syrupus   Ipecacuanhas,   U.   S.  P.     Sirup 
of  ipecac. 

Syrupus   Lactucarii,  U.   S.  P.     Sirup  of 
lactucarium. 

Syrupus   Limonis,  B.  P.     Sirup  of  lem- 
on. 

Syrupus  Picis  Liquidae,  U.  S.  P.     Sirup 
of  tar. 

Syrupus  Pruni  Virginianae,  U.  S.  P.,  B.P. 

Sirup  of  wild  cherry. 

Syrupus  Rhei,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     Sirup  of 
rhubarb. 

Syrupus  Rhei  Aromaticus,  U.  S.  P.    Aro- 
matic sirup  of  rhubarb. 

Syrupus  Rhoceados,  B.  P.    Sirup  of  red- 
poppy. 

Syrupus  Rosae,  B.  P.    Sirup  of  rose. 

Syrupus  Sarsaparillae  Compositus,  U.  S. 
P.     Compound  sirup  of  sarsaparilla. 

Synipus  Scillae,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    Sirup  of 
squill. 

Syrupus    Scillae    Compositus,    U.    S.    P. 

Compound  sirup  of  squill. 

Syrupus  Senegae,  U.  S.  P.     Sirup  of  se- 
nega. 

Syrupus  Sennae,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     Sirup 
of  senna. 

Synipus  Tolutanus,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.  Sirup 
of  tolu. 

Syrupus   Urgineae,   B.  P.     Sirup   of  ur- 
ginea. 

Syrupus    Zingiberis,    U.    S.    P.,    B.    P. 

Sirup  of  ginger. 


Tabbyite 


456 


Tanacetum 


Tabbyite.     See  Wurtzilite. 

Tabellae  Trinitrini,  B.  P.     Nitroglycerin 
tablets. 

Table  Salt.     See  Sodium  chloride. 

Tacamahac. 

Derivation:  The  resin  from  various 
species  of  Amyris  and  Icica. 

Habitat:  West  Indies  and  South 
America. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:     Medicine;   fumigating  mixtures. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Tachiol.     See  Silver  fluoride. 
Tailed  Pepper.     See  Cubeba. 

"Takatol."       A     proprietary     brand     of 
Para-aminophenol. 

Talc  (Soapstone;  Steatite;  Potstone). 
A  natural  hydrous  magnesium  silicate, 
H2O.3MgO.4SiC>2.  It  is  soft,  easily 
cut  or  powdered  and  has  a  greasy  or 
soapy  feel.  When  occurring  in  more 
or  less  impure  form  in  large  beds,  it  is 
called  steatite  or  soapstpne.  It  is  also 
called  potstone  because  it  was  formerly 
used  for  making  cooking-pots,  on  ac- 
count of  the  ease  with  which  it  is  hol- 
lowed out  and  because  of  its  resistance 

•  to  ordinary  heats.  When  cut  into  cray- 
ons it  is  called  French  chalk.  Oc- 
curs widely  scattered  throughout  the 
United  States.  See  also  Magnesium 
silicate. 

Talcum.     See   Magnesium   silicate. 

Talcum  Purificatum,  U.  S.  P.  See  Mag- 
nesium silicate. 

Tallow.* 

Derivation:  The  fat  extracted  from 
the  solid  fat  or  "suet"  of  cattle,  sheep 
or  horses.  The  quality  varies  de- 


pending on  the  season,  the  food  and 

age  of  the  animal. 
Chief    constituents:      Stearin,    palmitin 

and  olein. 
Grades:     Edible;  inedible;  beef  tallow; 

mutton  tallow;   horse  fats. 
Containers:      Wooden   barrels. 
Uses:      Soap    stocky    leather    dressing; 

candles;    food;    railway    axle    grease; 

manufacture  of  stearine  and  oleo  oil. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Tallow-seed   Oil.     See   Stillingia   oil. 
Tallow  Shrub.     See  Myrica. 

Tallow,  Vegetable. 

Derivation:  A  hard  fat  from  the  fruit 
of  the  Chinese  tallow  tree.  The  fruit 
is  steamed  in  a  perforated  kettle  and 
the  fat  which  melts  is  collected. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Boxes. 

Uses:     Soap  stock. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Tamarind.* 
Derivation:       Preserved     pulp     of    the 

fruit   of  Tamarindus  indica. 
Habitat:     East  Indies,  Africa  and  West 

Indies. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Boxes. 
Uses:      Medicine;    condimental    sauces. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:      None. 

Tamarindus,  B.  P.     See  Tamarind. 

Tanacetum*   (Tansy;  Tanzy). 

Derivation:  Leaves  and  tops  of  Tan- 
acetum vulgare. 

Habitat:  Asia,  Europe  and  North 
America. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:      Bags. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Tankage 


457 


Tapioca  Dextrine 


Tankage.  The  press-cake  obtained  from 
garbage  disposal  and  abattoir  by-prod- 
uct plants.  It  is  dried  and  broken  up, 
then  used  as  a  filler  in  fertilizers. 

Tannic  Acid.    See  Acid  tannic. 
Tannigen.     See   Diacetyltannin. 
Tannin.     See  Acid  tannic. 
Tannin-Formaldehyde.     See  Tannoform. 
Tannoform*    (Tannin-formaldehyde) 


Color    and    properties:      Reddish    pow- 

der. 

Constants:      Melting-point   230°  C. 
Insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:      By    the    condensation    of 

tannin  and  formaldehyde. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles;  boxes. 
Uses:     Medicine;   dental  cements. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Tannopine. 

Color    and    properties:      Light    brown, 

odorless,  tasteless  powder. 
Derivation:     A  mixture  of  tannic  acid 

(87   per   cent)    and    hexamethylenete- 

tramine  (13  per  cent). 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:      Glass   bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Tansy.     See  Tanacetum. 

Tansy  Oil.* 
Color    and    properties:      Yellowish    li- 

quid; strong  odor;  becomes  brown  on 

exposure  to  air  and  light;  poisonous. 
Chief    known    constituents:      Thujone; 

camphor;  borneol. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.925-0.955. 
Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  carbon  bisul- 

fide and  chloroform. 
Derivation:      Distilled    from    the    herb, 

Tanacetum   vulgare. 
Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 
Grades:    Technical, 


Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:      Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Tantalic  Acid.  See  Tantalum  pentox- 
ide. 

Tantalite.  A  rare  mineral  of  the  tan- 
talite-columbite  group  consisting  of 
almost  pure  iron  and  manganese  tan- 
talate,(FeMn)Ta2O6.  It  almost  in- 
variably contains  some  columbium. 
Found  in  the  U.  S.  in  South  Dakota 
and  Virginia. 

Tantalum.*  Ta. 

Color   and   properties:      Black   powder. 
Constants:       Specific     gravity     14.491; 

melting-point  2900°  C. 
Soluble    in    fused   alkalis;    insoluble    in 

acids. 
Derivation:     By     heating     the     double 

fluoride    of   potassium    and    tantalum 

in  an  electric  furnace. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:      Wooden   kegs. 
Uses:      Alloys;    incandescent      electric 

light   filaments. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Tantalum  Oxides*  (a)  TaO2  (b)  Ta2O4 
(c)  Ta2O5. 

Color  and  properties:  (a)  Brown  pow- 
der; (b)  Dark  gray  powder;  (c) 
Rhombic,  crystalline  prisms. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity:  (c)  7.6; 
Melting-point:  (a)  Oxidizes;  (b)  Oxi- 
dizes; (c)  Infusible. 

Insoluble  in  water  and  acids. 

Derivation:  From  tantalite,  by  re- 
moval of  other  metals. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Tantalum. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Tantalum  Ore.     See  Tantalite. 

Tanzy.    See  Tanacetum. 

Tapioca  Dextrine.     See  Dextrine, 


Tar  Camphor 


458 


Tartar,  Crude 


Tar  Camphor.     See   Naphthalene. 
Tar,  Coal.     See   Coal-tar. 

Tar,  Dehydrated.* 
Color    and    properties:      Dark    brown, 

thick,    viscid    liquid;    poisonous. 
Derivation:    Tar  from  which  the  water 

has  been  driven  off. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:      Barrels;    tank    cars. 
Uses:         Waterproofing       compounds; 

roads;  medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     Yellow 

label. 

Tar,  Hardwood.     See  Tar,  Wood. 

Tar  Oil,  Wood.* 

Color  and  properties:  Almost  color- 
less liquid  when  freshly  distilled; 
turns  dark  reddish-brown;  strong 
tarry  odor  and  taste;  poisonous. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.862-0.872. 

Soluble  in  ether,  chloroform  and  car- 
bon bisulfide. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  wood-tar 
obtained  by  the  destructive  distilla- 
tion of  the  wood  of  Pinus  palustris. 

Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Tar,  Pine.* 

Color  and  properties:  Thick,  dark,  vis- 
cous mass;  peculiar  terebine  odor. 

Derivation:  From  the  destructive  dis- 
tillation of  Pinus  palustris. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Barrels. 

Uses:     Roofing  compounds. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Tar,  Water-Gas.* 

Color    and    properties:      Dark    brown, 

thick,  viscid  liquid;  poisonous. 
Constants:     Specific  gravity  1.005-1.15. 


Derivation:      A    by-product    from    the 

manufacture  of  illuminating  gas  (car- 

buretted   water   gas). 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:      Iron    drums;    tank   cars. 
Uses:     Distillation   for  benzol,  phenol, 

etc. 

Fire    hazard^    Dangerous. 
Railroad     shipping     regulations:     Red 

label. 

Tar,  Wood.* 

Color  and  properties:  Dark  brown, 
thick,  viscid  liquid;  poisonous. 

Derivation:  A  by-product  from  the 
destructive  distillation  of  wood. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tank   cars. 

Uses:     Preservative. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Taraxaci  Radix,  B.  P.    Taraxacum  root. 
Taraxacum,  U.  S.  P.     Taraxacum. 

"Tarola."  The  proprietary  name  for  a 
coal-tar  product  used  as  a  cattle  and 
sheep  dip. 

Tarragon  Oil. 

Color    and    properties:       Colorless     to 

pale-yellow  liquid. 
Chief      known      constituent:        Methyl 

clavicol. 
Constants:    Specific  gravity  0.900-0.949; 

optical  rotation  -\-2  to  +9;  refractive 

index   1.5165-1.5170. 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether,    chloroform 

and  carbon  bisulfide. 
Derivation:      Distilled    from    Artemisia 

dracunculus. 

Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine;   flavoring. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Tartar,  Cream  of.  See  Potassium  bi- 
tartrate. 

Tartar,  Crude,     See  Argols, 


Tartar  Emetic 


459 


Terminate  Chebula 


Tartar    Emetic.      See    Antimony-potas- 
sium tartrate. 

Tartar,  Salts  of.     See  Potassium  carbo- 
nate. 

Tartar,  Soluble.    See  Potassium  tartrate. 
Tartaric  Acid.     See  Acid  tartaric. 

Tartaric  Acid,  Inactive.     See  Acid  race- 

mic. 

Tartarine.     A  yellow  dyestuff. 

Tartarized    Antimony.      See    Antimony- 
potassium  tartrate. 

Tartarus     Vitriolatus.       See     Potassium 
sulfate. 

Tartrated    Antimony.      See    Potassium- 
antimony  tartrate. 

Taurocholic  Acid.    See  Acid  taurocholic. 

Tea  Oil  (Tea-seed  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Straw  or  amber 
colored  liquid,  resembling  olive  oil. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.917-0.927; 
saponification  value  194;  iodine  value 
88. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  chloro- 
form. 

Derivation:  By  expressing  the  seeds 
of  Thea  sasanqua.  (This  is  not  the 
plant  from  which  tea  is  prepared,  al- 
though botanically  related.) 

Impurities:  Saponin;  other  similar  but 
cheaper  oils. 

Method    of   purification:      Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden   barrels. 

Uses:  Tlluminant;  soap  making;  edible 
oil;  hair  oil;  lubricant. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Tea-seed  Oil.     See  Tea  oil. 
Teel  Oil.    See  Sesame  oil. 
Telluric  Acid.     See  Acid  telluric. 


Telluric    Hydroxide,    Dehydrated.      See 

Acid  telluric. 

Telluric  Oxide,  Trihydrated.  See  Acid 
telluric. 

Tellurium*  Te. 

Color  and  properties:  Dark  gray  pow- 
der. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  6.27-6.015; 
melting-point  452° -446°  C.;  boiling- 
point  1390°  C. 

Soluble  in  sulfuric  acid,  nitric  acid; 
potassium  hydroxide  and  potassium 
cyanide  solution;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  reduction  of  tel- 
luric oxide. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:     Ceramics;   medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Tengerite.  A  Texas  mineral  supposed 
to  be  chiefly  yttrium  carbonate. 

Tennantite  (Gray  copper  ore).  A  cop- 
per-arsenic sulfide,  3  Cu2S.As2Ss.  Con- 
tains 57.5  per  cent  of  copper.  Part  or 
all  of  the  arsenic  may  be  replaced  by 
antimony,  the  tennantite  gradually 
grading  into  tetrahedrite.  Found  in 
Colorado,  Montana  and  Wyoming. 

Tenorite.  Natural  black  copper  oxide, 
CuO,  in  the  form  of  minute  black 
scales.  Contains  about  75  per  cent  of 
copper.  Occurs  in  Arizona,  New  Mex- 
ico, Oregon,  Utah  and  Wyoming. 

Tephroite.  Manganese  ortho-silicate, 
2MnO.SiO2,  as  found  in  New  Jersey. 
Often  also  contains  small  quantities  of 
manganese,  iron  and  zinc. 

Terebenum,  B.  P.,  U.  S.  P.    Terebene. 

Terebinthina  Canadensis,  B.  P.  Canada 
turpentine. 

Terlinguaite.  Natural  mercury  oxy- 
chloride.  Hg2ClO,  containing  88  per 
cent  of  mercury  from  Texas. 

Terminala  Chebula.     See  Myrabolan. 


Terpene   Hydrochloride 


460 


Tetrachloroethylene 


Terpene  Hydrochloride*  (Artificial  cam- 
phor; Pinene  hydrochloride;  Turpen- 
tine monohydrochloride;  Turpentine 
camphor)  CioHieHCl. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line mass,  resembling  camphor;  tur- 
pentine and  camphor  odor. 

Constants:  Melting-point  I25°C.;  boil- 
ing-point 208°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  turpentine  with 
hydrochloric  acid. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Boxes. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Terpilenol.     See  Terpineol. 

Terpine  Hydrate*  CioH20O2.H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  lus- 
trous, rhombic  crystalline  prisms. 

Constants:  Melting-point  ii6°-U7°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Slowly  formed  from  oil  of 
turpentine  in  contact  with  dilute 
nitric  acid  and  alcohol. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Terpineol*     (Alpha-terpineol;     Beta-ter- 

pineol)   CioHiTpH. 
Color  and  properties:  Colorless  liquid; 

lilac  odor. 
Constants:      Specific      gravity:      Alpha 

0.9357;  Beta  0.923. 

Melting-point:    Alpha    35  C;    Beta 

32° C.;  Gamma  69-70° C. 

Boiling-point:    Alpha   2i8°C.;    Beta 

2io°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:  By  heating  terpine  hydrate 

with  phosphoric  acid. 
Method   of   purification:    Distillation. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Perfumes. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 


Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Terpini  Hydras,  U.  S.  P.     See  Terpine 
hydrate. 

Terpinyl  Acetate*  CioHi7CO2CH3. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  liquid; 
characteristic  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9705;  melt- 
ing-point -50° C.;  boiling-point  220° C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  waiter. 

Derivation:  By  heating  terpine  with 
acetic  acid  in  presence  of  sulfuric 
acid,  and  subsequent  distillation. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:   Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:    Perfumes. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Terra  Alba.    See  Kaolin. 

Terra  Blanche.      See   Whiting. 

Terra  Japonica.    See  Cutch. 

Terra  Ponderosa.     See  Barium  sulfate. 

Terra  Silicea  Purificata,  U.  S.  P.      See 

Kieselgur. 

Terra  Verde.     An  earthy  pigment  con- 
taining ferrous  silicate. 

Tertiary   Calcium  Phosphate.     See   Cal- 
cium phosphate,  Tribasic. 

Tetrachloroethane.    See  Acetylene  tetra- 
chloride. 

Tetrachloroethene.        See      Tetrachloro- 
ethylene. 

Tetrachloroethylene*  (Carbon  bichlor- 
ide, Tetrachloroethene,  Carbon  di- 
chloride)  CC12.CC12. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  liquid; 
ether-like  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.6080;  melt- 
ing-point -19°  C.;  boiling-point 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:    By   the   action   of   chlorine 

on  ethylene. 


Tetrachloroethylene 


461 


Tetraoxyphthalo 


Method    of  purification:    Distillation. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums. 

Uses:   Organic  preparations;  solvent. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Tetrachloroethylene      Bichloride. 

Carbon  trichloride. 


See 


Tetrachloromethane.  See  Carbon  tetra- 
chloride. 

Tetrachlorophthalic  Acid.  See  Acid 
tetrachlorophthalic. 

Tetrachloroquinone.     See  Chloranil. 

Tetradymite.  Natural  bismuth  telluride, 
Bi2(Te.S)3,  or  2Bi2Te3.Bi2S3,  the  for- 
mer containing  about  50  per  cent  and 
the  latter  about  60  per  cent  of  bismuth. 
Also,  often  contains  selenium,  gold, 
copper  and  iron.  Found  in  Arizona, 
California,  Colorado,  Maryland,  Mon- 
tana, New  Mexico,  North  Carolina, 
South  Dakota  and  Virginia. 

Tetrahedrite  (Gray  copper  ore).  A  na- 
tural copper-antimony  sulfide,  closely 
related  to  tennanite.  It  is  essentially 
3Cu2S.Sb2Ss,  contains  about  52  per 
cent  of  copper.  Often  contains  iron, 
lead,  zinc,  mercury,  silver  and  arsenic, 
and  occurs  in  Arizona,  California,  Colo- 
rado, Idaho,  Massachusetts,  Montana, 
Nevada,  New  Mexico,  North  Carolina, 
Oregon,  Tennessee,  Utah  and  Washing- 
ton. 

Tetrahydroxyflavenol.    See  Quercitin. 

Tetramethyldiaminobenzhydrol*    (Tetra- 
methyldiaminodiphenylcarbinol) 
(CH3)2N.C6H4CH(OH).C6H4N- 
(CH3)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  prisms; 
forms  a  colorless  solution  in  ether  or 
benzol  and  a  blue  one  in  alcohol  or 
acetic  .acid. 

Constants:  Melting-point  96° C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  benzol  and 
acetic  acid. 

Derivation:    By    the    reaction    of   tetra- 


methyldiaminodiphenylmethane,  hy- 
drochloric acid  and  glacial  acetic  acid, 
oxidized  with  lead  peroxide. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None.- 

Tetramethyldiaminobenzophenone* 
(Michler's  ketone) 
(Co(C6H4N(CH3)2)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-white, 
glittering,  crystalline  leaflets. 

Constants:  Melting-point  174° C.;  boil- 
ing-point: Decomposes  at  36o°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  passing  carbonyl  chlor- 
ide gas  into  dimethylaniline  at  ordi- 
nary temperature,  until  the  latter  has 
increased  in  weight  by  40  per  cent. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Tetramethyldiaminodiphenylcarbinol. 
See   Tetramethyldiaminobenzhydrol. 

Tetramethyldiaminodiphenylmethane* 
H2C(C6H4N(CH3)2)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish  leaflets 
or  glistening  plates. 

Constants:  Melting-point  9o°-9i°C.; 
boiling-point  39O°C. 

Derivation:  By  heating  dimethylaniline 
with  hydrochloric  acid  and  formalde- 
hyde. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Tetranitroaniline.*  (Tetryl).     A  military 
explosive,  prepared  by  nitrating  aniline. 

Tetraoxydiphenyl.     See  Diresorcinol. 

Tetraoxyphthalophenone  Anhydride.  See 
Fluorescein. 


Tetryl 


462 


Thioacetic  Acid 


Tetryl.     See  Tetranitroaniline. 


Tetterwort. 
guinaria. 


See  Chelidonium  and  San- 


"Textase."      A   proprietary   name    for   a 
diatase  compound. 

Textile  Soap.    See  Soap,  Textile. 

Thallium*  Tl. 

Color  and  properties:  Bluish-white, 
lead-like  metal. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  11.85;  melt- 
ing-point 302°C.;  boiling-point  1280°- 
C. 

Soluble  in  nitric  and  sulfuric  acids;  in- 
soluble in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  thallium  iodide 
with  metallic  sodium. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Thallium  salts. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Thebaine*  (Para-morphine) 

Ci9H2iNO3. 
Color  and  properties:  White,  crystalline 

alkaloid;  very  poisonous. 
Constants:  Melting-point  193° C. 
Slightly   soluble   in  water,   alcohol   and 

ether. 

Derivation:  From  opium. 
Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Thebaine  Hydrochloride* 
Ci9H2iNO8.HCl.H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Large  rhombic 
prisms. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  on  thebaine. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 


Thenardite.  Sodium  sulfate,  Na2SC>4, 
occuring  native  in  Arizona. 

Theobroma  Shells.    See  Cacao  shell. 

Theobrominae-Sodio  Salicylas,  U.  S.  P., 
B.  P.  Theobromine-sodium  salicylate. 

Theobromine*  (Dimethylxanthine) 

C7H8N4O2. 
Color  and  properties:  White,  crystalline 

powder;  poisonous. 
Constants:  Melting-point  329°C. 
Soluble     in     chloroform;     insoluble     in 

water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:     By    extraction     from    the 

seeds  of  the  Theobroma  cacao. 
Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Theophyllina,  U.  S.  P.  See  Theophyl- 
line. 

Theophylline*  C7H8N4O2.H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Crystalline  alka- 
loid; poisonous. 

Constants:  Melting-point  264°C. 

Slightly  soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  from  tea 
leaves. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:    Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Theine.    See  Caffeine. 

Thenardite.  Natural  anhydrous  sodium 
sulfate. 

Thermit.*  Proprietary  name  for  a  mix- 
ture of  equal  parts  of  iron  oxide  and 
finely  divided  aluminum  used  in  weld- 
ing iron  and  steel,  and  for  incendiary 
bombs  in  the  late  war. 

Thiacetic  Acid.    See  Acid  thioacetic. 
Thioacetic  Acid.     See  Acid  thioacetic. 


Thiocarbamide 


463 


Thorium  Dioxide 


Thiocarbamide*  (Thiourea;  Sulfourea) 
CH4N2S. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  lustrous 
crystals;  bitter  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.406;  melt- 
ing-point i8o°C.;  boiling-point:  Sub- 
limes in  vacuo  at  i5o°-i6o°C. 

Soluble  in  cold  water,  ammonium  sulfo- 
cyanide  solution  and  ether;  almost 
insoluble  in  cold  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  heating  dry  ammonium 
sulfocyanide,  extraction  with  a  con- 
centrated solution  of  ammonium  sul- 
focyanide, with  subsequent  crystal- 
lization. 

Method  of  purification:  Sublimation  in 
vacuo. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  boxes. 

Uses:  Photography;  organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Thiocarbanil.     See  Phenylmustard  oil. 

Thiocarbanilide*  CS(NHC6H5)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  crystal- 
line tablets. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.3205;  melt- 
ing-point 154°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  ani- 
line and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Thiocarbonyl  Chloride*  (Thiophosgene) 
CSC12. 

Color  and  properties:  Reddish  liquid; 
irritating  odor.  On  keeping  is  con- 
verted into  colorless  crystals  of  the 
polymeric  compound  which  melts  at 
ii3°C. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity:  1.5085; 
boiling-point  74°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  passing  chlorine  into 
carbon  bisulfide  with  subsequent 
steam  distillation.  The  product  is 
converted  into  thiocarbonyl  chloride 
by  reduction  with  iron  and  acetic  acid. 


Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:   None. 

Thiophosgene.  See  Thiocarbonyl  chlor- 
ide. 

Thiophosphoric  anhydride.  See  Phos- 
phorus pentasulfide. 

Thiophosphorus  Anhydride.  See  Phos- 
phorus trisulfide. 

Thiourea.     See  Thiocarbamide. 
Thistle  Saffron.     See   Carthamus. 
Thomas  Balsam.    See  Balsam  tolu. 

Thomsonite.     A  natural  zeolite, 
(Na2.Ca)O.A2O3.2SiO2.2#H2O      from 
Michigan. 

Thorianite.  A  complex  mineral  of  un- 
certain composition,  but  consisting  in 
the  main  of  thorium  and  uranium  ox- 
ides. Usually  contains  about  12  per 
cent  of  UsOs  and  71  per  cent  of  ThO2. 
From  Montana. 

Thorium*  Th. 

Color  and  properties:  Gray,  heavy,  in- 
fusible powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  11.00-11.23; 
melting-point  above  1700°  C. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  alkalis 
and  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  the  double 
chloride  or  fluoride  of  thorium  and 
potassium  with  metallic  sodium  or 
potassium. 

Grades:      Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Thorium  compounds. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Thorium  Anhydride.  See  Thorium  di- 
oxide. 

Thorium  Dioxide*  ThO£. 
Color    and    properties:      Heavy,    white 
powder. 


Thorium  Nitrate 


464 


Thyme  Oil 


Constants:     Specific  gravity  9,876. 

Soluble  in  sulfuric  acid;  insoluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  By  the  reduction  of  tho- 
rium nitrate. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Incandescent  gas  mantles. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Thorium  Nitrate*  Th(NO3)4.i2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line mass. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  extraction  from  mona- 
zite  sand. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Incandescent  gas  mantles. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Thorium  Ore.     See  Monazite. 
Thorium  Oxide.     See  Thorium  dioxide. 
Thorn  Apple.     See  Stfamonium. 

Thorogummite.    A  natural,  hydrous  sili- 
cate of  uranium  and  thorium 
UO3.ThO2.3SiO3.6H2O.         Found      in 
Texas. 

Thoroughwort.     See  Eupatorium. 

Three-Leaved  Ivy.    See  Rhus  toxicoden- 
dron. 

Thuja  Oil. 

Color    and     properties:       Pale     yellow 

liquid;  characteristic,  rather  agreeable 

odor. 
Chief   known    constituents:      D-pinene; 

1-fenchone;  thujone. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.915-0.925. 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether,    chloroform 

and  carbon  bisulfide. 
Derivation:     Distilled   from  the   leaves 

of  the  white  cedar,  Thuja  occidentalis. 


Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Thus.     See  Gum  thus. 

Thyme.* 
Derivation:      The    herb,    Thymus    vul- 

garis. 
Habitat:     Southern    Europe;   cultivated 

in  England  and  U.  S. 
Grades:    Technical. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine;   flavoring. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Thyme  Camphor.     See  Thymol. 

Thyme  Oil. 

Color    and    properties:      Yellowish    or 

yellowish-red   liquid;    strong   odor   of 

thyme;     aromatic,     pungent,     cooling 

taste. 
Chief    known     constituents:      Thymol; 

carvacrol;  cymene;  linalol;  borneol. 
Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.905-0.950. 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether,    chloroform 

and  carbon  bisulfide. 
Derivation:      Distilled   from   the  leaves 

and   flowering   tops    of   Thymus   vul- 

garis. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass   bottles. 
Uses:     Flavoring. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Thyme  Oil,  Wild. 
Color  and  properties:    Yellowish  liquid; 

agreeable  melissa-like  aroma,  with  a 

slight  odor  of  thyme. 
Chief    known    constituents:      Thymol; 

carvacrol. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.890-0.920. 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether,    chloroform 

and  carbon  bisulfide. 
Derivation:       Distilled     from     the     dry 

herb,  Thymus  serpyllum. 
Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 
Grades:     Technical. 


Thymic  Acid 

465 

Tin  Bichloride 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:      Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Thymic  Acid.    See  Thymol. 
Thymiode.     See  Thymol  iodide. 
Thymiodol.    See  Thymol  iodide. 
Thymodin.      See    Thymol    iodide. 

Thymol*  (Isopropyl-meta-cresol,  Thyme 
camphor.  Thymic  acid,  Methypropyl- 
phenol)  (CH3)2CH.C6H3(CH3)OH. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.979;  melt- 
ing-point 49°  C.;  boiling-point 
23i.8°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  carbon  bisulfide, 
chloroform,  oil,  alkalis  and  ether; 
slightly  soluble  in  water  and  glycer- 
ine. 

Derivation:  From  oil  of  thyme  by 
treatment  with  caustic  soda  and  de- 
composition of  the  sodium  salt  with 
hydrochloric  acid. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  perfumery;  thymol 
compounds;  microscopy;  preserva- 
tive; embalming. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Thymol  Iodide*    (Thymotol,  Thymiode, 
Thymiodol,   Thymodin) 
C6H2(CH3)(OH)(C3H7)I. 

Constants:      Melting-point   69° C. 

Color  and  properties:  Red-brown  pow- 
der or  crystals. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  thy- 
mol and  potassium  iodide  in  alkaline 
solution. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Thymplis  lodidum,  U.  S.  P.     See  Thy- 
mol iodide. 


Thymotol.     See  Thymol  iodide. 

Thyroideum    Siccum,    U.    S.    P.,    B.    P. 

Dried  thyroid  glands. 

Tiemannite.  Natural  mercuric  selenide, 
HgSe,  containing  71.7  per  cent  mercury 
and  28.3  per  cent  selenium.  Found  in 
Utah. 

Tiglic  Acid.     See  Acid  tiglic. 
Tilia.     See  Linden. 

Tin  (Stannum)  Sn. 

Color  and  properties:  Silver-white, 
ductile  metal. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  7.298;  melt- 
ing-point 232° C.;  boiling-point  1450°- 
i6oo°C. 

Soluble  in  acids,  and  hot  potassium  hy- 
droxide solution;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  roasting  the  ore  (cas- 
siterite)  in  a  reverberatory  furnace, 
or  by  smelting  in  an  electric  furnace. 
The  tin  of  commerce  comes  chiefly 
from  Straits  Settlements,  Bolivia  and 
Nigeria. 

Grades :     Technical. 

Containers:     Boxes. 

Uses:  Metallurgy;  tin-plate;  house- 
hold utensils;  still  coils;  solder;  al- 
loys; bronze;  coinage;  chemical  ap- 
paratus; electroplating;  piping;  tin 
salts. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Note:  In  speaking  of  fabricated  ar- 
ticles "tin"  is  often  incorrectly  used 
when  tin-plate  (thin  sheets  of  iron 
coated  with  tin)  is  meant,  e.g.  "a  tin 
can."  To  distinguish,  articles  (such 
as  condenser  coils)  actually  made  of 
solid  tin  are  said  to  be  made  of 
"block  tin." 

Tin  Acetate.    See  Stannous  acetate. 
Tin  Anhydride.     See  Stannic  anhydride. 
Tin  Ash.     See  Stannic  anhydride. 
Tin  Bichloride.    See  Stannic  chloride. 


Tin  Bisulfide 


466 


Titanium 


Tin  Bisulfide.     See  Stannic  sulfide. 
Tin  Bronze.     See  Stannic  sulfide. 
Tin,  Butter  of.     See  Stannic  chloride. 

Tin  Chloride.     See  Stannic  chloride  and 
Stannous  chloride. 

Tin    Chromate.      See    Stannic    chromate 
and  Stannous  chromate. 

Tin  Citrate.     See  Stannous  citrate. 
Tin  Crystals.    See  Stannous  chloride. 
Tin  Dichloride.     See  Stannic  chloride. 
Tin  Dioxide.     See  Stannic  anhydride. 
Tin  Bisulfide.    See  Stannic  sulfide. 
Tin,  Flowers  of.    See  Stannic  anhydride. 
Tin  Iodide.     See  Stannic  iodide. 
Tin  Monosulfide.     See  Stannous  sulfide. 
Tin  Monoxide.     See  Stannous  oxide. 

Tin  "Nitro  and  Oxymuriate."    See  Stan- 
nic chloride. 

Tin  Ore.    See  Cassiterite. 

Tin  Oxalate.     See  Stannous  oxalate. 

Tin  Oxide.    See  Stannic  oxide  and  Stan- 
nous  oxide. 

Tin  Oxide  and  Soda.    See  Sodium  stan- 
nite. 

Tin  Oxymuriate.     See  Stannic  chloride. 
Tin  Peroxide.    See  Stannic  anhydride. 

Tin    Phosphide.      See    Stannous    phos- 
phide. 


Tin  Protochloride.     See  Stannous  chlo-j 
ride. 

Tin  Protosulfide.     See  Stannous  sulfide. 
Tin  Protoxide.     See   Stannous   oxide. 
Tin  Salt.     See  Stannous  chloride. 

Tin-stone.  See  Cassiterite  and  Stanm 
anhydride. 

Tin  Sulfate.     See  Stannous  sulfate. 
Tin  Tartrate.     See  Stannous  tartrate. 

Tineal.     A  natural  form  of  borax. 
Na2B407.H20. 

Tinctura,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.  A  tincture,  ai 
alcoholic  solution  of  a  drug,  or  an  alco 
holic  extract  from  a  drug  material. 

Tincture  of  Opium,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    Se 

Laudanum. 

Tinkal.    Natural,  impure,  crystallized  so 
dium    borate,    containing    lime,    magne- 
sia,   sulfates    and    chlorides.      Obtained 
from  the  Far  East. 

"Titanellow."    A  proprietary  brand  of  ti-;j 
tanium  oxalate. 

Titanic  Acid.    See  Acid  titanic. 

Titanic  Acid,  Anhydride.     See  Titanium 
oxide. 

Titanic  Hydroxide.     See  Acid  titanic. 

Titanium*  Ti. 

Color  and  properties:  Dark  gray, 
amorphous  powder  very  hard,, 
scratches  steel. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.50;  melt- 
ing-point I795°C- 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  titanous  chlo- 
ride with  metallic  sodium  in  a  closed 
vessel. 

Grades:     Technical. 


Titanium  Ore 


467 


Tolu  Oil 


Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:      Metallurgy;   titanium   salts;   al- 
loys; ferro-titanium. 
Fire   hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Titanium    Ore.      See    Rutile;    Anatase; 
Brookite. 

Titanium  Oxalate*  Ti2(C2O4)3.ioH2O. 

Color  and  properties:     Yellow  prisms. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol 
and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  oxalic 
acid  on  titanous  chloride. 

Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 
tion. 
-  Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Mordant  in  textile  dyeing. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Titanium  Oxides*  (a)  Ti2O3;  (b)  TiO2; 
(c)  Ti03. 

Color  and  properties:  (a)  Black  amor- 
phous powder;  (b)  white  to  black 
crystals;  (c)  yellow  powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity:  (b)  3.75- 
4-25. 

Melting-point:        (a)      oxidizes;      (b) 
i56o°C. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  the  oxidation  of 
the  metal,  or  by  heating  titanic  acid, 
(c)  Titanium  peroxide  is  obtained 
from  solutions  of  titanic  acid  with 
hydrogen  peroxide. 

Grades :     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Titanium  salts. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Titanium-Potassium    Oxalate.     See    Po- 
tassium-titanium oxalate. 

Titanium  Sulfate*   (a)   Ti2(SO4)3; 
(b)  Ti2(S04)2.9H20. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line needles. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  (a)  4.2252; 
(b)  2.766. 

Soluble  in  hot  water;  very  slightly  solu- 
ble in  cold  water. 


Derivation:  By  the  action  of  sulfuric 
acid  on  titanium  oxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  boxes. 

Uses:     Textile  mordant. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Titanium  Tetrachloride*  TiCl4. 

Color  and  properties:     Colorless  liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.59;  melt- 
ing-point 820°  C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  ether  and  po- 
tassium chloride  solution. 

Derivation:  By  heating  titanium  diox- 
ide and  carbon  to  redness  in  a  cur- 
rent of  chlorine. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  wooden 
kegs. 

Uses:  With  potassium  bitartrate  in  the 
textile  industry  as  a  mordant. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Tolidin*   (Di-para-aminoditolyl) 
(C6H3(CH3)NH2)2  1:3:4. 

Color  and  properties:  Glistening 
plates. 

Constants:     Melting-point  128  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  sparingly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  reduction  of  ortho- 
nitrotoluene  with  zinc  dust  and  caus- 
tic soda  and  conversion  of  the  hy- 
drazo-toluene  by  boiling  with  hydro- 
chloric acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Tolu  Balsam  Oil.    See  Tolu  oil. 

Tolu   Oil*    (Tolu   balsam   oil;   Albahaca 

oil). 
Color   and   properties:     Yellow   liquid; 

hyacynth-like  odor. 
Chief  known  constituents:     A  terpene, 

CioHie   and  esters  of  cinnamic  and 

benzoic  acid. 


Toluene 


468 


Toluol 


Constants:      Specific    gravity    0.945-1.09 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  From  tolu  balsam  by  dis- 
tillation. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Perfumery;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Toluene.     See  Toluol. 

Toluenemonosulfonic    Acid.      See    Acid 
toluenemonosulfonic. 

Toluenesulfamide*  (Toluenesulfone- 

amine)  CHsCel^USC^NH^. 

Color  and  properties:  (a)  Ortho-:  Oc- 
tahedral crystals;  (b)  Para-:  White 
leaflets. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  (a)  i55°C.; 
(b)  I37°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol;  very  slightly  soluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  chloro- 
sulfonic  acid  on  ortho-  and  para-tolui- 
dine. 

Method  of  purification:     Crystallization. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Saccharine;  organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Toluene    Sulfochloride*     (Toluene     sul- 

fonechloride)   CHsCel^SC^Cl. 
Color  and  properties:   (a)    Ortho-:  oily 

liquid;  (b)  Para-:  rhombic  crystals. 
Constants:     Melting-point     (b)     69°C; 

boiling-point:     (b)   I45°-I46°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:     By  the  action  of  chlorosul- 

fonic  acid  on  toluol. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:    Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Toluic    Acid.     See    Acid   tolui<;,    Ortho-, 
Meta-  and  Para-. 


Toluidine,   Meta-*   CH3C6H4NH2. 

Color  and  properties:  Reddish-brown 
liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.996;  melt- 
ing-point -13° C.;  boiling-point  2O3°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  reduction  of  meta- 
nitrobenzylidene  chloride  with  zinc  at 
a  low  temperature. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:     Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Toluidine,  Ortho-*  CH3C6HNH2. 

Color  and  properties:  Light  yellow 
liquid;  becomes  reddish-brown  on  ex- 
posure to  air  and  light;  volatile  with 
steam. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.0037; 
melting-point  -21  °C.;  boiling-point 
I99.7°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  very 
slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  reduction  of  ortho- 
nitrotoluene  or  obtained  mixed  with 
para-toluidine  'by  the  reduction  of 
crude  nitrotoluene. 

Impurities:     Para-toluidine;   aniline. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Dyestuffs;  saccharine;  organic 
synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Toluidine,  Para-*  CH3C6H4NH2. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  lustrous 
plates  or  leaflets. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.973;  melt- 
ing-point 45°C.;  boiling-point  2OO.3°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  very 
slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  reduction  of  para- 
nitrotpluene  with  iron  and  hydrochlo- 
ric acid. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  casks. 

Uses:     Dyestuffs;  organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Toluol*         (Toluene,         Methylbenzene, 
Phenylmethane) 


Toluolmonosulfonic 


Tolyl-beta-naphthyl 


Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  re- 
fractory, inflammable  liquid;  benzol- 
like  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.86137; 
melting-point  -94.5°C;  boiling-point 
iio7°C 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  benzol  and  ether; 
insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  fractional  distilla- 
tion of  coal-tar  light  oil.  (b)  By  ex- 
traction from  illuminating  gas. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:  Pure:  Distillation,  100 
per  cent  within  2°C.  Commercial: 
Distillation,  not  over  5  per  cent  at 
ioo°C;  approximately  and  at  least 
90  per  cent  at  I2O°C.  Straw  color: 
Distillation,  at  least  80  per  cent  at 
120°  C. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  tank  cars. 

Uses:  Organic  preparations;  benzoic 
acid;  dyestuffs;  perfumes;  ^toluidines; 
tolidins;  saccharine;  explosives  (T.  N. 
T.). 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Toluolmonosulfonic     Acid.       See     Acid 
toluenemonosulfonic. 

Toluolsulfamide.     See  Toluenesulfamide. 

Toluol  Sulfochloride.     See  Toluene  sul- 
fochloride. 

Toluolsulfoncaminc.     See   Toluenesulfa- 
mide. 

Toluol    Sulfonechloride.      See    Toluene 
sulfochloride. 

Toluylenc.     See  Stilbene. 

Toluylic  Acid.     See  Acid  toluic,  Ortho-. 

Tolyl  Bromide.     See  Xylyl  bromide. 

Tolylcnediamine,    Meta-*    (Diaminotolu- 

ene)  C<jHt(CH^)(NH»)i   1:2:4. 
Color  and  properties:    Rhombic  prisms. 
Constants:     Melting-point  99° C.;   boil- 
ing-point 28o°C. 


Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  reduction  of  meta- 
dinitrotoluene  with  iron  and  hydro- 
chloric acid. 

Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Tolylcnediamine,  Para-* 

C6H3(CH3)(NH2)2    1:2:5. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  crys- 
talline tablets. 

Constants:     Boiling-point  274°C. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  reduction  of  aminoazo- 
toluene  with  zinc  and  hydrochloric 
acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden   Kegs. 

Uses:     Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Tolyl-alpha-naphthylamine,  Para-* 
CioH7NH.C6H4(CH3)    1:4. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  short 
prisms. 

Constants:     Melting-point  79° C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  alpha-naphthol 
with  para-toluidine. 

Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Dyestuffs. 

Fire  hazard:    None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Tolyl-beta-naphthylamine,   Para-* 
CioH7NH.C6H4(CH3)    1:4. 

Color  and  properties:  Short,  colorless, 
crystalline  plates. 

Constants:     Melting-point  IO3°C. 

Sparingly  soluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  From  beta-naphthol  and 
para-toluidine  by  heating. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Dyestuffs. 


Tomato-seeH 


470 


Tricalcium   Ortho-arsenate 


Fire  hazard:    None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Tomato-seed  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  Straw-yellow 
liquid. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9215;  sa- 
ponification  value  191.6;  refractive  in- 
dex 1.4765;  acid  number  0.46;  iodine 
number  114;  Hehner  number  93.8. 

Soluble  in  benzol,  benzine  and  carbon 
bisulfide. 

Derivation:  From  the  dried  seeds  of 
the  tomato,  Lycopersicum  esculen- 
tum,  by  pressing. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  iron  drums. 

Uses:     Soap-making. 

Fire  hazard:    None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Derivation:  Mixed  leaves,  bark  and 
wood  of  Rhaphidophora  vitiensis,  or 
Epipremnum  mirabile. 

Habitat:  Fiji  Islands,  Java,  Sumatra, 
Paraguay  and  Australia. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Bags. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Tonka  (Tonka  bean;  Coumarouna  bean; 
Snuff  bean;  English  bean). 

Color  and  properties:  Black-brownish 
seeds  with  wrinkled  surface  and  brit- 
tle shining  or  fatty  skins;  aromatic, 
bitterish  taste;  balsamic,  vanilla-like 
odor;  efflorescences  of  coumarin  are 
often  observed  on  the  surface. 

Derivation:  Bean  of  Dipteryx  oppositi- 
folia  and  other  species  of  the  Dip- 
teryx. 

Habitat:  Tropical  America,  Guiana  and 
Angostura. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Boxes. 

Uses:     Medicine;  flavoring. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:    None. 

Toothache  Tree.     See  Xanthoxylum. 

Torbernite.      A   natural,    hydrous    phos- 
phate of  uranium  and  copper. 


CuO.2UO3P2O58H2O.    Found  in  South 
Dakota. 

Tous-les-mois.    See  Canna. 
Tragacanth.     See  Gum  tragacanth. 

Tragacantha,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See  Gum 

tragacanth. 

Trailing  Arbutus.     See  Epigaea. 
Train  Oil.     See  Whale  oil. 

Travertine.  Natural  calcium  carbonate 
deposited  from  solution  in  ground  and 
surface  water.  The  cellular  deposits 
are  known  as  tufa  or  cave  deposit. 
Travertine  forms  the  stalactites  and 
stalagmites  of  caves. 

Tribromacetic  Acid.  See  Acid  Tribro- 
moacetic. 

Tribromoacetic  Acid.  See  Acid  tribro- 
moacetic. 

Tribromomethane.     See   Bromoform. 

Tribromophenol*  (Bromol) 
C6H2(OH)Br3. 

Color  and  properties:  Reddish-white 
crystals;  disagreeable,  *  bromine 
odor. 

Constants:  Melting-point  96° C;  boil- 
ing-point: Sublimes. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  Formed  by  the  interaction 
of  phenol  and  bromine  water. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  boxes. 

Uses:     Medicine;  organic  preparations. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Tribromophenol-Bismuth.  See  Xero- 
form. 

Tricalcic  Phosphate.  See  Calcium  phos- 
phate, Tribasic. 

Tricalcium  Ortho-arsenate,  See  Cal- 
cium arsenate. 


ricalcium  Ortho-phosphate 


471 


Trioxybenzene 


Tricalcium  Ortho-phosphate.  See  Cal- 
cium phosphate,  Tribasic. 

Tricalcium  Phosphate.  See  Calcium 
phosphate,  Tribasic. 

Tricarbimide.     See   Acid   cyanuric. 

Trichloracetic  Acid.  See  Acid  trichloro- 
acetic. 

Trichloracetic  Aldehyde.  See  Chloral, 
Hydrated. 

Trichloroacetic  Acid.  See  Acid  trichlo- 
roacetic. 

Trichloroacetic  Aldehyde.  See  Chloral, 
Anhydrous. 

Trichloroaldehyde,  Hydrate.  See  Chlo- 
ral, Hydrated. 

Trichlorobutylidene  Glycol.  See  Butyl- 
chloral  hydrate. 

Trichloromethane.     See  Chloroform. 

Trichloromethylchloroformate*  (Diphos- 
gene;  Superpalite)  C1COOCC13.  A 
military  poison  gas  used  in  the  late  war. 

Trichloronitromethane.  See  Chloropi- 
crin. 


Tricyanic  Acid.     See  Acid  tricyanic. 

Trihydroxybenzoic  Acid.     See  Acid  gal- 
lic. 


Trihydrated   Telluric   Oxide.     See   Acid 
telluric. 


Trilodomethane.    See  lodoform. 

Trimethylamine*    (CH3)3N. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  lique- 
fied gas;  fishy,  ammoniacal  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.662;  boil- 
ing-point 3.2°-3.8°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 


Derivation:  By  the  interaction  ot 
methyl  iodide  and  ammonia. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  10  per  cent  solu- 
tion; 33  per  cent  solution. 

Containers:     Steel  cylinders. 

Uses:     Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Green 
label. 

Trimethylbenzene.     See  Cumene. 
Trimethylbenzol.     See  Cumene. 
Trimethylethylene.     See  Amylene. 
Trimethylxanthine.     See  Caffeine. 
Trinitrin.     See  Nitroglycerine. 
Trinitrocellulose.    See  Nitrocellulose. 
Trinitroglycerine.     See   Nitroglycerine. 
Trinitrophenol.    See  Acid  picric. 

Trinitrotoluene*   (T.   N.   T.;   Trinitroto- 
luol;  Methyltrinitrobenzene) 
C6H2CH3(N03)8. 

Color  and  properties:  (a)  Yellow, 
monoclinic  needles. 

Constants:  (a)  Alpha-  (b)  Beta-     (c)  Gamma 

2:4:6  2:3:4  2:4:s 

Specific  gravity  1.654  1.62 

Meltine-ooint  8o°-82?C 


lelting-point  8o0-8a?C  na°C 


I04°C 


Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:     By  the  nitration  of  toluol 

with  mixed  acid. 

Method  of  purification:     Washing. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Iron  canisters. 
Uses:     Explosive. 
Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     Cannot 

be  shipped  by  express. 

Trinitrotoluol.     See   Trinitrotoluene. 
Trional.     See   Sulfoneethylmethane. 
Trioxybenzene.     See  Acid  pyrogallic. 


Trioxybcnzoic  Acid 


472 


Triturationes 


Trioxybenzoic  Acid.     See  Acid  gallic. 
Trioxybenzol.     See  Acid  pyrogallic. 

Trioxymethylenc*    (Meta-formaldehyde) 

C3H6O3. 
Color  and  properties:     White,  crystal- 

line powder  or  needles. 
Constants:       Melting-point:     6o°-6i6C.; 

boiling-point:     Sublimes. 
Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:     By  the  polymerization  of 

formaldehyde. 
Method    of    purification:      Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:     Disinfectant. 
Fire  hazard:    None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Tripalmitin*  (Palmitin) 


Color  and  properties:     White,  crystal- 

line powder. 

Constants:     Melting-point  65.5°C. 
Soluble  in  ether  and  chloroform. 
Derivation:     From   fats. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Tins. 
Uses:     Medicine;   soap;   leather   dress- 

ing. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Triphenyl  Phosphate*  (C6H5)3PO4. 

Color  and  properties:  Slightly  delique- 
scent, colorless,  odorless,  crystalline 
needles. 

Constants:  Melting-point  53°C.;  boil- 
ing-point 245°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  acetone,  ether,  ben- 
zol, concentrated  sulfuric  acid  and 
chloroform;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Phenol  and  phosphorus 
oxychloride  are  boiled  in  presence  of 
a  little  zinc  chloride,  until  no  more 
hydrogen  chloride  is  given  off.  The 
product  is  shaken  with  caustic  soda 
solution,  filtered  and  the  residue  dis- 
solved in  ether.  The  ethereal  solu- 
tion is  dehydrated  and  the  ether 
evaporated. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 


Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Camphor  substitute  in  celluloid, 
stabilizing  and  fireproofing  acetyl 
cellulose,  cellulose  formate,  nitrocel- 
lulose and  airplane  "dope";  impreg- 
nating roofing  paper. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None,  j 

Triphyllite.     A   mineral   containing  lith- 
ium-ferro-manganese  phosphate. 

Tripoli. 

Derivation:  A  porous,  silicious  rock 
resulting  from  the  natural  decomposi- 
tion of  siliceous  sandstone. 

Uses:  Abrasive;  polishing  powder;  fil- 
tering material. 

Tripolite.     See  Kieselgur. 

Trisodium  Phosphate.  See  Sodium  phos- 
phate, Tribasic. 

Tristearin*  (Stearin) 

C3H5(Cl8H3502)8. 

Color  and  properties:     White  powder, 

odorless,  tasteless. 
Constants:      Melting-point    7i.6°C. 
Derivation:     Constituent  of  most  fats. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Barrels. 
Uses:     Soap;  candles. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Tristearine.    See  Stearine. 


Tritopine* 

Color  and  properties:     White,  crystal- 

line alkaloid;  poisonous. 
Constants:      Melting-point    i82°C. 
Soluble   in   alcohol;    slightly   soluble   in 

ether. 

Derivation:     From  opium. 
Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Triturationes,  U.  S.  P.    Triturations. 


Trona 


473 


Tung  Oil 


Trona. 

Derivation:  A  mixture  of  sodium,  po- 
tassium and  bpron  salts  occurring  in 
lakes  and  lake  deposits. 

Found  in  California,  Colorado,  Ne- 
vada and  Wyoming. 
Uses:      Recovery    of    potassium    salts, 
borax,  etc. 

Tropacocaine  Hydrochloride* 
Ci5Hi9N02.HCl. 

Color  and  properties:  Crystalline  al- 
kaloid salt;  poisonous. 

Constants:     Melting-point  27i°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  From  a  variety  of  Ery- 
throxylon  coca. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Local  anesthetic. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Tropaeoline  D.     See  Methyl  orange. 
Tropaeoline  OOO  No.  2.  See  Orange  II. 

Tropine*  C8Hi5NO. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line alkaloid;  very  hydroscopic;  poiso- 
nous. 

Constants:     Melting-point  6i.2°C-63°C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  ether;  slightly 
soluble  in  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  atropine  or 
hyoscyamine  with  barium  hydroxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
j    Containers:     Glass  bottles;  boxes. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 
j   Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Trppine-Platinum  Hydrochloride* 

(C8Hi5NO.HCl)2.PtCl4. 

Color  and  properties:  Orange-red 
monoclinic  tablets;  poisonous. 

Constants:      Melting-point    I98°-2OO°C. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 
!    Derivation:      By   the  action   of  chloro- 
platinic  acid  on  tropin. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion, 


Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

True  Lavender.    See  Lavender. 

Trumpet   Weed.     See    Eupatorium   pur- 
pureum. 

Trypsin.* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow  to  gray- 
ish-yellow powder. 

Derivation:  An  enzyme  from  pancre- 
atic juice  or  the  pancreas  of  animals. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine;   pharmacy. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Tufa.     See  Travertine.     Found  in   Cali- 
fornia, Utah  and  Washington. 

Tuna  Oil*  (Tunny-fish  oil). 
Color  and  properties:     Pale  yellow  to 

red-brown  liquid;  characteristic  odor. 
Constants:     Iodine  value  156. 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether,    chloroform, 

benzine  and  carbon  bisulfide. 
Derivation:      By    expressing    the   livers 

of  Thynnus  vulgaris. 
Method  of  purification:     Filtration. 
Grades:     Crude;   refined. 
Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:     Paints. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Tung  Oil*  (Chinese-wood  oil;  China- 
wood  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow,  drying 
oil.  Jellies  or  solidifies  when  kept- 
Reputed  to  be  poisonous. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9360- 
0.9432;  saponification  value  193;  io- 
dine value  150-165;  refractive  index 
1.5030. 

Derivation:  From  the  seeds  of  Aleuri- 
tes  cordata,  a  tree  indigenous  to  China 
and  Japan,  by  roasting,  grinding  and 
pressing. 

Impurities:  Tung  oil,  being  expensive, 
is  frequently  adulterated  with  cotton- 
seed oil,  soya-bean  6il,  etc. 


Tungates 


474 


Tuscan  Red 


Grades:  White;  black;  cold-pressed, 
yellow;  hot-pressed,  dark.  Japanese 
tung  oil  is  an  inferior  grade  with 
notably  poorer  drying  qualities. 

Containers:     Barrels;  tank  cars. 

Uses:  Varnishes;  linoleum;  making 
varnish  dryers. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Tungates.  Compounds  of  tung  oil  (Chi- 
nese-wood oil)  with  various  metallic 
oxides,  used  as  paint  and  varnish  dry- 
ers. 

Tungsten*  W  (Wolfram). 

Color  and  properties:  Hard,  brittle, 
gray,  metal;  very  heavy.  Not  found 
native.  See  Ferberite,  Hubnerite; 
Scheelite;  Wolframite.  Found  in 
Arizona,  California,  Colorado,  Ne- 
braska, Nevada,  New  Mexico  and 
Texas. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  18.77;  melt- 
ing-point 3267° C.  f 

Soluble  in  nitric  acid  and  concentrated 
hot  potassium  hydroxide  solution;  in- 
soluble in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  aluminothermic  re- 
duction of  tungstic  oxide. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Alloys;  wire  filaments  for  in- 
candescent electric  bulbs;  electrical 
contacts;  parts  of  X-ray  tubes;  steel- 
making. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Tungsten  Bronze.  See  Potassium  tri- 
tungstate. 

Tungstic  Acid.     See  Acid  tungstic. 
Tunny-fish  Oil.     See  Tuna  oil. 

Turkey  Red  Oil*  (Sulfonated  castor  oil). 
Derivation:  By  sulfonating  castor  oil 

with  sulfuric  acid  and  washing. 
Grades:     Based  on  moisture  content. 
Containers:     Wooden  barrels;  kegs. 
Uses:    Textiles;  leather. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Turmeric.    See  Curcuma. 


Turmeric  Root.     See  Hydrastis. 

Turpentine  Camphor.     See  Terpene  -hy- 
drochloride. 


Turpentine      Monohydrochloride. 

Terpene  hydrochloride. 


See 


Turpentine  Oil*  ("Turps")   Ci0Hi6. 

Color  and  properties:     Colorless  oil. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Pinene;  syl- 
vestrene;  dipentene. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.860-0.865; 
boiling-point  i55°-i62°C. 

Soluble  in  ether,  chloroform  and  carbon 
bisulfide;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  Crude  turpentine,  obtained 
from  incisions  cut  in  coniferous  trees 
is  collected.  It  forms  an  exceedingly 
sticky,  viscid,  liquid  balsam  which  is 
distilled  with  steam. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical;  refined. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  barrels;  tank 
cars. 

Uses:  Medicine;  solvent;  paints;  var- 
nishes; lacquers;  source  of  toluol. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Turpentine,  Venice.* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish,  lim- 
pid, tenacious  liquid;  pleasant  aro- 
matic odor;  hot,  pungent,  bitter  taste; 
becomes  hard  and  brittle  on  exposure 
to  air. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  glacial  acetic 
acid  and  acetone;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  From  Larix  europaea  or 
Pinus  larix. 

Habitat:     Middle  and  Southern  Europe. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs;  bags. 

Uses:     Varnishes. 

Fire  hazard :$  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Turpethum,  B.  P.    Turpeth. 

"Turps."    See  Turpentine  oil. 

Tuscan  Red.    A  red  iron  oxi4e  pigment- 


Uintahite 


475 


Uranium 


u 


Uintahite.     See  Gilsonite. 
Jintaite.     See  Gilsonite. 

Ulexite      (Cotton-ball).        Natural      hy- 
drous   borate    of    sodium    and    calcium 
probably   Na2O.2CaO.5B2O3i6H2O. 
Contains  theoretically  43  per  cent  6203. 
Found  in  California  and  Nevada. 

Ilmus*  (Elm;  Slippery  elm). 

Color  and  properties:  Flat  pieces,  ex- 
ternally light  brown  with  dark  brown 
patches;  mucilaginous  taste. 

Derivation:  Dried  bark  of  Ulmus  fulva, 
deprived  of  its  periderm. 

Habitat:  Eastern  and  Central  North 
America. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Burlap  bags;  boxes. 

Jses:     Medicine. 

7ire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Itramarine*  Essentially 
Na4(NaS3.Al)Al2(SiO4)3. 

Color  and  properties:  Dark  blue  pow- 
der or  lumps. 

Derivation:  (a)  Found  in  nature  In 
Persia  and  Turkestan  as  the  mineral 
Lapis  lazuli,  (b)  Made  artificially  by 
heating  a  mixture  of  kaolin,  soda  ash, 
sodium  sulfate,  sulfur  together  with 
either  coal  or  resin. 

trades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Jses:  Paint  pigment;  artists'  colors; 
paper  manufacture;  laundry  blues, 
etc. 

7ire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Ultramarine  Yellow. 

mate. 


See  Barium  chro- 


Umber.* 

Color  and  properties^  Brown  powder 
containing  ferric  oxide  together  with 
silica,  alumina,  manganese  and  lime, 
(a)  Raw  umber  which  is  ground  and 
then  levigated.  (b)  Burnt  umber 
which  is  calcined  at  low  heat. 


Grades:  Based  on  tinctorial  power  and 
iron  content;  the  best  come  from 
Cyprus. 

Containers:    Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Paint  pigment. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Unguentum,  U.  S.  P.  Ointment,  a  fatty 
base  in  which  a  drug  or  mixture  of 
drugs  is  incorporated. 

Uragoga.     See  Ipecac. 

Uranic  Acid.    See  Uranium  oxide,  Red. 

Uranii  Nitras,  U.  S.  P.  See  Uranium 
nitrate. 

Uranine*  (Uranine  yellow) 


Color  and  properties:    Yellowish-brown 

powder. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:      By    treatment    of    fluore- 

scein  with  sodium  carbonate  solution 

and  crystallizing. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Grades  :     Technical.' 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:      Dyeing   silk   and   wool   yellow; 

following  the  course  of  subterranean 

waters;  detection  of  death. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Uranine  Yellow.     See  Uranine. 

Uraninite  (Pitch  blende).  A  complex 
uranium  mineral  containing  also  rare 
earths,  radium,  lead,  helium  and  other 
elements.  Found  in  Austria,  Colorado, 
Connecticut  and  North  Carolina. 

Uranium  U.* 

Color  and  properties:  A  heavy  metal- 
lic element.  Not  found  native.  All 
uranium  minerals  contain  radium.  See 
Autunite,  Carnptite,  Fergusonite, 
Mackintoshite,  Niverite,  Pitch  blende, 


Uranium  Acetate 


476 


Uranium-Sodium 


Polycrase,  Samarskite,  Thorianite, 
Thorogummite,  Torbernite,  Uraninite, 
Uranocircite,  Uranophane,  Uranospi- 
nite  and  Yttrialite. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  18.685; 
melting-point  800°  C. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water, 
alcohol  or  alkalis. 

Derivation:  By  the  reduction  of  the 
oxide  with  carbon  in  the  electric  fur- 
nace. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Boxes;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Uranium  compounds;  ferro-ur- 
anium. 

Fire  hazard:    None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Uranium  Acetate*   (Uranyl  acetate) 

UO2(C2H3O2)2.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Small,  yellow 
crystals;  decomposed  by  light;  poiso- 
nous. 

Constants:     Melting-point:     Loses 
2H2O  at  275°C. 

Soluble  in  cold  water  and  alcohol;  de- 
composes in  hot  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  acetic 
acid  on  uranium  oxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical;  C.  P. 

Containers:     Amber  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine;  analytical   chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

See  also  Uranium-sodium  acetate. 

Uranium  Chlorides*  (a)  Uranium  tri- 
chloride UC13;  (b)  Uranium  tetra- 
chloride  UCU;  (c)  Uranium  penta- 
chloride  UC15. 

Color  and  properties:  (a)  Brownish- 
red  crystals;  (b)  dark  green  crystals; 
(c)  dark  green,  crystalline  needles; 
poisonous. 

Soluble  in  cold  water   and  ammonium 

•    chloride  solution. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  on  uranium  oxides. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  boxes. 

Uses:     Uranium  salts. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Uranium  Nitrate*   (Uranyl  nitrate) 
U02(N03)2.6H2p. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow,  rhom- 
bic crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.807;  melt- 
ing-point 60.2° C.;  boiling-point  n8°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  nitric  acid 
on  uranium  oxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  boxes. 

Uses:  t  Uranium  oxide;  photography; 
uranium  glaze;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Uranium  Oxides*  (a)  Uranium  dioxide 
UO2;  (b)  Uranic  oxide  U3O8;  (c) 
Uranium  trioxide  UO3 ;  (d)  Uranium 
peroxide  UO4.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  (a)  Black  crys- 
tals; (b)  olive-green  powder;  (c)  yel- 
low powder;  (d)  yellow  crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity:  (a)  10.95; 
(b)  7.31:  (c)  5.02-5.26.  Melting-point: 
(a)  2i;6°C. 

Soluble  in  acids  and  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:    By  oxidation  of  the  metal. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  boxes. 

Uses:     Ceramics;  pigments. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Uranium    Oxide,    Yellow.     See    Sodium 
uranate. 

Uranium- Sodium      Acetate*      (Uranium 

acetate)  UO2(C2H3O2)2.NaC2H3O2. 
Color  and  properties:  Yellow  crystals. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:  By  mixing  sodium  acetate 

and    uranium    acetate    solutions    and 

crystallizing. 
Method  of  purification:     Recrystalliza- 

tion. 

Impurities:     Sodium  acetate. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:     Uranium  compounds. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Uranium  Sulfate 


477 


Uva  Ursi 


Uranium  Sulfate* 

(a)  Uranous  sulfate  U(SO4)2.4H2O; 

(b)  Uranyl  sulfate  UO2SO4.3H2(X 
Color  and  properties:     (a)   Green  crys- 
tals,    (b)   Yellow  crystals. 


(b) 

3.280 


Constants:  (a) 

Specific  gravity  .... 

Melting-point     Loses  4HzO  at  3OO°C 
Boiling-point     Oxidizes.  .... 

(a)  Soluble  in  dilute  acids;  decomposes 
in  water,  (b)  Soluble  in  water  and 
concentrated  hydrochloric  acid. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  sulfuric 
acid  on  uranium  dioxide 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Chemical  analysis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Uranium  Trioxide.     See  Uranium  oxide, 
Yellow. 

Uranium  Yellow.     See  Sodium  uranate. 

Uranocircite.      Natural,    hydrous    phos- 
phate of  uranium  and  barium 
BaO.2UO3P2O5.8H2O.         Found       In 
South  Dakota. 

Uranophane.      Natural    hydrous    silicate 
of  uranium  and  calcium, 
CaO.2UO3.2SiO2.6H2O.         Found       in 
North   Carolina. 

Uranpspinite.     Probably  an  arsenate  of 
uranium  and  calcium  corresponding  to 
autunite,  CaO.2UO3.As2O5.8H2O. 
Found  in  Utah. 

Uranous    Oxide.,     See    Uranium    oxide, 
Black. 

Uranyl  Acetate.    See  Uranium  acetate. 
Uranyl  Chloride.    See  Uranium  chloride. 
Uranyl  Nitrate.     See  Uranium  nitrate. 

Urao.     Natural,   hydrous   sodium  carbo- 
nate 3Na2O.4CO2.sH2O. 


Urea*  (Carbamide)   CO(NH2)2. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.323;  melt- 
ing-point I32°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  benzol; 
slightly  soluble  in  ether. 

Derivation:  By  heating  ammonium 
cyanate. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Medicine;  stabilizing  explosives; 
organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Urease.     See   Enzymes. 
Ureous  Acid.     See  Xanthine. 

Urethane*  (Ethyl  carbamate;  Ethyl  ure- 
thane)  CO(NH2)OC2H5. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals; faint,  peculiar  odor;  saltpeter- 
like  taste. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9862; 
melting-point  48°-50°C;  boiling-point 
i8o°C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  urea 
and  ethyl  alcohol. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:    Glass  bottles;  tins. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Uric  Acid.    See  Acid  uric. 
Uric  Oxide.    See  Acid  uric. 

Urner's  Liquid  Chloroacetic  Acid.     See 
Acid  dichloroacetic. 

Urotropin.       See      Hexamethylenetetra- 
mine. 

Uva  Ursi*  (Bearberry). 
Derivation:     Dried  leaves  of  Arctosta- 
phylos  uva  uris. 


Uvic  Acid 


478 


Valeriana 


Habitat:  Northern  Europe;  North 
America,  south  to  New  Jersey,  Colo- 
rado and  California,  and  Asia. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:    Boxes. 

Uses:     Medicine. 


Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     Non€. 

Uvae  Ursi  Folia,  B.  P.     See  Bearberry. 
Uvic  Acid.    See  Acid  racemic. 


Vaccinium      (Whortleberry;      Bilberry; 

European  huckleberry). 
Derivation:     Dried   berries   and   leaves 

of  Vaccinium  myrtilius. 
Habitat:     Europe. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Valeraldehyde.     See  Isovaleric  aldehyde. 

Valerian.* 
Derivation:      Dried   rhizome   and  roots 

of  Valeriana  officinalis. 
Habitat:      Europe,   Northern   Asia   and 

Eastern  United  States. 
Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:     Bags. 
Uses:     Medicine;  valerian  oil. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Valerian  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish  or 
brownish  liquid;  characteristic,  pene- 
trating odor. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Pmene, 
camphene,  borneol  and  esters  or 
borneol. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.940-0.950. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform, 
acetone,  benzol  and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  roots 
and  rhizome  of  Valeriana  officinalis. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 


Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Valerian  Oil,  Japanese  (Kesso  oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Green,  thick 
liquid,  essential  oil.  Cannot  be  dis- 
tinguished from  the  ordinary  valerian 
oil. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Pinene; 
camphene,  dipentene,  terpineol,  bor- 
neol, esters. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.996. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform, 
benzol,  acetone  and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  rhizome 
and  roots  of  Valeriana  officinalis,  var. 
augustifolia. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Valeriana  Celtica  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow  liquid; 
strong,  aromatic  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.967;  boil- 
ing-point 250°-300°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform, 
acetone,  benzol  and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  root  of 
Valeriana  celtica. 

Method  of  purification:     Rectification. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:  Copper  flasks;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:     Soaps;  perfume. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Valeriana 


479 


Vanadium 


Valeriana,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Valerian. 

•  - 


Valerianae  Indiciae  Rhizoma,  B.  P.     See 

Valerian. 


Valerianic  Acid.  See  Acid  valeric,  Iso. 
Valeric  Acid,  Iso.  See  Acid  valeric,  Iso. 
Valeric  Acid,  Normal.  See  Acid  valeric. 

Valeric  Aldehyde.  See  Isovaleric  alde- 
hyde. 

Validol  (Menthol  yalerate). 
Color  and  properties:     Colorless  liquid; 

mild   pleasant    odor;    cooling,    faintly 

bitter  taste. 
Soluble  in  menthol. 
Derivation:      By   the   action   of  valeric 

acid  on   menthol. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Validol  Camphorated. 
Color  and  properties:     Colorless,  thick 

liquid;  cool  faintly  bitter  taste. 
Derivation:     A  mixture  of  validol  with 

10  per  cent  of  camphor. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:      Glass   bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Valley  Brown  Ore.  A  local  name  for 
limonite  or  brown  iron  ore.  Applied 
in  Virginia  to  the  comparatively  pure 
high-grade  ore  found  in  the  Cambro- 
Ordovician  limestone  which  forms  the 
Valley  of  Virginia.  See  Mountain 
brown  ore. 

Valonia. 

Derivation:  The  acorn  cups  of  an  oak 
Quercus  aegilops,  native  of  Greece, 
Asia  Minor  and  France.  The  cups 
are  very  large  and  are  covered  with 
coarse  hair  or  "beard"  which  is  very 


rich  in  tannin.  Good  valonia  con- 
tains 30  per  cent  tannin. 

Grades:     65  per  cent  Tannin;  solid. 

Containers:  Cups:  Burlap  bags.  Ex- 
tract: Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Tanning  industry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Valzin.     See  Sucrol. 

Vanadic  Acid.     See  Acid  vanadic. 

Vanadic  Acid  Anhydride.  See  Vanadium 
pentoxide. 

Vanadic  Acid,  Meta-.  See  Acid  vanadic. 
Vanadic  Acid,  Ortho-.  See  Acid  vanadic. 
Vanadic  Acid,  Pyro-.  See  Acid  vanadic. 

Vanadic  Anhydride.  See  Vanadium 
pentoxide. 

Vanadinite.  Natural  lead  chlorovana- 
date,  9PbO.3V2O5.PbCl2.  Contains 
when  pure  19.4  per  cent  V2C>5,  but  ar- 
senic and  phosphorus  both  replace  va- 
nadium, so  that  the  mineral  grades  into 
mimetite,  3Pb3As2O8.PbCl2  and  into 
pyromorphite,  3Pb3P2O8.PbCl2.  End- 
lichite  is  a  variety  of  vanadinite  con- 
taining considerable  arsenic.  Arizona, 
Montana,  Nevada,  New  Mexico. 

Vanadium  V.* 

Color  and  properties:  Light  gray,  crys- 
talline metal.  It  does  not  occur  na- 
tive but  is  found  in  the  United  States 
in  the  minerals  carnotite,  roscoelite, 
vanadinite,  descloizite,  volborthite, 
calciovolborthite,  aegirite.  etc.  Ari- 
zona, Colorado,  Montana,  New  Mexi- 
co, Utah.  The  principal  source  of 
the  vanadium  products  of  commerce 
is  patronite,  an  impure  vanadium  sul- 
fide  mined  in  Peru. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  6.025. 
Melting-point  about  I73O°C. 

Soluble  in  mineral  acids;  insoluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:     Pure  vanadium  has  never 


Vanadium  Chloride 


480 


Vandyke  Brown 


been  prepared;  very  nearly  pure  va- 
nadium containing  some  carbon,  iron, 
etc.,  has  been  prepared  in  the  electric 
furnace  and  by  reduction  with  alumi- 
num, cerium,  etc.  Vanadium  is  found 
in  commerce  in  the  form  of  ferro- 
vanadium,  cupro-vanadium,  etc.  The 
constants  given  for  vanadium  have 
been  obtained  by  extrapolation. 

Vanadium  Chloride*  (Hypovanadic  hy- 
drochloride;  Divanadyl  tetrachloride) 
(VO)2C14.5H20. 

Color  and  properties:  Dark  green  sir- 
upy  mass;  poisonous. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  3.23. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  on  vanadium  oxides. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Mordanting  textiles;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Vanadium  Ore.     See  Vanadinite. 

Vanadium  Oxides*  (a)  V2O2  (b)  V2O3 

(c)  V204   (d)  V205. 

Color  and  properties:  (a)  Light  gray; 
(b)  Black  crystals;  (c)  Blue  crystals; 

(d)  Yellow,    red-brown    or    purplish 
crystals;    yellow   powder. 


Constants: 


(a) 


(b) 


(c) 


(d) 


Specific  gravity      3.64          4.87  3.357 

Melting-point       Burns     Infusible    Infusible    6s8°C 

Soluble  in  acids  and  alkalis;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  From  vanadic  acid  or  am- 
monium vanadate. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Metallurgy;  vanadium  salts. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Vanadium  Pentasulfide.     See  Vanadium 
sulfide. 

Vanadium    Pentoxide*     (Acid    vanadic, 

Anhydride)   V2O5. 

Color  and  properties:  Reddish-brown 
powder  or  purple,  metallic  looking 


crystals,  yielding  a  yellow  powder 
when  crushed. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.357; 
melting-point  6s80C. 

Soluble  in  mineral  acids  and  alkaline 
solutions;  slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  From  ammonium  vanadate 
by  heating. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Boxes. 

Uses:  Photographic  developer;  medi- 
cine; catalyst;  vanadium  salts. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Vanadium   Sesquioxide.     See    Vanadium 
trioxide. 

Vanadium  Sulfate*  (Vanadyl  sulfate) 

(a)  V202(S04)2.4H20 

(b)  VO2SO3.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  (a)  Blue,  crys- 
talline powder,  (b)  Green  crystals. 

Soluble  in  cold  water  and  alcohol;  de- 
composed by  hot  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  concen- 
trated sulfuric  acid  on  vanadium  ox- 
ide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  boxes;  tins. 

Uses:     Textile;   mordant. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Vanadium  Sulfide*  (Vanadium  pentasul- 
fide)  V2S5. 

Color  and   properties:      Green   powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.0;  melt- 
ing-point: Oxidizes. 

Soluble  in  acids,  alkaline  sulfides  and 
alkalis;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydro- 
gen sulfide  on  vanadium  chloride  so- 
lution. 

Grades:    ^Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Vanadium  compounds. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Vanadyl  Salts.     See  under  Vanadium. 

Vandyke  Brown.* 
Derivation:     Indefinite  mixtures  of  iron 


Vanilla  Bean 


481 


Veratrine  Sulfate 


oxide  and  organic  matter.  Obtained 
from  bog-earth,  peat  deposits  or  from 
ochers  containing  bituminous  matter. 

Grades:  Based  on  iron  oxide  content 
and  tinctorial  value. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:     Pigment. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Vanilla  Bean. 

Derivation:  Cured,  full  grown,  but  im- 
matured  fruit  of  Vanilla  planifolia. 

Habitat:  Mexico;  West  Indies,  Reun- 
ion, lie  de  France  and  Seychelles. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Bags;  boxes. 

Uses:  Confectionery;  flavoring;  medi- 
cine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Vanilla  Plant.     See  Liatris. 
Vanillic  Aldehyde.     See  Vanillin. 

Vanillin*      (Methylprotocatechuic     alde- 
hyde; Vanillic  aldehyde) 
C6H3OHOCH3CHO. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  prisms; 
pleasant  aroma;  vanilla  taste. 

Constants:  Melting-point  8o°-8i°C; 
boiling-point  285° C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  oxidation  of  eu- 
genol  or  coniferyl  alcohol. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:     Tins. 

Uses:  Perfumes;  confectionery;  flav- 
oring; pharmacy;  medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Vanillinum,  U.  S.  P.    See  Vanillin. 
Varnish  Gums.     See  Gums,  Varnish. 

Varnish  Oil.  An  oil  obtained  by  the  dis- 
tillation of  a  gum  resin  and  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  varnishes. 

Vaseline.     See  Petrolatum. 


Vegetable  Albumin.     See  Albumin. 
Vegetable  Glue.     See  Glue,  Vegetable. 
Vegetable  Gum.    See  Dextrine. 
Vegetable  Mercury.     See  Manaca. 
Vegetable  Sulfur.     See  Lycopodium. 
Vegetable  Wax.     See  Japan  wax. 

Venetian  Red.* 
Derivation:     A  very  pure  form  of  iron 

oxide,   obtained  by   calcining  ferrous 

sulfate. 
Grades:     Based  on  coloring  power  and 

iron  content. 
Containers:     Barrels. 
Uses:     Pigment;  polishing  compound. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Venice     Turpentine.       See     Turpentine, 
Venice. 

Veratrina,  U.  S.  P.    See  Veratrine. 


Veratrine* 
Color  and  properties:     Colorless,  crys- 

talline alkaloid;  very  poisonous. 
Constants:     Melting-point  i8o°C. 
Soluble     in    alcohol     and     ether;    very 

slightly  soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:      By    extraction    from    the 

seeds  of  Asagraea'omcinalis. 
Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 
Impurities:     Cevadine. 
Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Veratrine  Sulfate* 


Color  and  properties:    White  to  yellow- 

ish powder;  poisonous. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:     By  the  action  of  sulfuric 

acid  on  veratrine. 
Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 

tion. 


Veratroylaconine 


482 


Vetiver    Oil 


Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:    None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations: 

Veratroylaconine.     See  Aconite. 


None. 


Veratrum*  (American  hellebore;  Green 
hellebore;  American  veratrum;  In- 
dian poke). 

Derivation:  Dried  rhizome  and  roots 
of  Veratrum  viride;  poisonous. 

Habitat:     North  America. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:    Boxes;  burlap  bags. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Veratrum  Viride,  U.  S.  P.  See  Vera- 
trum. 

Verbena  Oil,  East  Indian.  See  Lemon- 
grass  oil. 

Verbena  Oil,  Java.  See  Citronella-fruit 
oil. 

Verde  Antique.  A  dark-green  rock 
composed  essentially  of  serpentine  (hy- 
drous magnesium  silicate).  Usually 
criss-crossed  with  white  veinlets  of 
magnesium  and  calcium.  Used  as  an 
ornamental  stone.  In  commerce  often 
classed  as  a  marble.  California,  Geor- 
gia, Maryland,  Massachusetts,  New 
York  and  Virginia. 

Verde  Salt.     See  Thenardite. 

Verdigris,  Blue.  See  Copper  acetate, 
basic,  Blue. 

Verdigris,  Crystallized.  See  Copper  ace- 
tate. 

Verdigris  Green.  See  Copper  acetate, 
Basic. 

Verditer  Blue.  See  Copper  carbonate, 
Blue. 


Verditer  Green.     See  Copper  carbonate, 
Green. 

Vermilion.     See  Mercury  sulfide,  Red. 

Veronal*  (Diethylmalonylurea;  Barbital 
Malonurea;  Diethylbarbituric  acid) 
(C2H5)2.C(CONH)2CO. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder;  bitter  taste. 

Constants:     Melting-point   i82°C. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  the 
diethylester  of  malonic  acid  and  car- 
bamide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  boxes. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Veronica*  (Speedwell). 
Derivation:  The  herb,  Veronica  officin- 

alis. 
Habitat:     Europe,     Asia     and     United 

States. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Bags. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Verti-Vert.     See  Vetiver  oil. 

Vesuvine.  A  trade  name  for  Bismarck 
brown. 

Vesuvianite.  A  complex  calcium-alumi- 
num silicate  of  uncertain  composition. 
A  massive,  light  green  variety  is  known 
as  californite.  Arkansas  and  California. 

Vetiver, Oil  (Cuscus  oil;  Verti-vert). 

Color  and  properties:  Thick,  liquid,  yel- 
low essential  oil;  violet-like  odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.01-1.02. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform, 
acetone,  benzol  and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  root  of 
Andropogon  muricatus. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 


Viburnum 


483 


Vitriol,  Green 


Containers:  Copper  flasks;  glass  bottles.        Fire  hazard:  None. 

Uses:  Perfumery.  Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipipng  regulations:     None.  Vinegar.     See  Acid  acetic. 

Viburnum     Prunifolium*     (Black     haw;  Vinegar  Naphtha.     See  Ethyl  acetate. 
Sweet   viburnum;    Sheep-berry;    Stag 

bush;  Sloe-leaved  viburnum)  Vinegar,  Pyroligneous.     See  Acid  pyro- 
Derivation:   Dried  bark  of  root  of  Vi-        KaSSSm 


ligneous. 

Vinegar  Salts.     See  Calcium  acetate. 
Vinegar,  Wood.    See  Acid  pyroligneous. 


burnum  prunifolium. 
Habitat:  United  States. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:  Burlap  bags. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None.          Vinum  Antimoniale,  B.  P.      Antimonial 

wine. 
Viburnum   Opulus*   (Cramp  bark;   High 

cranberry;     Cranberry     tree;     Water      Vinum  Aurantii,  B.  P.    Orange  wine. 

elder;  Squaw  bush;  Snowball  bush). 
Derivation:    Dried    bark    of    Viburnum      yinum  Colchici,  B.  P.     Colchicum  wine. 

opulus. 
Habitat:    Europe,    Asia    and    northern  p  Iron 

North    America    south    to    Pennsyl- 


vania. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:  Burlap  bags. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Vichy  Salts.    See  Sodium  carbonate. 


Vinum   Ferri   Citratis,   B.  P.      Wine   of 
iron  citrate. 

Vinum  Ipecacuanha?,  B.  P.     Wine,  ipe- 
cacuanha. .  _i  j 

Vinum  Quininae,  B.  P.     Wine,  quinine. 


Victoria  Green.     Trade  name  for  Mala-      Vinum  Xericum,  B.  P.    Sherry. 

chite  green. 

.,        Vinylbenzene.     See  Styrene. 
Vienna    Caustic.      Potassium    hydroxide 

with  lime. 


Vienna     Paste.       Potassium     hydroxide 
with  lime. 


Vinylbenzol.    See  Styrene. 

Vinyl  Trichloride.     See  Ethylene  chlor- 
ide. 


Vinasse.   The  residue  obtained  from  beet      Virginia  Snake  Root.    See  Serpentaria. 
sugar    molasses    fermentation,    contain-       . 
ing  mineral  salts. 


Vincetoxicum      (Swallow-wort;      White 
swallow-wort). 

Derivation:  Root  of  Vincetoxicum  offi- 
cinale. 


Containers:   Bags. 

Uses:  Veterinary  medicine. 


vinjs    Vaccinicum)    u.    S<    p.      Vaccine 

Vitreous  Antimony.     See  Antimony  sul- 
Yfi^e> 

'it**  Blue.     See  Copper  snlfate. 
Vitriol,  Green.    See  Ferrous  sulfate. 


Vulcanized 


484 


Water,  Bromine 


Vitriol,  Oil  of.     See  Acid  sulfuric. 
Vitriol,  White.     See  Zinc  sulfate. 

Vivianite.  A  natural  form  of  ferrous 
phosphate. 

Volborthite.  Natural  hydrous  vanadate 
of  copper,  barium  and  calcium.  Ari- 
zona and  Colorado. 

Volcanic  Ash>  Volcanic  Tuff.  A  mate- 
rial made  up  of  either  loose  or  solidified 
small  fragments  and  dust  of  lava,  com- 
monly glassy  in  character,  blown  from 
a  volcano  and  deposited  either  on  land 
or  under  water.  If  numerous  large 
fragments  are  embedded  in  the  ash,  the 
deposit  is  called  volcanic  agglomerate 
or  volcanic  breccia.  Colorado,  Mon- 
tana, Nevada,  Oklahoma  and  South 


Dakota.  Used  as  an  abrasive  and  build- 
ing stone  and  in  the  manufacture  of 
fire-brick,  hydraulic  mortar  and  con- 
crete. 

Volcanic  Glass.    See  Obsidian. 
Volcanic  Tuff.     See  Volcanic  ash. 

Volhard's  Solution.  A  solution  of 
potassium  sulfocyanate  used  in  analyt- 
ical chemistry. 

Vomit  Nut.    See  Nux  vomica. 
Vulcanite.    Hard  rubber. 

Vulcanized  Rubber.  Rubber  treated 
with  sulfur,  etc.  rendering  it  hard  and 
capable  of  being  fabricated  into  sheets, 
rods,  tubes,  piping,  etc. 


Wad  (Bog  manganese).  A  natural,  im- 
pure mixture  of  manganese  and  other 
oxides.  It  contains  10  to  20  per  cent 
of  water,  and  is  generally  soft,  soiling 
the  hand.  A  variety  known  as  asbolite 
carries  as  much  as  32  per  cent  cobalt. 
Arizona,  Arkansas,  California,  Georgia, 
Maine,  Massachusetts,  Missouri,  Mon- 
tana, Nevada,  New  Mexico,  New  York, 
Pennsylvania,  Rhode  Island,  South  Car- 
olina, Tennessee,  Virginia  and  Wiscon- 
sin. 

Wahoo.     See   Euonymus. 

Walnut  Oil.* 

Color  and  properties:  The  cold-pressed 
oil  is  a  colorless  or  pale  yellowish 
green  liquid;  pleasant  odor;  agree- 
able, nutty  taste.  The  hot-pressed  oil 
has  a  greenish  tint  and  an  acrid  taste 
and  odor. 

Constants:   Specific  gravity  0.919-0.929; 


saponification    value    188-196;    iodine 

value  143-148;  refractive  index  1.4808. 
Soluble    in    alcohol,    ether,    chloroform 

and  carbon  bisulfide. 
Derivation:  By  expressing  the  seeds  ot 

Juglans  regia. 

Method  of  purification:  Filtration. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:  Varnishes;  paints. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Washing  Soda.    See  Sodium  carbonate. 

Water  of  Ammonia.   See  Ammonium  hy- 
droxide. 

Water,  Baryta.     An  aqueous  solution  of 
barium  hydroxide. 

Water,  Bromine.     An  aqueous   solution 
of  bromine. 


Water,  Chlorine 


485 


White  Iron 


Water,  Chlorine.     An  aqueous   solution 
of   chlorine. 

Water  Elder.    See  Viburnum  opulus. 
Water  Glass.     See  Sodium  silicate. 

Water,   Lead.     An  aqueous  solution  of 
lead  acetate. 

Water,  Lime.      An  aqueous  solution  of 
calcium  hydroxide. 

Water,      Sulfuretted      Hydrogen.        An 
aqueous  solution  of  hydrogen  sulfide. 

Waterproofing    Salts.       See    Aluminum 
acetate. 

Wattle. 

Derivation:  From  the  Australian  wat- 
tles, Accacia  pycnantha,  Acacia  mol- 
lissina  and  Acacia  binervata. 

Grades:  Based  on  tannin  content;  25 
per  cent  extract. 

Containers:  Bags;  barrels. 

Uses:  Tanning  industry. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Wattle   Bark  Extract      See   Extract  of 
wattle*  bark. 

Wax  Bay-berry.     See  Bay-berry  wax. 
Wax,  Bee's.    See  Bees-wax 
Wax-berry.     See   Myrica. 
Wax,  Carnauba.     See  Carnauba  wax. 
Wax,  Ceresine.    See  Paraffin. 
Wax,  Chinese.      See   Chinese  wax. 
Wax,  Insect.     See  Chinese  wax. 
Wax,  Japan.    See  Japan-wax. 
Wax,  Mineral.     See  Ceresine. 
Wax,  Montan.    See  Monfan  wax. 


Wax,  Myrtle.    See  Bay-berry  wax. 
Wax,  Ozokerite.     See  Ozokerite. 
Wax,  Paraffin.    See  Paraffin. 
Wax,  Stearic  Acid.    See  Acid  stearic. 
Wax,  White,  U.  S.  P.    See  Bees-wax. 

Whale  Oil*  (Train  oil;  Sperm  oil;  Body 

oil). 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-brown, 
non-drying,  fixed  oil;  strong  fishy 
odor. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.925-0.930; 
saponification  value  188-193;  iodine 
value  1 20. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  benzol,  chloro- 
form and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  By  boiling  the  blubber  of 
the  Greenland  or  other  whales,  and 
skimming  off  the  oil. 

Method   of  purification:   Filtration. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  tank  cars. 

Uses:  Leather  dressing;  lubrication; 
tempering  steel;  soap-making;  illu- 
mination. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Whetstone,  A  stone  suitable  for  sharp- 
ening tools.  Arkansas,  Connecticut, 
Indiana,  Massachusetts,  Michigan,  New 
Hampshire,  Rhode  Island,  and  Ver- 
mont. 

White  Acid.    See  Acid,  White. 
White  Arsenic.     See  Arsenic  trioxide. 
White  Bole.    See  Kaolin. 
White,  Charlton.     See  Lithopone. 
White,  Chinese.     See  Zinc  oxide. 
White  Cinnamon.    See  Canella. 
White,  Griffith's.     See  Lithopone. 
White  Iron  Pyrite.    See  Marcasi^e, 


White  Lead 


Wollastonite 


White  Lead.    See  Lead  carbonate,  Basic. 
White  Metal.    See  Babbit  metal. 
White  Mustard.    See  Sinapis  alba. 
White  Oak.    See  Quercus. 
White,  Orr's.    See  Lithopone. 

White  Precipitate.      Mercury,   Ammoni- 
ated. 

White  Precipitate,  Fusible.  See  Mercury- 
ammonium  bichloride. 

White,  Rubber-maker's.     See  Whiting. 

White    Swallow-wort.      See    Vincetoxi- 
cum. 

White  Tar.    See  Naphthalene. 
White  Vaseline.    See  Petrolatum. 
White  Vitriol.    See  Zinc  sulfate. 
White  Wax.    See  Bees-wax. 
Whitewood.    See  Linden. 
White,  Zinc.     See  Zinc  oxide. 
Whiting.    See  Chalk. 
Whortleberry.    See  Vaccinium. 

Wigger's  Anesthetic  Ether.     See  Ethyl- 
chloride,  Polychlorated. 

Wild  Canilla.    See  Canella. 
Wild  Chamomile.    See  Matricaria. 
Wild  Cherry.    See  Prunus  Virginians. 
Wild  Pepper.    See  Mezereum. 
Wild  Saffron.    See  Colchicum. 


Willemite.  Natural  zinc  silicate, 
2ZnO.SiO2.  Contains  58.6  per  cent 
zinc.  The  zinc  is  commonly  replaced  in 
part  by  manganese.  Arizona,  New  Jer- 
sey and  New  Mexico. 

Williamsite.  An  apple-green  impure  va- 
riety of  serpentine.  See  Jade. 

Wine-stones  Oil.     See  Grape-seed  oil. 
Wintergreen.     See  Gaultheria. 

Wintergreen  Oil,  Natural.  See  Gaul- 
theria oil. 

Wintergreen  Oil,  Synthetic.  See  Methyl 
salicylate. 

Witch  Hazel.    See  Hamamelis. 

Witherite.  A  natural  barium  carbonate, 
BaC03. 

Wolfram.    See  Tungsten. 
Wolfram  Ores.     See  Tungsten  ores. 
Wolfram  White.    See  Barium  tungstate. 
Wolframic  Acid.    See  Acid  tungstlc. 

Wolframite.  A  series  of  minerals  com- 
posed of  tungstate  of  iron  and  mangan- 
ese, (Fe,Mn)WC>4,  containing,  when 
the  iron  and  manganese  are  in  a  ratio 
of  i  to  i,  76.4  per  cent  WOs.  As  the 
iron  increases  and  the  manganese  de- 
creases, wolframite  grades  into  feberite, 
the  pure  iron  tungstate,  FeWO4,  with 
76.3  per  cent  WOs.  At  the  other  end 
of  the  series  is  hubnerite,  the  pure  man- 
ganese tungstate,  containing  76.6  per 
cent  WOs.  Arizona,  California,  Con- 
necticut, Nevada,  New  Hampshire,  New 
Mexico,  South  Dakota,  Texas,  Virginia, 
Washington  and  Wyoming. 

Wolfsbane.    See  Aconite. 

Wollastonite.  A  natural  calcium  meta- 
silicate, 


Wood,  Agatized 


487 


Wurtzite 


Wood,  Agatized.     See  Wood,   Silicified. 
Wood  Alcohol.     See  Methyl  alcohol. 
Wood  Naphtha.     See  Methyl  alcohol. 
Wood,  Opalized.     See  Wood,  Silicified. 
Wood,  Petrified.    See  Wood,  Silicified. 

Wood,  Silicified  (Petrified  wood;  Opal- 
ized wood;  Agatized  wood).  A  natural 
material  composed  of  opal  or  chalce- 
dony (agate)  and  formed  by  the  re- 
placement of  wood  by  silica.  The  re- 
placement of  the  woody  matter  by  the 
silica  takes  place  in  such  a  way  that 
the  original  form  and  structure  of  the 
wood  is  preserved.  Arizona,  California, 
Colorado,  South  Dakota,  Utah  and 
Wyoming. 

Wood  Spirit.     See  Methyl  alcohol. 
Wood-tar.     See  Tar,  Wood. 
Wood's  Metal.    See  Metal,  Fusible. 
Wool-fat.     See  Lanum. 
Wool-grease.     See    Degras. 
Worm-grass.     See   Spigelia. 
Wormseed.    See  Santonica. 

Worm-seed  Oil,  American.  See  Cheno- 
podium  oil. 

Worm-seed  Oil,  Levant. 

Color  and  properties:  A  yellow,  essen- 
tial oil;  penetrating,  disagreeable 
odor. 

Chief  known  constituent:  Cineol. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.930. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  acetone,  ben- 
zol, chloroform  and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  unex- 
panded  flower  heads  of  Artemisia 
pauciflora. 


Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Wormwood  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  The  oil  from  the 
fresh  herb  has  a  dark  green  color, 
while  that  from  the  dry  herb  is  yel- 
lowish-green or  yellowish-brown;  be- 
comes dark  brown  with  age;  strong, 
somewhat  unpleasant  odor. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Thujone; 
phellandrene;  thujyl  alcohol. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.925-0.955; 
refractive  index  1.460-1.470. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  acetone,  ben- 
zol, chloroform  and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  leaves  of 
Artemisia  absinthium. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Wulfenite.  Natural  lead  molybdate, 
PbMoOs.  Calcium,  chromium,  copper 
and  vanadium  are  sometimes  constitu- 
ents. Arizona,  Massachusetts,  Nevada, 
New  Mexico,  Pennsylvania  and  Utah. 

Wurtzilite  (Elaterite;  Tabbyite;  Mon- 
ite;  ^gerite).  An  asphaltic  mineral 
which  is  jet-black  by  reflected  light  and 
deep  red  in  thin  plates.  It  softens  in 
hot  water,  toughens,  and  becomes  more 
elastic.  In  a  candle  flame  it  softens 
and  burns  with  a  bright  flame.  It  is 
practically  insoluble  in  gasoline  of 
76° B..  partly  soluble  in  ether,  carbon 
bisulfide  and  turpentine  and  less  so  in 
carbon  tetrachloride.  Utah. 

Wurtzite.     A  natural  zinc  sulfide  of  the 
same    composition    as    aphalerite,    ZnS, 
but    hexagonal    in    its    crystallization. 
Montana  and  Utah, 


Xanthene 


Xylenol 


Xanthene  (Diphenylenemethane  oxide) 
CH2(C6H4)20.  § 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish,  crys- 
talline leaflets. 

Constants:  Melting-point  ioo.5°C.;  boil- 
ing-point 3i5°C. 

Soluble  in  ether;  slightly  soluble  in  al- 
cohol; very  slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  condensation  of 
phenol  and  ortho-cresol  by  means  of 
aluminum  chloride. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Xanthine*  (Acid  ureous)  C5H2N4(OH)2 

2:6. 
Color  and  properties:   Yellowish-white 

powder. 
Constants:  Boiling-point:  Sublimes  with 

partial  decomposition. 
Soluble    in    potassium    hydroxide;    very 

slightly  soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:    By    the    action    of    nitrous 

acid  on  guanine. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Xanthoconite.  Natural  silver-arsenic 
sulfide,  3Ag2S.As2S5.  Contains  61.4  per 
cent  silver.  New  Mexico. 

Xanthorrhea  Resin.    See  Gum  accroides. 

Xanthoxylin.* 

Color  and  properties:  Brown  powder. 
Soluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:    Purified    alcoholic    extrac- 
tion of  prickly  ash  bark. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Xanthoxylum*   (Prickly  ash;  Toothache 

tree;  Yellow  wood;  Angelica  tree). 
Derivation:    Dnecl    bark    of 


xylum  americanum  or  Fagara  clava- 

herculis. 
Habitat:  Canada,  south  to  Virginia  and 

Missouri. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 
Containers:    Crates;   burlap   bags. 
Uses:  Medicine;  xanthoxylin. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Xenon*  Xe. 
Color  and  properties:   Colorless,  odor- 

less gas  occurring  in  the  atmosphere 

in  very  small  proportions. 
Constants:   Specific  gravity  4.42;   melt- 

ing-point        -140°  C;         boiling-point 


Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:     By  distillation  from  liquid 

air. 

Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Steel  bottles. 
Uses:   Filling  for  incandescent  electric 

lamps. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad    shipping    regulations:    Green 

label. 

Xenotime.  Essentially  yttrium  phos- 
phate, YtPO4.  Contains  phosphorus 
pentoxide  38.6  per^  cent,  yttria  61.4  per 
cent.  North  Carolina. 

Xeroform.  See  Bismuth  tribromocarbo- 
late. 

Xylene.    See  Xylol. 
Xylene,  Meta-.    See  Xylol,  Meta-. 
Xylene,  Ortho-.     See  Xylol,  Ortho-. 
Xylene,  Para-.    See  Xylol,  Para-. 

Xylenol*  (CH3)2C6H3OH. 
Color    and    properties:    White    crystals. 

There  are  six  isomers. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.0362;  melt- 
ing-point      26°-75  C.;       boiling-point 

2II°-225°C 

Soluble    in    water,    alcohol,    ether    and 
caustic  soda  solution. 


Xylidine 


489 


Xylol 


Derivation:    By    fusing    the    xylenesul- 
fonic  acids  with  potassium  hydroxide. 
Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Tins;  wooden  kegs. 
Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Xylidine,    Meta-*     (Amino-meta-xylene; 
Aminodimethylbenzene) 
CeHs(CHa)sNHs. 

"  Color  and  properties:  Colorless  oil. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.9184;  boil- 

ing-point 2I5°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:   By  the  reduction  of  nitro- 

meta-xylene. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Iron  drums. 
Uses:  Dyestuffs. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Xylidine,   Ortho-*    (Aminodimethylbenz- 

ene;   Amino-ortho-xylene) 

C6H3(NH2)(CH8)2. 
Color    and    properties:    Yellow    liquid; 

prone  to  darken  on  exposure  to  air 

and  light. 
Constants:   Specific   gravity  0.981-0.984; 

boiling-point  2I2°-2I5°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  benzol;  in- 

soluble in  water. 
Derivation:  By  the  reduction  of  nitro- 

xylene    with    iron    and    hydrochloric 

acid. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Iron  drums. 
Uses:  Organic  synthesis;  dyestuffs. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Xylidine,     Para-*     (Amino-para-xylene; 
Aminodimethylbenzene) 


Color  and  properties:  White,  crystalline 

solid  or  oil. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.980;  melt- 

ing-point i5°C;  boiling-point  2is°C- 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 

in  water. 


Derivation:    By   the    nitration    and    re- 
duction of  para-xylol. 
Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  barrels. 
Uses:  Dyestuffs. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Xyloidin.     See  Pyroxlin. 

Xylol,  Meta-*  (Xylene,  Meta-;  Meta-di- 
methylbenzene)  CeH-tCCHs^. 

Color  and  properties:  Clear,  colorless, 
mobile  liquid;  characteristic  odor;  in- 
flammable. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.8668;  melt- 
ing-point -54°  C;  boiling-point  139°  C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  fractional  distillation 
from  crude  xylol,  obtained  from  sol- 
vent naphtha. 

Grades:  Technical;  pure. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  tank  cars. 

Uses:  Organic  preparations;  solvent; 
meta-xylidine;  microscopy. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Xylol,  Ortho-*  (Xylene,  Ortho-;  Ortho- 
dimethylbenzene)  CeH^CHs^. 

Color  and  properties:  Clear,  colorless, 
mobile  liquid;  characteristic  odor;  in- 
flammable. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.876;  melt- 
ing-point -28°C.;  boiling-point  I42°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  fractional  distillation 
from  crude  xylol,  obtained  from  sol- 
vent naphtha. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:   Iron  drums;  tank  cars. 

Uses:  Organic  preparations;  solvent; 
ortho-xylidine;  microscopy. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Xylol,   Para-*    (Xylene,   Para-;    Para-di- 

metfeyibenzene) .  CeH*  (  CHs  >s . 
Color  and  properties:   Clear,   colorless, 


Xylyl 


490 


Yellow  Prussiate 


mobile  liquid;  characteristic  odor; 
inflammable. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.8621;  melt- 
ing-point I5°C.;  boiling-point  I38°C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  fractional  distillation 
from  crude  xylol,  obtained  from  sol- 
vent naphtha. 

Grades:  Technical. 


Containers:     Iron  drums;  tank  cars. 
Uses:    Organic    preparations;    solvent; 

para-xylidine;  microscopy. 
Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 
Railroad     shipping     regulations:      Red 

label. 

Xylyl  Bromide*  (Tolyl  bromide) 
CHsCeH^CH^Br.      A   military   poison 
gas  used  in  the  late  war. 


Yara-Yara.     See   Methyl  beta-naphthol- 
ate. 

Yaw  Root.     See  Stillingia. 

Yeast* 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish-white, 

viscid,  liquid  or  soft  mass,  consisting 

of  the  cells  and  spores  of  Saccharo- 

myces  cerevisiae. 
Derivation:     A     ferment     obtained     in 

brewing  beer. 
Grades:   Technical;   brewing;    cooking; 

compressed. 

Containers:  Tins;  boxes. 
Uses:  Fermentation  of  sugars,  molasses 

and    cereals     for    alcohol;     brewing; 

medicine;  baking  bread  and  the  like. 
Fire  hazards:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Yellow   Brazil-wood.      See   Morus   tinc- 
toria. 

Yellow,  Buttercup.    See  Zinc  chromate. 

Yellow    Calisaya    Bark.      See    Cinchona 
bark,  Calisaya. 

Yellow  Chrome.    See  Lead  chromate. 

Yellow  Cinchona  Bark.     See  Cinchona 
bark,  Calisaya. 

Yellow   Cobalt.      See    Cobalt-potassium 
nitrite. 


Yellow  Copper.     See  Chalcopyrite. 
Yellow  Gentian.    See  Gentian. 
Yellow  Jasmin.    See  Gelsemium. 
Yellow,  Leipzig.    See  Lead  chromate. 
Yellow,   Lemon.      See   Lead   chromate. 

Yellow  Mercury  Iodide.    See  Mercurous 
iodide. 

Yellow  Moccasin.     See  Lady  Slipper. 

Yellow   Moccasin    Flower.      See    Cypri 
pedium. 

Yellow  Mustard.    See  Sinapis  alba. 

Yellow  Nankin.    See  Iron  buff. 
Yellow,  Paris.     See  Lead  chromate. 

Yellow  Precipitate.     See  Mercury  oxide, 
Yellow. 

Yellow  Prussiate  of  Potassium.    See  Po- 
tassium ferrocyanide. 

Yellow  Prussiate  of  Sodium.  See  Sodium 
ferrocyanide. 


Yellow  Puccoon 


491 


Yttrium  Carbonate 


Yellow  Puccoon.    See  Hydrastis. 
Yellow  Saunders.     See  Santalum  album. 
Yellow,  Uranium.     See  Sodium  uranate. 

Yellow  Uranium  Oxide.  See  Sodium 
uranate. 

Yellow  Wolfsbane.  See  Aconitum  ly- 
coctonum. 

Yellow  Wood.      See   Xanthoxylum. 

Yerba  Mate.  The  leaves  of  a  tree  found 
in  Paraguay.  Used  in  South  America 
in  the  same  manner  as  tea,  for  a  bev- 
erage. 

Yerba  Santa,     See  Eriodictyon. 

Ylang-ylang  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  Pale  yellow,  li- 
quid oil,  noted  for  its  delicious  per- 
fume. 

Chief  known  constituents:  Linalol,  ger- 
aniol  and  their  esters,  pinene. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  0.911-0.958; 
saponification  value  90-138;  refractive 
index  1.4747-1.4940;  optical  rotation 
-27  to  -49.7. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  benzol,  ace- 
tone and  chloroform. 

Derivation:  Distilled  in  Manila  from 
the  flowers  of  Cananga  odorata. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:       Highest     grade;     "Satorius." 

Containers:  Copper  flasks;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Perfumery. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Yohimbine*  C23H32N2O4. 
Color       and       properties:       Glistening, 

needle-like  alkaloid;  poisonous. 
Constants:  Melting-point  23i°C. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  very 

slightly  soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:      By    extraction    from    the 

bark  of  Corynanthe  yohimbe. 
Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles;  boxes. 


Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Young  Fustic. 

Derivation:  The  heartwood  of  a  sumac, 
Rhus  cotonus;  a  native  of  Spain, 
Italy,  Hungary  and  the  Levant. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Chips:  Burlap  bags.  Ex- 
tract: Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:  Leather  industry. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Yttria.    See  Yttrium  oxide. 

Yttrialite.  A  natural  silicate  of  thorium 
and  the  yttrium  metals  chiefly,  but  it 
contains  also  uranium  and  other  ele- 
ments in  small  quantity.  Texas. 

Yttrium*  Yt. 

Color  and  properties:  Dark  gray  metal. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.80;  melt- 
ing-point I25O°C. 

Soluble  in  dilute  acids  and  potassium 
hydroxide  solution;  decomposes 
water. 

Derivation:  From  yttrium  oxide  by 
electrolysis. 

Impurities:     Rare  earths. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Incandescent  gas  mantles. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Yttrium    Acetate*    Yt(C2H3O2)3.8H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:.  By  the  action  of  acetic  acid 
on  yttrium  oxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Impurities:      Rare   earths. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Analytical  chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Yttrium    Carbonate*    Yt2(CO3)3.3H2O. 
Color  and  properties:  Reddish-white  to 
white  powder. 


Yttrium  Chloride 


492 


Zea 


Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water,  al- 
cohol and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  solu- 
tions of  yttrium  chloride  and  sodium 
carbonate. 

Impurities:  Erbium  salts. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Incandescent  gas  mantles. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Yttrium  Chloride*  YtCl8.6H2q. 

Color  and  properties:  Reddish-white, 
transparent,  deliquescent  prisms. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.575;  melt- 
ing-point: Decomposes  at  ioo°C. 

Soluble  in  water;  sparingly  soluble  in 
alcohol;  insoluble  in  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  on  yttrium  oxide. 

Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 

Impurities:  Erbium  salts. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Analytical  chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:   None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Yttrium   Nitrate*    (a)    Yt(NO3)3.6H2O; 

(b)   Yt(N08)8.4H20. 
Color    and    properties:     Reddish-white 

crystals. 
Soluble    in    water,    alcohol    and    nitric 

acid. 
Derivation:  By  the  action  of  nitric  acid 

on  monazite  sand. 
Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 


Impurities:    Rare    earths. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Production  of  yttrium  oxide. 
Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 
Railroad    shipping   regulations:    Yellow 
label. 


Yttrium  Oxide,  Anhydrous* 

Color  and   properties:    Yellowish-white 

powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  5.35. 
Soluble    in    dilute    acids;    insoluble    in 

water. 
Derivation:  By  the  ignition  of  yttrium 

nitrate. 

Impurities:  Rare  earths. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:  Incandescent  gas  mantles. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Yttrium  Sulfate*   Yt2(SO4)3.8H2O. 
Color    and    properties:    Small    reddish- 

white,  monosymetric  crystals. 
Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.558. 
Soluble    in    concentrated    sulfuric   acid; 

sparingly  soluble  in  water;  insoluble 

in  alkalis. 
Derivation:    By   the    action    of   sulfuric 

acid  on  monazite  sand. 
Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 
Grades:  C.  P. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Reagent. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Zaffre,* 

Derivation:  A  crude  cobalt  oxide,  made 
by  roasting  smaltite,  cobaltite,  or  co- 
balt-nickel pyrites. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:  Blue  pigment.  * 

Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None*. 


Zaratite.  A  natural,  massive,  vitreous 
emerald-green  hydrous  nickel  carbon- 
ate, NiCO3.2NifOH)2.4H2O.  Occurs 
usually  in  an  incrustation.  Maryland. 

Zea*      (Corn-silk;      Stigmata      maydis). 
Fresh  styles  and  stigmas  of  Zea  mays. 
Habitat:  U.  S.  and  Hungary. 
Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P. 


Zedoary  Oil 


493 


Zinc   Blende 


Containers:  Boxes. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Zedoary  Oil. 

Color  and  properties:  Pale-yellow,  es- 
sential oil;  camphor-like  odor. 

Chief  known  constituent:  Cineol. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  0.992-1.010. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  acetone,  chlor- 
oform and  carbon  bisulfide. 

Derivation:  Distilled  from  the  rhizome 
of  Curcuma  zedoaria. 

Method  of  purification:  Rectification. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  iron  drums. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Zentralin,     See  Dimethyldiphenylurea. 

Zeolites.  A  group  of  minerals  occurring 
in  cracks  and  cavities  of  igneous  rocks, 
especially  the  more  basic  lavas.  Zeo- 
lites are  hydrous  silicates  of  aluminum 
with  either  sodium  or  calcium  or  both, 
and  rarely  barium  or  strontium.  Be- 
fore the  blowpipe  most  of  the  zeolites 
fuse  readily  and  with  strong  intumes- 
cence, whence  their  name,  derived  from 
the  Greek,  of  "boiling  stone."  Artificial 
zeolites  are  used  in  purifying  water. 

Zibeth.    See  Civet. 

Zinc*  Zn. 

Color  and  properties:  Shining,  white 
metal;  bluish-gray,  luster;  or  gray 
powder.  Not  found  native.  See  Cala- 
mine,  Franklinite,  Hydrozincite, 
Nicholspnite,  Smithsonite,  Sphalerite, 
Willemite,  Wurtzite,  Zincite. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  7.142;  melt- 
ing-point 4I9°C.;  boiling-point  9i8°C. 

Soluble  in  acids  and  alkalis;  insoluble 
in  water. 

Derivation:  By  roasting  zinc  blende  in 
a  reverberatory  furnace,  and  collec- 
tion by  distillation.  Obtained  also 
electrolytically  from  zinc  concen- 
trates. 

Impurities:  Lead;  copper;  silver. 

Grades:  U.  S.  P.;  Electrolytic:  99.92  per 
cent;  Extra  High  Grade  99.95  per 


cent.  Pigs;  bars;  sheets;  wire;  gran- 
ules; dust  or  powder;  etc. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  boxes. 

Uses:  Metallurgy;  organic  synthesis; 
zinc  salts;  galvanizing;  lining  packing 
cases;  boiler  plates. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Zinc  Acetate*  Zn(C2H3O2)2.3H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  mono- 
clinic,  crystalline  plates;  pearly  luster. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.72;  melt- 
ing-point 235°-257°C. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  acetic  acid 
on  zinc  oxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Medicine;  preserving  wood;  mor- 
dant in  dyeing. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Zinc  Alum.     See  Aluminum-zinc  sulfate. 

Zinc-Ammonium  Chloride* 

ZnCl2.5NH3.H29. 

Color  and  properties:  White  powder. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Tins. 
Uses:  Welding;  soldering  flux. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Zinc  Biborate.    See  Zinc  tetraborate. 

Zinc  Bichromate*   (Zinc  dichromate) 

ZnCr2O7. 
Color    and    properties:    Orange-yellow 

powder. 
Soluble    in    acids;    insoluble    in    water, 

alcohol  and  ether. 
Derivation:    By  the   action   of  chromic 

acid  on  zinc  hydroxide. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:  Pigments. 
Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 
Railroad   shipping   regulations:    Yellow 

label. 

Zinc  Blende.    See  Sphalerite. 


Zinc  Bloom 


494 


Zinc  Chloride 


Zinc  Bloom.     See  Hydrozincite. 

Zinc  Borate*  ZnBO3. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  amorph- 
ous powder. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  fusion  of  zinc  oxid, 
potassium  binuoride  and  boron  oxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Tins. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Zinc  Bromate  Zn(BrO3)2. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  deliques- 
cent powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.566;  melt- 
ing-point ioo°C. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  ba- 
rium bromate  and  zinc  sulfate,  with 
subsequent  crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Zinc  Bromide*  ZnBr2. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  hygro- 
scopic, crystalline  powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.219;  melt- 
ing-point 394° C.;  boiling-point  650°  C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  solu- 
tions of  barium  bromide  and  zinc 
sulfate,  with  subsequent  crystalliza- 
tion. 

Method  of  Purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Zinc,  Butter  of.     See  Zinc  chloride. 
Zinc  Carbolate.    See  Zinc  phenate. 

Zinc  Carbonate*  ZnCO3. 
Color   and   properties:    White,    crystal- 
line powder. 


Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.42-4.45; 
melting-point:  Loses  CO2  at  300° C. 

Soluble  in  acids,  alkalis  and  ammonium 
salt  solutions;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  grinding  the  min- 
eral smithsonite;  (b)  By  the  action  of 
sodium  bicarbonate  on  a  solution  ot  a 
zinc  salt. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Impurities:  Zinc  oxide;  zinc  hydroxide. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:   Wooden  barrels;   tins. 

Uses:  Medicine;  pigment. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Zinc  Carbonate,  Precipitated*  (Zinc  sub- 
carbonate)  2ZnCO3.3Zn(OH)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Impalpable,  white 
powder. 

Soluble  in  dilute  acids,  ammonium  hy- 
droxide and  ammonium  carbonate  so- 
lution; insoluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  sodium 
carbonate  on  a  solution  of  a  zinc  salt. 

Impurities:  Zinc  oxide. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Wooden  barrels;  tins. 

Uses:  Medicine;  pigment. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Zinc  Chlorate*  Zn(ClO3)2.6H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  very 
deliquescent  crystals.  Keep  well 
stoppered. 

Constants:  Melting-point  60° C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  zinc 
sulfate  and  barium  chlorate,  with  sub- 
sequent crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  iron  drums. 

Uses:  Oxidizing  agent. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Zinc  Chloride*  (Butter  of  zinc)  ZnCl2. 
Color  and  properties:  White,  granular, 
deliquescent       crystals;       poisonous. 
Keep  well  stoppered. 
Constants:   Specific  gravity  2.91;  melt- 
ing-point 2o"2°C.;  boiling-point  730° C. 


Zinc  Chloroiodide 


495 


Zinc   Ferrocyanide 


Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  on  zinc,  with  subsequent 
crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:  Iron  drums;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine;  embalming;  wood 
preservation;  dentifrices. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Zinc  Chloroiodide.*     A  mixture  of  zinc 

chloride  and  iodide. 
Color  and  properties:  White  powder. 
Soluble  in  water. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Uses:  Disinfectant. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Zinc  Chromate*  (Zinc  yellow;  Buttercup 
yellow)  ZnCrO4.7H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Yellow,  crystal- 
line powder. 

Soluble  in  acids. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  chromic 
acid  on  zinc  hydroxide. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Kegs. 

Uses:  Paint  pigment. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Zinc  Chrysophanate.* 
Color     and     properties:     Brownish-red 

powder. 

Soluble  in  alkaline  solutions. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Zinc  Citrate*  Zn3(C6H5O7)2.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  amorph- 
ous powder. 

Slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  citric  acid 
on  zinc  hydroxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 


Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad   shipping   regulations:     None. 

Zinc  Cyanide*  Zn(CN)2. 

Color  and  properties:  White  powder; 
poisonous. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Decomposes. 

Soluble  in  dilute  mineral  acids;  insolu- 
ble in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  precipitation  of  a  solu- 
tion of  zinc  sulfate  or  chloride  with 
potassium  cyanide. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Zinc  Bichromate.    See  Zinc  bichromate. 
Zinc  Dust.    See  Zinc. 

Zinc  Ethyl*  Zn(C2H5)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  liquid; 
takes  fire  on  contact  with  air. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  1.18;  boil- 
ing-point ii8°C. 

Decomposes  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  ethyl 
iodide  on  zinc  and  sodium-zinc. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:   Steel   cylinders. 

Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 

Fire  hazard:  Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Red 
label. 

Zinc  Ethylsulfate* 

Zn(C2H5.SO4)2.2H2O. 
Color  and  properties:   Clejar,   colorless, 

hygroscopic,       crystalline       leaflets. 

Keep  well  stoppered. 
Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
Derivation:   By  the  interaction  of  zinc 

hydroxide   and   diethyl   sulfate. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles;  tins. 
Uses:  Organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Zinc  Ferrocyanide*  Zn2Fe(CN)6.3H2O. 
Color  and  properties:  White  powder. 
Soluble    in    ammonium    hydroxide;    in- 


Zinc,  Flowers 


496 


Zinc  Iodide 


soluble    in    water    and    hydrochloric 

acid. 
Derivation:   By  the  interaction  of  zinc 

sulfate  and  potassium  ferrocyanide. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:  Glass  bottles;  boxes. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Zinc,  Flowers  of.    See  Zinc  oxide. 

Zinc  Fluoride*  ZnF2. 

Color  and  properties:     White  powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.612;  melt- 
ing-point 734°C. 

Soluble  in  hot  acids;  slightly  soluble  in 
water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  (a)  By  the  action  of  hydro- 
fluoric acid  on  zinc  hydroxide;  (b) 
By  the  addition  of  sodium  fluoride 
to  a  solution  of  zinc  acetate. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:  Ceramics. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Zinc  Formate*  Zn(CHO2)2.2H2O. 
Color  and  properties:  White  crystals. 
Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 
Derivation:    By    the    action    of    formic 

acid  on  zinc  hydroxide. 
Method  of  purification:   Crystallization. 
Grades:  Technical. 
Containers:    Glass   bottles. 
Uses:  Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:  None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Zinc  Gallate.     See  Zinc  subgallate. 

Zinc  Glycerinophosphate.     See  Zinc  gly- 
cerophosphate. 

Zinc  Glycerophosphate*  (Zinc  glycerino- 
phosphate) 
C3H5(OH)2OP03Zn. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  amorph- 
ous powder. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol 
and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  glycero- 
phosphoric  acid  on  zinc  hydroxide. 


Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Zinc  Hypophosphite* 

Zn(H2P02)2.H20. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless,  hygro- 
scopic crystals.  Keep  well  stop- 
pered. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alkalis. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hypophos- 
phoric  acid  on  zinc  hydroxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystallization. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Zinc  lodate*  Zn(IO3)2. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystalline 
powder. 

Soluble  in  nitric  acid  and  alkalis;  very  I 
slightly  soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  ba- 
rium iodate  and  zinc  sulfate,  with 
subsequent  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:  Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles. 

Uses:  Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:  None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  None. 

Zinc  Iodide*  ZnI2. 

Color  and  properties:  Hygroscopic, 
white,  crystalline  powder;  sharp,  sa- 
line taste.  Keep  well  stoppered. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  4.696; 
melting-point  446°C.;  boiling-point 
624°  C. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  alkalis. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  bar- 
ium iodide  and  zinc  sulfate,  with  sub-j 
sequent  crystallization. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass  bot- 
tles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 


Zinc  Lactate 


497 


Zinc  Perborate 


Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Zinc  Lactate*  Zn(C3H5O3)2.3H2O. 

Color  and  properties:    White  crystals. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  lactic 
acid  on  zinc  hydroxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Zinc  Malate*  ZnC4H4O5.3H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  malic  acid 
on  zinc  hydroxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Zinc  Nitrate*  Zn(NO3)2.6H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  lumps 
or  crystals. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  2.065;  melt- 
ing-point 36.4°C;  boiling-point  I3I°C. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  nitric 
acid  on  zinc  or  zinc  oxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Zinc  Oleate*  Zn(Ci8H32O2)2. 

Color  and  properties:  Dry,  white, 
greasy,  granular  powder. 

Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  carbon  bisul- 
fide and  benzine;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  solu- 
tions of  zinc  acetate  and  sodiuYn 
oleate. 


Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  wooden  kegs;  glass 

bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:    None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Zinc    Ore.     See    Calamine,    Smithsonite, 
Franklinite  and  Zincite. 

Zinc  Ortho-phosphate.     See   Zinc  phos- 
phate. 

Zinc  Oxalate*  ZnC2O4.2H2O. 
Color  and  properties:     White  powder. 
Constants:     Specific  gravity  2.582. 
Soluble    in    acids    and   alkalis;    slightly 

soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:     By  the  interaction  of  zinc 

sulfate  and  sodium  oxalate. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Boxes. 
Uses:     Zinc  oxide;  organic  synthesis. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Zinc  Oxide*  (Chinese  white,  Zinc  white) 

ZnO. 
Color     and     properties:       Amorphous, 

white  powder;  absorbs  carbon  dioxide 

from  the  air. 

Constants:    Specific  gravity  5-78. 
Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water  and 

alcohol. 

Derivation:     By  heating  zinc  carbonate. 
Impurities:     Zinc  carbonate. 
Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 
Containers:        Wooden      kegs;      glass 

bottles. 
Uses:      Paint    pigment;    medicine;    zinc 

salts. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Zinc  Oxide,  Red.     See  Zincite. 

Zinc  Perborate*  Probably  ZnBO3.xH2O. 
Color     and     properties:       Amorphous, 

white  powder. 
Insoluble  in  water. 
Derivation:      By    the    action    of    boric 

acid  on  zinc  hydroxide. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Zinc  Permanganate 


498 


Zinc  Phosphite 


Zinc  Permanganate*  Zn(MnO4)2.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Violet-brown  or 
black,  hygroscopic  crystals. 

Soluble  in  water  and  acids;  decomposes 
in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  roasting  zinc  carbo- 
nate and  zinc  nitrate  with  manganese 
dioxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tins. 

Uses:     Medicine;  oxidizing  agent. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Zinc  Peroxide*  Znp2. 

Color  and  properties:     White  powder. 

Decomposes  in  acids;  insoluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  barium 
peroxide  on  zinc  sulfate  solution,  fol- 
lowed by  nitration. 

Impurities:     Zinc  oxide. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Tins;  iron  drums;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine;  bactericide. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:  Yellow 
label. 

Zinc  Phenate*  (Zinc  carbolate;  Zinc  phe- 
nolate)  Zn(C6H5O)2. 

Color  and  properties:     White  powder. 

Soluble  in  alcohol;  slightly  soluble  in 
water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  zinc  hydroxide 
with  phenol  and  extracting  with  al- 
cohol. 

Method  of  purification:  Recrystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:    Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Zinc  Phenolate.     See  Zinc  phenate. 

Zinc    Phenolsulfonate*    (Zinc    sulfophe- 
nate;   Zinc  sulfocarbolate) 
Zn(C6H5SO4)2.8H2O. 


Color  and  properties:  Clear,  colorless, 
crystals  or  fine  white  powder. 

Slightly  soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  heating  zinc  hydroxide 
with  phenol  sulfate. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:     Ortho-  compound. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:      Tins;    glass    bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Zinc  Phosphate*  (Zinc  ortho-phosphate; 
Zinc  phosphate,  Tribasic) 
Zn3(PO4)24H2O. 

Color  and  properties:     White  powder. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  2.76-2.85. 

Soluble  in  acids  and  ammonium  hydrox- 
ide; insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  zinc 
sulfate  and  trisodium  phosphate. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Boxes;  wooden  kegs; 
glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine;  dental  cements. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Zinc    Phosphate,     Tribasic.      See     Zinc 
phosphate 

Zinc  Phosphide*  ZnsP2. 
Color     and     properties:       Dark     gray, 

gritty  powder. 

Constants:     Specific  gravity  4.55. 
Soluble    in    dilute    acids;    insoluble    in 

water. 
Derivation:     By  passing  phosphine  into 

a  solution  of  zinc  sulfate. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None, 

Zinc  Phosphite*  ZnHPO3.2HH2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Granular,  crys- 
talline powder. 

Soluble  in  cold  water;  insoluble  in  hot 
water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hypophos- 
phorous  acid  on  zinc  hydroxide. 


Zinc  Picrate 


499 


Zinc  Sulfate 


Method    of    purification:       Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 
Uses:     Medicine. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Zinc   Picrate*    (Zinc  picronitrate) 
Zn(C6H2(NO2)3O)2.8H2O. 

Color  and  properties:     Yellow,  crystal- 
line powder,  explosive. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:      By    the    action    of    picric 
acid  on  a  solution  of  a  zinc  salt. 

Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     Yellow 
label. 

Zinc  Picronitrate.    See  Zinc  picrate. 

Zinc    Powder.      Finely    divided    metallic 
zinc.     See   Zinc. 

Zinc  Pyroborate.     See  Zinc  tetraborate. 


Zinc  Pyrophosphate* 
Color  and  properties:     White  powder. 
Soluble  in  acids  and  alkalis;  insoluble 

in  water. 
Derivation:     By  heating  a  soluble  zinc 

salt  with  ammonium  phosphate. 
Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:     Pigment. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Zinc  Rhodanide.     See  Zinc  sulfocyanate. 

Zinc  Salicylate* 

Zn(C6H4COO)2.3H2O. 

Color  and  properties:     White,   crystal- 
line needles. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation:     By  heating  zinc  hydroxide 
and  salicylic  acid. 

Method     of    purification:       Crystalliza- 
tion. 


Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Tins;  glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Zinc  Stearate*  Zn(Ci8H35O2)2. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  aggluti- 
nating powder. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water,  al- 
cohol and  ether. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  sodium 
stearate  on  a  solution  of  zinc  sulfate. 

Grades:     Technical;  U.  S.  P. 

Containers:  Tins;  wooden  kegs;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Zinc  Subcarbonate.    See  Zinc  carbonate, 
Precipitated. 

Zinc  Subgallate*  (Zinc  gallate).  A  mix- 
ture of  44  per  cent  zinc  oxide  and 
56  per  cent  gallic  acid. 

Color  and  properties:  Greenish-gray, 
neutral,  odorless  powder. 

Insoluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tins. 

Uses:     Medicine. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Zinc  Sulfate*  (White  vitriol;  Zinc 
vitriol)  ZnSO4.7H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  Colorless  crys- 
tals; efflorescent  in  air.  Keep  well 
stoppered. 

Contants:  Specific  gravity  1.9661;  melt- 
ing-point 50°  C. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  sulfuric 
acid  on  zinc  or  zinc  oxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:     Iron  and  lead  salts. 

Grades:    Technical;  U.  S.  P.;  B.  P. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;   barrels. 

Uses:  Medicine;  mordant  in  calico 
printing;  paint  pigment;  preserving 
wood  and  skins. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 


Zinc  Sulfide 


500 


Zircon 


Zinc  Sulfide*  ZnS.H2O, 

Color  and  properties:  Yellowish,  white 
powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.98;  melt- 
ing-point 1049° C;  boiling-point:  Sub- 
limes at  n8o°C. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  passing  hydrogen  sul- 
fide  gas  into  a  solution  of  a  zinc  salt. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  barrels. 

Uses:     Paint  pigments;  lithopone. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad    shipping    regulations:      None. 

Zinc  Sulfite*  ZnSO3.2H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder;  absorbs  oxygen  from  the 
air. 

Soluble  in  sulfurous  acid;  insoluble  in 
cold  water  and  alcohol;  decomposes 
in  hot  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  sulfurous 
acid  on  zinc  hydroxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Impurities:     Zinc  sulfate. 

Grades:     Technical;  C.  P. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles;  tins. 

Uses:  Medicine;  preservative  for  ana- 
tomical specimens. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Zinc  Sulfocyanate*  (Zinc  rhodanide; 
Zinc  sulfocyanide)  Zn(CNS)2. 

Color  and  properties:     White  powder. 

Soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  am- 
monium hydroxide. 

Derivation:  By  the  interaction  of  zinc 
hydroxide  and  ammonium  sulfocyan- 
ate. 

Method  of  purification:     Crystallization. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Analytical  chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Zinc  Sulfocyanide.     See  Zinc  sulfocyan- 
ate. 

Zinc-Tin  Amalgam.* 

Composed  of  Zinc  25  per  cent;  Tin  25 
per  cent;  Mercury  50  per  cent. 


Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:     Glass  bottles. 
Uses:      Electrical   machines;   dental   ce- 
ment. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None.  I 

Zinc  Vitriol.     See  Zinc  sulfate. 
Zinc  White.     See  Zinc  oxide. 
Zinc   Yellow.     See   Zinc   chromate. 

Zinci  Acetas,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See  Zinc 
acetate. 

Zinci  Carbonas,  B.  P.     See  Zinc  carbo- 
nate, Precipitated. 

Zinci   Carbonas   Praecipitatus,   U.   S.   P. 
See  Zinc  carbonate,  Precipitated. 

Zinci   Chloridum,   U.   S.   P.,  B.  P.     See 

Zinc  chloride. 

Zinci  Oleastearate,  B.  P.  Zinc  oleostear- 
ate. 

Zinci  Oxidum,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.     See  Zinc : 

oxide. 

Zinci    Phenolsulphonas,    U.    S.    P.      See 

Zinc  phenolsulfonate. 

Zinci  Stearas,  U.  S.  P.    See  Zinc  stearate. 

Zinci  Sulphas,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.  See  Zinc 
sulfate. 

Zinci  Valeras,  U.  S.  P.    Zinc  valerianate. 
Zinci  Valerianas,  B.  P.    Zinc  valerianate. 

Zincite  (Zinc  oxide,  Red).  Natural  zinc 
oxide,  ZnO.  Contains  80.3  per  cent 
zinc.  New  Jersey. 

Zincum,  U.  S.  P.    See  Zinc. 
Zingiber,  U.  S.  P.,  B.  P.    See  Ginger. 

Zircon.     Natural  zirconium  silicate, 
ZrSiO4.     When   clear   and   orange-col- 


Zirconia 


501 


Zirconium  Nitrate 


ored  it  is  used  for  the  gem  known  as 
hyacinth.  New  Jersey,  New  York, 
North  Carolina,  Oregon,  Texas  and  Vir- 
ginia. 

Zirconia.     See  Zirconium  oxide. 

Zirconic  Anhydride.     See  Zirconium  ox- 
ide. 

Zirconium*  Zr. 

Color  and  properties:     Hard,  lustrous, 

grayish,  crystalline  scales. 
Constants:      Specific    gravity    4.15-6.40; 

melting-point   I5OO°C-235O  C. 
Soluble  in  hot  acids;  insoluble  in  water 

and  cold  acids. 
Derivation:      By   the    reduction    of   the 

oxide. 

Grades:     Technical. 
Containers:       Glass     bottles;     wooden 

kegs. 

Uses:     Zirconium  compounds. 
Fire  hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Zirconium  Acetate,  Basic* 

Zr(C2H3O2)3.OH. 

Color  and  properties:     White  crystals. 
Soluble  in  water. 
Derivation:      By    the    action    of    acetic 

acid  on  zirconium  hydroxide. 
Method  of  purification:    Crystallization. 
Grades:    Technical. 
Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 
Uses:     Weighting  silk. 
Fire   hazard:     None. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Zirconium   Carbide*   ZrC2. 

Soluble  in  acids;  decomposes  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  heating  zirconium  ox- 
ide and  coke  in  an  electric  furnace. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Iron  drums. 

Uses:  Incandescent  filamenes;  abra- 
sive. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Zirconium  Carbonate,  Basic* 

3ZrO2CO2.6H2O. 

Color    and    properties:      White,    amor- 
phous powder.  ^ 
Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 


Derivation:  By  adding  sodium  carb- 
onate to  a  solution  of  zirconium  salt. 

Grades:    Technical. 

Containers:  Glass  bottles;  wooden 
kegs. 

Uses:     Zirconium  oxide. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Zirconium   Chloride,   Basic.     See   Zirco- 
nium oxychloride. 

Zirconium  Chloride*  (Zirconium  tetra- 
chloride)  ZrCl4. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  lustrous 
crystals. 

Constants:     Boiling-point  400° C. 

Soluble  in  alcohol;  decomposes  in 
water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  on  zirconium  hydroxide. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Analytical  chemistry. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Zirconium  Hydroxide*  Zr(OH>4 

Color  and  properties:  White,  bulky, 
amorphous  powder. 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  3.25;  melt- 
ing point:  Loses  2H2O  at  550° C. 

Soluble  in  dilute  mineral  acids;  insolu- 
ble in  water  and  alkalis. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  a  solu- 
tion of  sodium  hydroxide  on  a  solu- 
tion of  a  zirconium  salt. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:  Wooden  kegs;  glass 
bottles. 

Uses:     Zirconium  compounds. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Zirconium  Nitrate*  Zr(NO3)4.5H2O. 

Color  and  properties:    White  crystals. 

Constants:  Melting-point:  Decompos- 
es at  ioo°C. 

Soluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  nitric 
acid  on  zirconium  oxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Contaihers:     Wooden  kegs. 


Zirconium  Ortho-phosphate 


502 


Zymase 


Uses:     Food  preservative. 
Fire  hazard:     Dangerous. 
Railroad  shipping  regulations:     Yellow 
label. 

Zirconium    Ortho-phosphate.     See    Zir- 
conium phosphate. 

Zirconium  Oxide*  (Zirconia;  Zirconic 
anhydride)  ZrC>2. 

Color  and  properties:  Heavy,  white, 
amorphous  powder.  ^ 

Constants:  Specific  gravity  5.0;  melt- 
ing-point 2500°  C. 

Soluble  in  nitric  acid;  insoluble  in 
water,  hydrochloric  acid  and  sulfuric 
acid. 

Derivation:  By  heating  zirconium  hy- 
droxide. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Wooden  kegs. 

Uses:  Incandescent  gas  mantles; 
Roentgen  ray  photography;  metal- 
lurgy; abrasive;  substitute  for  cal- 
cium oxide  in  calcium  lights;  cera- 
mics; acid-proof  enamel;  refractory 
utensils;  refractory  cements. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Zirconium      Oxychloride*       (Zirconium 
chloride,  Basic;  Zirconyl  chloride) 
ZrOCl2.8H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  silky 
crystals. 

Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Derivation :  By  the  action  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  on  zirconium  oxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass  bottles. 

Uses:     Chemical  reagent. 


Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None,  n 

Zirconium  Phosphate*  (Zirconium  phos- 
phate, Basic;  Zirconium  ortho-phos- 
phate) 5ZrO2(P2p5)4.8H2p. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  dense, 
amorphous  powder. 

Soluble  in  acids;  insoluble  in  water. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  ortho- 
phosphoric  acid  on  zirconium  hydrox- 
ide. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass   bottles. 

Uses:     Chemical  reagent. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None.  I 

Zirconium  Phosphate,  Basic.    See  Zirco- 
nium phosphate. 

Zirconium  Sulfate*  Zr(SO4)2.4H2O. 

Color  and  properties:  White,  crystal- 
line powder. 

Soluble  in  water;  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Derivation:  By  the  action  of  sulfuric 
acid  on  zirconium  hydroxide. 

Method  of  purification:  Crystalliza- 
tion. 

Grades:     Technical. 

Containers:     Glass   bottles. 

Uses:     Chemical  reagent. 

Fire  hazard:     None. 

Railroad  shipping  regulations:     None. 

Zirconium     Tetrachloride.      See     Zirco- 
nium chloride. 

Zirconyl  Chloride.     See  Zirconium  oxy-  •: 
chloride. 

Zylonite.     See  Celluloid. 
Zymase.     See  Invertin. 


Combining  (Atomic)  Weights 


Aluminum    , Al  27.1 

Antimony    Sb  120.2 

Argon    -. . .  A  39.88 

Arsenic    As  74.96 

Barium    Ba  137-37 

Bismuth    Bi  208.0 

Boron    B  n.o 

Bromine    Br  79.92 

Cadmium    Cd  112.40 

Caesium    Cs  132.81 

Calcium    Ca  40.07 

Carbon    C  12.005 

Cerium    Ce  140.25 

Chlorine    Cl  35-46 

Chromium    Cr  52.0 

Cobalt  CO  58.97 

Columbium    Cb  93.1 

Copper Cu  63.57 

Dysprosium Dy  162.5 

Erbium    Er  167.7 

Europium    Eu  152.0 

Fluorine    F  19.0 

Gadolinium    Gd  157-3 

Gallium    Ga  69.9 

Germanium    Ge  72.5 

Glucinum    Gl  9.1 

Gold Au  197.2 

^Helium    He  4.00 

Holmium    Ho  163.5 

I  Hydrogen     H  1.008 

Indium     In  114.8 

j  Iodine    I  126.92 

Iridium    Ir  193.1 

tlron   Fe  55.84 

Krypton    Kr  82.92 

{Lanthanum    La  I39-O 

Lead    Pb  207.20 

Lithium   Li  6.94 

Lutecium     Lu  I75.O 

;  Magnesium    Mg  24.32 

^Manganese   Mn  54.93 

'Mercury Hg  200.6 


Molybdenum    Mo 

Neodymium     Nd 

Neon    Ne 

Nickel    Ni 

Niton    Nt 

Nitrogen    N 

Osmium    Os 

Oxygen    O 

Palladium   Pd 

Phosphorus     P 

Platinum    Pt 

Potassium    K 

Praseodymium    Pr 

Radium    Ra 

Rhodium    Rh 

Rubidium    Rb 

Ruthenium    Ru 

Samarium   Sa 

Scandium    Sc 

Selenium    Se 

Silicon    Si 

Silver    Ag 

Sodium    Na 

Strontium    Sr 

Sulphur S 

Tantalum    Ta 

Tellurium    Te 

Terbium    Tb 

Thallium    Tl 

Thorium    Th 

Thulium    Tm 

Tin    Sn 

Titanium    Ti 

Tungsten    W 

Uranium    U 

Vanadium   V 

Xenon    Xe 

Ytterbium  (Neoytter- 

bimu)  Yb 

Yttrium    Y 

Zinc    Zn 

Zirconium    . . .  Zr 


173.5 
88.7 
65.37 
00.6 


503 


Domestic  Weights  and  Measures 


Apothecaries'  Weight 
20  grain I    scruple 

3  scruples I    dram 

8  drams I    ounce 

12  ounces i    pound 

Avoirdupois  Weight 
(short  ton) 

27u/32  grains i   dram 

16  drams i    ounce 

16  ounces i    pound 

14  pounds I   stone 

25  pounds i    quarter 

4  quarters.,  i     hundredweight    (cwt) 
20  hundredweights .1    ton 

Avoirdupois  Weight 
(long  ton) 

2711/s2  grains i  dram 

16  drams i    ounce 

16  ounces i    pound 

1 12  pounds i  hundredweight 

20  hundredweights I    ton 

Circular  Measure 

60  seconds I  minute 

60  minutes I    degree 

30  degrees i    sign 

12  signs....i   circle  or  circumference 

Cublic  Measure 

1728  cubic  inches I  cubic  foot 

27  cubic  feet i  cubic  yard 

Dry  Measure 

2  pints i    quart 

8  quarts I    peck 

4  pecks i  bushel 

Liquid  Measure 

4  gills i   pint 

2  pints i    Quart 

4  quarts I   gallon 

31^  gallons i    barrel 

2  barrels i    hogshead 


Long  Measure 

12  inches i   foot 

3  feet i   yard 

SYz  yards i  rod  or  pole 

40  rods i  furlong 

8  furlongs i    statute   mile 

5280  feet i    statute    mile 

1760  yards i  statute  mile 

3  miles i    league 

Mariners'  Measure 

6  feet i    fathom 

120  fathoms i   cable  length 

7^4  cable  lengths i  mile 

5280  feet i    statute    mile 

6085  feet i  nautical  mile 

Paper  Measure 

24  sheet i    quire 

20  quires i  short  ream 

500  sheets i    long    ream 

2  reams I  bundle 

5  bundles I    bale 

Square  Measure 
144  square  inches i  square  foot 

9  square  feet i  square  yard 

30^  square   yards.,  i    square   rod   or 

perch 
40  square  rods I  rood 

4  roods i    acre 

640  acres i  square  mile 

36  square    miles I    township 

Troy  Weight 

24  grains i  pennyweight 

20  pennyweights i    ounce 

12  ounces i    pound 


504 


Metric  Equivalents 


Approximate 

acre     0.40 

bushel    35. 

centimeter    0.39 

cubic    centimeter 0.06 1 

cubic   foot    0.028 

cubic   inch    16. 

cubic  meter   35. 

cubic    meter    1.3 

cubic  yard    0.76 

foot     30. 

gallon  (U.  S.)   3.8 

gallon    (Imperial)    4.5 

grain     0.065 

gram    15. 

hectare     2.5 

inch    25. 

kilogram   (kilo)    2.2 

kilometer    0.62 

liter    0.91 

liter     i.i 

liter    0.88 

meter   3.3 

i  mile    1.6 

I  millimeter     0.039 

i  ounce   (av'd)    28. 

i  ounce   (Troy)    31. 

i  peck    8.8 

i  pint    (liquid)    0.47 

pound     0.45 

quart   (dry)    i.i 

quart   (liquid)    0.95 

square  centimeter   0.15 

square   foot    0.093 

square  inch    6.5 

square  meter 1.2 

square    meter    II. 

square  yard   0.84 

ton    (2,000  Ibs.)    0.91 

ton    (2,240  Ibs.)    i. 

ton   (metric)    i.i 

ton   (metric)    0.98 

yard    0.91 


Exact 

hectare    0.4047 

liters 35.24 

inch 0.3937 

cubic   inch    0.0610 

cubic  meter  0.0283 

cubic  centimeters 16.39 

cubic    feet    35-31 

cubic  yards    1.308 

cubic  meter   0.7646 

centimeters     30.48 

liters     3.785 

liters     4.546 

gram    0.0648 

grains     15-43 

acres     2,471 

millimeters  25.40 

pounds  2.205 

mile    0.6214 

quart  (dry)  0.9081 

quarts    (liquid)    (U.    S.) 1.057 

quart  (liquid)   (Imperial)    ....  0.8799 

feet     3.281 

kilometers    1.609 

inch     0.0394 

grams     28.35 

grams 31.10 

liters     8.810 

liter        0.4732 

kilogram    04536 

liters  i.ioi 

liter     0.9463 

square  inch    0.1550 

square  meter _._. .  0.0929 

square   centimeters    6.452 

square  yards    1.196 

square  feet  10.76 

square    meter    0.8361 

metric  ton    0.9072 

metric  ton    1.016 

ton  (2,000  Ibs.)   1. 102 

ton  (2,240  Ibs.)   0.9842 

meter     0.9144 


505 


Equivalent  Temperature  Readings  for  Fahrenheit 
and  Centigrade  Scales 


Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

-459.4 

—  273. 

-21. 

-29.44 

17.60 

-  8. 

56. 

13.33 

-436. 

—  270. 

-20.20 

-29. 

18. 

-  7.78 

57. 

13.89 

-418. 

-260. 

-20. 

-28.89 

19. 

-  7.22 

57.20 

14. 

-400. 

-240. 

-19. 

-28.33 

19.40 

-  7. 

58. 

14  44 

-382. 

-233. 

-18.40 

-28. 

20. 

-  6.67 

59. 

15. 

-364. 

-220. 

-18. 

—  27.78 

21. 

-  6.11 

60. 

15.56 

—  346. 

—  210. 

-17. 

-27.22 

21.20 

-  6. 

60.80 

16. 

-328. 

-200. 

-16.60 

-27. 

22. 

-  5.56 

61. 

16.11 

-310. 

-190. 

-16. 

-26.67 

23. 

-  5. 

62. 

16.67- 

-292. 

-180. 

-15. 

-26.11 

24. 

—  4.44 

62.60 

17. 

-274. 

-170. 

-14.80 

-26. 

24.80 

-  4. 

63. 

17.22 

-256. 

-160. 

-14. 

-25.56 

25. 

-  3.89 

64. 

17.78 

-238. 

-150. 

-13. 

-25. 

26. 

-   3.33 

64.40 

18. 

-220. 

-140. 

-12. 

-24.44 

26.60 

-  3. 

65. 

18.33 

-202. 

-130. 

-11.20 

-24. 

27. 

-   2.78 

66. 

18.89 

-184. 

-120. 

-11. 

-23.89 

28. 

—   2.22 

66.20 

19. 

-166. 

-110. 

-10. 

-23.33 

28.40 

-  2. 

67. 

19.44 

-148. 

-100. 

-   9.40 

-23. 

29. 

-    1.67 

68. 

20. 

-139. 

-   95. 

-  9. 

-22.78 

30. 

-   1.11 

69. 

20.56 

—  130. 

-   90. 

-  8. 

-  22  .  22 

30.20 

-   1. 

69.80 

21. 

-121. 

-   85. 

—   7.60 

-22. 

31. 

-   0.56 

70. 

21.11 

-112. 

—   80. 

-  7. 

—21.67 

32. 

0. 

71. 

21.67 

-103. 

—   75. 

-  6. 

—  21.11 

33. 

+  0.56 

71.60 

22. 

-  94. 

-   70. 

-  5.80 

-21. 

33.80 

1. 

72. 

22.22 

-  85. 

-   65. 

-  5. 

-20.56 

34. 

1.11 

73. 

22.78 

-  76. 

-   60. 

-  4. 

-20. 

35. 

1.67 

73.40 

23. 

-  67. 

-   55. 

-  3. 

-19.44 

35.60 

2. 

74. 

23.33 

-  58. 

-  50. 

-   2.20 

-19. 

36. 

2.22 

75. 

23.89 

-   49. 

-   45. 

-  2. 

-18.89 

37. 

2.78 

75.20 

24. 

-  40. 

-  40. 

j 

—  18.33 

37.40 

3. 

76. 

24.44 

-  39. 

-   39.44 

—   0.40 

-18. 

38. 

3.33 

77. 

25. 

-   38.20 

-  39. 

0. 

-17.78 

39. 

3.89 

78. 

25.56 

-  38. 

-   38.89 

+  1. 

-17.22 

39.20 

4. 

78.80 

26. 

-  37. 

-   38.33 

1.40 

-17. 

40. 

4.44 

79. 

26.11 

-   36.40 

-  38. 

2. 

-16.67 

41. 

5. 

80. 

26.67 

-  36. 

-   37.78 

3. 

-16.11 

42. 

5.56 

80.60 

27. 

-  35. 

-   37.22 

3.20 

-16. 

42.80 

6. 

81. 

27.22 

-   34.60 

-  37. 

4. 

-15.56 

43. 

6.11 

82. 

27.78 

-  34. 

-   36.67 

5. 

-15. 

44. 

6.67 

82.40 

28. 

-  33. 

-   36.11 

6. 

-14.44 

44.60 

7. 

83. 

28.33 

-   32.80 

-  36. 

6.80 

-14. 

45. 

7.22 

84. 

28.89 

-  32. 

-   35.56 

7. 

—  13.89 

46. 

7.78 

84.20 

29. 

-  31. 

-  35, 

8. 

-13.33 

46.40 

8. 

85. 

29.44 

-  30. 

-  34.44 

8.60 

-13. 

47. 

8.33 

86. 

30. 

-   29.20 

34 

9. 

-12.78 

48. 

8.89 

87. 

30.56 

-  29. 

-   33.89 

10. 

-12.22 

48.20 

9. 

87.80 

31. 

-  28. 

—   33.33 

10.40 

-12. 

49. 

9.44 

88. 

31.11 

-  27.40 

-  33. 

11. 

-11.67 

50. 

10. 

89. 

31.67 

-  27. 

-   32.78 

12. 

-11.11 

51. 

10.56 

89.60 

32. 

-  26. 

-   32.22 

12.20 

-11. 

51.80 

11. 

90. 

32.22 

-  25.60 

-  32. 

13. 

-10.56 

52. 

11.11 

91. 

32.78 

-  25. 

-   31.67 

14. 

-10. 

53. 

11.67 

91.40 

33. 

-  24. 

-   31.11 

15. 

-   9.44 

53.60 

12. 

92. 

33.33 

-   23.80 

-  31. 

15.80 

-  9. 

54. 

12.22 

93. 

33.89 

-  23. 

-   30.56 

16. 

-  8.89 

55. 

12.78 

93.20 

34. 

-  22. 

-  30. 

17. 

-  8.33 

55.40 

13. 

94. 

34.44 

506 


Equivalent  Temperature  Readings  for  Fahrenheit  and  Centigrade  Scales -Continued 


Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

95. 

35. 

134. 

56.67 

172.40 

78. 

211. 

99.44 

96. 

35.56 

134.60 

57. 

173. 

78.33 

212. 

100. 

96.80 

36. 

135. 

57.22 

174. 

78.89 

213. 

100.56 

97. 

36.11 

136. 

57.78 

174.20 

79. 

213.80 

101. 

98. 

36.67 

136.40 

58. 

175. 

79.44 

214. 

101.11 

98.60 

37. 

137. 

58.33 

176. 

80. 

215. 

101.67 

99. 

37.22 

138. 

58.89 

177. 

80.56 

215.60 

102. 

100. 

37.78 

138.20 

59. 

177.80 

81. 

216. 

102.22 

100.40 

38. 

139. 

59.44 

178. 

81.11 

217. 

102.78 

101. 

38.33 

140. 

60. 

179. 

81.67 

217.40 

103. 

102. 

38.89 

141. 

60.56 

179.60 

82. 

218. 

103.33 

102.20 

39. 

141.80 

61. 

180. 

82.22 

219. 

103.89 

103. 

39.44 

142. 

61.11 

181. 

82.78 

219.20 

104. 

104. 

40. 

143. 

61.67 

181.40 

83. 

220. 

104.44 

105. 

40.56 

143.60 

62. 

182. 

83.33 

221. 

105. 

105.80 

41. 

144. 

62.22 

183. 

83.89 

222. 

105.56 

106. 

41.11 

145. 

62.78 

183.20 

84. 

222.80 

106. 

107. 

41.67 

145.40 

63. 

184. 

84.44 

223. 

106.11 

107.60 

42. 

146. 

63.33 

185. 

85. 

224. 

106.67 

108. 

42.22 

147. 

63.89 

186. 

85.56 

224.60 

107. 

109. 

42.78 

147.20 

64. 

186.80 

86. 

225. 

107.22 

109.40 

43. 

148. 

64.44 

187. 

86.11 

226. 

107.78 

110. 

43.33 

149. 

65. 

188. 

86.67 

226.40 

108. 

111. 

43.89 

150. 

65.56 

188.60 

87. 

227. 

108.33 

111.20 

44. 

150.80 

66. 

189. 

87.22 

228. 

108.89 

112. 

44.44 

151. 

66.11 

190. 

87.78 

228.20 

109. 

113. 

45. 

152. 

66.67 

190.40 

88. 

229. 

109.44 

114. 

45.56 

152.60 

67. 

191. 

88.33 

230. 

110 

114.80 

46. 

153. 

67.22 

192. 

88.89 

231. 

110.56 

115. 

46.11 

154. 

67.78 

192.20 

89. 

231.80 

111. 

116. 

46.67 

154.40 

68. 

193. 

89.44 

232. 

111.11 

116.60 

47. 

155. 

68.33 

194. 

90. 

233. 

111.67 

117. 

47.22 

156. 

68.89 

195. 

90.56 

233.60 

112. 

118. 

47.78 

156.20 

69. 

195.80 

91. 

234. 

112.22 

118.40 

48. 

157. 

69.44 

196. 

91.11 

235. 

112.78 

119. 

48.33 

158. 

70. 

197. 

91.67 

235.40 

113. 

120. 

48.89 

159. 

70.56 

197.60 

92. 

236. 

113.33 

120.20 

49. 

159.80 

71. 

198. 

92.22 

237. 

113.89 

121. 

49.44 

160. 

71.11 

199. 

92.78 

237  .  20 

114 

122. 

50. 

161. 

71.67 

199.40 

93. 

238. 

114.44 

123. 

50.56 

161.60 

72. 

200. 

93.33 

239. 

115 

123.80 

51. 

162. 

72.22 

201. 

93.89 

240. 

115.56 

124. 

51.11 

163. 

72.78 

201.20 

94. 

240.80 

116. 

125. 

51.67 

163.40 

73. 

202. 

94.44 

241. 

116.11 

125.60 

52. 

164. 

73.33 

203. 

95. 

242. 

116.67 

126. 

52.22 

165. 

73.89 

204. 

95.56 

242.60 

117. 

127. 

52.78 

165.20 

74. 

204  .  80 

96. 

243. 

117.22 

127.40 

53. 

166. 

74.44 

205. 

96.11 

244. 

117.78 

128. 

53.33 

167. 

75. 

206. 

96.67 

244.40 

118 

129. 

53.89 

168. 

75.56 

206.60 

97. 

245. 

118.33 

129.20 

54. 

168.80 

76. 

207. 

97.22 

246. 

118.89 

130. 

54.44 

169. 

76.11 

208. 

97.78 

246.20 

119. 

131. 

55. 

170. 

76.67 

208.40 

98. 

247. 

119.44 

132 

55.56 

170.60 

77. 

209. 

98.33 

248. 

120 

132.80 

56. 

171. 

77.22 

210. 

98.89 

249. 

120.56 

133. 

56.11 

172. 

77.78 

210.20 

99. 

249.80 

121. 

507 


Equivalent  Temperature  Readings  for  Fahrenheit  and  Centigrade  Scales — Continued 


Fahrenheit 

Centigrade 

Fahrenheit 

Centigrade 

Fahrenheit 

Centigrade 

Fahrenheit 

Centigrade 

Degs. 

Degs. 

Degs. 

Degs. 

Degs. 

Degs. 

Degs. 

Degs. 

250. 

121.11 

289. 

142.78 

327.20 

164. 

366.80 

186. 

251 

121.67 

289.40 

143. 

328. 

164.44 

367. 

186.11 

251.60 

122. 

290. 

143.33 

329. 

165. 

368. 

186.67 

252. 

122.22 

291. 

143.89 

330. 

165.56 

368.60 

187. 

253. 

122.78 

291.20 

144. 

330.80 

166. 

369. 

187.22 

253.40 

123. 

292. 

144.44 

331. 

166.11 

370. 

187.78 

254. 

123.33 

293. 

145. 

332. 

166.67 

370.40 

188. 

255. 

123.89 

294. 

145.56 

332.60 

167. 

371. 

188.33 

255  .  20 

124. 

294.80 

146. 

333. 

167.22 

372. 

188.89 

256. 

124.44 

295. 

146.11 

334. 

167.78 

372.20 

189. 

257. 

125. 

296. 

146.67 

3S4.40 

168. 

373. 

189.44 

258. 

125.56 

296  .  60 

147. 

335. 

168.33 

374. 

190. 

258.80 

126. 

297. 

147.22 

336. 

168.89 

375. 

190.56 

259. 

126.11 

298. 

147.78 

336  .  20 

169. 

375  .  80 

191. 

260. 

126.67 

298.40 

148. 

337. 

169.44 

376. 

191.11 

260.60 

127. 

299. 

148.33 

338. 

170. 

377. 

191.67 

261. 

127.22 

300. 

148.89 

339. 

170.56 

377.60 

192. 

262. 

127.78 

300  .  20 

149. 

339.80 

171. 

378. 

192.22 

262.40 

128. 

301. 

149.44 

340. 

171.11 

379. 

192.78 

263. 

128.33 

302. 

150. 

341. 

171.67 

379.40 

193. 

264. 

128.89 

303. 

150.56 

341.60 

172. 

380. 

193.33 

264.20 

129. 

303.80 

151. 

342. 

172.22 

381. 

193.89 

265. 

129.44 

304. 

151.11 

343. 

172.78 

381.20 

194. 

266. 

130. 

305. 

151.67 

343.40 

173. 

382. 

194.44 

267. 

130.56 

305.60 

152. 

344. 

173.33 

383. 

195. 

267.80 

131. 

306. 

152.22 

345. 

173.89 

384. 

195.56 

268. 

131.11 

307. 

152.78 

345  .  20 

174. 

384  .  80 

196. 

269. 

131.67 

307  .  40 

153. 

346. 

174.44 

385. 

196.11 

269.60 

132. 

308. 

153.33 

347. 

175. 

386. 

196.67 

270. 

132.22 

309. 

153.89 

348. 

175.56 

386.60 

197. 

271. 

132.78 

309  .  20 

154. 

348.80 

176. 

387. 

197.22 

271.40 

133. 

310. 

154.44 

349. 

176.11 

388. 

197.78 

272. 

133.33 

311. 

155. 

350. 

176.67 

388.40 

198. 

273. 

133.89 

312. 

155.56 

350.60 

177. 

389. 

198.33 

273.20 

134. 

312.80 

156. 

351. 

177.22 

390. 

198.89 

274. 

134.44 

313. 

156.11 

352. 

177.78 

390  .  20 

199. 

275. 

135. 

314. 

156.67 

352.40 

178. 

391. 

199.44 

276. 

135.56 

314.60 

157. 

353. 

178.33 

392. 

200. 

276.80 

136. 

315. 

157.22 

354. 

178.89 

393. 

200.56 

277. 

136.11 

316. 

157.78 

354  .  20 

179. 

393.80 

201. 

278. 

136.67 

316.40 

158. 

355. 

179.44 

394. 

201.11 

278.60 

137. 

317. 

158.33 

356. 

180. 

395. 

201.67 

279. 

137.22 

318. 

158.89 

357. 

180.56 

395  .  60 

202. 

280. 

137.78 

318.20 

159. 

357.80 

181. 

396. 

202.22 

280.40 

138. 

319. 

159.44 

358. 

181.11 

397. 

202.78 

281. 

138.33 

320. 

160. 

359. 

181.67 

397  .  40 

203. 

282. 

138.89 

321 

160.56 

359.60 

182. 

398. 

203  .  33 

282.20 

139. 

321.80 

161. 

360. 

182.22 

399. 

203.89 

283. 

139.44 

322. 

161.11 

361. 

182.78 

399  .  20 

204 

284. 

140. 

323. 

161.67 

361.40 

183. 

400. 

204.44 

285. 

140.56 

323.60 

162. 

362. 

183.33 

401. 

205 

285.80 

141. 

324. 

162.22 

363. 

183.89 

402. 

205.56 

286. 

141.11 

325. 

162.78 

363.20 

184. 

402  .  80 

206 

287. 

141.67 

325.40 

163. 

364. 

184.44 

403. 

206.11 

287  .  60 

142. 

326. 

163.33 

365. 

185. 

404. 

206  .  67 

288. 

142.22 

327. 

163.89 

366. 

185.56 

404  .  60 

207. 

508 


Equivalent  Temperature  Readings  for  Fahrenheit  and  Centigrade  Scales— Continued 


Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

405. 

207  .  22 

444. 

228.89 

483. 

250.56 

521.60 

272. 

406. 

207  .  78 

444.20 

229. 

483.80 

251. 

522. 

272.22 

406.40 

208. 

445. 

229.44 

484. 

251.11 

523. 

272.78 

407. 

208.33 

446. 

230. 

485. 

251.67 

523.40 

273. 

408. 

208.89 

447. 

230.56 

485  .  60 

252. 

524. 

273.33 

408.20 

209. 

447.80 

231. 

486. 

252.22 

525. 

273.83 

409. 

209  .  44 

448. 

231.11 

487. 

252.78 

525.20 

274. 

410. 

210. 

449. 

231.67 

487.40 

253. 

526. 

274.44 

411. 

210.56 

449  .  60 

232. 

488. 

253  .  33 

527. 

275. 

411.80 

211. 

450. 

232.22 

489. 

253.89 

528. 

275.56 

412. 

211.11 

451. 

232.78 

489  .  20 

254. 

528.80 

276. 

413. 

211.67 

451.40 

233. 

490. 

254.44 

529. 

276.11 

413.60 

212. 

452. 

233.33 

491. 

255. 

530. 

276.67 

414. 

212.22 

453. 

233.89 

492. 

255.56 

530.60 

277. 

415. 

212.78 

453.20 

234. 

492.80 

256. 

531. 

277.22 

415.40 

213. 

454. 

234.44 

493 

256.11 

532. 

277.78 

416. 

213.33 

455. 

235. 

494 

256.67 

532.40 

278. 

417. 

213.89 

456. 

235.56 

494.60 

257. 

533. 

278.33 

417.20 

214. 

456.80 

236. 

495. 

257.22 

534. 

278.89 

418. 

214.44 

457. 

236.11 

496. 

257.78 

534.20 

279. 

419. 

215. 

458. 

236.67 

496.40 

258. 

535. 

279.44 

420. 

215.56 

458.60 

237. 

497. 

258.33 

536. 

280. 

420.80 

216. 

459. 

237.22 

498. 

258.89 

537. 

280.56 

421. 

216.11 

460. 

237.78 

498  .  20 

259. 

537.80 

281. 

422. 

216.67 

460.40 

238. 

499. 

259  .  44 

538. 

281.11 

422.60 

217. 

461. 

238  .  33 

500. 

260. 

539. 

281.67 

423. 

217.22 

462. 

238.89 

501. 

260.56 

539.60 

282. 

424. 

217.78 

462.20 

239. 

501.80 

261. 

540. 

282.22 

424.40 

218. 

463. 

239.44 

502. 

261.11 

541. 

282.78 

425. 

218.33 

464. 

240. 

503. 

261.67 

541.40 

283. 

426. 

218.89 

465. 

240.56 

503  .  60 

262. 

542. 

283.33 

426.20 

219. 

465.80 

241. 

504. 

262.22 

543. 

283  .  89 

427. 

219.44 

466. 

241.11 

505. 

262.78 

543.20 

284. 

428. 

220. 

467. 

241.67 

505.40 

263. 

544. 

284.44 

429. 

220.56 

467.60 

242. 

506. 

263.33 

545. 

285. 

429.80 

221. 

468. 

242.22 

507. 

263.89 

546. 

285.56 

430. 

221.11 

469. 

242.78 

507.20 

264. 

546.80 

286. 

431. 

221.67 

469.40 

243. 

508. 

264.44 

547. 

286.11 

431.60 

222. 

470. 

243.33 

509. 

265. 

548. 

286.67 

432. 

222.22 

471. 

243.89 

510. 

265.56 

548.60 

287. 

433. 

222.78 

471.20 

244. 

510.80 

266. 

549. 

287.22 

433.40 

223. 

472. 

244.44 

511 

266.11 

550. 

287.78 

434. 

223  .  33 

473. 

245. 

512. 

266  .  67 

550.40 

288. 

435. 

223.89 

474. 

245.56 

512.60 

267. 

551. 

288.33 

435.20 

224. 

474.80 

246. 

513. 

267.22 

552. 

288.89 

436. 

224.44 

475. 

246.11 

514. 

267.78 

552.20 

289. 

437. 

225. 

476. 

246.67 

514.40 

268. 

553. 

289.44 

438. 

225.56 

476.60 

247. 

515. 

268.33 

554. 

290. 

438.80 

226. 

477. 

247.22 

516. 

268  .  89 

555. 

290.56 

439. 

226.11 

478. 

247.78 

516.20 

269. 

555  .  80 

291. 

440. 

226.67 

478.40 

248. 

517. 

269.44 

556. 

291.11 

440.60 

227. 

479. 

248.33 

518. 

270. 

557. 

291.67 

441. 

227.22 

480. 

248.89 

519. 

270  .  56 

557.60 

292. 

442. 

227.78 

480.20 

249. 

519.80 

271. 

558. 

292  .  22 

442.40 

228. 

481. 

249.44 

520 

271.11 

559. 

292.78 

443 

228  .  33 

482. 

250. 

521. 

271.67 

559.40 

293. 

509 


Equivalent  Temperature  Readings  for  Fahrenheit  and  Centigrade  Scales — Continued 


Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

560. 

293.33 

599. 

315. 

638. 

336  .  67 

676.40 

358. 

561. 

293.89 

600. 

315.56 

638.60 

337. 

677. 

358.33 

561.20 

294. 

600.80 

316. 

639. 

337.22 

678. 

358.89 

562. 

294  .  44 

601. 

316.11 

640. 

337.78 

678.20 

359. 

563. 

295. 

602. 

316.67 

640.40 

338. 

679. 

359.44 

564. 

295.56 

602.60 

317. 

641. 

338.33 

680. 

360. 

564  .  80 

296. 

603. 

317.22 

642. 

338  .  89 

681. 

360.56 

565. 

296.11 

604. 

317.78 

642.20 

339. 

681.80 

361. 

566. 

296.67 

604.40 

318. 

643. 

339.44 

682. 

361.11 

566.60 

297. 

605. 

318.33 

644. 

340. 

683. 

361.67 

567. 

297.22 

606. 

318.89 

645. 

340.56 

683.60 

362. 

568. 

297.78 

606.20 

319. 

645  .  80 

341. 

684. 

362.22 

568.40 

298. 

607. 

319.44 

646. 

341.11 

685. 

362.78 

569. 

298.33 

608. 

320. 

647. 

341.67 

685.40 

363. 

570. 

298  .  89 

609. 

320.56 

647.60 

342. 

686. 

363.33 

570.20 

299. 

609.80 

321. 

648. 

342.22 

687. 

363.89 

571. 

299.44 

610. 

321.11 

649. 

342.78 

687.20 

364. 

572. 

300. 

611. 

321.  67 

649.40 

343. 

688. 

364.44 

573. 

300.56 

611.60 

322. 

650. 

343.33 

689. 

365. 

573.80 

301. 

612. 

322.33 

651. 

343.89 

690. 

365.56 

574. 

301.11 

613. 

322.70 

651.20 

344. 

690.80 

366. 

575. 

301.67 

613.40 

323. 

652. 

344.44 

691. 

3G6.11 

575.60 

302. 

614. 

323.33 

653. 

345. 

692. 

366.67 

576. 

302.22 

615. 

323.89 

654. 

345.56 

692.60 

367. 

577. 

302.78 

615.20 

324. 

654  .  80 

346. 

693. 

367.22 

577.40 

303. 

616. 

324.44 

655. 

346.11 

694. 

307.78 

578. 

303.33 

617. 

325. 

656. 

346.  G7 

694.40 

368. 

579. 

303.89 

618. 

325.56 

656.60 

347. 

695. 

368.33 

579.20 

304. 

618.80 

326. 

657. 

347.22 

696. 

368.89 

580. 

304.44 

619. 

326.11 

658. 

347.78 

696.20 

369. 

581. 

305. 

620. 

326.67 

658.40 

348. 

697. 

309.44 

582. 

305.56 

620.60 

327. 

659. 

348.33 

698. 

370. 

582.80 

306. 

621. 

327.22 

660. 

348.89 

699. 

370.56 

583. 

306.11 

622. 

327  .  78 

660.20 

349. 

699.80 

371. 

584. 

306  .  67 

622.40 

328. 

661. 

349.44 

700. 

371.11 

584.60 

307. 

623. 

328  .  33 

662. 

350. 

701. 

371.67 

585. 

307.22 

624. 

328.89 

663. 

350.56 

701.60 

372. 

586. 

307.78 

624.20 

329. 

663.80 

351. 

702. 

372.22 

586.40 

308. 

625. 

329.44 

664. 

351.11 

703. 

372.78 

587. 

308.33 

626. 

330. 

665. 

351.67 

703.40 

373. 

588. 

308.89 

627. 

330.56 

665.60 

352. 

704. 

373.33 

588  .  20 

309. 

627.80 

331. 

666. 

352.22 

705. 

373.89 

589. 

309.44 

628. 

331.11 

667. 

352.78 

705  .  20 

374. 

590. 

310. 

629. 

331.67 

667.40 

353. 

706. 

374.44 

591. 

310.56 

629.60 

332. 

668. 

353.33 

707. 

375. 

591.80 

311. 

630. 

332.22 

669. 

353.89 

708. 

375.56 

592. 

311.11 

631. 

332.78 

669.20 

354. 

708.80 

376 

593. 

311.67 

631.40 

333. 

670. 

354.44 

709. 

376.11 

593.60 

312. 

632. 

333.33 

671. 

355. 

710. 

376  .  67 

594. 

312.22 

633. 

333.89 

672. 

355.56 

710.60 

377. 

595. 

312.78 

633.20 

334. 

672.80 

356. 

711. 

377.22 

595.40 

313. 

634. 

334.44 

673. 

356.11 

712. 

377.78 

596. 

313.33 

635. 

335. 

674. 

356.67 

712.40 

378. 

597. 

313.89 

636. 

335.56 

674.60 

357. 

713. 

378  .  33 

597.20 

314. 

636.80 

336. 

675. 

357.22 

714. 

378  .  89 

598. 

314.44 

637. 

336.11 

676. 

357.78 

714.20 

379. 

510 


Equivalent  Temperature  Readings  for  Fahrenheit  and  Centigrade  Scales— Continued 


Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

715. 

379.44 

754. 

401.11 

793. 

422.78 

831.20 

444. 

716. 

380. 

755. 

401.67 

793.40 

423. 

832. 

444.44 

717. 

380.56 

755.60 

402. 

794. 

423.33 

833. 

445. 

717.80 

381. 

756. 

402  .  22 

795. 

423.89 

834. 

445.56 

718. 

381.11 

757. 

402.78 

795.20 

424. 

834  .  80 

446. 

719. 

381.67 

757.40 

403. 

796. 

424.44 

835. 

446.11 

719.60 

382. 

758. 

403.33 

797. 

425. 

836. 

446.67 

720. 

382.22 

759. 

403.89 

798. 

425.56 

836.60 

447. 

721. 

382.78 

759.78 

404. 

798.80 

426. 

837. 

447.22 

721.40 

383. 

760. 

404.44 

799. 

426.11 

838. 

447.78 

722. 

383  .  33 

761. 

405. 

800. 

426.67 

838.40 

448. 

723. 

383.89 

762. 

405.56 

800.60 

427. 

839. 

448.33 

723.20 

384. 

762.80 

406. 

801. 

427.22 

840. 

448.89 

724. 

384.44 

763. 

406.11 

802. 

427.78 

840.20 

449. 

725. 

385. 

764. 

406.67 

802.40 

428. 

841. 

449.44 

726. 

385.56 

764  .  60 

407. 

803. 

428  .  33 

842. 

450. 

726.80 

386. 

765. 

407.22 

804. 

428.89 

843. 

450.56 

727. 

386.11 

766. 

407.78 

804.20 

429. 

843.80 

451. 

728. 

386.67 

766.40 

408. 

805. 

429.44 

844. 

451.11 

728.60 

387. 

767. 

408.33 

806. 

430. 

845. 

451.67 

729. 

387.22 

768. 

408.89 

807. 

430.56 

84i.60 

452. 

730. 

387.78 

768.20 

409. 

807.80 

431. 

846. 

452.22 

730.40 

388. 

769. 

409.44 

808. 

431.11 

847. 

452.78 

731. 

388.33 

770. 

410. 

809. 

431.67 

847.40 

453. 

732. 

388.89 

771. 

410.56 

809.60 

432. 

848. 

453.33 

732.20 

389. 

771.80 

411. 

810. 

432.22 

849. 

453.89 

733. 

389.44 

772. 

411.11 

811. 

432.78 

849.20 

454. 

734. 

390. 

773. 

411.67 

811.40 

433. 

850. 

454.44 

735. 

390.56 

773.60 

412. 

812. 

433.33 

851. 

455. 

735  .  80 

391. 

774. 

412.22 

813. 

433.89 

852. 

455.56 

736. 

391.11 

775. 

412.78 

813.20 

434. 

852.80 

456. 

737. 

391.67 

775.40 

413. 

814. 

434.44 

853. 

456.11 

737.60 

392. 

776. 

413.33 

815. 

435. 

854. 

456.67 

738. 

392.22 

777. 

413.89 

816. 

435.56 

854.60 

457. 

739. 

392.78 

777.20 

414. 

816.80 

436. 

855. 

457  .  22 

739.40 

393. 

778. 

414.44 

817: 

436.11 

856. 

457.78 

740. 

393.33 

779. 

415. 

818. 

436.67 

856.40 

458. 

741. 

393.89 

780. 

415.56 

818.60 

437. 

857. 

458.33 

741.20 

394. 

780.80 

416. 

819. 

437.22 

858. 

458.89 

742. 

394.44 

781. 

416.11 

820. 

437.78 

858.20 

459. 

743. 

395. 

782. 

416.67 

820.40 

438. 

859. 

459.44 

744. 

395.56 

782.60 

417. 

821. 

438.33 

860. 

460. 

744.80 

396. 

783. 

417.22 

822. 

438.89 

861. 

460.56 

745. 

396.11 

784. 

417.78 

822.20 

439. 

861.80 

461. 

746. 

396.67 

784.40 

418. 

823. 

439.44 

862. 

461.11 

746.60 

397. 

785. 

418.33 

824. 

440. 

863. 

461.67 

747. 

397  .  22 

786. 

418.89 

825. 

440.56 

863.60 

462. 

748. 

397.78 

786.20 

419. 

825.80 

441. 

864. 

462.22 

748.40 

398. 

787. 

419.44 

826. 

441.11 

865. 

462.78 

749. 

398.33 

788. 

420. 

827. 

441.67 

865.40 

463. 

750. 

398.89 

789. 

420.56 

827.60 

442. 

866. 

463.33 

750.20 

399. 

789.80 

421. 

828. 

442.22 

867. 

463.89 

751. 

399.44 

790. 

421.11 

829. 

442.78 

867.20 

464. 

752. 

400. 

791. 

421.67 

829.40 

443. 

868. 

464.44 

753. 

400  .  56 

791.60 

422. 

830. 

443.33 

869. 

465. 

753.80 

401. 

792. 

422  .  22 

831. 

443.89 

870. 

465.56 

511 


Equivalent  Temperature  Readings  for  Fahrenheit  and  Centigrade  Scales — Continued 


Fahrenher 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

870.80 

466. 

909. 

487.22 

948. 

508  .  89 

987. 

530.56 

871. 

466.11 

910. 

487.78 

948.20 

509. 

987  .  80 

531. 

872. 

466.67 

910.40 

488. 

949. 

509.44 

988. 

531.11 

872.60 

467. 

911. 

488.33 

950. 

510. 

989. 

531.67 

873. 

467.22 

912. 

488.89 

951. 

510.56 

989  .  60 

532. 

874. 

467.78 

912.20 

489. 

951.80 

511. 

990. 

532.22 

874.40 

468. 

913. 

489.44 

952. 

511.11 

991. 

532.78 

875. 

468.33 

914. 

490. 

953. 

511.67 

991.60 

533. 

876. 

468.89 

915. 

490.56 

953.60 

512. 

992. 

533.33 

876.20 

469 

915.80 

491. 

954. 

512.22 

993. 

533.89 

877. 

469  .  44 

916. 

491.11 

955. 

512.78 

993.40 

534. 

878. 

470. 

917. 

491.67 

955.40 

513. 

994. 

534.44 

879. 

470.56 

917.60 

492. 

956. 

513.33 

995. 

535. 

879.80 

471 

918. 

492.22 

957. 

513.89 

995.20 

535.56 

880. 

471.11 

919. 

492.78 

957.20 

514. 

996. 

536. 

881. 

471.67 

919.40 

493. 

958. 

514.44 

997. 

536.11 

881.60 

472. 

920. 

493.33 

959. 

515. 

998. 

536.67 

882. 

472.22 

921. 

493.89 

960. 

515.56 

998.80 

537. 

883. 

472  .  78 

921.20 

494. 

960.80 

516. 

999. 

537.22 

883.40 

473. 

922. 

494.44 

961. 

516.11 

1000. 

537.78 

884. 

473.33 

923. 

495. 

962. 

516.67 

1004. 

540. 

885. 

473.89 

924 

495.56 

962.60 

517. 

1010. 

543.33 

885.20 

474. 

924  .  80 

496. 

963. 

517.22 

1020. 

548.89 

886. 

474  .  44 

925. 

496.11 

964. 

517.78 

1022. 

550. 

887. 

475. 

926. 

496.67 

964.40 

518. 

1030. 

554.44 

888. 

475  .  56 

926.60 

497. 

965. 

518.33 

1040. 

560. 

888.80 

476. 

927. 

497.22 

966. 

518.89 

1050. 

565.56 

889. 

476.11 

928. 

497.78 

966.20 

519. 

1058. 

570. 

890. 

476.67 

928.40 

498. 

967. 

519.44 

1060. 

571.11 

890.60 

477. 

929. 

498.33 

968. 

520. 

1070. 

576.67 

891. 

477.22 

930. 

498.89 

969. 

520.56 

1076. 

580. 

892. 

477.78 

930.20 

499. 

969.80 

521. 

1080. 

582.22 

892.40 

478. 

931. 

499.44 

970. 

521.11 

1090. 

587.78 

893. 

478  .  33 

932. 

500. 

971. 

521.67 

1094. 

590. 

894. 

478  .  89 

933. 

500.56 

971.60 

522. 

1100. 

593.33 

894.20 

479. 

933.80 

501. 

972. 

522.22 

1110. 

598.89 

895. 

479.44 

934. 

501.11 

973. 

522.78 

1112. 

600. 

896. 

480. 

935. 

501.67 

973.40 

523. 

1120. 

604.44 

897. 

480.56 

935.60 

502. 

974. 

523.33 

1130. 

610 

897.80 

481. 

936. 

502.22 

975. 

523.78 

1140. 

615.56 

898. 

481.11 

937. 

502.78 

975  .  20 

524. 

1148. 

620 

899. 

481.67 

937.40 

503. 

976. 

524.44 

1150. 

621.11 

899.60 

482. 

938. 

503.33 

977. 

525. 

1160. 

626  .  67 

900. 

482.22 

939. 

503.89 

978. 

525.56 

1166. 

630 

901. 

482.78 

939.20 

504. 

978.80 

526. 

1170. 

632  .  22 

901.40 

483. 

940. 

504.44 

979. 

526.11 

1180. 

637.78 

902. 

483.33 

941. 

505. 

980. 

526.67 

1184. 

640 

903. 

483.89 

942. 

505.56 

980.60 

527. 

1190. 

643.33 

903.20 

484. 

942.80 

506  . 

981. 

527.22 

1200 

648.89 

904. 

484.44 

943. 

506.11 

982. 

527.78 

1202. 

650. 

905. 

485. 

944. 

506.67 

982.40 

528. 

1210 

654.44 

906. 

485  .  56 

944.60 

507. 

983. 

528  .  33 

1220 

660. 

906  .  80 

486. 

945. 

507.22 

984. 

528.89 

1230. 

665.56 

907. 

486.11 

946. 

507.78 

984  .  20 

529. 

1238. 

670. 

908. 

486  .  67 

946.40 

508. 

985. 

529.44 

1240 

671.11 

908  .  60 

487. 

947. 

508.33 

986. 

530 

1250 

676.67 

512 


Equivalent  Temperature  Readings  for  Fahrenheit  and  Centigrade  Scales — Continued 


Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Begs. 

1256. 

680. 

1640. 

893.33 

2030. 

1110. 

2420. 

1326.67 

1260. 

682  .  22 

1650. 

898  .  89 

2040. 

1115.56 

2426. 

1330 

1270. 

687.78 

1652. 

900. 

2048. 

1120. 

2430. 

1332.22 

1274. 

690. 

1660. 

904.44 

2050. 

1121.11 

2440. 

1337.78 

1280. 

693.33 

1670. 

910. 

2060. 

1126.67 

2444. 

1340. 

1290. 

698  .  89 

1680. 

915.56 

2066. 

1130 

2450 

1343.33 

1292. 

700. 

1688. 

920. 

2070. 

1132.22 

2460. 

1348.89 

1300. 

704.44 

1690. 

921.11 

2080. 

1137.78 

2462. 

1350. 

1310. 

710. 

1700. 

926.67 

2084. 

1140. 

2470 

1354.44 

1320. 

715.56 

1706. 

930. 

2090. 

1143.33 

2480 

1360 

1328. 

720. 

1710. 

932.22 

2100. 

1148.89 

2490 

1365.56 

1330. 

721.11 

1720. 

937.78 

2102. 

1150 

2498. 

1370. 

1340. 

726.67 

1724. 

940. 

2110. 

1154.44 

2500 

1371.11 

1346. 

730. 

1730. 

943.33 

2120. 

1160 

2510 

1376.67 

1350. 

732.22 

1740. 

948.89 

2130. 

1165.56 

2516 

1380 

1360. 

737.78 

1742. 

950. 

2138. 

1170. 

2520 

1382.22 

1364. 

740. 

1750. 

954.44 

2140. 

1171.11 

2530. 

1387.78 

1370. 

743.33 

1760. 

960. 

2150. 

1176.67 

2534. 

1390 

1380. 

748.89 

1770. 

965.56 

2156. 

1180 

2540 

1393.33 

1382. 

750. 

1778. 

970. 

2160. 

1182.22 

2550 

1398.89 

1390. 

754.44 

1780. 

971.11 

2170. 

1187.78 

2552 

1400 

1400. 

760. 

1790. 

976.67 

2174. 

1190 

2560 

1404.44 

1410. 

765.56 

1796. 

980. 

2180 

1193.33 

2570 

1410. 

1418. 

770. 

1800. 

982.22 

2190 

1198.89 

2580 

1415.56 

1420. 

771.11 

1810. 

987.78 

2192. 

1200 

2588. 

1420 

1430. 

776.67 

1814. 

990. 

2200 

1204.44 

2590. 

1421.11 

1436. 

780. 

1820. 

993.33 

2210 

1210 

2600 

1426.67 

1440. 

782.22 

1830. 

998.89 

2220 

1215.56 

2606 

1430. 

1450. 

787.78 

1832. 

1000. 

2228. 

1220. 

2610. 

1432.22 

1454. 

790. 

1840. 

1004.44 

2230 

1221.11 

2620 

1437.78 

1460. 

793.33 

1850. 

1010. 

2240. 

1226.67 

2624 

1440 

1470. 

798.89 

1860. 

1015.56 

2246 

1230 

2630 

1443.33 

1472. 

800. 

1868. 

1020. 

2250 

1232.22 

2640 

1448.89 

1480. 

804.44 

1870. 

1021.11 

2260. 

1237  .  78 

2642. 

1450. 

1490. 

810. 

1880. 

1026.67 

2264. 

1240 

2650. 

1454.44 

1500. 

815.56 

1886. 

1030. 

2270. 

1243.33 

2660. 

1460 

1508. 

820. 

1890. 

1032.22 

2280. 

1248.89 

2670. 

1465.56 

1510. 

821.11 

1900. 

1037.78 

2282. 

1250 

2678. 

1470. 

1520. 

826  .  67 

1904. 

1040 

2290. 

1254.44 

2680. 

1471.11 

1526. 

830. 

1910. 

1043.33 

2300. 

1260 

2690. 

1476.67 

1530. 

832.22 

1920 

1048.89 

2310 

1265.56 

2696. 

1480 

1540. 

837  .  78 

1922 

1050. 

2318 

1270 

2700. 

1482.22 

1544. 

840. 

1930 

1054.44 

2320. 

1271.11 

2710 

1487.78 

1550. 

843.33 

1940. 

1060. 

2330. 

1276.67 

2714. 

1490. 

1560. 

848.89 

1950. 

1065.56 

2336. 

1280 

2720. 

1493.33 

1562. 

851). 

1958. 

1070. 

2340 

1282.22 

2730 

1498.89 

1570. 

851.44 

1960. 

1071.11 

2350. 

1287.78 

2732. 

1500 

1580. 

860 

1970. 

1076.67 

2354 

1290 

2740 

1504.44 

1590. 

865  .  56 

1976. 

1080 

2360. 

1293.33 

2750. 

1510 

1598. 

870. 

1980. 

1082.22 

2370. 

1298.89 

2760 

1515.56 

1600 

871.11 

1990 

1087.78 

2372. 

1300 

2768. 

1520 

1610 

876.67 

1994 

1090 

2380 

1304.44 

2770. 

1521.11 

1616 

880. 

2000 

1093.33 

2390. 

1310 

2780. 

1526.67 

1620 

882.22 

2010 

1098.89 

2400 

1315.56 

2786. 

1530. 

1630 

887.78 

2012 

1100. 

2408. 

1320 

2790. 

1532.22 

1634 

890 

2020 

1104.44 

2410 

1321.11 

2800. 

1537.78 

513 


Equivalent  Temperature  Readings  for  Fahrenheit  and  Centigrade  Scales — Continued 


Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

Fahrenheit 
Degs. 

Centigrade 
Degs. 

2804. 

1540. 

3010 

1654.44 

3220. 

1771.11 

3430. 

1887.78 

2810. 

1543.33 

3020 

1660. 

3230. 

1776.67 

3434. 

1890. 

2820. 

1548.89 

3030. 

1665.56 

3236. 

1780. 

3440. 

1893.33 

2822. 

1550. 

3038. 

1670. 

3240. 

1782.22 

3450. 

1898.89 

2830 

1554.44 

3040. 

1671.11 

3250. 

1787.78 

3452. 

1900. 

2840. 

1560. 

3050. 

1676.67 

3254. 

1790. 

3460. 

1904.44  j 

2850. 

1565.56 

3056. 

1680. 

3260. 

1793.33 

3470. 

1910 

2858. 

1570. 

3060. 

1682.22 

3270. 

1798.89 

3480. 

1915.56  . 

2860. 

1571.11 

3070. 

1687.78 

3272. 

1800. 

3488. 

1920. 

2870. 

1576.67 

3074. 

1690. 

3280. 

1804.44 

3490. 

1921  11 

2876. 

1580. 

3080. 

1693.33 

3290. 

1810 

3500. 

1926.67 

2880. 

1582.22 

3090. 

1698.89 

3300. 

1815.56 

3506. 

1930 

2890. 

1587.78 

3092. 

1700. 

3308. 

1820. 

3510. 

1932.22  ! 

2894. 

1590. 

3100. 

1704.44 

3310. 

1821.11 

3520. 

1937.78 

2900. 

1593.33 

3110. 

1710. 

3320. 

1826.67 

3524. 

1940. 

2910. 

1598.89 

3120. 

1715.56 

3326. 

1830. 

3530. 

1943.33 

2912. 

1600. 

3128. 

1720. 

3330. 

1832.22 

3540. 

1948.89  ' 

2920. 

1604.44 

3130. 

1721.11 

3340. 

1837.78 

3542. 

1950 

2930. 

1610. 

3140. 

1726.67 

3344. 

1840. 

3550. 

1954.44 

2940. 

1615.56 

3146. 

1730. 

3350. 

1843.33 

3560. 

1960 

2948. 

1620. 

3150. 

1732.22 

3360. 

1848.89 

3570. 

1965.56 

2950. 

1621.11 

3160. 

1737.78 

3362. 

1850. 

3578. 

1970. 

2960. 

1626.67 

3164. 

1740. 

3370. 

1854.44 

3580. 

1971.11 

2966. 

1630. 

3170. 

1743.33 

3380. 

1860. 

3590. 

1976.67 

2970. 

1632.22 

3180. 

1748.89 

3390. 

1865.56 

3596. 

1980. 

2980. 

1637.78 

3182. 

1750 

3398. 

1870. 

3600. 

1982.22 

2984. 

1640. 

3190. 

1754.44 

3400. 

1871.11 

3610. 

1987.78 

2990. 

1643.33 

3200. 

1760. 

3410. 

1876.67 

3614. 

1990. 

3000. 

1648.89 

3210. 

1765.56 

3416. 

1880. 

3620. 

1993.33 

3002. 

1650. 

3218. 

1770. 

3420. 

1882.22 

3630. 

1998.89 

514 


Specific  Gravity  Equivalents  for  Degrees  Baume 
for  Liquids  Heavier  than  Water 

Table  adopted  by  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Standards  from  the  formula: 

145 

Degrees  Baume  =  145  —      —  — 77^5 — 

*Specific  Gravity  —  F. 
60° 


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10.51 

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10.59 

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12.72 

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1.9079 

15.89 

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10.69 

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12.85 

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9.21 

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10.78 

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12.99 

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1.9595 

16.32 

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9.29 

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10.84 

53 

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13.13 

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1.9864 

16.55 

16 

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9.36 

35 

.3182 

10.98 

54 

.5934 

13.27 

73 

2.0139 

16.78 

17 

.1328 

9.43 

36 

.3303 

11.09 

55 

.6111 

13.42 

74 

2.0423 

17.01 

18 

.1417 

9.51 

37 

.3426 

11.18 

56 

.6292 

13.57 

75 

2.0714 

17.25 

*A11  densities  taken  at  temperature  of  60°  F.  and  referred  to  distilled  water  at 
60°  F.  as  standard. 


515 


Specific  Gravity  Equivalents  for  Degrees  Baume 
for  Liquids  Lighter  than  Water 


Table  adopted   by   the   U.  S.  Bureau  of  Standards  from   the  formula: 

140 
Degrees  Baume  =  —  — po  —  130 

^Specific  Gravity  —  F. 
60° 


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0.7035 

5.86 

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6.66 

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5.83 

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5.18 

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7.78 

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6.63 

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0.6965 

5.80 

96 

0.6195 

5.16 

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0.9272 

7.72 

47 

0.7910 

6.59 

72 

0.6931 

5.78 

97 

0.6167 

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48 

0.7865 

6.55 

73 

0.6897 

5.75 

98 

0.6140 

5.11 

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7.62 

49 

0.7821 

6.52 

74 

0.6863 

5.72 

99 

0.6114 

5.09 

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7.57 

50 

0.7778 

6.48 

75 

0.6829 

5.69 

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0.6087 

5.07 

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7.53 

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6.44 

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0.6796 

5.66 

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0.6061 

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5.63 

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0.6034 

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7.43 

53 

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6.37 

78 

0.6731 

5.60 

103 

0.6009 

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7.38 

54 

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6.34 

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0.6699 

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7.34 

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6.30 

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0.6667 

5.55 

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4.96 

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0.7527 

6.27 

81 

0.6635 

5.52 

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0.5932 

4.94 

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7.24 

57 

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6.24 

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5.50 

107 

0.5907 

4.92 

32 

0.8642 

7.20 

58 

0.7447 

6.20 

83 

0.6573 

5.48 

108 

0.5882 

4.90 

33 

0.8589 

7.15 

59 

0  .  7407 

6.17 

84 

0.6542 

5.45 

109 

0.5858 

4.88 

34 

0  .  8537 

7.11 

60 

0.7368 

6.14 

85 

0.6512 

5.42 

110 

0.5833 

4.86 

35 

0.8485 

7.07 

*A11  densities  taken  at  temperature  of  60C 
60°  F.  as  standard. 


F.  and  referred  to  distilled  water  at 


516 


Definitions  of  Units 

ACTIVITY.  Power  or  rate  of  doing  work ;  unit :  the  watt. 
AMPERE.  Unit  of  electrical  current.  The  international  ampere,  "which 
is  one-tenth  of  the  unit  of  current  of  the  C.G.S.  system  of  electro- 
magnetic units,  and  which  is  represented  sufficiently  well  for  prac- 
tical use  by  the  unvarying  current  which,  when  passed  through  a 
solution  of  nitrate  of  silver  in  water,  and  in  accordance  with  accom- 
panying specifications,  deposits  silver  at  the  rate  of  0.001118  of  a 
gram  per  second." 

The  ampere  =  i  coulomb  per  second  =  i  volt  through  i  ohm  =  icr1 
E.  M.  U.  =  3  X  io9  E.  S.  U.    (E.  M.  U.  =  C.  G.  S.  electromagnetic 
units.    E.  S.  U.  =  C.  G.  S.  electrostatic  units.) 
Amperes  =  volts/ohms  =  watts/volts  =•  (watts/ohms)*. 
Amperes  X  volts  =  amperes2  X  ohms  =  watts. 
ANGSTROM.    Unit  of  wave-length  =  icr10  meter. 
ATMOSPHERE.    Unit  of  pressure. 

English  normal  =  14.7  pounds  per  sq.  in.  =  29.929  in.  =  760.18  mm. 

Hg.  32°F. 
French  normal  =  760  mm.  of  Hg.  o°  C.  =  29.922  in.  =  14.70  Ibs.  per 

sq.  in. 

BOUGIE  DECIMALS.    Photometric  standard. 

BRITISH  THERMAL  UNIT.  Heat  required  to  raise  one  pound  of 
water  at  its  temperature  of  maximum  density,  i°  F.  =  252  gram- 
calories. 

CALORY.  Small  calory  =  gram-calory  =  therm  =  quantity  of  heat  re- 
quired to  raise  one  gram  of  water  at  its  maximum  density,  one  degree 
Centrigrade. 

Large  calory  =  kilogram-calory  =  1000  small  calories  =  one  kilogram 
of  water  raised  one  degree  Centigrade  at  the  temperature  of  maxi- 
mum density. 

CANDLE.     Photometric  standard. 
CARAT.    The  diamond  carat  standard  in  U.  S.  =  200  milligrams.    Old 

standard  =  205.3  milligrams  =  3.168  grains. 
The  gold  carat :  pure  gold  is  24  carats ;  a  carat  is  1/24  part. 
CARCEL.     Photometric  standard. 

CIRCULAR  AREA.    The  square  of  the  diameter  =  1.2733  X  true  area. 
True  area  =  0.785398  X  circular  area. 

517 


COULOMB.    Unit  of  quantity.    The  international  coulomb  is  the  quan- 
tity of  electricity  transferred  by  a  current  of  one  international  am- 
pere in  one  second.  =  icr1  E.  M.  U.  =  3  X  10 9  E.  S.  U. 
Coulombs  =  (volts-seconds) /ohms  =  amperes  X  seconds. 

CUBIT  =  1 8  inches. 

DAY.    Mean  solar  day.  =  1440  minutes  =  86400  seconds  =  1.0027379 

sidereal  day. 
Sidereal  day  =  86164.10  mean  solar  seconds. 

DIGIT.    3/4  inch;  1/12  the  apparent  diameter  of  the  sun  or  moon. 

DIOPTER.  Unit  of  "power"  of  a  lens.  The  number  of  diopters  =  the 
reciprocal  of  the  focal  length  in  meters. 

DYNE.    C.  G.  S.  unit  of  force  =  that  force  which  acting  for  one  second 

on  one  gram  produces  a  velocity  of  one  centimeter  per  second. 
=  weight  in  grams  divided  by  the  acceleration  of  gravity  in  cm.  per  sec. 

ELECTROCHEMICAL  EQUIVALENT  is  the  ratio  of  the  mass  in 
grams  deposited  in  an  electrolytic  cell  by  an  electrical  current  to  the 
quantity  of  electricity. 

ENERGY.    See  Erg. 

ERG.  C.  G.  S.  unit  of  work  and  energy  =  one  dyne  acting  through  one 
centimeter. 

FARAD.    Unit  of  electrical  capacity.    The  international  farad  is  the  ca- 
pacity of  a  condenser  charged  to  a  potential  of  one  international  volt 
by  one  international  coulomb  of  electricity.  =  io~9  E.  M.  U.  =  9  X 
I011  E.  S.  U. 
The  one-millionth  part  of  a  farad   (microfarad)   is  more  commonly 

used. 
Farads  =  coulombs/volts. 

FOOT-POUND.    The  work  which  will  raise  one  pound  one- foot  high. 

FOOT-POUNDALS.    The  English  unit  of  work  =  foot-pounds/g. 

g.    The  acceleration  produced  by  gravity. 

GAUSS.  A  unit  of  intensity  of  magnetic  field  =  i  E.  M.  U.  =  1/3  X 
io-10  E.  S.  U. 

GRAM-CENTIMETER.    The  gravitation  unit  of  work  ==  g.  ergs. 

GGRAM-MOLECULE  =  x  grams  where  x  —  molecular  weight  of  sub- 
stance. 

GRAVITATION  CONSTANT  =  G  in  'formula  G  ^p  =  666.07  X 
io~10  cm.3/gr.  sec.2 

HEAT  OF  THE  ELECTRIC  CURRENT  generated  in  a  metallic  circuit 
without  self-induction  is  proportional  to  the  quantity  of  electricity 
which  has  passed  in  coulombs  multiplied  by  the  fall  of  potential  in 
volts,  or  is  equal  to  (coulombs  X  volts) /4.i8i  in  small  calories. 
The  heat  in  small  or  gram-calories  per  second  =  (amperes2  X  ohms)/ 
4.181  =  volts2/  (ohms  X  4.181)  =  (volts  X  amperes )/4.i8i  = 
watts/4. 181. 

513 


HEAT.  Absolute  zero  of  heat  ==  -273.13°  C,  -459-6°  Fahrenheit,  -218.5° 
Reaumur. 

HEFNER  UNIT.    Photometric  standard. 

HENRY.  Unit  of  induction.  It  is  "the  induction  in  a  circuit  when  the 
electromotive  force  induced  in  this  circuit  is  one  international  volt, 
while  the  inducing  current  varies  at  the  rate  of  one  ampere  per  sec- 
ond." =  io9  E.  M.  U.  =  1/9  X  iQ-11  E.  S.  U. 

HORSE-POWER.  The  practical  unit  of  power  —  33,000  pounds  raised 
one  foot  per  minute :  —  550  ft.  pds.  per  sec.  —  0.746  kilowatt  =  746 
watts. 

JOULE.    Unit  of  work  =  io7  ergs. 

Joules  =  (volts2  X  seconds) /ohms  =  watts  X  seconds  =  amperes2 
X  ohms  X  sec. 

JOULE'S  EQUIVALENT.  The  mechanical  equivalent  of  heat  =  4.185 
X  io7  ergs. 

KILODYNE.    looo  dynes.    About  I  gram. 

LUMEN.    Unit  of  flux  of  light-candles  divided  by  solid  angles. 

MEGABAR.    Unit  of  pressure  =  0.987  atmospheres. 

MEGADYNE.    One  million  dynes.    About  one  kilogram. 

METER  CANDLE.  The  intensity  lumination  due  to  standard  candle 
distant  one  meter. 

MHO.  The  unit  of  electrical  conductivity.  It  is  the  reciprocal  of  the 
ohm. 

MICRO.    A  prefix  indicating  the  millionth  part. 

MICROFARAD.  One  millionth  of  a  farad,  the  ordinary  measure  of 
electrostatic  capacity. 

MICRON.    (  )  =  one  millionth  of  a  meter. 

MIL.    One  thousandth  of  an  inch. 

MILLI-.    A  prefix  denoting  the  thousandth  part. 

MONTH.     The  anomalistic  month  =  time  of  revolution  of  the  moon 

from  one  perigee  to  another  =  27.55460  days. 
The  nodical  month  =  draconitic  month  =  time  of  revolution  from  a 

node  to  the  same  node  again  =  27.21222  days. 

The  sidereal  month  =  the  time  of  revolution  referred  to  the  stars  = 
27.32166  days  (mean  value),  but  varies  by  about  three  hours  on  ac- 
count of  the  eccentricity  of  the  orbit  and  "perturbations." 
The  synodic  month  =  the  revolution  from  one  new  moon  to  another  = 
29.5306  days  (mean  value)  =  the  ordinary  month.  It  varies  by 
about  13  hours. 

OHM.  Unit  of  electrical  resistance.  The  international  ohm  is  based 
upon  the  ohm  equal  to  io9  units  of  resistance  of  the  C.  G.  S.  system 
of  electromagnetic  units,  and  "is  represented  by  the  resistance  offered 
to  an  unvarying  electric  current  by  a  column  of  mercury,  at  the  tetn- 

519 


perature  of  melting  ice,  14.4521  grams  in  mass,  of  a  constant  cross 
section  and  of  the  length  of  106.3  centimeters."  =  io9  E.  M.  U.  = 
1/9  X  io-11  E.  S.  U. 

International  ohm  =  1.01367  B.  A.  ohms  =  1.06292  Siemens'  ohms. 
B.  A.  ohm  =  0.98651  international  ohms. 
Siemens'  ohm  =  0.94080  international  ohms. 
PENTANE  CANDLE.    Photometric  standard. 
PI  =  v=z  ratio  of  the  circumference  of  a  circle  to  the  diameter  = 

3.14159265359. 

POUNDAL.  The  British  unit  of  force.  The  force  which  will  in  one 
second  impart  a  velocity  of  one  foot  per  second  to  a  mass  of  one 
pound. 

RADIAN  =  i8o°/7r—  57.29578°  =  57°  if  45"  =  206625". 
SECOHM.    A  unit  of  self-induction  =  I  second  X  I  ohm. 
THERM  =  small  calory  =  quantity  of  heat  required  to  warm  one  gram 
of  water  at  its  temperature  of  maximum  density  one  degree  Centi- 
grade. 

THERMAL  UNIT,  BRITISH  =  the  quantity  of  heat  required  to  warm 
one  pound  of  water  at  its  temperature  of  maximum  density  one  de- 
gree Fahrenheit  =  252  gram-calories. 

VOLT.    The  unit  of  electromotive  force  (E.  M.  F.).    The  international 
volt  is  "the  electromotive  force  that,  steadily  applied  to  a  conductor 
whose  resistance  is  one  international  ohm,  will  produce  a  current  of 
one  international  ampere,  and  which  is  represented  sufficiently  well 
for  practical  use  by  1000/1434  of  the  electromotive  force  between  the 
poles  or  electrodes  of  the  voltaic  cell  known  as  Clark's  cell,  at  a  tem- 
perature of  15°  C.  and  prepared  in  the  manner  described  in  the  ac- 
companying specification."  =  io8  E.  M.  U.  =  1/300  E.  S.  U. 
VOLT-AMPERE.    Equivalent  to  Watt/Power  factor. 
WATT.    The  unit  of  electrical  power  =  io7  units  of  power  in  the  C.  G. 
S.  system.    It  is  represented  sufficiently  well  for  practical  use  by  the 
work  done  at  the  rate  of  one  Joule  per  second. 
Watts  —  volts  X  amperes  =  amperes2  X  ohms  =  volts2/ohms  (direct 

current  or  alternating  current  with  no  phase  difference). 
Watts  X  seconds  =  Joules. 

WEBER.    A  name  formerly  given  to  the  coulomb. 
YEAR. 

Anomalistic  year  =  365  days,  6  hours,  13  minutes,  48  seconds. 
Sidereal          "     =  365     "      6     "        9     "         9.314 
Ordinary        «     =  365     "      5      "      48     "         46  + 
Tropical         "     same  as  the  ordinary  year. 


520 


Transportation  of  Dangerous  Articles  other  than 
Explosives  by  Freight  * 

For  transportation  purposes  dangerous  articles  other  than  explosives 
are  divided  into  the  following  groups : 

1.  Forbidden  articles. 

2.  Acceptable  articles. 

Group  i. — Forbidden  Articles 

(a)  Outside  packages  containing  in  the  same  compartment  interior 
packages,  the  mixture  of  whose  contents  would  be  liable  to  cause  a 
dangerous  evolution  of  heat,  gas,  or  corrosive  materials. 

(b)  Cylinders  containing  gases  capable  of  combining  chemically. 

(c)  Packages  containing  dangerous   articles  in   a  leaking  condition 
or  in  such  an  insecure  condition  as  to  make  leakage  probable  during 
transit. 

(d)  Rags  or  cotton  waste  oily  with  more  than  5  per  cent  of  vegetable 
or  animal  oil,  or  wet  rags,  or  wet  textile  waste,  or  wet  paper  stock. 

(e)  Charcoal  screenings  from  wet  charcoal,  or  wet  screenings,  or 
screenings  that  have  been  wet. 

(f)  Dangerous   articles  not  properly  packed,  marked,   labeled,   de- 
scribed, and  certified. 

(g)  Iron  sponge  that  has  not  been  properly  oxidized  during  manu- 
facture ;  and  spent  oxide  or  spent  iron  mass  except  when  loaded  in  open 
steel  cars. 

Group  2. — Acceptable  Articles 

Inflammable  Liquids — Red  Label 

This  group  includes  any  liquid  or  liquid  mixture  that  gives  off  in- 
flammable vapors  (as  determined  by  flash-point  from  Tagliabue's  open- 
cup  tester,  as  used  for  test  of  burning  oils),  at  or  below  a  temperature 
of  80°  F. 

Inflammable  Solids — Yellow  Label 

This  group  includes  all  substances  other  than  those  classified  as  ex- 
plosives that  are  liable  under  conditions  incident  to  transportation  to 
cause  fires  by  self-ignition  through  friction,  through  absorption  of  moist- 
ure, or  through  spontaneous  chemical  changes. 

Oxidizing  Materials — Yellow  Label 

This  group  includes  all  substances,  such  as  chlorates,  permanganates, 
peroxides  and  nitrates,  that  yield  oxygen  readily  to  stimulate  the  com- 
bustion of  organic  matter. 

This  group  includes  the  strong  mineral  acids  (in  strength  greater 
than  one-half  concentrated,  i.e.,  47  per  cent  sulfuric,  34  per  cent  nitric, 
20  per  cent  hydrochloric)  and  other  strongly  corrosive  liquids  that  are 

Corrosive  Liquids — White  Label 

liable  to  cause  fires  when  mixed  with  chemicals  or  with  organic  matter, 
or  are  liable,  in  case  of  leakage  from  their  shipping  containers,  to 
damage  other  freight  materially. 

*  "Regulations  for  the  Transportation  of  Explosives  and  Other  Dangerous  Articles  by 
Freight  and  Express" — Bureau  of  Explosives,  30  Vesey  St.,  New  York,  September,  1918. 

521 


Compressed  Gases — Red  or  Green  (Gas)  Label 

This  group  includes  all  inflammable  or  non-inflammable  gases  as- 
sembled for  shipment  under  pressure  exceeding  25  pounds  per  square 
inch,  except  when  such  gases  are  in  cylinders  or  tubes  not  exceeding 
seven-eighths  inch  outside  diameter  and  of  not  more  than  4  fluid  ounces 
water  capacity.* 

Regulations  for  the  Transportation   of  Dangerous 
Articles  other  than  Explosives  by  Express. 

For  transportation  by  express,  explosives  and  other  dangerous  articles* 
other  than  explosives,  are  divided  into  the  following  groups: 

1.  Forbidden  articles. 

2.  Acceptable  dangerous  articles. 

Group  I. — Forbidden  Articles 

Except  when  shipped  by  the  War  or  Navy  Department  of  the  United 
States  Government  in  time  of  war  or  of  threatened  war,  the  follow- 
ing articles  must  not  be  shipped  by  express,  except  properly  packed 
samples  for  laboratory  examination,  as  provided  in  section  232  of  the 
act  of  March  4,  1909. 

(a)  Low  explosives  or  black  powder. 

(b)  High   explosives,   including  nitroglycerin   explosives,  dynamite, 
chlorate  powders,  nitrate   of   ammonia  powders,  dry  picric  acid,  dry 
picrates,  dry  nitrocellulose  (gun-cotton  and  negative  cotton),  dry  nitro- 
starch,  dry  trinitrotoluol,  dry  tetranitroaniline  or  dry  tetranitromethyl- 
aniline. 

(c)  Smokeless  powder. 

(d)  Canceled. 

(e)  Fulminate  of  mercury  or  of  any  other  metal  except  as  a  com- 
ponent of  manufactured  articles  whose  transportation  is  not  forbidden 
herein. 

(f)  Blasting  caps,  including  electric  blasting  caps. 

(g)  Ammunition  for  cannon,  with  or  without  projectiles, 
(h)  Detonating  fuses. 

(i)  Explosive  projectiles,  explosive  bombs,  explosive  mines,  explosive 
torpedoes. 

(j)  Liquid  nitroglycerin. 

(k)  Fireworks  that  combine  an  explosive  and  a  detonator  or  blast- 
ing cap. 

(1)  Fireworks  containing  a  match  tip  or  head,  or  similar  igniting 
point  or  surface,  unless  each  such  individual  tip,  head,  igniting  point, 
or  surface  is  entirely  covered  and  securely  protected  from  accidental 
contact  or  friction  with  any  other  surface. 

(m)  Fireworks  that  ignite  spontaneously  or  undergo  marked  de- 
composition when  subjected  for  48  consecutive  hours  to  the  temperature 
of  75°C.>(i67°F.). 

(n)  Firecrackers   whose  dimensions  exceed   5  inches  in  length   or 

*  Hand  fire  extinguishers  containing  non-liguefied  gas  for  the  purpose  of  ex- 
pelling fire-extinguishing  contents  are  excepted. 

522 


three-fourths  inch  in  diameter,  or  whose  explosive  charges  exceed  45 
grains  each  in  weight. 

(o)  Toy  torpedoes  exceeding  il/2  inches  in  diameter,  or  toy  caps 
containing  more  than  an  average  of  thirty-five  hundredths  of  a  grain 
of  explosive  composition  per  cap.  Toy  torpedoes  containing  a  cap  com- 
posed of  a  mixture  of  red  phosphorus  and  potassium  chlorate  exceeding 
an  average  of  more  than  one-half  (0.5)  grain  per  cap. 

(p)  Fireworks  that  can  be  exploded  en  masse  by  a  blasting  cap 
placed  in  one  of  the  units,  or  by  impact  of  a  rifle  bullet,  or  otherwise. 

(q)  Explosives  or  other  dangerous  articles  properly  condemned  by 
the  Bureau  of  Explosives,  except  properly  repacked  samples  for  labora- 
tory examination. 

(r)  Outside  packages  containing  in  the  same  compartment  interior 
packages,  the  mixture  of  whose  contents  would  be  liable  to  cause  a  dan- 
gerous evolution  of  heat,  gas,  or  corrosive  materials. 

(s)   Cylinders  containing  gases  capable  of  combining  chemically. 

(t)  Packages  containing  a  dangerous  article  in  a  leaky  condition  or 
in  such  an  insecure  condition  as  to  make  leakage  probable  during  transit. 

(u)  Rags  or  cotton  waste  oily  with  more  than  5  per  cent  of  animal 
or  vegetable  oil,  or  wet  rags,  or  wet  textile  waste,  or  wet  paper  stock. 

(v)  Boxes  or  kegs  that  have  been  previously  used  for  high  explosives 
must  not  again  be  used  for  shipments  of  any  character. 

(x)  Carbon  bisulfide,  pyroxylin  plastic  scrap  (celluloid,  fiberloid, 
pyralin,  viscoloid,  zylonite,  etc.,  scrap),  charcoal  screenings,  and  white 
or  yellow  phosporus. 

Group  2. — Acceptable  Dangerous  Articles 

Inflammable  Liquids — Red  Label 

This  group  includes  all  substances  other  than  those  classified  as  ex- 
plosives that  are  liable  under  conditions  incident  to  transportation  to 
cause  fires  by  self-ignition  through  friction,  through  absorption  of  moist- 
ure, or  through  spontaneous  chemical  changes. 

Oxidizing  Materials — Yellow  Label 

This  group  includes  all  substances  such  as  chlorates,  permanganates, 
peroxides  and  nitrates,  that  yield  oxygen  readily  to  stimulate  the  com- 
bustion of  organic  matter. 

Corrosive  Liquids — White  Label 

This  group,  including  the  strong  mineral  acids  (in  strength  greater 
than  one-fourth  concentrated,  i.e.,  23  per  cent  sulfuric,  17  per  cent  nitric, 
10  per  cent  hydrochloric),  and  other  strongly  corrosive  liquids  that  are 
liable  to  cause  fires  when  mixed  with  chemicals  or  with  organic  matter, 
or  are  liable,  in  case  of  leakage  from  their  shipping  containers,  to  dam- 
age other  freight  materially. 

Compressed  Gases — Red  or  Green  (Gas)  Label 
This  group  includes  all  inflammable  or  non-inflammable  gases  assem- 
bled for  shipment  under  pressure  exceeding  25  pounds  per  square  inch, 
except  when  such  gases  are  in  cylinders  or  tubes  not  exceeding  J^  inch 
outside  diameter  and  of  not  more  than  4  fluid  ounces  water  capacity. 

523 


Services  Offered  to  the  Chemical  Industries  by 
The  Chemical  Catalog  Company,  Inc. 

This  Company  furnishes  three  distinct  classes  of  service,  each  meet- 
ing a  real  need  of  the  American  chemical  industries.  They  are: 

1 i )  The  Chemical  Engineering  Catalog,  an  annual  publication 
bringing  together,  to  their  mutual  advantage,  buyers  and  sell- 
ers   of    chemical    machinery,    equipment,    laboratory    supplies, 
chemicals,  raw  materials,  etc. 

(2)  The  Information  Bureau,  which  amplifies  and  extends 
the  work  of  the  Catalog,  and 

(3)  The  Book  Department,  prepared  to   furnish  any  tech- 
nical book  in  print  and  to  equip  large  or  small  libraries  complete. 

The  Chemical  Engineering  Catalog,  the  4th  Edition  of  which  was 
published  in  September,  1919,  has  become  the  standard  reference  work  in 
its  field,  giving,  as  it  does,  essential  information  and  reliable  sources  of 
supply  concerning  practically  every  type  of  machinery  and  equipment 
and  every  kind  of  chemical  and  raw  material  required  either  for  labora- 
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products  of  these  firms  are  thoroughly  cross-indexed  in  the  Directory  Sec- 
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half of  any  one  industry.  There  are  about  75,000  entries  in  this  Section, 
which  will  indicate  its  completeness. 

The  Chemical  Engineering  Catalog  should  be  referred  to  whenever 
names  and  addresses  of  reliable  concerns  from  which  to  purchase  are 
sought.  This  book  is  distributed  gratis  to  chemical  engineers  and  other 
large  purchasers  of  equipment,  chemicals,  etc.  A  limited  edition  is  also 
printed  to  be  sold  to  dealers,  exporters,  financial  houses  and  others  having 
use  for  such  a  reference,  but  who  are  not  included  in  the  free  distribution. 

The  Information  Bureau,  under  the  direction  of  competent  chemical 
engineers,  is  prepared  at  all  times  to  answer  inquiries,  without  charge, 
as  to  where  anything  required  in  connection  with  the  industries  employ- 
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special  requirements  of  various  kinds,  which  are  out  of  the  ordinary, 
and  which  are  not  covered  by  the  data  published  in  the  Chemical  En- 
gineering Catalog,  are  invited  to  submit  such  inquiries  to  this  Bureau. 

524 


All  communications  intended  for  this  department  should  be  addressed: 
Information  Bureau,  The  Chemical  Catalog  Company,  Inc.,  I  Madison 
Avenue,  New  York. 

The  Technical  and  Scientific  Books  Department,  organized  by  this 
Company  in  the  fall  of  1917  in  response  to  numerous  requests  that  we 
undertake  this  work,  has  met  with  the  hearty  approval  of  the  fields  we 
serve  because  of  our  facilities  for  supplying  the  books  of  all  publishers 
at  the  publishers'  own  net  prices,  as  well  as  our  equipment  for  installing 
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the  information  facilities  of  the  company. 


525 


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